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02:02 there. That's probably little more isn't it? Okay, Now,

02:05 you hear me? So I guess can't use all my jokes, but

02:09 the gist of it. You have test on November 3rd. You need

02:12 get your peer reviews done. last day to drop the class is

02:16 3rd. If you're thinking about talk to me. That summarize it

02:20 . Does that everything I just said a nutshell. Great. Okay,

02:25 with that being said, um, sorry I didn't record. That's That's

02:30 2.5 minutes of silence before we get here on Tuesday. I don't think

02:35 mentioned anything about anemia. Do you know what anemia is? Have

02:39 I mean, I think you read it in the textbook. Do you

02:41 what anemia is? Alright. Anemia definition, in very simple terms.

02:47 right is a drop in the red cell count. In other words,

02:54 hematocrit is lower than normal. So was the hematocrit supposed to be?

02:58 you remember you want Remember those man, It is hard. It's

03:06 45%. So if you're dramatic drops the normal range. You are said

03:11 be anemic and really, what anemia is the, uh in or a

03:19 in the oxygen carrying capacity of the ? All right. And there's lots

03:23 different ways to get anemia. You one you're most familiar with, the

03:27 cell, which is a disease of red blood cell, which we're not

03:31 go into. I don't ask any , but I was working on your

03:35 , getting it already and stuff, I think there was an anemia

03:38 I don't know if it asked if question was anemia, but I saw

03:41 anemia was in there. I saw word anemia. I'm like,

03:44 maybe, just maybe they should probably what that ISS so anemia is a

03:51 in the auction carrying capacity of the . Another word you may see.

03:55 I don't know if this is on test. All this what I teach

03:57 MP students so likely is that you're gonna see it. But the other

04:01 , this policy theme. Mia, used it in class on Tuesday,

04:06 I didn't talk about it. policies, theme. Mia is an

04:12 in the auction carrying capacity of the . So we described, for

04:16 when, uh, the Olympic athletes to Colorado, right? And they

04:20 through a process of natural blood It's basically increasing number of red blood

04:25 so that they can carry more oxygen volume of blood. All right,

04:30 would be Polly Sistine Mia. It's increase in red blood cell count,

04:34 I don't know if that's gonna be the test, but just in case

04:36 two words come up and you're I don't know what these are now

04:39 know what they are and what that's do that allows us to kind of

04:43 away from blood and enter into our talk about the cardiovascular system. Aren't

04:49 guys getting tired of the part and blood and all that, or is

04:53 cool? I got one shrug. shrug is not encouraged. All

05:00 What we're gonna talk about today is gonna talk about the vascular tree.

05:05 right? We've got a question, course. Yes. Places,

05:11 it can. So there is what would call natural or normal policy.

05:17 A. So, for example, you went from Houston, Colorado spent

05:20 weeks there. You would have policy as a result of the lower oxygen

05:26 that higher altitude. Alright. But your body is over, producing policies

05:31 over. Producing red blood cells secondary some other condition. So, for

05:36 , if you have a tumor that's you to make Maurin red blood

05:40 that is a bad thing. It's overwork your heart, because now what's

05:44 to the viscosity of the blood? is something we did learn what happened

05:46 the viscosity of blood. If I increases and if so, my viscosity

05:51 . Is my heart going toe work to push that thicker blood?

05:56 All right. So it can can those issues. Yes, All

06:04 Vascular tree. Today, what we're do is we're gonna just kind of

06:08 through the vast country. And then gonna look at how is material moved

06:13 the capital Aries? Because remember the areas or the Onley vessel of exchange

06:18 the interstitial fluid and back again. right, we're gonna basically be covering

06:23 just dynamics of how the vasculature All right? And so this is

06:27 big picture of the vascular tree that looking at up here. We've mentioned

06:30 already. Arteries carry blood away from heart veins carrying blood towards the heart

06:35 . Areas of the vessels exchange. very, very small. But there's

06:38 little bit of detail in there. you can see what this little cartoon

06:41 there's different levels of arteries and there's levels of veins and capillaries. We're

06:46 to see there's different types of Aries. Alright, But really,

06:51 ? I want to understand those first major, um, ideas. All

06:56 , so when we're looking at an were always carrying blood away from the

07:00 . Now there are three levels of . We're gonna go through it.

07:04 have the elastic arteries. These are ones that have a lot of elastic

07:08 in them. They're the ones nearest heart, all right. And so

07:11 happens is when blood push is pushed the heart into the elastic arteries like

07:15 aorta, the elastic artery expands. so what we've done now is we've

07:21 the energy of the heart to cause artery to expand. And now that

07:26 is stored in the walls of that . And so the while the heart

07:30 at rest, going through diastolic, elastic of that artery is now using

07:37 is now pushing the blood forward through rest of the body. Right?

07:41 , in essence, what we're doing we're transferring energy from the organ that

07:46 the pumping to another structure. That's like a rubber band, right?

07:51 in essence, what the elastic arteries . Muscular arteries on the other hand

07:56 the distributing arteries use the ones when think of an artery, like if

07:59 going Oh, the renal artery or hepatic artery. You know, the

08:03 arteries of the bodies typically are the arteries. All right, they're distributing

08:08 or distributing blood to those specific organs to those specific places. All

08:14 when we think of as a constriction Oh, dilation. This is the

08:19 place where this is taking place. right, So the elastic arteries stretching

08:24 and, uh, getting smaller in to the amount of pressure to the

08:28 was reservoir. The muscular arteries were are gonna be under control of the

08:34 system to go through visa constriction Oh, dilation. And this is

08:39 true for the arteries are Excuse The arterials, which is the lowest

08:43 three arterials are really small. but they regulate blood flow into the

08:50 Aries. Alright, so they're also be under control. The sympathetic nervous

08:54 in terms of whether or not they constricted vezo dilated. But what they're

08:58 is they're deciding where the blood is going. Whereas the muscular arteries are

09:04 creating resistance or losing resistance in response sympathetic activity. Cap Hillary's vessels of

09:13 . When we're talking about vessels of , we're talking between the blood in

09:17 air and blood in the cells. , if you did your biology

09:21 you learned very early on about simple like sponges, right? And

09:28 uh, I'm not gonna remember all names, but basically those very,

09:32 simple organelles or organisms that don't have really complex, um, organ

09:39 right? And so what they're doing they're exchanging, for example, directly

09:44 their environment because they don't have a system. They don't have a digestive

09:49 , right? They may be multi in nature like hydro's. Remember learning

09:53 Hydra s right there, multicellular. they don't have an organ system.

09:58 so what they do is they directly with their environment. All right,

10:02 we're really, really complex organisms, ? We've been going through these systems

10:06 by one, and one of the that we need to remember is that

10:10 of the individual cells that we have our bodies need oxygen and they need

10:14 and they produce waste. The difference , is we've organized our bodies,

10:19 individually, but over millions and millions years of evolution. We become the

10:25 of creatures we are. And still simple cells have to do those simple

10:30 . But it does so through these systems. So when you're thinking

10:34 how does my big toe the cells my big toe get oxygen?

10:38 there's a middleman, right? Auction into my lungs, right. And

10:45 that air is passed into the blood then transferred down to the cells.

10:51 the only way that can happen is you have a passage to do

10:54 And that's where the capital Aries come . So they serve as that exchange

10:59 arteries do not do any sort of or a fuel exchange or waste exchange

11:05 do not those air larger conduits. whenever you think of exchange, it's

11:09 at the level of the capital, itsy bitsy, teeny, tiny

11:13 We're gonna get into more detail. , last one of the veins.

