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BIOL 4315 Neuroscience Mo Wed 4-5.30pm - NEUROSCIENCE Lecture 26 MIDTERM III FINAL REVIEW
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00:01 So in this third section of the and your third midterm or final midterm
00:09 going to be over this third section the course, we covered the auditory
00:13 as a matter of sensory system or system and smell maps. Brain
00:19 neocortex, brain maps and crew three to brain connectivity. So we watched
00:23 tremendous ted talk by Dr Ramachandran that three syndromes at a lecture of brain
00:30 , epilepsy and segued into treatment of with pharmaceutical cannabinoids. And then we
00:38 into talking about under cannabinoid system and cannabis quite in depth. We finished
00:44 last Tuesday last lecture and we discussed the infection really penetrates into the brain
00:53 a lot more detail than I did the first lecture. So the slides
00:59 pretty much the same slides that I you. uh there's an updated it
01:04 COVID-19 updated. So if you go your course content for COVID-19 on the
01:12 notes, you have one tab that you COVID-19 and the brain and you
01:21 articles here that are PDFs. There's original article. So I drew some
01:26 that information and figures from those articles then at the bottom below there's COVID-19
01:34 . And so this is the material I presented to you when we talked
01:39 more details about the olfactory epithelium and whole neurological cascade and neurological sequelae following
01:48 clothing infections, but this is not we started. We started with talking
01:59 on faction, sorry, hearing. , today, what I'm gonna do
02:07 very quickly go over here. It's matter of system. It's a matter
02:10 sensory system. Olfactory system, smell to remind you about what Ramachandran talked
02:16 and leave you to yourselves with Brain rhythms, Cannabinoids and covid
02:22 Because this is really the last three and I don't need to regurgitate and
02:27 the information for the last three hours into 15 minutes. I'd rather have
02:32 watched those videos in your video points you haven't participated and taken notes to
02:38 yourselves before midterm three. Alright, auditory system, let's go properties of
02:46 . The speed of sound that we how you have these rare faction and
02:52 of air molecules Processing of sound humans - 20 kHz. The loudness is
03:03 amplitude of the wave. The pitch the frequency of the wave of a
03:08 of outer ear, middle ear and inner ear. The outer air uh
03:16 audit terminators or air canal. The drum here. This is the station
03:22 which serves for depressurizing and equalizing the and oral cavity in the air.
03:29 then you have in the middle area have the same panic memory their drama
03:35 . And in the inner air you the uh coke leah which is a
03:40 of the studio cochlear apparatus, part the cranial nerve eight vestibular cochlear nerve
03:46 . Some panic membrane will library to the obstacles. Mallia sinkers and
03:50 the smallest bone in the body. will then move the oval window movement
03:56 the oval window. Would set off movement of the fluids and uh the
04:03 of the fluids, fluids. Paralympian , limp, so striatum desk Solaris
04:09 enriches endo limp with the high potassium . And you have the organ of
04:15 that is sitting here in scalar media scalable stimuli on top, scalar tympani
04:20 the bottom have a tone of topic of organizations closer to the oval
04:27 You are the more higher frequencies theirselves will be processing And the further away
04:33 are in the cochlea. The lower is the processing of the sound.
04:39 trans deduction of this mechanical movement happens McCann oh, mechanical channels. There
04:47 mechanical channels, receptor channels. They on the cilia. Sylvia's connect with
04:55 membrane, electoral membrane. When the moves the basilar membrane on which the
05:01 court is sitting will move up and , movement up, will move the
05:06 to one direction to the right, deep polarization. Moving the basilar membrane
05:12 below the base level, move the to the left and will cause the
05:17 polarization so that same oscillation of their . Oscillation of fluid. It's translated
05:24 an electrical potential oscillation at the level the hair cell. You have three
05:32 of outer hair cells and one road hair cells and you have the spiral
05:37 neurons here that contact onto the hair that form the auditory portion of the
05:43 cochlear nerve or cochlea portion of the Kobliner. Either way These are the
05:51 gated trip a. one channels that potassium uh permeable channels and so movement
05:59 the cilia will open up these potassium that are linked with each other and
06:03 will encourage further opening of the potassium , assumptions of the potassium will cause
06:07 polarization influx of calcium and release of neurotransmitter onto the spiral ganglion uh neurons
06:14 and as you can see, most the output is coming from the inner
06:17 cells, not from the outer hair . So most of the information that
06:21 being processed and auditor information is by activation of the inner hair cells.
