| 00:09 | Yeah. Okay. Okay testing. right. Yeah trusting trusting me believe |
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| 00:59 | . Okay. What's up your? . They're uh welcome. So uh |
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| 01:09 | a note of the session I. . Up there. If you've got |
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| 01:13 | mobile app, remember that uh the turning trigger points don't count for |
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| 01:20 | Um uh They can begin they begin week but I keep reminding you of |
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| 01:28 | you about the um Uh and the the attendance thing clock starts next week |
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| 01:34 | well. So I remember that starting week, it's like required 16 of |
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| 01:43 | sessions that will follow starting for us Monday. So um the point you |
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| 01:51 | on on turning point uh this So I uploaded the what we've done |
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| 01:57 | this point and I'll do it again and so but next week those will |
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| 02:07 | to those who disappear next week. because they don't count for anything and |
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| 02:11 | for you to make sure that your is working, you see your points |
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| 02:15 | and all that. Okay? Uh they'll go away and be replaced by |
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| 02:21 | course what we accumulate starting on Okay, next monday. So um |
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| 02:28 | right, so today we're gonna finish chapter one and do a little bit |
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| 02:33 | like two slides worth of chapter two 3 sides of Chapter three. Um |
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| 02:39 | to kind of set set up that chapter he goes on for through next |
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| 02:44 | and maybe a little bit more of following week. Um Let's see So |
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| 02:52 | send out another email reminder tomorrow uh friday luckily tomorrow uh things for this |
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| 03:00 | that are do are the blackboard quiz tomorrow at noon And We'll Cover The |
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| 03:06 | one Stuff. uh there will be on everything on Chapter one, but |
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| 03:11 | will be a touch on A number things we talked about in Chapter |
|
| 03:17 | and again you have like um let's you thursday through sunday. Uh There's |
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| 03:25 | think there's something like number of Like is that not a whole lot |
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| 03:30 | questions on it? But it's uh have once you start at the client |
|
| 03:34 | you aren't familiar. I'm sure you are. But once you start the |
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| 03:38 | , the clock starts ticking. But but you can't take it any |
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| 03:41 | in the four days. And just you do start it, you gotta |
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| 03:44 | it Within 30 minutes. Okay. Let's see. So, I think |
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| 03:52 | any kind of syllabus question kind of for anything. Okay. All |
|
| 03:58 | Because everybody's gotten a clicker. Uh just a matter of reunion license or |
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| 04:04 | or registering it. So remember to that. Okay. All right. |
|
| 04:09 | um we ended last time with the about my pet peeve question on on |
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| 04:17 | correct use of the terms right and disinfection sterilization. Okay. Ah |
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| 04:25 | We're going to cover that in check five again anyway, so um to |
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| 04:29 | much more about that. Except the thing is that acceptance is about disinfection |
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| 04:35 | is about um an acceptance that deals living tissue. Chemical um treatment too |
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| 04:43 | microbes living tissue. Okay, disinfection inanimate objects. So disinfectants can be |
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| 04:50 | strong in terms of concentration and the of treatment there because they're not touching |
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| 04:56 | or other tissue. Um The and course sterilization is the ultimate. It's |
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| 05:03 | destruction of all cells. And those viruses are down to zero. |
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| 05:11 | nothing there. So with insects and and accept this disinfection. His problem |
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| 05:18 | it's Subsys um was was first put by Lister. Okay. And that |
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| 05:28 | the practice of handwashing really. How hand washing is in stopping the spread |
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| 05:33 | infection. And to this day you I teach them pretty nursing microbiology course |
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| 05:40 | the fall and there's a section we about, you know hospital acquired infections |
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| 05:48 | ? Getting getting you go to the for whatever it is. Uh But |
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| 05:53 | while you're there you get an infection some sort and they occur depending on |
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| 05:58 | hospital can be yep 10% infections can due to those hospital acquired infections. |
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| 06:04 | the number one thing to prevent that the source of those is or the |
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| 06:08 | that work there nurses and whatnot that treating patients and and not either using |
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| 06:14 | PPE and they should be or uh . Handwashing. It really reduces the |
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| 06:21 | of transmission. And so we know of course. And um but you |
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| 06:28 | it wasn't until Lister showed this in hospital setting. Um The this is |
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| 06:33 | 1860s we're talking. And so he the hospital he worked in where they |
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| 06:39 | mothers were pregnant mothers gave birth birthing . It was split in 21 half |
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| 06:45 | handled by midwives who would the help the birthing. And the other half |
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| 06:51 | doctors and doctors, typically first second year residents. And so they're |
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| 06:56 | , they're still teaching them okay. mode. Right? And so these |
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| 07:03 | doctors would you know have to go the rounds and have to do their |
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| 07:06 | and whatnot. And they come out the uh of course a lot of |
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| 07:10 | to spend with cadavers, right, anatomy etcetera. So they would come |