11:17 we're doing is the blood that has through the categories are now going to

11:21 , capitalize. They're converging and they small veins and they become larger

11:25 So we really don't have any sort distinctions between the different sizes of

11:31 Now, granted, we call the nearest the capital. His venue

11:35 They're kind of the counterpart of the , but then after that you have

11:39 . You have veins, and they're small veins versus large veins. All

11:43 , now what? I wanna point with the vein. So we talk

11:47 there about the elastic artery being the reservoir. The veins are blood

11:54 Alright. So instead of when when blood enters into that elastic artery,

12:01 stretches and then that elasticity or that inside that artery wall basically causes the

12:08 to be pushed out because it wants get back to its original shape in

12:12 vain. When blood injures into the wall of the vein relaxes.

12:19 kind of like bad pantyhose or bad with guys who wear socks, not

12:25 , right. They just stretch and stay stretched out. They always just

12:28 of relax. And so, in , most of your blood in your

12:32 . How much blood do we have our body? You have five

12:36 right? About 60% of your blood found on the Venus side of the

12:42 system. And what that means is holding it in reserve because right now

12:46 guys doing anything active right now. than thinking now, many of you

12:50 barely holding your eyes open, And so what's happening is your body

12:55 saying, You know, I don't my blood racing through my body.

13:00 need to just kind of set it . It's always in motion, but

13:04 moving slowly. I'm providing all the I need, all the oxygen I

13:09 . I'm moving all the waste I to do for the time being.

13:14 when emergency or excitation or something else , I have a reserve of blood

13:21 I could start circulating faster to get those systems that need the more oxygen

13:26 the more nutrients that kind of makes , right? In other words,

13:31 now you have in your wallets right? That's reserve, right,

13:37 you're not spending second. That's kind that's the idea is you know,

13:42 have it here just in case something . Maybe it's the emergency credit card

13:46 you have in your wallet that you in every case instead of just

13:50 I'm just kidding. All right, those that's kind of where we're going

13:56 . Eso, uh, in terms things that you should know about the

13:59 vessels. All right there. When talk about the blood vessels, the

14:03 cells that line the inside of the vessels called Indo feel Liam. All

14:08 vessels have a certain degree of smooth , right? And what this is

14:14 trying to show you is the relative of the smooth muscle, um,

14:19 each other. So you can see . So where the white is,

14:22 trying to show you the relative amount smooth muscles. So obviously those vessels

14:26 the same size you can see up . There's the internal radius of the

14:30 . Is 12 millimeters versus the internal of the pre capitalist sphincter over there

14:35 the right. That's 15 microns. obviously these air not to scale,

14:40 they're trying to show you if they the same size. Look how thick

14:43 muscle is. Right now we see . Alright. This allows the vessel

14:49 stretch. But what's interesting is we have on the outside we have a

14:55 layer to prevent overstretching. All And the relative concentrations of each of

15:00 different things is gonna be different for each different types of vessels we just

15:04 . So you can see right here the middle. Look a cap,

15:07 . Right? What is the capital have? The only thing you can

15:10 there is it has enough helium. doesn't have smooth muscle. So is

15:14 cap Ilary regulated to Veysel constrictor. dilate muscle being the thing that causes

15:20 to constrict into and to dilate. cap players do that? If all

15:25 has in a helium? No. it's solely a vessel of exchange.

15:30 look at everything else. Does everything have smooth muscle? You can see

15:35 . Smooth muscles, smooth muscles Muscle up. Well, the manuals

15:37 , but that's okay. Smooth smooth muscle. All right. Do

15:42 all have fibers? Connective tissue, the most part, except for the

15:45 in the capital areas. Do they have elastic fibers? Yes. Where

15:49 you see the most elastic fibers, ? On the order right, which

15:55 an elastic artery. So this is artery that plays the biggest role in

16:00 . And then you see here, terms of relative side, look at

16:03 smooth muscle is highest right over here the arterials in the pre capitalist

16:08 And they're talking about the arteries, muscular arteries themselves. It's just showing

16:13 , you know, there's they're stronger relative for the relative size.

16:21 as I mentioned, this is just be kind of be a repeat.

16:24 arteries serve as a transit between the and the tissues. Alright, it's

16:30 pressure reservoir when we're talking about the arteries and then it becomes a resistance

16:36 . When you're talking about, the the muscular arteries is ultimately when

16:42 get down to the arterials. All , so this is where the level

16:46 as a construction vaso dilation is gonna taking place. Now, we're looking

16:52 the arterials here as the major resistance . All right, so if you

16:56 back and look at those graphs that you pressure, right, we remember

17:00 lectures ago we had pressure. And in the aorta, the pressure was

17:04 , really high. And then down the Vienna Kaveh, the pressure was

17:07 low. And it had this kind slope that went with it like

17:10 When you see that slope go you're looking at the muscular arteries and

17:15 arterials. In other words, what basically doing is saying here I've got

17:19 big, giant conduit, this big vessel that then gets split up into

17:24 vessels and those smaller vessels are basically I'm itsy bitsy, teeny tiny.

17:29 hard to get through me, So creating resistance, which basically,

17:34 uh, serves to drop the pressure these vessels. All right, so

17:43 pressure drop gets rid of the A tile pressure, right?

17:48 the heart was going up and up and down the order. What's

17:51 and down? Up and down. a little bit smaller, right was

17:54 . 22 80 versus 122 0. then as you go through them,

17:58 don't get put post to tell Instead, Now you get smooth flow

18:03 them. All right, so that get a space smooth flowing because you

18:08 this massive drop. Remember, things from an area of high pressure to

18:12 area of low pressure then that's gonna blood to move down stream. In

18:19 , that pressure Grady int helps the move. The radius can change so

18:25 can change the amount of pressure that producing that's going to depend upon the

18:29 system. Um, and then the thing is, you can decide where

18:33 want the blood to go, depending your needs, which we'll talk about

18:35 little bit later. Meta arterials are little bit unique. They're part of

18:42 cap Ilary bed. All right. not quite arteries. They're not quite

18:46 is. They sit someplace in All right, so there's actually two

18:51 to this vessel that you're looking So this right here represents the meta

18:57 . This right here is referred to a thoroughfare channel. I'll never mention

19:00 word again in the class. All , so we're focusing on this part

19:05 there. The meta arterial. It's like an arty but not

19:09 It has very little smooth muscle instead it has has pre capital Aries

19:16 All right, so you can see in the little cartoon if you'll excuse

19:23 , you see right there there's one there. There's one right there and

19:27 essence, they're trying to show you right there. The artist did a

19:30 poor job in this picture. What what you want to think of is

19:34 the blood would travel through out into capital Aries. But that pre capitalist

19:40 stirs as a regulator as to decide blood is gonna actually go. So

19:46 it's sphincters, close blood can't travel this sphincter. So blood is just

19:50 through the meta arterial down through the channel. But when the sphincters

19:55 blood travels out from the metal arterial into the capillary bed. So the

20:00 arterial serves as a regulator to to blood goes to where it's needed in

20:07 to metabolic change. Okay, terms you views already. But just in

20:14 you don't know vessel constriction simply means of the vessel vase. Odil dilation

20:20 to enlargement of the vessel. All , so the dilation of that vessel

20:26 . All right. Now, your , your veins, your arterials,

20:32 capital areas they all have to them certain degree of vascular tone on what

20:38 tone simply means is there's a certain of construction already. Your body already

20:43 toned to it. All right, you exist and you move. All

20:48 . Now, if you exercise a , do you have better tone or

20:51 or less tone? Better tone, ? We're all attracted to people who

20:57 , ah, high degree of muscular to them, whether they be male

21:00 female. We look at the they're in good shape. That's tone

21:07 . Your blood vessels have that They're already in a state of semi

21:13 . And what this means then, that they're able to move to

21:16 or contracted state or to a more state. If you're in a semi

21:21 state. And that's what vessel constriction Asia dilation is basic constructionism or contracted

21:26 . The smooth muscle contracts makes the smaller. So now you have less

21:32 contractual through, and so you're creating resistance. Basil dilation, on the

21:37 hand, means the vessels relaxed. created more space, more volume.