06:27 hair cells have these really cool motor that spring like proteins. And their
06:31 is once there is a movement of textural number to exaggerate that movement and
06:36 encode that oscillation in a stronger way the inner hair cells. So it
06:42 actually encourage through these proteins spring like . Further movement or increased movement of
06:49 electoral membrane and encoding of the signal the inner hair cells. Information from
06:55 will travel through the auditory portion of distributor cochlear nerve. It will innovate
07:01 the stimulus. Cochlear nucleus. Remember to you read? This is this
07:06 at the level one right here. uh And this is at the level
07:12 the superior olive. And you have crossing over right here from the ventral
07:17 nucleus into the superior olive. And the hearing here becomes bio oral processing
07:23 from both ears. From very travels the in theory curriculum which is part
07:27 corporate quadrant gemini. It's it's below curriculums. And theory calculus is involved
07:33 hearing information processing, superior curricula since the psychotic ill movement from uh in
07:40 calculus information travels to mediagenic Hewlett nucleus the talons. So MGM The media
07:48 for auditory L. G. M . We discussed when we discussed the
07:53 system and the visual inputs and from . The projections go into the primary
07:59 cortex which also has a preserved tonal map that is preserved through the spiral
08:04 auditory nerve into the cochlear nucleus. the way into the primary auditory
08:10 You'll find bands of cells basically that most responsive to certain frequencies of
08:17 We talked about sound localization and the will direct the sound into our ears
08:23 will direct it from different directions left right, converging on the same circuits
08:29 depending from which direction that sound came it will basically acknowledge, will allow
08:34 to acknowledge that the sound came from left versus the right uh as these
08:41 from the ears and the cochlear from left or the right reach the circuits
08:46 there are overlapping the information that we about hearing impairment. So conduction impairments
08:55 quite uh common. Anything to do conduction of sound. Ruptured air
09:03 broken bone calcification and the obstacles. Over window infection, something like this
09:11 neural is typically has to do with air and loss of neurons. So
09:22 neural is damage to hair cells and cells cannot regenerate. So factory nerve
09:29 can regenerate hair cells and the auditory system cannot regenerate. So once you
09:37 hairstyles, if you lose partially hearing if you lose hearing within a certain
09:44 you will likely not going to ever that there might be a little improvement
09:48 so Tinnitus is air ringing. So after you killed themselves off your ears
09:54 ringing because now the connections between sectoral and cilia is loose in some
10:00 And so the electoral membrane once it moving kind of moves always a little
10:05 and the remaining cilia that is that hearing this ringing. High pitched noise
10:11 implants are different from hearing aids. aid is a like a little speaker
10:16 listens and amplifies from your ear. implants will have these selectors that are
10:22 and they're wound around the coakley and are wound around in such a fashion
10:27 the receivers that processed ah low frequency sound will be stimulating the spiral ganglion
10:36 that are located in the low frequency of the cochlear high frequency of sound
10:41 be processed in the areas and stimulating electrodes spiral gang themselves that are in
10:46 high frequency zones. So once you the hair cells there's no hair salts
10:53 . The only thing that you can , we create the sound is by
10:56 spiral ganglion cells. And the way you can still stimulate spiral ganglion cells
11:00 use this tonal topic map and have of electrodes and have basically microphones have
11:09 , receive low frequency, send it low frequency electrode to stimulate spiral ganglion
11:15 . They receive high frequency, they it to high frequency electrode and the
11:21 ganglion salts to perceive the high frequency . And then we finally watched the
11:27 during this lecture on the sound localization barn owl hunting underneath us now.
11:34 so some of the animals and creatures this world will have really great sound
11:40 in the dark without seeing. And great sound localization and the Y axis
11:46 depth which which we don't have. it has to do is we talked
11:51 partly with the structure of the ears the barn also. It's slightly it's
11:57 . There's a great video that we about that BBC Vivian hunting barn owl
12:05 night and the sonar detectors that they sort of the feather detectors that they
12:11 uh tunneling the sound into their little and then moved them. Talking about
12:19 somatosensory system. So it was different because the receptors are located all throughout
12:26 body um in visual system in this receptors uh in cochlea. It was
12:33 hair cells uh Now you have as matter of sensitive receptors all over the
12:39 and you have all of these different endings that are coming off from the
12:46 nerve endings and the sensor never endings different. Um And the sensory nerve
12:54 . Some of them are rapidly some of them are slowly adapting.