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| 07:14 | of the about out of the dagger full of, but you got something |
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| 07:20 | , they go, oh okay, set to deliver a baby now, |
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| 07:24 | . Of course, there's no anything to do. So women in the |
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| 07:29 | instance of what's called child bed peripheral fever, fever, same thing |
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| 07:36 | infection due to the handling of the during birthing and causing this infection. |
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| 07:41 | so uh both mother and child was to being killed by this. And |
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| 07:47 | um in a clinic where the midwives doing their thing, they did do |
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| 07:52 | centric more sanitary procedures, handwashing and notice notice this and said, oh |
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| 07:58 | let's do this over here. So have kind of controlled experiments to show |
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| 08:02 | when the doctors began to do rigorous all the time before uh expecting mothers |
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| 08:09 | birth incidences of this infection was way . Okay So began became a standard |
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| 08:18 | not long after this. Okay And so Lister was disinfectants disinfectants to |
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| 08:27 | surgical instruments um to reduce the levels infection. Um The antibiotics were aware |
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| 08:37 | antibiotics. Obviously these are naturally They're kind of natural defenses for the |
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| 08:44 | . Um There are some fungi that produce antibiotics as well. Um Certainly |
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| 08:51 | is one of those mold which was by accident and here's a plate on |
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| 08:58 | bacteria were grown. But over here where the mold plopped down on the |
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| 09:03 | randomly. And you can see there's area around the mold where the no |
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| 09:08 | is occurring because the penicillin being produced it diffuses into the order. And |
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| 09:13 | bacteria that are susceptible to it will grow up near uh where it is |
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| 09:20 | diffused into so that he knows that goes okay and there's something to this |
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| 09:25 | course discovery soon since then many hundreds of different types of antibiotics. Okay |
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| 09:33 | course we know about resistant types which very prevalent and are a problem. |
|
| 09:39 | constantly having to look for a different there are different antibiotics um either finding |
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| 09:45 | or chemically modifying what we have to if we can improve their functions. |
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| 09:50 | it is a real problem. And course discovery of viruses. Okay um |
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| 09:58 | talk more about this in the next . But the term filtering agent. |
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| 10:04 | These rats he discovered or they didn't what they were really until 30 years |
|
| 10:10 | . Looking at the this disease of called tobacco mosaic virus of tobacco |
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| 10:17 | And infected plants had kind of this spotted lifted leaves, kind of decaying |
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| 10:25 | brownish not green, brownish with these on them. And uh so of |
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| 10:31 | germ theory of disease was known at time. So it's like okay some |
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| 10:36 | of microbe that's causing this. So take the plant leaves, crush them |
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| 10:40 | and see if we can make a and then kind of liquefy it and |
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| 10:44 | put it through a filter. So the filter will trap to trap |
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| 10:48 | microbes will take that material off the and we'll put it on the healthy |
|
| 10:53 | . And that pattern is a battle disease. Well that didn't happen when |
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| 10:57 | did that. But what they did it was by accident or not, |
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| 11:01 | took someone to look at that went to infiltrate, right? And they |
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| 11:06 | apply that to healthy plants. Then saw this disease. And so they |
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| 11:10 | doing something super tiny That could pass these pores and they didn't know what |
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| 11:15 | make of that really. But it until about 30 years later development of |
|
| 11:20 | microscope and they actually see these and is actually tobacco mosaic virus that causes |
|
| 11:26 | disease right there. So then began whole study of water virus is all |
|
| 11:31 | . And how do we control So and antibiotics don't work against |
|
| 11:37 | Why don't antibiotics work against viruses? and retreat a viral infection typically? |
|
| 11:48 | the target for antibiotics? Which Yeah. Yeah but what's the target |
|
| 12:05 | the target if they're similar targets it matter what it's in. Right |
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| 12:13 | Like I'm rocking nope. Sorry, membranes. Uh So does anybody know |
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| 12:23 | penicillin acts on? Excellent in the wall material in bacteria. Inhibits cell |
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| 12:31 | synthesis in bacteria. And so but you're kind of alluding to the targets |
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| 12:39 | antibiotics are things like ribosomes that interfere perfect synthesis or cell wall synthesis. |
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| 12:46 | penicillin, ampicillin. There's a lot antibiotics that ending killing these are all |
|
| 12:52 | . Different aspects of cell wall synthesis bacteria. Um So more for targets |
|
| 13:01 | like DNA replication. So again these things that aren't in viruses as you |
|
| 13:06 | . And so the virus is not be susceptible to these things. Okay |
|
| 13:11 | are antiviral drugs that have been developed target virus specific. Um uh targets |
|
| 13:18 | cyclo beer is used to treat Um and certain ones that treat the |
|
| 13:24 | AIDS virus. So they're they're not plentiful as antibiotics. But of course |
|
| 13:30 | other defense we have against viral infections what you should know this in the |
|
| 13:37 | of this pandemic vaccination vaccines or how think counteract viral infections. Um So |
|
| 13:47 | we'll talk more about controlling growth in five. But let's kind of segue |
|
| 13:55 | . Okay, so this is we're get now into assuming we kind of |
|
| 14:00 | this down into five concepts the material this tracker. So we touched on |
|
| 14:05 | last two here and uh it kind relates to ecology, metabolism classification of |
|
| 14:14 | . Okay, this this question asks the in the search for life on |
|
| 14:21 | , why scientists expect to find microbes than typical alien monsters. Okay, |
|
| 14:29 | all seen the stereotypical oh alien. dude with the those facial features. |
|