21:42 blood has less resistance to travel through . All right, now, how

21:47 happens is because of two different What we call Maya genic activity.

21:51 I were to come up to you push on your shoulder, would you

21:54 over? No. Why? You back into me, right? That's

22:00 right. You push back in, not gonna let me push you

22:03 are you? You better all nod head and say no. You have

22:08 business pushing me around. I'm gonna back. I'm gonna lean in when

22:12 push against me. That's what muscle . Alright. Smooth muscle does the

22:17 thing. The vessel says this is degree of stretch I'm supposed tohave.

22:21 mawr blood starts pushing through creating greater , it's gonna start stretching in the

22:27 . Says no. That's not I'm going to resist against that.

22:32 inherent biogenic activity that's going on or induced biogenic activity. It's responding to

22:38 pressure in that vessel. It does need the, uh, nervous system

22:44 tell it what to do, so natural. That's inherent in the in

22:48 in the cells themselves. The second in response to the nervous system and

22:53 through circulating hormones. What we just to as Nora Ephron reference to these

22:57 adrenal hormones. All right, so you have a sympathetic response notice there's

23:04 parasympathetic here. When there's a sympathetic that's going to increase the amount of

23:10 , right, so sympathetic activity causes constriction. Loss of sympathetic activity causes

23:16 dilation. All right, so those the two basic ways we can change

23:25 shape of the vessel Now. I a question earlier today during office hours

23:31 , Well, is there any parasympathetic ? The only thing theano sir,

23:35 no, but in very specific which you don't need to worry

23:40 all right, the parasympathetic system is for reproductive vascular congestion. That's a

23:51 way for saying in male erection and arousal and erection. All right,

23:57 that's really the only place where you're see parasympathetic, but outside of that

24:03 out the wazoo. All right, just think, Sympathetic. Now we're

24:09 come, and we're going to deal the question That's a little bit confusing

24:12 it has to do with the amount Recep Tor which receptors are available.

24:16 if I'm if I'm creating vezo congestion an artery, I'm increasing what

24:26 So if I am exercising, why I want to increase resistance?

24:33 What? That's right. That's actually good. The answer to that is

24:37 want to increase the speed at which fluid flows through the body. And

24:42 happens is because of the type of that are available in the tissue where

24:45 blood needs to be. We have different type of receptor that causes Bezos

24:50 . And so what happens is when blood races through your arteries to get

24:55 the tissue. Then it's in the where there's visa dilation and then it

24:59 down so that you could get the in the oxygen you need got a

25:04 same hormone, different receptor. norepinephrine, both cases. We're gonna

25:12 to that in just second now I mentioned this a little bit. Your

25:18 is found in your, um, on the vascular side of the circulatory

25:25 . Alright, What I tend to is I tend to point to

25:28 this side of the Arctic artery This is the this is the Venus

25:31 of your body. That's not the . Notice. I didn't say left

25:34 right, because I don't want people hear that right. The truth

25:38 is for every artery there's a the side by side. So it's

25:42 trying to, you know, you of circulation as a circle. All

25:46 , now, when you exercise, gonna happen is your heart starts beating

25:51 and faster. We're all familiar with . Alright, Maybe not in the

25:55 couple months. But, you generally speaking, we know that when

25:59 exercise my heart work harder, And so what's gonna happen is is

26:04 as your heart rate goes up, moving blood more quickly. And

26:08 like I said, you have five of blood. If it's already going

26:13 fast as they can and you now this increase in heart activity, then

26:19 basically out of luck. There's nothing could do. So the body already

26:22 that blood in reserve in the specifically on the Venus side, the

26:29 place. The other thing that it is it moves the blood into what

26:33 called recon or keeps blood in what called reconditioning organs. Simply put,

26:39 organs are our organs that get more than they actually need during rest.

26:46 right, so you have a lot blood going to your kidneys. A

26:49 of blood going to your digestive Ah, lot of blood going through

26:53 organs of your body because who right? It's just well, you

26:59 , we'll just keep sending stuff You know, it's it's not a

27:02 deal. You'll take out what you or you'll put back in what you

27:05 , and that's that's fine. Then move the blood over to the vasculature

27:09 the Venus side of the vasculature, it'll take its sweet time getting back

27:12 the heart. Alright, it's still to the art, but it's just

27:16 wandering right when you exercise. All a sudden Now your muscles are

27:22 Wait, wait, wait. I a greater need than I used

27:26 I need more blood because there's more , more glucose. I need it

27:29 because the tigers chasing me, Or that cougar on the on the

27:34 for that person in Utah, You think you think you that person

27:38 needed that blood? Yeah, And if so, what happens is

27:43 the brain says, All right, going to shunt, or I'm gonna

27:47 sending all that excessive blood from the the reconditioning organs. I'm gonna send

27:52 to where it needs to go. to the skeletal muscle, right?

27:57 , and by the way, all blood that's sitting over there in the

28:00 , What I'm gonna do is I'm Veysel constrict the veins. I'm gonna

28:03 the veins and get them smaller. now what is blood do? It

28:07 faster through the vein. It arrives the heart because of remember which

28:14 Mm. Well, we're getting Do you remember what ISS Frank

28:21 Do you remember Frank Starling? Two like the heart came up with the

28:26 . What does the rule do? the heart pumps what it's given,

28:33 ? And so now all that blood kind of hanging out in the

28:36 The Venus side is now getting to heart. The heart beats harder,

28:40 harder and gets that blood moving That's what this picture is trying to

28:44 you up here in the top. showing you where the blood is kind

28:46 going when you're at rest. And what happens when you start moving right

28:51 here is the stuff where you're Wow, I really need it.

28:54 at skeletal muscles. They went from mils per minute to almost 13,000 mils

29:00 minute. Right. As you're muscles are burning through the fuel.

29:07 my kidneys need a lot of blood ? Just keep sending an extra

29:11 Wyatt rest. Oh, now we're . Okay, Now you'll get what

29:15 actually need. We're just gonna take from you, All right? That's

29:20 idea behind, uh, managing blood . And the reason this all works

29:26 because of something that you've learned in to Now, how many of the

29:30 people here? I took physics Great. You all know your

29:36 right in Syria's versus in parallel. ? All that stuff. You have

29:40 learn that you have to do all horrible equations and do these circuits.