12:59 of them have very small receptive fields how those have larger receptive fields of
13:04 process. Our fingertips, face, . Parts of the toasts are very
13:12 and they can discriminate small information, tactile and there's increased sensor's sensitivity in
13:20 areas. And then if you look like torso or the cast, it's
13:24 the two point discrimination test wouldn't really the person to discriminate beyond 4.2
13:31 So the objects have to be separated than one inch apart in order for
13:35 to recognize that it's actually two objects touching the torso. Otherwise, if
13:40 too close and you don't know you perceive it as one single object then
13:45 because of the size and sensitivity of receptive fields. We have 1234 types
13:52 fibers carrying the information. The largest eliminated the fastest ones are the appropriate
13:58 appropriate exceptional location of muscle joints and with respect to the earth and gravity
14:04 is mechanical receptors. So touch sensation in medium three is pain and temperature
14:13 and the smallest, lowest nonviolent nated temperature, pain and itch. So
14:19 would be the longest amount of sensory that one would perceive. Yeah,
14:24 is all coming from these nerve endings the dorsal root ganglion, going into
14:29 dorsal part of the spinal cord. cord is divided into segments is divided
14:37 spinal nerves and each spinal nerves observes individual derma tone on one side of
14:42 body. So it's nature's way sort having these dermatologists where each spine,
14:50 dorsal root ganglion on one side is for a particular derma tone on the
14:55 talked about shingles and this is a virus. And this is very clearly
15:00 this derma tone here on the back you can see that there's a rash
15:05 inflammation. Um on this side only one side, you don't see it
15:11 the back side on the other you're only seeing it here and you're
15:16 it as a line. So if asks you which dermatologist says, you
15:21 probably guess? Well it's something that right above here and goes down this
15:30 . So this is probably going to a cycle derma tone that got
15:37 So remember this virus has the ability travel both ways for disaster and terra
15:42 and retrograde has the ability to remain in the body. The latest that
15:48 saw is one in three adults will shingles. It's not a condition that's
15:52 an itch on the body. It be extremely painful, uncomfortable. People
15:56 doing their normal activities because of that often. And so there's vaccinations for
16:03 stooges. A virus basically vaccination, like you're taking it for flu on
16:10 or for coated. Only single dorsal ganglion reactivates release virus on the one
16:18 . So all of the information from low that enters into the dorsal side
16:24 the spinal cord project upwards a sense the spinal cord into medulla oblon gata
16:32 you have the dorsal column nuclei. crosses over to the medial meniscus and
16:37 into the eventual posterior nucleus of the in the room there into the certain
16:43 of primary somatic sensory cortex that processes of the information from neck down,
16:49 of the information from the phase. example, pain when even you have
16:54 headache pain, its meninges that you're the pain because there's no pain receptors
16:59 the brain and neurons. So neurons pain. But that pain is being
17:05 through the trigeminal ganglion And as you it as three try germinal has three
17:13 of that nervous, both sensory So it's a sensory nerve and the
17:20 nerve. So the trigeminal nerve census from the sense the back of the
17:25 . Pain from the meninges and it controls the facial muscles. Okay,
17:32 information projects at this level here, the level of ponds large mechanical receptors
17:38 the phase into the primary sensor trigeminal where it crosses over into ventral posterior
17:45 of the thalamus and project into slightly areas amount of sensory cortex. Somatosensory
17:53 will have a homunculus but in humans will have very precise areas for
17:59 And that's because we use digits dependent . Used a lot. You have
18:04 map that's homunculus that's discontinuous. It's caricature body not scaled to human body
18:11 certain body parts lips face, hands general also given more importance and
18:18 It's a matter of sensory cortical area process that information. Yeah. We
18:24 about some matter topic map and rodents we highlighted the whisker pad map and
18:31 whisker pad map as such that you a barrel cortex where each barrel and
18:36 cortex off the rodents processes information from single whisker. So that's when we
18:42 also talking about how you can manipulate whiskers. And that information will from
18:48 whisker will activate only a single And so you have the same number
18:53 rows and numbers of the whiskers on whisker pad and you have the same
18:57 of rows and numbers of barrels in primaries matter sensory cortex. And then
19:02 started talking about maps and we talked functional imaging. We talked about voltage
19:08 dye imaging too. So don't don't to to review that. We also
19:14 discuss that in this case for example have a C. Two Whisker map
19:19 E. Two whisker map and that from the primary barrel activation over time
19:24 spread and activate adjacent areas of the . So we call these brain
19:29 There's a brain map or stimulating a whisker. There's a brain map for
19:35 sad. There's a brain map for out really hard. There's a brain
19:40 or watching intently activity. There's a map for listening to something in
19:46 There's a brain map for concentrating and a test. There's a brain map
19:52 sleeping and this brain map is the that is being created by the circuit
19:59 and its underlying this activity in this the circuit structures the barrels and you'll