| 14:37 | if you're looking for we're looking for on mars, why would expect these |
|
| 14:40 | of creatures? Why look for 88 salt. Yeah, that's |
|
| 14:54 | That's right on the right track. they you so obviously thinking for life |
|
| 14:59 | mars, we're not talking about looking life. That's on a temper in |
|
| 15:05 | temperate climate. Right? So we're be looking at extremes like you said |
|
| 15:09 | conditions and there are extreme conditions on certainly. And so what lives in |
|
| 15:16 | areas are microbes? Right, so particular type of microbe that they might |
|
| 15:23 | looking for here fits into this Okay, so let's across. |
|
| 15:29 | And so what's if you recall what little trophy is. Okay. |
|
| 15:38 | let's throw this a trophic pro carry could possibly do, what could they |
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| 15:44 | carbohydrates to co two and water oxidized . The ceo to water oxidizing ammonium |
|
| 15:49 | to night night tribe to the above correct. Um and I drew in |
|
| 15:56 | glucose over there as an example of carb o hydrate. That's an example |
|
| 16:01 | a fatty acid man. Um Let get this. Okay, now you |
|
| 16:10 | respond. So with the trough. so little trucks were um type of |
|
| 16:20 | discovered by the next guy we're going talk about. Yeah. See some |
|
| 16:27 | the features that little trucks have that very important. Mm hmm, mm |
|
| 16:43 | . No. Mhm. Like I , you can always two or three |
|
| 16:55 | are better. Maybe better than Like consult. Okay. If you're |
|
| 17:05 | sure, do answer just to make you check your clicker. Mhm. |
|
| 17:17 | . So the who answered who chose right to work state. Mhm. |
|
| 17:33 | . So they cannot use this. that one of those fundamental mhm metabolic |
|
| 17:41 | that I'm gonna get talked about very because I have another question before I |
|
| 17:45 | that. But still, if the are use inorganic sources of energy. |
|
| 17:52 | . Um they use that energy then do something else with, which is |
|
| 17:58 | important. Okay, let's go to next question here and I'll kind of |
|
| 18:02 | this all together. So we just little pitchers, inorganic materials for |
|
| 18:06 | Right? You can't give them things uh certain types of microbes that glucose |
|
| 18:12 | and hope they'll be able to use ? Okay, so what you might |
|
| 18:16 | you would do to grow them throw them is use something like |
|
| 18:19 | Okay, So one of the things can uses things like H two H |
|
| 18:24 | S, hydrogen. They can use can use they can use ammonium |
|
| 18:34 | Right. Different things like that as energy source. And so here we're |
|
| 18:39 | H2 s. Essential minerals. So of the things you have to have |
|
| 18:45 | things like different types of minerals, ? To grow through anything really. |
|
| 18:50 | And so we're going to provide the proper amount of oxygen temperature. Maybe |
|
| 18:56 | other things to help it grow. . But and then of course all |
|
| 19:00 | stuff gets dissolved in water. So you satisfied the water requirement, |
|
| 19:04 | there's something else that this thing needs wouldn't will not grow without. |
|
| 19:14 | cannot grow without it. Okay. so um here are some choices. |
|
| 19:22 | , what do you think? All . Of these? They would have |
|
| 19:28 | have they can't grow without it. , but keep in mind the little |
|
| 20:23 | . All right, Thank you. , Yeah, carbon dioxide. |
|
| 20:40 | so, Breaking down to the two metabolic types. You can put everything |
|
| 20:48 | on earth all cells are so what organisms in one of these two |
|
| 20:57 | Okay, it's all based on how use carbon. Okay, we're carbon |
|
| 21:04 | life. Right. And there's a why why why did you say? |
|
| 21:09 | the phrase mean? Carbon based Why are we Why is that so |
|
| 21:16 | ? Because carbon is the number one that will influence how much growth you |
|
| 21:23 | , how much biomass we call it . You're going to collect culture. |
|
| 21:29 | want to make sure that it it can grow to high density. |
|
| 21:32 | absolutely have to add carbon to Okay. So why is that so |
|
| 21:38 | ? What is it about carl? know you know this one of the |
|
| 21:43 | molecules in our in our systems harbor , lipids, Right, proteins. |
|
| 21:54 | are they all made of? A carbon base? Okay. A |
|
| 22:01 | skeleton is sometimes called, right, the base structure. Take that. |
|
| 22:08 | nitrogen and phosphorus. Now you're making . Okay. Um and uh nitrogen |
|
| 22:17 | Bosporus uh you can also make them acid. Just configured a little bit |
|
| 22:23 | . Okay, So, but carbon the baseball. It's the number one |
|
| 22:27 | that influences how much stuff an organism make. Okay, because that's what |
|
| 22:33 | build it molecules out of. biomolecules. So, um it's not |
|
| 22:39 | sole thing, but it's the number thing has the biggest influence. |
|
| 22:43 | The We'll look at in Chapter The four main elements C. |
|
| 22:49 | O. M. P. Right. Carbon hydrogen auction night. |
|
| 22:53 | is what this is the main comprised the atoms of biomolecules. Okay. |
|
| 23:00 | so now with oh it looks different of like a plant. Okay because |
|
| 23:07 | use SEO to write they fix you what they do. Okay. And |
|
| 23:12 | your familiarity uh with what we call . Right? So autotrophs and hetero |
|
| 23:21 | the two basic metabolic types on Right. Auto veteran. Okay. |
|
| 23:29 | ? Trophy nostrils. Yeah, you're times um A little trophy is not |
|
| 23:36 | trophy. Typically You can only get and c. 0. 2. |
|
| 23:40 | . Um Petra post used more complex materials like glucose like fats like |
|
| 23:48 | Right? Um This is and this how we get our carbon is how |
|
| 23:55 | get energy as well. Like a for one. Alright, so we |
|
| 23:59 | eat glucose. Break it down Take those carbon units and build bigger |
|
| 24:06 | . But breaking glucose down, we energy from that https so we the |
|
| 24:14 | serves a dual purpose for us. right. But for autotrophs it's |
|
| 24:18 | Okay, another trove. Has for . Little drove can break down H |
|
| 24:25 | s. But there's no There's no in this molecule. There's no |
|
| 24:34 | Right, so, I can get from something else. That's 26 |
|
| 24:39 | So fixing the SOO two is no thing. Alright, to go from |
|
| 24:45 | to multiple steps to a complex organic like say glucose. Alright, C |
|
| 24:52 | H. 12 06. That's a bigger molecule. Right? You're taking |
|
| 24:58 | C. 02 with one carbon putting to make these big organic molecules that |
|
| 25:04 | a lot of energy. You got . Mhm. So if plant gets |
|
| 25:08 | from light, very light, it's photo water truth. That's the |
|
| 25:14 | Can break down in organic compounds to that energy to fix yo to write |
|
| 25:21 | called the chemo autotrophs. Chemo Okay, keep operative part of that |
|
| 25:31 | is autotrophs. Right? Ceo to SEO to head a trophy. If |
|
| 25:36 | don't do that, just think of , don't fix you too. |
|
| 25:39 | So um I know it sounds fairly but it You need to get that |
|
| 25:47 | since we get into Chapter four and and 13 and 14. Okay. |
|
| 25:53 | hear it? Time and again. these unusual metabolisms with the trophy um |
|
| 26:02 | able to use organic pom pom like wasn't known, believe before. |
|
| 26:07 | And so they were used to growing on bras and meat broths and stuff |
|
| 26:12 | this. Very rich organic materials. ? And so uh Gretzky was looked |
|
| 26:19 | soil, he kind of they call the father of soil microbiology. |
|
| 26:24 | Um it turns out that that kind microbiology is very important to us. |
|
| 26:29 | , these activities he sees in he saw in there he thought they |
|
| 26:35 | were a biotic not due to living , right? He uh inorganic compounds |
|
| 26:41 | utilized right? To do. He do analysis of the soil and you |
|
| 26:45 | see that transformations were occurring that are unusual. Okay like the oxidation of |
|
| 26:51 | compounds and fixing of C. And so he would take soil samples |
|
| 26:56 | go after question little things confidence or it just simply just chemistry no life |