29:43 you're like, Well, I don't why I have to learn this

29:45 This is so stupid. You remember ? I know you were sitting there

29:49 night before the exam going. This so stupid. Well, here's why

29:53 had to learn it, right? is basically showing you how blood

29:58 Like if four leaders go into a vessel in that blood vessel spits in

30:02 four vessels, that flow has to equal to the flow into those four

30:08 . Now, in this particular those four vessels are of equal

30:11 and they're equally because they're of equal . That means each one of them

30:15 gonna carry a quarter of whatever the flow wasn't because this is a simple

30:19 . Four leaders into four vessels as leader per mil per minute into the

30:23 simple vessels. All right. very simple. Thes air vessels moving

30:29 parallel. Right we went from It's serious, but it became four vessels

30:33 parallel. Now, if one of vessels happens to constrict, right,

30:40 That's what you're seeing down here at E. Alright, It's constricted to

30:45 quarter basically a quarter of its It can now Onley carry a quarter

30:50 a leader per mil. You're still four liters of blood into those four

30:56 . That means the other three have take over. And that's what they

31:01 is they dilate and they take in greater amount. Or if they're incapable

31:05 dilating than the blood moves faster through , right, so that we can

31:11 that flow remains constant. In other , your body is trying to do

31:16 trying to maintain constant flow. All , Does this kind of make

31:25 Yeah. Put another way. You're a lab with three of your best

31:31 . One of your lab mates gets . You still have to get the

31:34 done. Are you guys gonna pick the mantle and work a little bit

31:38 while the other one gets better? , There. See? You already

31:43 how this works. I mean, like it, but that's in

31:49 what's going on? Correct. So blood vessels work. It can work

31:55 of each other to accomplish the broader of ensuring that flow remains constant.

32:03 into the capital Aries, the most type of capital, is called a

32:08 capital ary. All right, these the pictures that you can see.

32:12 you look at this, you can there's an end of feeling and it's

32:14 of wrapped around by this layer of , uh, well, it's a

32:21 membrane is really what it is. here it is, right there.

32:24 a base membrane they cut away. can see if you look very closely

32:27 you hear your yourselves. There's one right there. I'm not sure where

32:32 ends. Can't see. Maybe it's there. I can't tell.

32:38 probably shouldn't have drawn over it. anyway, so what we have

32:45 What? This what we have here basically in death ilium with cells that

32:52 loosely connected to each other. They you ready for the biggest oxymoron

32:59 Leaky tight junctions. Or that's an . Right? Tight junctions. You'd

33:07 to be tight. So let me you out here. Have you ever

33:13 to scoop up water with your Right? You pulled your hands

33:16 scoop up water. And even though can hold water, is it Is

33:21 leaky? Right? So basically, water can sneak between the little tiny

33:26 in your fingers. That's what we here. When we're talking about a

33:30 capital area, there's also you can here, some little tiny pores that

33:34 trying to demonstrate their not actual They're basically Calvi Oli. The cab

33:38 basically forms. Take something from the from the capital. Larry moves across

33:44 a process of trans psychosis and empties out on the other side, or

33:47 versa. Alright, most common type simple things to pass through. Bigger

33:56 can pass in between the cells if if, depending on the size of

34:00 of the of the substance. Small are really large. Things have to

34:05 moved through via trans site ASUs, so you're regulating. And then,

34:09 course, you have the basement membrane prevent even. I mean certain things

34:13 passing through the next type. It's little bit mawr. Permissible is the

34:19 rated here. Now it's called finished because it's more like Swiss Swiss

34:25 Or there's there's holes or pores that found in the surface of the

34:29 All right, so up there, can kind of see It's like,

34:32 , there's an opening. It's called finesse tra. Alright, so it's

34:36 saying, Look, I can pass directly through the sell through these

34:41 and there you can see they're just to show you kinda look like a

34:44 of freckles here. Still have a membrane. Typically, you're gonna find

34:49 wherever you're gonna have lots of infiltration taking place. All right,

34:54 what you're doing is you're allowing mawr to move more easily, right?

34:59 continuous capital is most common. They're everywhere throughout the body, leaky tight

35:04 in the brain. We had continuous areas that were modified to be non

35:11 , right? We had that that blood brain barrier. Then we

35:14 the Sinus oId, and these are basically, uh their mess is really

35:21 they look like. They're very You can see there's no basement membrane

35:24 the cartoon. Uh, the gaps between or the leaky junctions. Leaky

35:31 junctions are even leakier. In other , you leave big, gaping holes

35:35 places. For example, you can here, there's a big gaping

35:39 The finesse tra are not quite even . You might actually have an actual

35:45 in the cell. Big, giant . And so this allows things to

35:49 back and forth. Very easy even cells to escape back and

35:54 And you're gonna find these primarily in that do major filtering of the

36:00 So the liver and the spleen have in the spleen, for example.

36:05 you're doing is you're looking for large like pathogens or dead cells that you

36:11 then pick up and destroy. So what a sign you're. So it

36:15 . It's just just a even your type of capital area. So

36:21 said capillaries are the major side of . Uh, they have very,

36:26 short distances, and it allows, um, when I say short

36:31 what I'm saying is allows material to from the capital very into the cell

36:36 of where they're located. In other , all you have is that in

36:39 feely, um, and so if can pass back and forth across that

36:43 feeling it's very quickly, it's very to move both nutrients and or waste

36:49 and forth across so very, very , walled, very narrow. We

36:54 about that. When we talk about red blood cells, they're they're small

36:57 that you really only allow red blood to kind of pass through. White

37:01 cells are a little bit smaller, they moved just fine. But basically

37:05 not big. They're just large I'm so glad I don't have the

37:10 to show you. A couple of ago, I took the family on

37:13 trip out west to all of national when the kids were in fourth

37:17 because back then it was free for . If you have fourth graders,

37:22 we're just like we're gonna hit every national park from Colorado from New

37:27 Basically Thio Arizona and New Mexico, , Colorado, Utah. So we

37:31 to Mesa Verde. You guys don't severity is it's basically a bunch of

37:37 ruins, and so you get to up these cliff faces. You climb

37:41 these old rickety ladders, you go the ruins, you kind of see

37:43 is where they live and then you toe move through their their doorways

37:49 the Indians at the built These were very big people. They're only

37:54 you know, 5 ft tall And you had to get through these

37:58 once you got up there and you see my body, right? I

38:03 to crawl through that door. It it was I have a picture where

38:08 look like poo stuck in the hole Rabbit House. Alright, that wasn't

38:13 . I had toe drag myself through because that's how small it waas.

38:18 what a capital areas like you can through them, but you're gonna have

38:21 work. And that's basically they're built to allow red blood cells to just

38:26 their way through lots of branching. mentioned this or I have mentioned this

38:31 times. Your there's not a cell your body that's more than Mike runs

38:35 from a from a cap. All right, so the idea is

38:38 every cell is given the nutrients it . Now what happens is because of

38:42 branching. What you end up with this massive network of cap players in

38:46 body. All right? I don't know how many miles of blood vessels

38:50 have in your body. But as result of its basically primarily the result

38:56 all the capital Aries, it increases of the number it increases the surface

39:03 all right, And so by increasing surface area and increasing them or

39:07 what you do is you're also slowing the rate at which blood flows through

39:12 body. All right, so it's the flow rate in liters per

39:15 It's actually the spa. All so I want you to think about

39:19 right. We've all been in Houston it's rained right? You watch the

39:24 bios, the the water is going , very quickly, right? But

39:29 it hits those retaining, uh, , right at the you know,

39:34 places in the volume where it kind widens out. And what happens to

39:38 flow, the speed at which the is moving. It slows down,

39:42 ? It comes in fascinating. It down. Now it's the same volume

39:50 fluid that's moving, but because it a wider spans, it slows

39:56 and this allows for at least with to blood in the capital areas,

40:00 basically you're racing to get the blood the tissue. And when it arrives

40:04 the capital area, that's when it gonna slow down so that exchange can

40:09 place, and I'm gonna enter back the venue ALS. And then what

40:12 I doing? I'm speeding up back the heart. That's what these graphs

40:16 basically trying to show you. This this is showing you the cross

40:21 um, area of the blood Right. So you can think

40:27 I've got my aorta, right. order is about this big about the

40:31 of half dollar for the view who online. Think of a capital areas

40:35 bitsy, teeny tiny. But you thousands upon thousands of them. And

40:38 if you put all that area it would basically equal what your graph

40:43 showing you right there. And so is the speed here? You can

40:47 in the bottom graph. The speed fast. When you get into the

40:50 areas, it basically slows down to nothing. Allows exchange to take

40:55 get back into the venue. ALS goes right back up. Obviously,

41:00 is going through both systems that referring the systemic circulation and the pulmonary