20:04 activation of individual barrels. But these and these structures are interconnected in the
20:09 . And so these brain maps will across the brain as brain waves what
20:15 call and those brain waves will come certain speeds and certain frequencies. And
20:20 the information between different circuits is going be communicated. The circuits are actually
20:25 to be oscillating up and down there's coupled oscillators and that's how the brain
20:32 interact with each other. They have independence of their ethnicity but they also
20:37 tune in to operate with the same and they can separate and operate at
20:41 rhythms again. So now if you this in this case the manipulation is
20:48 of CN Q. X. And P. D. Which blocks AMP
20:51 . And an M. D. receptor. So blocks glutamate transmission injection
20:55 blocks the activation of C. Two are quite specific into the sea to
21:00 but it doesn't affect the map from . To whisker activation. So several
21:05 that we reviewed here then we talked it's a matter of sensory cortex and
21:12 and somatosensory cortex. And we talked how there is a loss of a
21:18 . There's going to be a reduction the map uh And the space and
21:23 primary somatosensory cortex is dedicated to the that is lost and the map where
21:29 date adjacent digits is going to And then we said that it doesn't
21:33 to be as severe as losing a or losing a limb. And actually
21:39 stimulation of select digits in this experiment the space. And the somatosensory cortex
21:46 is dedicated and the functional map that dedicated to the active digits over the
21:53 that was used for the digits that not so active. So this is
21:58 with this plasticity basically you have structural the area changes and also you have
22:05 changes. Then we I watched the by dr Ramachandran and in that talk
22:14 described three syndromes and I took notes as I was watching the video and
22:19 hope you took notes as well. he discussed crabgrass delusion and he discussed
22:28 , the circuits behind kap garage delusion know what is cop drives delusion,
22:34 what are the circuits that are Top garage delusion. Um, he
22:40 quite innovative and coming up with different of either diagnosing or treating patients as
22:46 neurologist. The Manor has an incredibly mind on the level of a basic
22:53 too. I'm not saying that neurologist , but in a clinical kind of
22:58 fashion to do. So he combines basic size techniques and he uses
23:04 galvanic skin response to record emotional Because as you get more emotional and
23:12 sympathetic system turns on your temperature goes . You start sweating and the conductivity
23:20 the tissue, the skin tissue becomes , it becomes more conducted. So
23:26 can tell if the person is basically more excited or less excited by using
23:31 atlantic skin response. And he was to the fact that there is a
23:36 in the connectivity to the emotional centers signal to the person that that maybe
23:43 seeing what they're seeing is a delusion they may be sexually attracted to a
23:51 . And that shouldn't be the So they go into a denial of
23:56 . So, but it's not necessarily with that because you discussed it,
24:01 has to do with dogs. It's in general a delusion of being recognizing
24:06 . So now the second condition that talked about was phantom limb. And
24:16 also talked about how certain levels of plasticity are learned and ingrained. So
24:24 like you can change the map by activity and uh and phantom limb a
24:32 of a limb changes that map and in the cortex. That makes that
24:38 still think that they still have that and that limb is still in
24:44 So in this case he explains what happening with plasticity and he comes up
24:51 the mirror box to visually fool the . The patient visually fools himself into
25:05 to relieve the phantom limb and the limb pain and that is again the
25:12 modo visual informing some amount of sensory there, it is not there,
25:20 have to learn, it is not , so it's the visual inputs and
25:24 inputs informing it's a matter of sensory , you must reorganize, you must
25:33 . So he discussed that then he about synesthesia and he also talked about
25:42 parts of the brain, parts of brain that came up during this talk
25:46 fuse, it formed gyros or angular . He discussed how synesthesia and a
25:53 of census intermingled together and collide together this happens in association areas and he
26:02 how sin aesthetics have potentially a genetic dysfunction because the circuits are interconnected very
26:14 during very early development they get pruned refined into processing certain information with certain
26:21 in the brain, the color, number and the sound areas are located
26:27 to each other in the circuits. so if that gene doesn't prune the
26:32 properly, somebody could be perceiving sound color or color as as number association
26:41 vice versa. And he used a example of the fact that we're also
26:48 aesthetics that we are sin aesthetics by of having associative learning that comes from
27:00 experiences that comes from Associating external stimuli the census. Sharp inflections and sound
27:12 visual representation may mean one thing soft and sound and visual representations of rounded
27:21 could mean something else for us but doesn't really mean that we just associated
27:27 that because we have a certain degree synesthesia. And so he also mentioned
27:31 it's a lot more prevalent than poets artists would like to use metaphorical
27:37 It's also a lot more problems as appointed of autism. So there's a
27:44 higher prevalence of synesthesia. Does it with anything else being an artist?
27:59 that I not that I know but autism is the one that I've
28:03 up and I found the most information least a year ago. So
28:08 there's an article maybe even showed it you guys on the following lecture.