|
| 27:03 | ? He would take soil and and right to kill. There's little things |
|
| 27:08 | there that would be killed by sterilizing soil and then compare it to. |
|
| 27:12 | that wasn't staring and see that the disappeared. The transformations he was saying |
|
| 27:19 | once he sterilized the soil because he killing the microbes in there. Doing |
|
| 27:23 | . Okay and so he set about kind of culture these things using what's |
|
| 27:27 | after Grodsky column. Using um uh you just throw together like mud. |
|
| 27:37 | particularly down into the wetlands environment. did this going over until there's a |
|
| 27:41 | , a little pond over there by just going on the shore line, |
|
| 27:45 | some of the mud, packing it a jar. What have you uh |
|
| 27:52 | things like newspaper that's carbon source right with the newspaper um costume sulfate calcium |
|
| 28:01 | so minerals can actually just add like to its shell and all to see |
|
| 28:06 | supply that and just put on the and the light hit it right that |
|
| 28:11 | several weeks let's see changes are visible a crime. And what's going on |
|
| 28:18 | um the appearance of these bacteria. capitalism is like sulfate reduction. Okay |
|
| 28:27 | these are types that can breathe, using these sulfur compounds like we use |
|
| 28:33 | in that water with us oh And convert that to H. Two |
|
| 28:40 | . Right. Sulfate reducing bacteria. are types that can take this and |
|
| 28:45 | oxidized that back to sulfate sulfate They can use Have different uses for |
|
| 28:54 | . two s. Like a plant water. Right? Fitzwater. You |
|
| 29:00 | look electronics to photosynthesize. There's bacterial that can use h. two |
|
| 29:06 | In a similar fashion its electrons that to save the sentences for it. |
|
| 29:11 | we now see photosynthetic types that are because you're really already is likely just |
|
| 29:16 | how plants do it. An Right? The same, right? |
|
| 29:20 | have the photo system 21 right in Z. Scheme and water is used |
|
| 29:26 | for moxie to write that. But know what you learned before. But |
|
| 29:30 | is a different type, right? , right? But a little bit |
|
| 29:35 | . Doesn't doesn't form oxygen. For , doesn't use his H two |
|
| 29:39 | Instead of water. Um And so see a combination of different bacteria in |
|
| 29:45 | at the very top right here are . These are bacterial types that photosynthesize |
|
| 29:52 | like a plan. So so you options out there at the top but |
|
| 29:59 | have none at the bottom so that gradient of oxygen hide below and so |
|
| 30:08 | here and low down here. And then you have different types of anaerobic |
|
| 30:16 | and just but again, all having different types of metabolisms that we haven't |
|
| 30:22 | before. Little tropes is what they . Okay. And so um the |
|
| 30:30 | the importance of this activity is what call thanking of elements. Right? |
|
| 30:36 | cycles. Okay. We'll talk about cycle in more detail later in the |
|
| 30:42 | . But for now the 43 sides represent different my criminal activities fixation. |
|
| 30:49 | little trophy identification. Okay, So nitrogen is about 79 but the atmosphere |
|
| 30:59 | into all. Right. And so but that's largely unavailable to things on |
|
| 31:07 | . Life can't use it as an source, but you're a climate that |
|
| 31:13 | fix it. Right? That's what nitrogen into the environment. Right? |
|
| 31:20 | it's aquatic or terrestrial. And so actually brings nitrogen into ecosystems. Okay |
|
| 31:28 | there's other types of notifications that Right? Those reforms. So life |
|
| 31:35 | things have different forms of elements. prefer. Some like ammonia, some |
|
| 31:43 | um nitrate nitrite. And so it these forms that they can access. |
|
| 31:49 | . Remember the points you need to proteins to make the cake acids. |
|
| 31:55 | . And so plants analogy um obviously oxygen to the Earth's environment right |
|
| 32:02 | Super important right there, ecosystems. plants and allergy uh challenging, you |
|
| 32:08 | , aquatic systems, plants and terrestrial or the foundation briefing system got to |
|
| 32:14 | them happy. Right? And they're . Might just give them some sunlight |
|
| 32:17 | some water and they're good to go see. Oh to which they can |
|
| 32:21 | from the atmosphere but they can't make essential mineral city nitrogen phosphorus there are |
|
| 32:27 | are often these are often limiting and nitrogen phosphorus and so bacterial activity of |
|
| 32:33 | cycle gives that to them. So why it's so critical to to life |
|
| 32:39 | on earth and not sure it's just . There's also phosphorus cycling phosphorus and |
|
| 32:44 | these other elements as well. So looked at the carbon cycling again back |
|
| 32:51 | the hetero probe probe. Right? so hera trophic activities like us, |
|
| 32:58 | release SEO to write as part of metabolism. Of course I'm supposed to |
|
| 33:03 | that. Okay, so it's constantly cycled back and forth. Uh |
|
| 33:08 | if we look at um ecosystems and importance of of these types of cycles |
|
| 33:15 | keeping producers happy. Right? So you look at a naive gone through |
|
| 33:20 | before last, the basic ecological trophic , food change that stuff. |
|
| 33:25 | So consumers are what here? Don't about the don't worry about the |
|
| 33:34 | Well, we'll just answer one of . So consumers are what? Okay |
|
| 33:51 | and producers different levels of consumers. it was like the composers in there |
|
| 33:57 | well. So among the composers, bacteria fungi, certain proto zones are |
|
| 34:04 | that group uh definitely important. They organic, dead organic material. |
|
| 34:13 | And that that to release of nutrients into the ecosystem for others to |
|
| 34:17 | Okay so yeah consumers are certainly hetero . Okay, producers are And so |
|
| 34:26 | the and so I mentioned that the . So if we keep producers happy |
|
| 34:36 | right, through these geochemical cycling activities then um just erase this producers are |
|
| 34:48 | Okay. So uh so think about if you restrict this vegan right, |
|
| 34:58 | eat meat at all. Okay obviously relying producers heavily. Right? So |
|
| 35:03 | want to keep it if you're strict , you don't eat plants at |
|
| 35:09 | Right? Just meet Well you also on this even producers happy as well |
|
| 35:16 | what the meat you read those animals producers. So it's directly indirectly. |
|
| 35:22 | all okay so um so again these cycling's occur primarily heavily driven by bacteria |
|
| 35:33 | here. Okay. Certainly nitrogen Pretty much all bacteria that do |
|
| 35:39 | Okay. Only um Okay and so those symbiosis, right, these are |
|
| 35:47 | symbiotic relationships. Um Endosymbiont CSR also more intimate between host and um the |
|
| 35:58 | is having a relationship with very intimate tissues. Let's say okay and so |
|
| 36:04 | microbiome. Alright, obviously closely associated you, it's on your menu. |
|
| 36:09 | um ruminants, cows, goats They have multiple digestive chambers. |
|
| 36:17 | So a cow grows really because of conversion of the materials eating grass, |
|
| 36:28 | ? Um by bacteria different types of in different chambers of its uh stomach |
|
| 36:35 | stomachs it has. And those bacteria uh the nutrients they can use to |
|
| 36:42 | feed and grow up. Um bacteria in those symbols. And so we |
|
| 36:46 | about actually fixation. So the ability bring nitrogen into the environment through a |
|
| 36:54 | bacteria and the biggest of that type activity is due to bacteria that have |
|
| 37:01 | with plants. So things like peanut plants, uh soybean plants, |
|
| 37:11 | foreign clover. These are all types plans to have these intimate associations with |
|
| 37:17 | in a species specific between the bacteria plants. Um The need to notice |
|
| 37:24 | what if you pull up a plant like this? You look at the |
|
| 37:26 | and little like knobby things and all roots and that's the nodules where these |
|
| 37:30 | living and supply fixed nitrogen supply it the plant. Uh And so very |
|