41:05 So you can see fast, fast, slow, fast again,

41:10 p how I lost anybody so Are we all good? Yes,

41:17 following. That's one place where you're to see finished rations. But it's

41:23 necessarily the only place. So uh, finished rated capital areas have

41:28 specific areas where re absorption and filtration going to occur, So you might

41:32 see him in the digestive track. any place where you're gonna have to

41:36 a lot of things coming from the and going back into the blood.

41:42 right, we'll see this. We'll about not so much identifying where they

41:49 , but we'll see how in the where we see these ministrations and why

41:52 important won't talk about them in any place that I can think of off

41:56 top of my head. But I that's not the only place that they

42:00 . Okay, so I've already kind mentioned this in terms of blood flow

42:07 the Met arterial. You can see . There's the Met arterial in the

42:10 Channel. Oops. I said it . I told you I wasn't going

42:12 say the word again. Right? that there's that vessel that travels between

42:16 arterial in the venue. All that's that Meta art here on the

42:19 channel. That's the third time I it. I'm so sorry. And

42:23 you could see the capital area Blood flowed through. Capital is dependent

42:27 the needs of the tissue in that , Alright or needs of the cells

42:32 that tissue. So I want you picture my hand. Put your hand

42:35 front of you if you're online. right. And I want you to

42:38 of your fingers. Is being individual areas within a capital R E

42:42 Alright, what's gonna happen is is normal circumstances, like right now when

42:46 sitting there listening to me, blood flowing to just to one area within

42:52 cap Hillary bed. So let's use thumb, for example. So their

42:56 surrounding this thumb that this capital is , it's obviously going to go back

43:00 join up to a venue. But I'm doing is I'm sending blood specifically

43:04 the cells that that thumb is feeding and then once those cells were

43:11 In other words, they've gotten their nutrients. They basically say I'm good

43:14 that's gonna signal to the Capitol reef to basically close and allow other capital

43:22 say for my, uh, index to open up. So then the

43:28 goes up through the capital that's represented my index finger and feeds that group

43:33 cells around that, and then onto dirty bird finger onto the ring finger

43:38 then onto the pinky, and it kind of circulates basically between each of

43:42 different things. So, in what I'm doing is I'm regulating where

43:46 is flowing based upon metabolic need. my the cells around my thumb or

43:50 Wait, I'm starved of oxygen, gonna open up that pre capillary

43:54 right? And if you're at you close the other ones because they're

43:57 all getting what they need. That's this is kind of showing you just

44:00 basically saying, Look, I'm closing off because this the cells in this

44:07 right here got what they need, ? Oh, they're missing oxygen and

44:14 . Okay, well, let's go and and do it So we basically

44:18 between these two states. All At any given time on Lee,

44:24 10% of your cap players air All right. Why? Well,

44:30 don't need them. You're sitting around nothing. Where's your blood? For

44:34 most part in the Venus side. , you start exercising. What's gonna

44:40 yourselves are gonna go increase your metabolic . So you're gonna start open up

44:45 . What is one of the characteristics you see in people who are exercising

44:51 , their muscles and criticized. But ? You know, you've been doing

44:55 Zumba. What do you look like the end of your Zuma exercises?

45:01 and sweaty. Those two. Those two good things, right? Your

45:05 , because you basically yourselves air burning fuel and you're producing tons and tons

45:10 heat. All right. As a of that metabolic activity, because you're

45:15 fuel and you're increasing the metabolic Your body is producing tons of

45:19 Well, the best way to get of heat is too take up,

45:22 the water to absorb the heat and moved to the surface. Right.

45:28 that heat is transferred. Sweat on surface of your skin, which is

45:31 dissipated out into the environment. So readiness is a function of capillaries dilating

45:39 allowing all the blood to move towards surface. It's not the only place

45:44 it's going, but it's showing you example of this. Is that as

45:48 result of this increase metabolic activity. opening up capital areas to ensure that

45:53 needs of the cells are being at right. So that's basically during the

45:59 . That sort of saying now, is local factors as well as sympathetic

46:04 . So local factors would be the talking to the capital areas and saying

46:09 is or really to the to the arterials in the pre capillary sphincters.

46:12 is what I need. I need to give me oxygen and nutrients or

46:16 gonna die. If you felt like at lunch, feed me now Chick

46:22 a. I'm gonna die. I you have Just think about Chick fil

46:29 right now. Your body is starting have a little shakes, aren't they

46:36 thing with sympathetic activity? Increase your rate increase your act sympathetic are a

46:41 result of exercise. What Not That's increase in sympathetic activity. Venus and

46:48 are very basic. Alright, They the blood to return back to the

46:53 . So once the heart, the travels through the capital Aries. The

46:56 are converging under the venue ALS, are basically the equivalent of the

47:01 And they're they're collecting the blood. right. Now the arterials, the

47:07 ALS are talking to each other. , you're connected by that vessel,

47:10 is the main arterial. Plus the thing. I'm not gonna say again

47:12 I don't want you know that Thoroughfare Channel, part time,

47:17 So if I'm dilating my arterial, means there's more blood troubling through the

47:22 arterial. So the venue all needs be dilated as well, so it

47:26 receive if I constrict the arterial. means left blood flowing through the metal

47:31 means the visual doesn't need to be , can return back to a more

47:36 state. All right, so that's or more of a constricted state.

47:41 basically it's not being stimulated to The venue is converge on veins and

47:47 keep getting bigger and bigger and bigger you move towards the heart and

47:50 as I said, this is your reservoir. Alright, there. Dispense

47:55 . In other words, they The more fluid you put into

47:58 the more they relaxed. Whereas with arteries arteries, they push into

48:03 They fight when the pressure gets Veins relax, all right. As

48:13 result of that, relax ation, never stopping blood flow. Blood flow

48:17 always the blood is always moving. just spending more time. They're moving

48:22 than it was previously. Now all have within them one way valves.

48:28 I mentioned this, uh, while when we mentioned valves there about 2

48:32 4 centimeters apart. And their purpose to counter act the effect of

48:36 In other words, as blood moves towards the heart, gravity is pulling

48:41 on it. So the best thing do is to break up that

48:44 because now what you're doing is that volume of blood has a mass to

48:49 , and the greater that column the more master you gotta move.