28:15 it didn't let me see a little . So we're going to the olfactory
28:26 , this is our really cool olfactory circuit. And when we talked about
28:33 factional factor system, we're focused on olfactory receptor neurons. Factor receptor neuron
28:41 the circuit between Iran's the secondary order bulb neurons and the projections that go
28:48 through thalamus one bypassing thalamus activation of emotional centers and the maps that the
28:55 creates. So the odors would be to these molecules. Then When we
29:00 at the circuit related to COVID-19, lecture I expanded and I actually explained
29:07 of the circuit. So we talked system tacular cells. They're called spectacular
29:13 and just like to call them spectacular because their system tacular you have a
29:20 cells in there coming. So recall details of the circuit. It will
29:25 more responsible for more details of disturbance the COVID-19 lecture and specifically how the
29:32 happens to because Iran's do not have two receptors. And as you recall
29:41 COVID-19 to enter the survivors of the and it doesn't just go inside the
29:47 , it actually comes to the cell says who can I hang onto on
29:51 cell here and it finds the ace receptor and puts the spike in once
29:57 puts the spike in it can now the self start replicating inside the cell
30:05 after it starts replicating there may be trans cellular infections that happen which are
30:11 very clear about how they happened. we've discussed that when we discussed covid
30:17 , we also discussed the trojan horse , which is really cool. So
30:21 you don't know the story of the horse, it may not mean much
30:25 you, but if you read the of the trojan horse of a big
30:30 horse being taken into the city and of that was an army to destroy
30:36 city. So macrophages are basically like trojan horses for entry of the virus
30:42 from the blood through the blood brain . We're not in the blood brain
30:48 , but this is one of the entries into the brain. For COVID-19
30:54 the odor perception is binding of odorant to the odor receptors and then through
31:01 g protein coupled cascade activation of cyclic influx of calcium and sodium and deep
31:10 due to influx of sodium and But major deep polarization is due to
31:16 regulating chloride channel opening chloride channel negative , leaving causing most of the deep
31:22 in the olfactory receptor neurons. So have these dendrites here you have receptive
31:29 action potential action potentials. You communicated higher order centers. Each one of
31:34 colors is the fact that there are subgroups that are randomly distributed off these
31:42 receptor neurons that have only one specific protium that prefers to process a specific
31:51 . In general, each smile will multiple cells and each smell for
31:57 citrusy will activate green and blue and will activate blue and red cells in
32:03 case the color stands for distinct receptor and podium that they carry on their
32:10 information from the factories. After neurons project onto the second order neurons.
32:17 this is the olfactory nerve one, it becomes the olfactory tract from the
32:23 order neurons. Yeah, in the analyst, what's interesting is all of
32:29 randomly through the nasal epithelium distributed individual protein cells they converge onto the same
32:38 materialists. So there's a glimmer aerial now of the factor information processing from
32:45 olfactory involved information goes into a typical columnists and orbitofrontal cortex. They're
32:53 bypasses part of the pathway going to temporal lobe structures and the factory low
32:58 those are actually some of the emotional that get activated by smells in the
33:04 system. The hippocampus is a part the limbic system. So smelling something
33:09 evoke positive emotion and memory of that emotion and that's because of the other
33:16 activating the limbic system or factory So if we look at the old
33:21 involvement, each smell has a there's a fruity map and there's a
33:27 map. There's fresh cut grass map there is pine forest map. And
33:33 is the map of how many gramma what pattern. And remember when we
33:38 about imaging, we talked about spaceship pattern. We talked about how you
33:45 to have spatial resolution. Okay, cameras have to be sensitive how to
33:51 to have fast cameras. They have fast temporal resolution, temporal processing killer
34:00 speed where you're sampling visually something thousands times per second. And compared that
34:05 your typical iPhone camera which is 30 per second. 30 samples per
34:12 He won't be able to catch an potential. So you need very,
34:17 fast imaging to track optical activity. again I talked about multiple sensitive damaging
34:24 it would be good if you guys that on your own. So you
34:27 these olfactory maps and these little factory are not only in rodents, they're
34:32 only in the olfactory involved and an map will activate the whole path of
34:37 cascade in the brain, psycho physiological path of physiological if you have impaired
34:48 of smell but it is psycho physiological . So smells actually change the activity
34:55 the brain not only the mood, perception but the motor output as
35:00 What going to be your actions? about the city, small mobs and
35:06 said why don't you guys come up a small map for you age Just
35:11 a as a group project? Maybe going to do that in the next
35:14 course. I'm gonna give everybody a project to come up with the sensory
35:19 of you of age. How would do that? And I will give
35:23 a visual map already exists. So need a map of sounds and the
35:29 of smells for you of age, ? Basically imagine you came to your
35:36 , you're in a parking lot and can and see so what would you
35:43 ? And how would you, you , if somebody was let's say couldn't
35:48 and they were on the phone, would you explain to them? Listen
35:53 the streets on, listen to the off the crosswalk, listen to maybe
36:03 . Right. So you know, is on that side. So you
36:07 say that this is that side. need to move land direction. If
36:11 turn that way, you smell the , that's the wrong direction. But
36:18 you start to turn that way as , chick fil a maybe that's the
36:23 direction. So you see what I . It's actually very interesting to think
36:28 that. Would you be able to on this campus for an hour without
36:32 able to see and how would you about it? You know, and
36:38 maybe that's maybe that's a project actually the for the next class and the
36:43 two groups separating into one smell group one sound group and coming up with
36:50 with the map on top of the you know, special map that we
36:55 for you and age and we talked smells and how we perceive different molecules
37:03 short molecules where volatile molecules longer carbon , hard notes longest carbon molecules Bottom
37:11 really long molecules such as can avenue we can and smell. We came
37:15 and I talked about that and I the smiling cannabis comes from Turpin's.