| 37:39 | . It uh it also allows has have this ability to have these |
|
| 37:45 | They can actually grow in kind of soil, nutrient poor soil because they |
|
| 37:52 | their own mechanism to to fix nitrogen to get nitrogen source or they can |
|
| 37:59 | like in sandy soils and things like that aren't very rich in nutrients but |
|
| 38:03 | can do it because they've got their personal way to get nitrogen to |
|
| 38:07 | Okay so uh normally you have to fertilizer to supplement the soils to grow |
|
| 38:15 | plants. So um now the trip far. So this goes into kind |
|
| 38:23 | classification a little bit. But there any question on we've gone through previously |
|
| 38:29 | at her clothes. That articles Nitrogen , you're gonna hear all that stuff |
|
| 38:37 | . Okay. In chapter um certainly 13 but some some something before. |
|
| 38:44 | Okay, a little bit about origins a whole lot of time on |
|
| 38:47 | But uh certainly it's thought that the micro fossil evidence Traces back live to |
|
| 38:56 | 3.8 billion years, almost four billion ago. But there's still some argument |
|
| 39:02 | that really about if you look at micro fossil and you're trying to determine |
|
| 39:07 | there's a cellar there or not. can be kind of tricky. |
|
| 39:12 | so generally consensus is for sure two years ago. But I I'm pretty |
|
| 39:19 | it's much older than that. But um there's still a long time |
|
| 39:23 | right? They're prepared for the first on this planet. Um And you |
|
| 39:29 | look at micro fossil evidence like at top, especially this one here. |
|
| 39:36 | you can see it's kind of a look to it similar to what we |
|
| 39:40 | in some modern day bacteria here. , now one of the backup |
|
| 39:47 | So in early earth then we had not very much environment intact today. |
|
| 39:54 | , it was white um violent in of volcanic activity. Um temperature was |
|
| 40:05 | warmer. Typically there was no really to shield UV light from surface. |
|
| 40:12 | life evolved and what for that reason like can't penetrate the water very, |
|
| 40:17 | very well. And so in that uh actively supplying Sio two and |
|
| 40:27 | Uh many of of of reduced Okay and reduced meaning electron rich. |
|
| 40:36 | ? So for example, ammonia is more reduced than is night nitrite or |
|
| 40:44 | for example. Okay. And so are types of molecules that would have |
|
| 40:49 | around in the early earth. It have been used as a energy source |
|
| 40:53 | life. Right, So I thought that little trophic activity um and also |
|
| 40:59 | anaerobic. There's no oxygen yet. , so this is the kind of |
|
| 41:03 | you see in bacteria bacterial types and makes sense that they would have been |
|
| 41:08 | first one to evolve here. And so uh of course the evolution |
|
| 41:18 | or what brought option into. so they So this is the size |
|
| 41:26 | the plant. Okay, they have fields um They are actually the forerunners |
|
| 41:31 | the chloroplast as we'll see her But um obviously the inductions oxygen environment |
|
| 41:40 | effects. Right? You can create atmosphere uh ozone layers can help shield |
|
| 41:46 | UV light. Okay, so now can come out of water onto land |
|
| 41:51 | that kind of protection. Um oxygen metabolism can evolve. Right, so |
|
| 41:58 | using metabolism is much more energy. , so that means you care axles |
|
| 42:03 | bigger. Right? Eventually evolved into types. Right and so forth because |
|
| 42:11 | that type of metabolism. Because the energy you can sustain a larger body |
|
| 42:16 | you will. Okay so that was was hugely important. Okay um so |
|
| 42:25 | of endosymbiont endosymbiont again intimate association. evidence certainly suggests that eukaryotic cells evolved |
|
| 42:38 | what we call a proto three carry cell that would have evolved a symbiotic |
|
| 42:48 | with another bacterium. Okay so in we see a inspiring bacterium header trough |
|
| 42:57 | Okay and engulfed by a preview tear . And now that cell has a |
|
| 43:07 | to produce lots of a teepee engulfs than one of them because of symbiotic |
|
| 43:12 | eventually the the one that's engulfed right time loses a lot of its own |
|
| 43:22 | , write because it's inside that other cell now. Okay. And but |
|
| 43:29 | does remain our ability to respond? . So of course that becomes the |
|
| 43:35 | . Right? And uh in other . So this is actually a protozoan |
|
| 43:41 | pro Teesta. Right? Are kind the forerunners for the different kingdoms that |
|
| 43:51 | . Okay um those that also ingest develop a relationship with cyanobacteria. |
|
| 44:00 | That becomes a chloroplast. Right? a cell um forming in the symbiotic |
|
| 44:06 | with a core class. Now that become with the sign of bacteria that |
|
| 44:10 | become photosynthetic, you carry out an for example and then evolving later into |
|
| 44:16 | order plants and whatnot. So uh the evidence to support this right is |
|
| 44:22 | here. So Mondo condo and chloroplasts their own D. N. |
|
| 44:27 | Right? It makes sense that there to be a seller a long time |
|
| 44:30 | . Some of that's still hanging around . We're not talking about a whole |
|
| 44:34 | but parts of the D. A. And some of that is |
|
| 44:38 | to code for proteins that are used those organelles and even have some of |
|
| 44:45 | own ribosomes and T. RNA is there. Okay so it certainly suggests |
|
| 44:50 | an origin notes of that used to actually be a bacterial seller at some |
|
| 44:55 | before it became this endosymbiont relationship. Now on their own during my |
|
| 45:02 | I'm sure you know the eukaryotic cell sightseeing chromosomes replicating so to develop nails |
|
| 45:12 | and so mitochondria and chloroplasts can do but you can't take a a mitochondria |
|
| 45:20 | of cell which you can isolate that to do and hope it will grow |
|
| 45:24 | people look for something that won't happen ? There's too many functions are lost |
|
| 45:28 | that thing to actually be a right? Um Same with the floral |
|
| 45:33 | . You can take a class and on the Petri dish by itself and |
|
| 45:36 | will grow photosynthesize. Okay. But the within the cell itself as part |
|
| 45:43 | the periodic sell and and cell cycle can duplicate itself. Okay. Um |
|
| 45:51 | in looking at classification. Okay so kind of the hallmark for um classifying |
|
| 46:06 | nowadays of course it has been for few decades is comparison of nucleic acids |
|
| 46:15 | between between each nucleotide. It's really a point of comparison in fact. |
|
| 46:25 | if you look at a long stretch and then those are a lot of |
|
| 46:29 | lot of other similarities or differences. you can piece together how closely related |
|
| 46:36 | unrelated to organisms our or a group organisms. And so the molecule that's |
|
| 46:43 | becoming a standard for that developed probably 40 years ago now is 16 |
|
| 46:49 | Or in it. But then, mean, the gene, so remember |
|
| 46:53 | not all jeans approaches, there's some the end product is RNA. |
|
| 47:02 | And so for my risotto RNA transfer . These are that's the end |
|
| 47:10 | Okay, so we're looking at the , the D. N. A |
|
| 47:15 | that codes for the 16 S. . Okay, that's what we use |
|
| 47:18 | comparison the so the S. Is a measure of mass. It's called |
|
| 47:25 | unit. Right? So bigger number a bigger molecule. Right, So |
|
| 47:29 | S. Is bigger than the five . 23 S. Is the |
|
| 47:32 | right? This is what the arrangement precarious. Right. Difference between |
|
| 47:38 | Eukaryotic ribosomes, appropriate rival zones are sizes of the RNA is, |
|
| 47:45 | So for example, the equivalent in is 18 S. Right? And |
|
| 47:53 | . And then there's Uh the other , a different one. But there |
|
| 47:58 | to a large and small subject. . And it's this one that's used |
|
| 48:04 | comparison making inferences about the negatives tree life and treat her is classifying all |
|
| 48:13 | using 16 S. RNA A. S. RNA. Okay. And |
|
| 48:20 | and it was chosen choice because of it's President present in every living |
|
| 48:29 | Okay. And um all molecules evolved time and they'll be mutation. All |