48:53 if I break up that column, little tiny units, then all I've

48:56 to do is move one unit up that unit is gonna cause the next

49:01 to move up and so on and forth. And so it's in the

49:03 way to, uh, ensure blood back towards the heart. The second

49:09 is that it counters the backward All right, so once stuff moves

49:16 , one step, it can't go because the valve is a one way

49:20 . Online question. It's true. ? Yes. So? So The

49:29 is, there's no Veysel construction or dilation of Very in? No,

49:36 the house. Oh, that happens the veins. Eso The answer

49:41 is there is the construction of a . Dilation is just not as

49:45 um, the word I'm looking for as dramatic. In other words,

49:52 an arterial or an artery. What doing is we already have high pressure

49:57 is driving the blood flow forward. vessel constriction of visa dilation has a

50:03 result on the speed of that. , they both have a direct

50:07 but it's more dramatic. You can it, right? So you can

50:10 about this If I'm going from 1 to say about 40 millimeters of

50:15 which is the drop in pressure over artery side of the vasculature. Any

50:21 of changes you. You're gonna be to see that because that's about 80

50:25 of mercury. Drop in that moving from the cap Ilary to back

50:30 the vena cava, the entire that pressure difference in pressure is about 20

50:37 of mercury, so it's already a slope. Now, if it's a

50:42 slope, you could increase it or it. But if you're not gonna

50:45 that all that much so it has different role in the veins. Pressure

50:53 the veins helps determine the speed at the blood is gonna return back to

50:57 heart. It's just not gonna be dramatic as you see in the artery

51:01 that kind of makes sense? I'm just confuse the hell out of everybody

51:05 . Go ahead from fooling nothing. not actual pulling right. It's It's

51:15 the vessel, when you start filling up, relaxes as a result of

51:19 blood arriving in the vessel. All , so, in other words,

51:24 doesn't have a smooth muscle that resists the same degree that you'd see an

51:32 artery or a muscular artery. All , so it's This is why I

51:38 the pantyhose. I mean, it's a great analogy, but pantyhose has

51:42 natural shape. When you put something the pantyhose, what does it

51:46 It naturally stretches, but it doesn't . That's more like spandex. Spandex

51:52 spandex. Makes things look good, it, Right? I mean,

51:58 were honest here, right? I , way all have certain things that

52:02 like to hide. Imagine if I a spandex shirt. I mean,

52:08 the shape I could I would be Batman, your soy Batman. You

52:13 that, right? Have you ever that out? You guys have Don't

52:17 anyone I'm Batman. This starting to it out, like Dr Wayne.

52:26 , yeah. All right. But idea here is that what I'm trying

52:30 get at is that as fluid flows the veins, it relaxes as fluid

52:36 into the arteries, it resists. so what happens is that fluid through

52:42 artery side move fast. Fluid through Venus side. Moves slow because of

52:48 . Relax, ation. Okay, more. Wow. Really confused.

52:54 hell out of people. What? , spider veins. Spider veins are

53:01 same thing that we're kind of looking here in terms of varicose veins,

53:04 they're they're small blood vessels near the . And so what you're basically doing

53:10 they're staying in a dilated state, that's visible on. No one likes

53:14 , and that's why we don't like . So are you guys digging the

53:18 veins online? You guys digging Because now you're not Okay. Go

53:25 . Third question. Second question. blood flow is correlated it iss that

53:32 . But if you're not, if don't have skeletal muscle movement, what's

53:35 happen? Is blood still gonna move to the heart? Yes, it

53:42 , right? I mean, if me. All right again, think

53:47 the graph. All right. I you guys haven't thought about the graph

53:50 , but here is the blood pressure the, um uh, sorry.

53:55 ventricle. Here's the blood pressure in , uh, the atria,

54:02 Remember what we did? It goes of like this, right?

54:07 if this is your venue away, this is the the, um whatever

54:12 atria. Excuse me or whatever That's really helpful answer, isn't it?

54:17 , what you're doing is you still a slope. I know.

54:21 my drawing sucks, but just still a slope there. It's just not

54:25 very steep slope, But look at slope, right? The slope from

54:30 to there is much, much And so this is what's happening in

54:34 arteries. This is what's happening in veins. If the slope goes

54:39 does the fluid still flow downhill? , it's just slower. And so

54:46 really what we're trying to get at that the blood naturally returns back to

54:50 heart because there is a difference in from here to there. All

54:55 it naturally returns to the heart because a difference in pressure from from here

55:00 here, the difference is has to with speed. All right, so

55:05 do the skeletal muscles do? What the respiratory pump do? What does

55:09 retrograde pumping of the heart do? speeds up that rate. Alright.

55:15 is a normal rate? It actually how quickly the blood back returns back

55:20 the heart. So if I flex calf, for example, I just

55:23 blood faster to my heart. All , does that kind of makes up

55:32 them as well? So America's as I mentioned, I didn't

55:40 But varicose vein is when the valve of these valves fails. And so

55:44 I fail here, that means the of this blood there is going to

55:50 be pressed upon the next valve. means it's working harder to hold that

55:55 and push that blood forward, which cause that wouldn't fail and cause all

55:59 on, so forth. And so in essence, what America is saying

56:02 again these air surface level veins. aren't veins that air deep to the

56:06 . And so we see them just the spider veins and they're unsightly.

56:11 make us go do it and way to get rid of them?

56:16 it's a heavier load in the vein . Alright, so women who are

56:23 are basically pumping blood for two. know you guys think about I eat

56:27 two, but you also p for you poop for to you breathe for

56:31 and you pump blood for two. you have twins, it's for three

56:35 if it's quads 45 and so on so on, so on. Just

56:38 adding in right. But your heart's the work for as many organisms as

56:44 are carrying, plus yourself. And that heavier load results in higher blood

56:51 and so that higher blood pressure can whether or not those valves will

57:00 So you typically see varicose veins first women when they get pregnant. But

57:06 in all people, both males and , when they have high blood pressure

57:11 they're carrying greater pressure in their in vessels. I'm gonna move on because

57:19 got to deal with this topic. is the part that everyone gets confused

57:23 . All right deals with the question exchange. So we've got our three

57:29 way basically understand our vessels, capillaries, veins. Okay, so

57:35 capital areas where exchange takes place. right, how to exchange trans psychosis

57:43 basically moving back and forth across have have a vessel that's moving things back

57:48 forth across membranes. So these typically the large proteins that can't pass

57:52 between the vessels. Alright, if lipid, nothing can hold you back

57:57 , because plasma membrane. So basically trans cellular as well. If you're

58:02 gas, well, you can pass the junctions or you can pass through

58:06 cells. That would be transfer your your lipid, you can pass in

58:08 the cells to, but typically you a carrier to move you around.

58:12 have these pores, all right, so you can actually see. They're

58:16 to show you how poor is actually . Basically, you get two

58:20 They converge because these things they're small . You can get two vessels convergent

58:25 a poor through the cell. And is one way that things can pass

58:30 . But also you have the Not really the gap. So I'm

58:32 gonna call the leaky tight junctions as . And so if your water

58:36 you can pass right through either poor through these, uh, spaces in

58:41 themselves themselves. Now the rules are always gonna follow fixed laws of

58:46 So remember, way back when we fixed law, right rules apply.