37:19 doesn't come from cannabinoids because Phenomenon is 22 carbon molecules or longer. And
37:27 we cannot perceive the smell of cannabinoids everything that smells really well is usually
37:34 fresher and better for you. Uh we discussed this, what I think
37:39 going to be some of the interesting for new trends and neuroscience or aroma
37:45 physiology in neuro economics. Still not some of the things that I mentioned
37:51 fun. Okay, so that concluded olfactory and we moved into the neocortex
38:01 brain labs and in reality I I to remind you No, this wouldn't
38:12 it. This electrode material. so I came back to this and
38:32 about this a little bit about the system. It's a synesthesia and
38:37 So that's what I was able to really is the highest correlation was between
38:41 and poets and artists and artistic Now we talked about great rhythms.
38:48 different frequencies, right? There's dominant in the brain. Those frequencies mean
38:55 nothing they mean, different behavior. mean different motor off. But it's
39:01 whole movement and oscillation. We isolate life and we typically don't come back
39:09 the same point. Although I'm going try to go to the same fishing
39:11 if I can later today. So do come back to the same point
39:17 space? Right? You've been sitting and I'm here but not in time
39:24 the time moves forward you kind of time Like Putin is realizing that.
39:33 once you start something you don't know happens after right? You don't know
39:39 this meandering oscillation is going to Especially if you start a war with
39:43 lot of big countries that have nothing do with whatever you're thinking. So
39:49 all of these unintentional consequences that happen the road you know. So we
39:55 about your abuse jockey highlighted his book these are sort of like the dominant
40:01 of frequencies. Why are they Because if you place an E.
40:05 . Cap you're picking up electrical activity the brain non invasively. Right?
40:11 when you're picking up that activity you see that there's dominant band frequency 10
40:17 30 hertz will say well that's a broad band it is but it is
40:21 within that band into 30 hertz. then people would use filtering techniques so
40:25 would see which ones are more dominant means which frequency has more power.
40:32 ? But in any case there's a system and if you take the frequency
40:37 and you do a land of hurts almost separated the whole whole full
40:43 There's dominant frequencies. So is there mathematical system basically this is an explanation
40:48 attempt to explain these rhythms, the ranges of these rhythms and some sort
40:52 a mathematical terms. Different rhythms, behavior. We talked about E.
41:01 . And we talked about intracranial recordings were very very different from E.
41:07 . It's done pre operatively inter operatively before the surgery or during the surgery
41:13 hone in a very very small part the brain. Typically neurosurgeon has to
41:18 that part of the brain because it's epilepsy and seizures. It is the
41:24 of abnormal brain tissue formation. It a side of real cancer glioblastoma formation
41:37 the E. G. Cap will a normal area and then intracranial recordings
41:44 give you a lot more specificity and say that this is precisely the area
41:49 that will avoid. For neurosurgeon has choose. Am I going to save
41:55 individual? I'm going to save an is number one. But at what
42:01 how much of that individual's function of to compromise cutting out a person's piece
42:06 the brain out that's not going to . There's no regeneration, its
42:12 But if you kill neurons are not to regret. So I need to
42:18 the place of the brain that maybe not responsible for the vital functions.
42:22 need to minimize the area of the . I'm going to surgically res act
42:27 I'm going to do all of the physiological techniques, electrical activity. And
42:32 I can imaging to pick out that small piece that I need to
42:38 So you have uh epileptic oscillations. is a disease that's defined by repetitive
42:45 and the seizures can be diagnosed and using E. G. So in
42:50 case an individual has an aura which epilepsy is quite common and then each
42:55 of these traces is an E. . Electrode on the cap. And
43:00 can see that there's synchronization to seizures abnormal synchronization across circuits themselves and across
43:08 . And the spread the march of abnormal activity throughout the interconnected brain
43:13 Talked about how hippocampus is susceptible to by seizures. If it doesn't start
43:18 generate procedures, it dies from seizures easily. And we talked about how
43:25 neurological conditions and neuropsychiatric conditions. Schizophrenia example can also cause neuro degeneration.