|
| 48:38 | that will occur all the time in jeans faster than others. Okay. |
|
| 48:46 | when of comparing genes for example in in organisms and the change occurs |
|
| 48:55 | Uh more changes occur over time then can represent a point of division. |
|
| 49:01 | ? Remember there? Two species form example? Okay so they're the same |
|
| 49:07 | same species but then changes occur in genes and then you see a split |
|
| 49:11 | ? They come to different that they two different species for example. |
|
| 49:15 | now the R. N. Molecules right cannot undergo a lot of |
|
| 49:22 | . Too much change affects the If you have a bad functioning rhyme |
|
| 49:26 | , you're not going to live because the only way to make proteins. |
|
| 49:32 | for that reason they call it a clock. It changes slowly over |
|
| 49:37 | So we can make inferences on relationships back right way back to my life |
|
| 49:44 | and um and using that technique, and Fox, Fox that Fox is |
|
| 49:52 | dr Fox George Fox in the department worked with woes back in the seventies |
|
| 49:57 | looked at this group of bacteria that these unusual um They grew they grew |
|
| 50:05 | unusual places. Right? Extreme extreme . Okay. And they began looking |
|
| 50:12 | Taxonomy and classification and they found that was actually two groups of precarious up |
|
| 50:19 | that point there was only they're only back precarious or only those bacteria and |
|
| 50:23 | it. They did these studies with 16 S. RNA molecule And founders |
|
| 50:30 | it was different enough you can see here there's 15 s. for a |
|
| 50:35 | bacteria E coli over here and Archaea here. So this is like a |
|
| 50:40 | dimensional Picture of 16 s. RNA and our uh unlike the D. |
|
| 50:47 | . A. R. Doubles training they can't fold on themselves. |
|
| 50:50 | It's just it's all about complimentary base . Okay and so the um the |
|
| 51:00 | arrow represents areas where there's where changes most likely to occur. Okay these |
|
| 51:07 | the areas they kind of look at when they compare them they saw there |
|
| 51:13 | actually very there was a significant difference two. That's what we need to |
|
| 51:20 | that there were two groups of protesters and bacteria. Um And so up |
|
| 51:26 | that point classification ended with the So you see kingdom phylum order class |
|
| 51:34 | genus species. Right. Kingdom. now their studies Real that there should |
|
| 51:42 | three domains. Right so three domains Kariya bacteria and archaea. Sorry and |
|
| 51:50 | microbes uh fit into ah of course and archaea are nothing but microbes. |
|
| 51:58 | . The among UK area bautista and contain microbes. Okay. Perotistas pretty |
|
| 52:06 | all microbes. Uh not all fun but you know yeast certain molds but |
|
| 52:12 | really no microbes as we define them kingdom animal and kingdom plant, plant |
|
| 52:17 | animal kingdom. Okay so um so you look at technomic history, no |
|
| 52:25 | microbes unlike us for example and other and other animals and so forth. |
|
| 52:34 | defined species by sexual reproduction. Can all members of the same species |
|
| 52:42 | reproduce outside their group? Right. how we kind of defined species when |
|
| 52:46 | go to bacteria for example that doesn't because there's no sexual reproduction going |
|
| 52:51 | It's all fine education. Okay so so we had we've had to look |
|
| 52:57 | you know really just the physiological characteristics bacteria and what they look like appearance |
|
| 53:03 | there. Their rods and arcoxia and their chains or they're not or they're |
|
| 53:07 | have this metabolic property. These kind things is what we used for a |
|
| 53:11 | time of course until we're able to D. N. A. As |
|
| 53:15 | comparison which is what's done. And and actually both both all the information |
|
| 53:21 | used not just DNA comparisons but also metabolic features and gram stain. Uh |
|
| 53:30 | shapes these kind of things But certainly standard is is looking at the |
|
| 53:35 | In the 16 s. RNA. uh kind of the criteria is if |
|
| 53:42 | have two species share Less than I'm , greater than or equal to 95% |
|
| 53:48 | then they can be called the But if they're more than that then |
|
| 53:53 | are two species. Okay. Um know in terms of history classified changed |
|
| 54:02 | time of course. But the number thing that led to the change and |
|
| 54:08 | microbes were continually group here and then were shipped grouped over here and then |
|
| 54:12 | and there. It was primarily driven what advances in what the most |
|
| 54:20 | We need to see him of microorganisms . So advances in my property or |
|
| 54:26 | really changed how they were classified as got better at being able to uh |
|
| 54:31 | see finer detail by by or increasing . Right? We can't differentiate a |
|
| 54:39 | career. Excel in eukaryotic cells. . But before then Let me things |
|
| 54:43 | classified as a plant or an That's it. Right there. Going |
|
| 54:47 | to the 1700s with remember that But then later on. And of |
|
| 54:54 | fungi and algae, algae understandably were in the plant kingdom. Being photosynthetic |
|
| 55:01 | . I'm not sure why that was guess they can't look somewhat like |
|
| 55:05 | Some of them uh and manera. so again this is what this is |
|
| 55:12 | there was for a long long time centuries. And then late 19th century |
|
| 55:21 | . He said okay let's take all microbes out of these kingdoms and put |
|
| 55:28 | memo on there. So when there nothing but microbes All right, protease |
|
| 55:35 | . Archaea all lumped in there. At some point I think in the |
|
| 55:40 | it was until the 60s when fungi taken out of the plant kingdom and |
|
| 55:44 | it into their own kingdom. Okay fungi have more in common with us |
|
| 55:49 | than anything else really. Um And . So in the manera then pro |
|
| 55:56 | so are eukaryotic cells. So that's change actually occurred once the electron microscope |
|
| 56:04 | developed because then obviously you have super are magnification. You can clearly see |
|
| 56:10 | nucleus and cells that didn't have a and etcetera. And so now we |
|
| 56:14 | differentiation to human proteins that so algae protozoa ones are in there and then |
|
| 56:20 | other group then what was left behind called the bacteria. The precarious. |
|
| 56:25 | so then of course is when it like this for um through the seventies |
|
| 56:31 | then uh then woes in the 16 . RNA. And then so we |
|
| 56:36 | the bacteria down into it is but bacteria in his kingdom. Archaea. |
|
| 56:45 | which then domain archaea and domain bacteria kind of silly when they still keep |
|
| 56:49 | that way but can you tell us but nevertheless two groups of appropriate |
|
| 56:57 | Archaea. Um And so the three right are you Kariya archaea and |
|
| 57:08 | And so uh so similarities. Okay make no mistake. Although archaea do |
|
| 57:16 | some similarity to you carry on themselves bacteria, don't they? They are |
|
| 57:23 | . They lack a nucleus. They organelles like materials have. Right? |
|
| 57:27 | they are certainly procuratorates like bacteria are they do have some components of |
|
| 57:37 | translation income with carry outs. Uh uh some of the components are little |
|
| 57:46 | . Some of the gene structures, you recall antron Exxon is how our |
|
| 57:53 | they have um some archaea have that well. Okay. The the um |
|
| 58:03 | sorry. So but again the point similar to the bacterial course is that |
|
| 58:09 | feature of no nucleus, right? complex organelles of course having similar diverse |
|
| 58:16 | like bacteria etcetera. Okay, so looking at genomes really just to say |
|
| 58:24 | uh but certainly for a pair of are very small. Single circular |
|
| 58:30 | For the most part, not that can be rapidly rapidly sequenced. |
|
| 58:34 | We do all sorts of manipulations with genes for various purposes, both for |
|
| 58:43 | basic knowledge, as well as commercial . Um and um the meta genomes |
|