58:50 just basically, things are gonna move their concentration ingredients. Besides, the

58:54 themselves are obviously gonna be different from to tissue, and they can be

59:00 as well. So, histamine we about history causing visa dilation. It

59:05 cause these pores to become larger, allows more fluid and all the salutes

59:10 them to travel outward of the Aries. So that's kind of one

59:14 the effects of histamine does way back we talked about there being different types

59:23 exchange. All right, so when talking about cells getting nutrients from the

59:29 , remember those nutrients whether the auction something else is traveling from the blood

59:34 the interstitial fluid from the plasma to interstitial fluid before it ever gets to

59:38 cell. There's always a middleman. never direct, all right? And

59:43 gonna be passive. One way and the other. There's always gonna be

59:47 upstream in a downstream. All let's see here. What have I

59:53 up here? I went to this out. Um, yeah. So

59:59 about properties. Apply the membrane. , moving between the blood and interstitial

60:04 . Primarily passive because you're just moving the flow of the fluid. You

60:08 look at individual salutes, so we do that. We want to know

60:13 way is carbon dioxide moving? It's , obviously, from the cells out

60:17 the plasma via the interstitial fluid. talking about oxygen auctions moving from the

60:22 into the interstitial fluid to the So that's real easy to see,

60:25 ? I mean, if you know the concentrations are, you can figure

60:29 which direction things are moving pretty pretty , all right. But that's not

60:36 fluid exchange actually occurs. This is bulk flow comes into into play.

60:40 , we talked about bulk flow way in Unit one. We said,

60:43 , bulk flow is when we look what everything is doing together.

60:47 for example, remember, we have blood traveling towards the cells. But

60:53 the blood 100% oxygen, or are other gasses in that? The answer

60:58 there's other gasses. There's a little of carbon dioxide. Do the cells

61:02 carbon dioxide? No, but they have a choice. Carbon dioxide is

61:07 because there is always gonna be a bit of carbon dioxide. All

61:13 um, the Venus side, our is de oxygenated, right? Is

61:18 gonna be some oxygen in that Yeah, because we don't use up

61:22 our oxygen. If we did, would be, like, right on

61:25 edge of death all the time. ? So the idea is that we're

61:30 at the movement or the flow in . What's the general flow when the

61:36 is arriving at the tissues or leaving the tissues arriving at the lungs are

61:40 at the lungs. And what is carrying with it? And this includes

61:43 just the oxygen and carbon dioxide, all the other nutrients. And so

61:48 we're looking at bulk flow, there four things that we're gonna be looking

61:52 . All right. Now, this important because we're gonna be using these

61:56 of formulas again when we look in kidneys, all right, and it

62:00 us to kind of see what is movement. All right, so there's

62:05 basic pressures that we have to deal , All right? And they're paired

62:10 . We have pressure inside the Capitol . All right, this is the

62:13 pressure. It's the pressure of the inside the Capitol, and it's pushing

62:17 . It's driving the fluid from Wait. Yeah, very all right

62:23 , depending upon where you are in capital, or it's gonna be different

62:25 the arterial side of a capital, about 35 millimeters of mercury. Do

62:29 memorize the numbers just for our sake do a little bit of math.

62:32 right, on the Venus side, pressure's lower. Why is it

62:37 Because blood is leaving out of the areas, and every time a molecule

62:41 fluid leaves that's going to drop the right. And also blood is leaving

62:46 of the vent or the capital removing the venue so blood is moving or

62:50 is moving in two directions out of capital, in and out of the

62:53 ary, either through the capillary wall out through the exit towards the

62:59 All all right. Now, the hydrostatic pressure is the hydrostatic pressure found

63:05 interstitial fluid. This is the pressure into the Capitol area. So the

63:11 between these two would be that trans pressure were describing right? And so

63:15 can imagine. I got fluid in interstitial fluid right, and it's trying

63:19 get in. So there's a hydrostatic there. That pressure is,

63:24 equal to or very close to, pressure. How do I know

63:29 Well, if I take a pin stick it into your body and don't

63:32 a blood vessel does fluid flowing out your body like a cartoon?

63:40 it stays there because the pressure in environment is the same as the pressure

63:44 here. So it's close to zero of mercury. One atmosphere would be

63:49 60 millimeters of mercury. But we're at relative to that, right?

63:55 the hydrostatic pressure in the interstitial fluids equal to zero. It doesn't matter

63:59 you are in the body, it's roughly the same. Okay, and

64:03 we have within the plasma. We plasma proteins. We call this Kalle

64:09 as collectively with all the other All right in the interstitial fluid.

64:14 you have plasma proteins? Let's think that. What's the name of the

64:20 protein plasma protein? Do you have in the interstitial fluids? No,

64:27 , you don't. Alright, so got stuff that's unique to the plasma

64:33 not found in the interstitial fluid. means I'm or solitude in the

64:37 And so I have a pressure that water into the blood vessel.

64:44 so we refer to this as the Caucasoid osmotic pressure. It's a long

64:49 in the interstitial fluid. We also a colloids osmotic pressure. The difference

64:54 we have no plasma proteins. So plasma approach or the interstitial fluid colloids

65:01 pressures roughly equal to zero millimeters of . And what we can do is

65:06 can do some math, weaken, basically figure out what's Thean versus what's

65:10 out. And that's really the kind the big picture here is. If

65:14 try to figure out how does what the relationship? What is the net

65:18 pressure? In other words, what does fluid flow as a result of

65:21 pressure? All we gotta do is the math to figure out which one

65:25 greater, and it's gonna tell us direction. All right, so the

65:28 exchange pressure okay, there's different ways could do this. I think this

65:32 the easiest is you just take which is the pressure out of the

65:36 minus the pressure into the best. we just got to figure out which

65:40 in and out. Right? And really if the pressure is positive using

65:45 equation, it basically saying, the pressure is greater on inside the

65:50 area, so it's gonna drive fluid . But if the pressure is

65:53 that means it's gonna drive the fluid . And so what I wanna do

65:57 I wanted I didn't give you this . But I figured if I'm gonna

66:01 this, I might as well draw out. Okay? So I'm just

66:05 do this. Which the plasma column ? Sorry. The hydrostatic capillary pressure

66:10 the PC. Which direction is Is it in or out? It's

66:14 . Okay. The, uh, Lloyd, up the plaza NCAA,

66:19 . Osmotic pressures and interact. You look. It's on the other.

66:26 the draw water in or does it water out? I couldn't hear

66:33 It doesn't push out. It pulls . It draws fluid back in.

66:41 , What about the hydrostatic? Pressure the interstitial fluid. In or

66:47 It pushes inward. Right? And the car, Lloyd, osmotic pressure

66:53 the interstitial fluid in around. it's gonna pull water out. So

66:58 gotta do then if you want to this stuff out is just add the

67:02 . Remember what we said. I'm use this if this is 35 here

67:06 down here, that's 15 for right? All I got to do

67:11 say, Okay, here's my, oh, and this pressure right here

67:14 roughly equal. 25. This is equal to zero. That's roughly equal

67:17 zero. So I got to do in versus out. Right. So

67:21 my out. Right. So I 35. Plus, Here's my out

67:29 . I'm gonna take away from 25. Right. Um, and

67:39 . So, on this side, the arterial side, it's roughly equal

67:43 10. Do you guys see how did that math? So which way

67:47 the fluid gonna go on? The side is gonna go this way.

67:50 we can come over here and look here where that pressure is a little

67:53 lower. Just do the same Sorry again. My math. What

67:59 have is negative. 10. Which is the fluid gonna go? Going

68:04 go back in So you can see what's fluid doing that's flowing out?

68:10 with the interstitial fluid and it's flowing in. So what am I

68:14 I'm delivering oxygen and nutrients. And what am I doing is I'm picking

68:19 carbon dioxide and waste and that allows to move materials. That's what the

68:25 because of these rules allows that to . Now there's this mixing again.