43:32 are countless. So we have these oscillations because we have different subtypes of
43:38 in these different subtypes of cells especially inhibitor inter neurons. A great variety
43:43 them can produce different frequencies of firing can cause different frequency oscillations underlying the
43:50 in behavior and the activity that we're up with E. G. And
43:54 brain rhythms is typically from a pickle rights of the parameter cells who discussed
43:59 little bit experimental neuroscience techniques where you these tetra with multiple electrodes that will
44:05 you to actually identify which neurons are at what phase of the overall network
44:11 . So these are very important studies determine basically what are some of the
44:18 of seizures and epilepsy. Um You this deep polarization and this bursting or
44:24 activity and abnormal synchrony and seizures and you have over excitation of glutamate happen
44:31 . D. A. And usually reduction of gaba. So it's too
44:35 excitation, too little inhibition typically. in those conditions you can generate these
44:42 paroxysmal de polarizing shifts activities that you see both in experimental in addition epilepsy
44:49 also in human epilepsy and human And sometimes if a seizure activity cannot
44:54 recorded with E. G. Because may not happen over those two
44:58 Some other abnormal underlying brain activities such the satirical bursting in certain parts of
45:05 brain and certain behavioral states such as state may indicate. For neurologist there's
45:11 wrong. I didn't see a seizure I'm seeing these intellectual spikes or these
45:16 rectal deep polarization is paroxysmal de polarizing and this is indicative of potentially a
45:23 having predisposition to generating seizures in that of the brain. And then they
45:29 you if you can want to come three months from now we'll do another
45:32 . recording for 48 hours. And we're lucky maybe we'll capture more
45:39 Right? You're recording something from the . You're recording something from the optical
45:45 of pyramidal cells the source of that could be thalamus deep inside the source
45:51 that activity could be inner medial side the temporal lobe and you cannot necessarily
45:58 that activity on it. But you to derive that activity. And one
46:02 the ways that you derive is not seeing the seizure immediately happening. But
46:06 certain abnormal or ethnicity in the brain as these intellectual spikes. That could
46:12 a neurologist, you need a repeated , there's something going on there or
46:16 even the medication and then we'll see this activity is still can be picked
46:21 with the E. G. And moved into uh severe my chronic epilepsy
46:25 instance E. Sme I. Or syndrome. This is what I've been
46:29 in my lab for a long time that the Children that have what is
46:33 intractable form of epilepsy, over 30% them do not lend themselves to available
46:40 medications. And from that point uh the early two thousands it was a
46:46 movement and to introducing alternative treatments for forms of epilepsy and intractable forms of
46:53 neurological disorders such as self mutilating or injurious autism, aggressive autism. And
47:02 was the mothers that were lobbying to the laws around the country to help
47:08 like charlotte figi who had to drive syndrome. Used the preparations from Canada's
47:13 reduced their seizures from hundreds a day just a few months and that's uh
47:20 spite of all of the available pharmaceuticals were tried on this girl cannabis of
47:26 has intoxicating or psychotropic properties, but are a lot of the pharmaceutical drugs
47:34 charlotte figure when she was taking remember Benzos from Gaba, Okay girls
47:39 guys of beans um when somebody takes it's you're intoxicated, you're like
47:48 This girl was having problems even walking pharmaceutical drugs and not as much problems
47:53 intoxication from cannabis and the and the relief. So that's where it all
47:59 . It spread like a wave We talked about what is under cannabinoid
48:06 and then I switched into other material I switched into of course content for
48:13 notes. I switched and started talking this right here. So I switched
48:23 this material and explain to you that we are afraid of cannabis and cannabis
48:27 a schedule one and that's because of politicians and the special interests medical doctors
48:34 thought it should be scheduled. Schedule means that cannabis plant is the most
48:39 most addictive has known additional uses. there are at least four pharmaceutical drugs
48:45 cannabinoids and cannabis plant. And there tens of millions of people using medical
48:51 around this country and the world for different conditions. But the stigma stigma
48:58 when you tell somebody candidates, they it's you know worse than crack or
49:04 . In fact, the biggest problem have now is fentaNYL, tiny grains
49:08 fentaNYL that can kill people that are illegal. They're very easy to transport
49:17 very small amounts are very deadly and and it's high profit or the cartels
49:24 be doing this stuff. So this actually a consequence of reefer madness and
49:31 war on drugs and the civilized world realizing that the war on drugs doesn't
49:37 . It doesn't work to stop the of drugs and it doesn't work on
49:41 people that use drugs and it doesn't on the people that are addicted to
49:46 . They either get incarcerated, they placed in the psychiatric institutions between the
49:54 , the jail and psychiatric institutions street jail, psychiatric institution and our j
50:02 and Harris County actually knows how to people really well and they're trained for