| 58:53 | the ease of isolation allows us to find microbes, particularly bacteria and archaea |
|
| 59:02 | we wouldn't otherwise find because There's only 3-4000 Pro Coro seven catalog have been |
|
| 59:14 | , described and cataloged. Okay, the lab, But there's certain way |
|
| 59:19 | than 3-4,000. Right here. They're out there in the environment. |
|
| 59:24 | Thousands more and we'll be able to them. Not by culturing culturing them |
|
| 59:29 | we have been able to but because meta genomics. Alright so meta genomics |
|
| 59:36 | the code to to identify what you culture. Okay. And so and |
|
| 59:42 | represents a vast majority of them cannot cultured. So you have to rely |
|
| 59:47 | many genomics and what it basically is there's nothing um uh new really because |
|
| 59:54 | just it's the same techniques we've We know how to isolate DNA. |
|
| 59:58 | we take an environmental sample, the water, what have you? Almost |
|
| 60:03 | . And then you isolate the N. A. And then you |
|
| 60:07 | down the D. N. And the fragments and use the techniques |
|
| 60:10 | the common in DNA technology and cloning take those fragments isolated and put them |
|
| 60:17 | vectors that like to manipulate them and grow them up. Okay? And |
|
| 60:22 | put them in e. Coli as way to store them and usually collide |
|
| 60:26 | grow them for you replicate them for . And then you can then you |
|
| 60:30 | have a bank of cells each containing different part of the DNA. You've |
|
| 60:35 | from the environment. Okay? You sequence it and there's so much data |
|
| 60:41 | the internet. There's databases of all that have been sequenced and you can |
|
| 60:46 | it to what you guys say what's there is the same thing very similar |
|
| 60:51 | that's how you can begin to D. What you got. Okay |
|
| 60:56 | boy you can take the other track see okay maybe you're looking for a |
|
| 61:00 | protein function uh some sort. So can look at it from that aspect |
|
| 61:06 | terms of enzyme activity or what have . Okay so um but it's been |
|
| 61:11 | powerful tool because it has shown us not just identifying certain things you can't |
|
| 61:17 | but the numbers of different microbial types the environment right? You can take |
|
| 61:22 | handful of soil from whatever what's out and how much of what's the abundance |
|
| 61:28 | each type that's out there. And it changing over time? Right. |
|
| 61:31 | you can actually do ecological type of with factory in that way for decades |
|
| 61:37 | this was developed. What you did you took samples and you tried to |
|
| 61:42 | and culture everything. So and try make estimations of what's out there in |
|
| 61:47 | environment. Using that technique is not be very good. Exactly on the |
|
| 61:51 | . Everything. Right. This has really valuable in the land to establish |
|
| 61:56 | know get more accurate numbers of what's there and how they're changing and so |
|
| 62:01 | . Okay. Um So that's that's meta genomics does. It allows you |
|
| 62:06 | identify microbes that you can't co two the lab and isolate. Okay by |
|
| 62:12 | the techniques of of comment D. . A. Okay the. And |
|
| 62:19 | here we're just looking at this just representative types. Okay uh you know |
|
| 62:25 | you need to know here the basics you know the precarious their basic |
|
| 62:32 | Right? Uh bacteria Archaea. So are differences. So we look at |
|
| 62:37 | Kia and group you can walk them one of three categories. Right thermal |
|
| 62:47 | . Okay. They're often called extreme as you see there. Uh extremes |
|
| 62:52 | temperature certainly certainly Thermo files. They at temperatures above 50 uh typically but |
|
| 62:59 | you have your hyper thermal files. grow above 80 C. Okay now |
|
| 63:06 | archaea and bacterial types do live to in association with each other near each |
|
| 63:15 | . Okay. Um there are some properties That bacteria don't have for |
|
| 63:24 | Methanol genesis. So being a methanol producing methane gas. Ch four is |
|
| 63:31 | an archaea feature. Okay. Um four is a major greenhouse gas. |
|
| 63:42 | Worse than co. two before coming are bacteria that can actually eat methane |
|
| 63:47 | maybe so much balance it out. um it's a it's also a vigorously |
|
| 63:55 | process. Okay, occurs in the files. Extremes of salt concentration. |
|
| 64:06 | Upwards of can be upwards of 20% more. It's crazy. Okay you |
|
| 64:12 | this typically in uh where there taking for salt extraction. So you have |
|
| 64:21 | of seawater that water evaporates and it's concentrated. They're also naturally occurring areas |
|
| 64:29 | the red sea great salt lake there actually very sailing, very thoughtful. |
|
| 64:35 | so they'll grow in that um They have a very unusual okay, type |
|
| 64:41 | photosynthesis. We'll talk about that But that that does not use core |
|
| 64:45 | at all. It's a very different of process. Okay. But thorough |
|
| 64:50 | there are bacterial thorough files for But there's really not those that approached |
|
| 64:55 | hypothermia file range. Okay, um so the uh in terms of the |
|
| 65:03 | of a correlation between thermal files in and sulfur metabolism of different types. |
|
| 65:09 | if it reduces self the oxidizer and forth. Um the now among the |
|
| 65:17 | types of eukaryotes as mentioned fungi, moles, proto zones of pro proto |
|
| 65:23 | and allergy, different therapy, Right, so Petrova. Petrova. |
|
| 65:28 | . Allergy or photo autotrophs, proteins ahead of probes and then viruses, |
|
| 65:34 | talked about viruses, viruses, are different group? Right. We still |
|
| 65:38 | them microbes, but they're not. they're they're not cells that became replicated |
|
| 65:44 | host cells. So uh but then do groups to manage microbes. |
|
| 65:50 | so um any questions. So do know the main question I get with |
|
| 65:59 | one stuff is names, you hear hear these names? Ok, lots |
|
| 66:03 | names in the chapter one in the . Right, so just stick to |
|
| 66:06 | exam review. Should always examine, should tell exactly what to focus |
|
| 66:11 | Okay. But for us it's managed and coke and a couple of |
|
| 66:16 | Okay. Um Alright so let's just Talk a little about Chapter three |
|
| 66:25 | And um so here is all about the appropriate excel about structure or the |
|
| 66:34 | that's made makes up the cell um are the functions of those parts |
|
| 66:40 | Okay. And uh you know obviously you go through this uh look we're |
|
| 66:45 | about a bunch of different types of but no one bacterial cell or ko |
|
| 66:51 | has all these features of course. they all have different different of |
|
| 66:56 | And so one of the things I wanted to talk about because the bacterial |
|
| 67:03 | region beyond the pro curiosity, cytoplasmic differs. Okay, 10 different. |
|
| 67:13 | . And so I want to use term cell envelope to describe it. |
|
| 67:18 | . People get confused when you okay, what's the what's the cell |
|
| 67:22 | does the bacterium have? Okay. made of pepper look like can write |
|
| 67:27 | it can vary in thickness. Some don't have it at all. So |
|
| 67:32 | kind of make him a uniform. I used the term cell envelope. |
|
| 67:37 | , so what's what's the nature of bacterial cell, gram positive or something |
|
| 67:41 | ? Okay, so again the envelope is what's going on outside that inner |
|
| 67:50 | . Right here is the inner So for ourselves, the set of |
|
| 67:56 | membrane. Right. It's what bounds what makes a cell a cell |
|
| 68:00 | Right. It's what it's the boundary everything inside there is a cytoplasm. |
|
| 68:05 | , so for bacteria though, that can be more complicated about what's |
|
| 68:11 | on beyond that cytoplasmic membrane or in member. What's going on here? |
|
| 68:16 | the nature of that envelope? That's we call the envelope. What's out |
|
| 68:20 | ? Okay. Beyond that inner And they can vary as we'll |
|
| 68:25 | Okay, so for for this I constantly tell you to kind of self |
|
| 68:32 | yourself as you go along with the . It's very easy for chapter |
|
| 68:36 | You know, if you if you , you know uh the parts to |