68:30 gonna take away oxygen. I'm gonna in carbon dioxide, but that's a

68:36 flow issue. I'm walking away with auction, and I'm walking away with

68:40 carbon dioxide. I'm walking away with nutrients, and I'm walking away with

68:43 waste if I'm blood. This slide exactly the same as the previous

68:50 just showing you how that pressure drops eventually what ended up happening is as

68:56 or fluid is moving out. But gets less and less, and ultimately

69:01 starts moving in, and it gets and greater just because of the the

69:06 mathematical, the mathematical values and again mathematical values represent. What's happening was

69:12 blood leaving on the blood leaving. what's going on now. We've got

69:19 10 minutes here, and I know not gonna get through everything, so

69:22 try to find a nice stopping right? What I wanna point out

69:26 is that when you're dealing with the cellular fluid, there are three different

69:31 of convicted loops. We've already seen . This is the cardiac output.

69:36 pumps. You move about five liters minute or roughly 7200 liters of fluid

69:40 day. That is one heck of pump you have in the middle of

69:43 chest. Pretty impressive. Alright, second loop is the trans vascular,

69:49 is what we just looked at, ? This is across the capital,

69:52 it's the floor that goes out of capitals and comes back in. We're

69:55 about 12 20 leaders filtered per per . Alright, so about 20 leaders

70:02 out and then filters back in is little bit less. Uh huh.

70:10 if I'm putting more fluid in to space and getting less fluid out,

70:14 blood is becoming a thicker and thicker thicker over the course of the

70:19 But it doesn't because if that would over time, eventually my my blood

70:24 would be filled with sludge. And my heart wouldn't be ableto work and

70:28 I would die. So this is that third loop comes in. We

70:32 this extra fluid about 2 to 4 , and this is where the lymphatic

70:38 in. You've heard about lymphatic your lymph nodes. There's lymph vessels

70:42 go with those. The lymphatic allows to pick up this extra cellular fluid

70:48 gets stuck in the interstitial fluid right extra fluid and move it back into

70:54 circulatory system so that we have or that. All right, So in

71:04 words, you deliver 20 leaders, only get 18 leaders back. So

71:10 have to find that those two leaders you left behind you have to return

71:14 through a different mechanism. That's what is doing. So the lymphatic

71:18 it's the same sort of organization. have small vessels. You have larger

71:22 than you have. Large lymphatic sits like the veins. Right? The

71:27 emphatic There, the small ones. like the capital Aries. Alright.

71:31 collecting them fax or like small Large lymphatic. They're like large

71:36 and they drain into the left and . Subclavian is you don't need to

71:40 which veins air draining into. But essence, what I do is I

71:43 collected all this fluid through this and I'm returning it right back to

71:49 it started. Family. Now they're in place. And what's unique about

71:58 ? You know, I'm coming down the end. Here is how the

72:01 areas look. Now, everyone, want you to put your hands together

72:03 . I want you do this to if you put your hands together like

72:07 trying to cut water. This is the Indo, Theo Liam, in

72:11 capital areas work. Now I want take your right hand and I want

72:14 to put it over the middle of left hand halfway right. And so

72:19 can see here. There's an It's kind of like a shingle,

72:22 ? You see how that works By over this way? It's like a

72:25 , right? If I have fluid the inside, what that's going to

72:31 is it's gonna create pressure and push the inside shingle so it doesn't open

72:36 two hands, right? If I here, it seals. Right.

72:41 the in death e liam, serves kind of as a valve,

72:46 it's actually it's a one way just like we saw the other

72:49 Because if I push on this hand , I'll let you push on my

72:52 . Don't worry, I don't have push on my hand. See,

72:55 doesn't open that way to push on other one. Look at that.

72:59 if there becomes greater pressure inside the fluid she couldn't see over there,

73:04 can't push there right now. Push the other one. Right. So

73:09 flows in when the pressure increases. as you have great and greater pressure

73:15 the interstitial fluid, that fluid opens the of the initial lymphatic. The

73:21 flows inward, carrying with it any of pathogen, any sort of

73:25 um, protein. Anything that's in fluid is going to go back into

73:29 lymphatic, all right. And then the pressure as a fluid flows

73:33 builds up, it actually seals the , the other direction and what

73:39 Fluid is now stuck in the and it now has to flow back

73:43 the lymphatic system back to get to vein. And this is where you'll

73:47 across lymph nodes and so on, forth. So you confined pathogens and

73:51 sorts of other fun stuff. All , these air, one way structures

73:58 the cardiovascular system. You have a system, right? Artery capital to

74:04 . Here you start at the every level. That's the initial

74:08 You go to a larger, larger and return to the vein.

74:10 it's basically the one way system starting the Capitol. Aries. So that's

74:15 I was trying to put here Is drives function alright? It doesn't have

74:20 sort of pump systems. Instead, basically the blood itself in the surrounding

74:26 helps kind of push it forward to valves, just like you have in

74:28 veins so you don't get retrograde Uh, there's my genic activity of

74:33 muscle that surrounds it does a little of squeezing to kinda help things

74:36 And, of course, you still the skeleton respiratory prompt that helps drive

74:40 fluid forward. Now, the big here is this. This is the

74:47 functional lymphatic system. In a We could spend three days talking about

74:51 , but I'm just gonna boil it to these four points. First,

74:55 deals with that issue of the escape . All right, that escaped fluid

75:00 has to go through. All it basically comes back and we return

75:04 back to the cardiovascular system because of lymph nodes and because of the flow

75:09 the fluid through the lymph nodes, that is pathogenic is gonna get picked

75:14 , and it's gonna be delivered to , uh, immune structures that help

75:17 with dealing with those pathogens. Our also uses this the digestive system to

75:24 fats. Fats aren't transported by They don't like being a water.

75:28 they're package into these larger structures called microns. Kyle omicron is basically all

75:33 of different types of fat molecules. a bunch of proteins and get very

75:37 . And so you cannot move them of the of the digestive tract and

75:42 the cells of the the the epithelium the digestive tract. There, too

75:48 . So what you have to do you use vesicles and you transport them

75:52 , and they get picked up or into the interstitial fluid and they get

75:56 up in the lymphatic. Six. lymphatic sehr called lacked eels because the

76:00 in them is milky from all the that's in it. That's why they

76:04 their not actual milk. But it white and clear. That's why they

76:07 to it. And lastly, this how we get protein escaped from the

76:13 plasma protein stuff. We can return back. I think that's where I'm

76:19 stop. I have a lot of fun stuff that will deal with when

76:23 get back. I went a little long talking about arteries and veins and

76:27 really excited about them. When we back, what I'll do is I'll

76:31 about how we regulate them, all , what is the role of sympathetic

76:36 and and how we cause contraction and to really deal with regulating this

76:43 That's about five or six slides, think, and then we'll jump in

76:46 respiration and respiration is easy. Like said, we're landing the plane.

76:51 hardest thing from here on out is the next unit, which is renal

76:54 . And like I said, it's one little thing that kind of gets

76:58 . Everything else is just easy What do we have do today?

77:05 , You keep forgetting in what's gonna . You're gonna lose all your points

77:09 your papers. Get the peer reviews . They'll take you 30 minutes of

77:12 life to do all five of That's not hard. All right,

77:16 32 minutes. All right, So guys have a great day and a

77:25 weekend finish. Europe, I'll have for you on

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