50:11 because there's a lot of a lot problems solved. And so I think
50:15 way that we can deal with these is regulating is knowing what's inside these
50:21 . Aah PLC will show you active in different substances, knowing when the
50:27 were discovered what they're used for they're synthetic cannabinoids, that there are
50:31 based cannabinoid medications, they're very specific very limited conditions, knowing that endocannabinoid
50:39 , major home a static body regulatory in the brain and the body CB
50:44 receptors in the brain more controlling and neural transmission excitation inhibition And CB two
50:51 that are predominantly expressed on the glial controlling all of the inflammatory and the
50:58 responses in the brain's are concerned with slower functions they have then the cannabinoid
51:03 and synthesized them breakdown in the cannabis cannabinoid receptors to which they combined and
51:09 can't find the cannabinoids combined to these . We discuss different ways of entry
51:15 the products. This is not just unique to cannabis and you swallow most
51:20 the analgesics over the counter medications such uh ad low you swallow it,
51:30 drops into stomach ph 3.4 starts getting in the digestive systems and that's most
51:37 the drugs. In fact the most way for absorption of active ingredients,
51:42 cheeks. Sublingual under the tongue. is a few general track and the
51:47 esophagus before the stuff drops through. software is down into the gastric juices
51:51 the stomach. So just review some the things talked about, remember the
51:58 between help high THC cannabis and synthetic . There's no synthetic cannabis uh that
52:06 different uses for Canada's plant And seeds very rich in oils that are rich
52:13 Omega three and Omega six fatty Ah cannabinoids and Turpin's are produced predominantly
52:20 the tri combs that have this central droplet where they're going to be
52:25 Three major cannabinoids are THC A. and CBD a produced by the
52:30 The plant itself doesn't produce delta nine which is on Schedule One. It
52:34 produces THC A. So the plan been incarcerated and imprisoned for not producing
52:40 molecule that it it is on the THC conversion of THC a the acidic
52:48 through heat or discombobulation into neutral DELTA THC is an agonist. Cbgbs and
52:55 . CBD is a negative Alistair IQ and CB one using that as a
52:59 effects CB one receptor but also as effect in controlling excited during his bitter
53:04 neural transmission. President topically there's many medicinal properties with these three major
53:10 There's also a negative side effects from majors. Broken nationalism the least known
53:16 C. B. G. We have this in the pharmaceutical world but
53:21 fact the same pharmacist, medical physicists and engineers think that the substantial
53:27 of for example cannabis, household chronic and adults can obits that cannot annoyed
53:34 medication. So there's a lot of and this is evidence of what it
53:39 and this is what it pharmaceutical is for And this is what is in
53:44 plant. Delta nine and CBD Delta is semi synthetic cannabinoid that is made
53:49 CBD. Delta 10 is also some phenomenon. Word of caution there.
53:55 different strains represent different combinations of Turpin's cannabinoids that are expressed by that specific
54:02 . The turbines have their own additional . And alpha pining in particular is
54:07 interest to us because we talked about single column Mestiri's inhibition as it relates
54:11 alzheimer's medications. There are different global and adult use cannabis systems. This
54:19 the state of texas right now with THC system and around the country,
54:23 have robust medical and adult use programs day by day. This map is
54:29 day by day. There's no standard labeling or selling these products are indications
54:35 what these products should be used. state of texas decided that they will
54:39 off THC at 1% The medical Cannabis currently, there's over 22,000 patients in
54:46 . So if you have one of conditions, Texas compassionate use program which
54:51 administered by the Texas Department of Public , Which started by saying in 2017
54:57 regulators, it's only good procedures, , the medical cannabinoids, medical cannabis
55:03 , not pharmaceutical drugs. And then 2021 they said it's good for these
55:07 plus 100 more incurable neurodegenerative disorders. a big disconnect of what the federal
55:14 says and what this has approved for . Okay, this is approved federally
55:21 the dialects 10% in this country and delta nine THC Sativex is not approved
55:28 in the United States has a proven 26 different countries. There's a disconnect
55:33 what's happening federally. What's happening in state and its disconnect what is happening
55:37 the states and this is a very emergent area. As I mentioned.
55:41 do not see a more powerful medicinal on this earth. And the more
55:48 plan that has cost so many lives incarcerations since the reefer madness has started
55:56 than cannabis. If you do write , tell me about it, I'll
56:01 happy to learn about it. Thank very much for being here. I'm
56:04 conclude this session here so I can it and upload it for you
56:09 Again, as a reminder, fill your course valuations, review all of
56:15 materials that you have supporting materials. materials, take the sample exams,
56:21 the quiz that you took again and do great on your final exam.
56:28 I wish everyone a great final exam thank you very much for those that
56:33 been coming to class all the time remember and I appreciate and for those
56:38 have been tuning in on zoom thank you very much. Take care
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