|
| 68:41 | and whatnot, you can simply just a piece of paper out, do |
|
| 68:43 | and go, okay, there's the membrane. Uh let's see. It's |
|
| 68:47 | a gram negative. So that means got a kind of a thin so |
|
| 68:52 | then we have an outer membrane. ? You can label all this stuff |
|
| 68:57 | well, maybe it has a here's D. N. A. That's |
|
| 68:59 | a nuclear Oid. So again it's easy to self check yourself on |
|
| 69:04 | Okay. And I do recommended as way to, you know, you're |
|
| 69:09 | it, you know? Um So so let's look at this question |
|
| 69:18 | Okay so no back there. Okay take a look. Okay open |
|
| 69:32 | you can read through a little Okay so we're gonna touch on all |
|
| 69:38 | these and then some as we go here chapter this kind of stuff we |
|
| 69:46 | about up front Or in the part Posit posit 10 seconds. A little |
|
| 71:07 | . Keep going. 98, I . The little breaks. Mm |
|
| 71:17 | Okay, We're 21 pause. Okay. Let's see what we |
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| 71:29 | Okay. Um if you answered uh you are correct. Okay. |
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| 71:40 | all those 18 year old truth. . As we'll find out as we |
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| 71:44 | through this. Um so, what wanted to do was just I'll come |
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| 71:49 | to that later, but just kind give you the overview here of what |
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| 71:54 | going to touch on in this Okay, so, as I mentioned |
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| 72:00 | , we can find any self defined that set of plastic membrane or inner |
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| 72:05 | would call it. That contains the of course. And so uh so |
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| 72:12 | a membrane is comprised of fossil lipids and proteins. And we'll talk about |
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| 72:17 | structure next time. But maintaining gradients learn is an important function. |
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| 72:24 | Um if you uh if you had A and P going to actual potential |
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| 72:33 | the sodium a sort of potassium And you know, how important gradients |
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| 72:37 | across the membrane. Um so, the inner membrane. Okay, you |
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| 72:45 | have of course, it balanced the with all different sides, uh water |
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| 72:50 | course, most abundant um other et cetera then this area. So |
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| 72:56 | area occupied by the chromosome. um it's not a membrane bound |
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| 73:05 | Not like the nucleus is okay, not a nucleus. It's a nuclear |
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| 73:09 | . Right? Um Nuclear order actually nucleus like Okay, but don't let |
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| 73:15 | confuse you. It's simply the area by the chromosome chromosome just flopped out |
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| 73:20 | the cytoplasm. That's all it And so the area occupied by the |
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| 73:23 | the chromosomes, the nuclear. And under a microscope it will have kind |
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| 73:27 | a grainy appearance. And you can of see oh there's nuclear. That's |
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| 73:31 | simply it's just an area where the is not membrane. Can I? |
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| 73:36 | of ribosomes are gonna be present. the number one. Probably the malfunction |
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| 73:41 | any cells to make proteins. So not always gonna have a bunch of |
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| 73:44 | zones. Then we can have this goes back to the term cell |
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| 73:51 | . Right? So we have the membrane that what's beyond it. What's |
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| 73:55 | out here? Right, well you have something like this right cell |
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| 73:59 | right, pepper black and not like plant that has sailors. But this |
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| 74:03 | different. Okay, it can be positive, very thick so on. |
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| 74:09 | it can be Michael Graham which is type of oreo cookies, three |
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| 74:14 | So all in the middle an outer beyond it. Okay um it can |
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| 74:22 | plasmas which are small circular pieces of extra genes that can acquire this Through |
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| 74:31 | mechanisms from other cells. Through conjugation . We'll talk about that unit. |
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| 74:36 | . Okay, inclusions um this is of a generic term to describe. |
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| 74:43 | kind of specialized structures typically can relate maybe a food storage molecule. It |
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| 74:49 | be a maybe a metabolic type of to it. Okay. Um not |
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| 74:58 | cells but to have them. Some some have certain types of structure. |
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| 75:03 | it can be a number of different which will which we'll talk about as |
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| 75:07 | go through this um external. Okay from very high pillowcases for attachment there |
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| 75:14 | be motion of some type associated with as well. It can be used |
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| 75:20 | um specialized pill. I can be to grab things from the environment and |
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| 75:25 | it into the cell. Okay uh formal promotion. There can be different |
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| 75:31 | that can be just one like There could be a a group at |
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| 75:36 | end, it could be all around cells so they can vary. Okay |
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| 75:40 | . So the problem blob shows up and so that is covering the entire |
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| 75:47 | now. Okay, this is typical various factors. So various factors are |
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| 75:54 | I mentioned now and again but certainly in the last unit which is about |
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| 75:59 | microbiology. So the bureau's factor is structure that enables to sell to college |
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| 76:06 | and clinical ones that are real violence are of the gel. Um a |
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| 76:14 | . Okay. Among others. There certainly others as well. But definitely |
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| 76:19 | these can often be virulence factors. , so um so that that's where |
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| 76:27 | wanted to and focus any questions so pick it up next time and just |
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| 76:33 | on with the cell structures and Um Don't forget backward quiz and smart |
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| 76:42 | . Do sunday? |
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