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GEOL6381/4382 Introduction to Petroleum Geology - Van-5
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02:10 Hello, Maria. Hello, No, I'm here. Good to
02:25 . Good. Thank you. We three people so far. Two
02:42 So yes, 4 to 1. needs. It was like a leaf
03:11 in the background. You guys You hear me? Yes. Has
03:19 Joe doing great. Just tryingto trying move a house, Got everything.
03:24 signed the sign that offer letter. it was like, OK, when
03:28 you start? And so now we're . Have they were, like,
03:32 , moving. I got boxes everywhere crap everywhere. So we'll see.
03:44 a nice ripples in the picture behind . I know. That's why I
03:47 that picture I was in. that's on Arcadia Lake, up in
03:52 . And, uh, it was cool, because you can kind of
03:55 almost looks like some of them uh, like star dunes. Like
03:59 the little Ripper. The ripples are kind of like coming to get,
04:02 , merging. And it's right next the bank right there. On this
04:06 on, May look symmetrical too. was really cool. I went there
04:13 month. We went there, we down to Lake Texoma and then we
04:15 to the witch stalls, and then went to this other crossbar parks.
04:19 been done. I'm gonna getting out lot. Checking stuff. I
04:23 that's what you do when you're right? Check stuff out. Try
04:27 see Oh, there's a girl uh she went toe you, but
04:34 doing a new She's creating a new . Of course for, uh,
04:38 , uh Excuse me. The Arbuckle s So she was looking for
04:42 And the city of Davis owns this property that it's just for,
04:47 off road A TV, riders and . And I went there last
04:50 and there's a bunch of great outcrops , so I sent her some google
04:54 . Hopefully for her to use. good through this. Kawana. I
05:06 just going to ask you mentioned the last week that you were going to
05:11 a email for the Captain project? , and I didn't get anything during
05:18 week. Yeah, I didn't send . I'm sorry. Okay. E
05:23 have a long discussion with with Daniel his specific captain. I still need
05:30 get out a list of the Sounds good. You know that early
05:36 week I'll make a quick note to sure I don't forget it. Too
05:40 things to keep track of. Uh . But do you know from the
05:47 of your mind when, um, going toe wins the deadline? It's
05:55 be, um, uh, Everything to be kind of done by about
06:03 14th of December. Plus or minus couple of days. Sounds good.
06:08 . Thank you. But I'll send . You know, it's important to
06:12 to give the the your final draft the right up to your advisor,
06:22 , about a week before everything is , and then actually, two weeks
06:26 then and then present it two Gives them a week to look at
06:31 before you give your talk. And then it's nice to have a week
06:36 the talk for any revisions to be . But sometimes we compress that because
06:41 have to. Okay. I'll send the official deadlines. Perfect. Thank
06:51 . Yeah, I was busy doing lot of stuff with scheduling next
06:54 actually, So I got kinda sidetracked some of those other issues.
07:11 Okay. It's one minute late Where everybody? We've got 10 people.
07:17 means to folks are missing. It's not here yet. So everybody but
08:06 . Okay, Well, um, gonna start making things happen.
08:11 he'll show up soon, Okay? don't see the recording controls. Do
09:12 have the control of it? No, I don't have a
09:19 Please make me co host. I see it. It chose recording.
09:38 what I thought. I could see until I started sharing. It doesn't
09:55 Money. It's reporting now. I guess when I stopped sharing,
10:04 see the controls again. Right? , we'll go ahead and get
10:12 Eyes Daniel here yet? Oh, . Okay, we got everybody.
10:18 we're good to go. Okay, today we're going to go through a
10:25 bit of structural geology, and and main reason is just thio,
10:32 you know, look at in a sense. My gut feeling is that
10:36 all just had Stephen Rx class, you should know most of this,
10:40 I'm going to try to put it the context of how we're going to
10:42 using it when we get into frontier and the other phases of the value
10:50 . And, uh, kind I guess from a very broad
10:56 the most significant thing about structural geology Theobald iti to look at,
11:05 various basins around here that have sentimentally in them and how structure actually impacts
11:12 deposits to help the development of a and actually at the same time,
11:19 . I mean, petroleum systems within basin. And that's kind of where
11:25 gonna kind of go with that in this course, we're not trying to
11:29 productive structural geology, but we're trying put structural geology in the context of
11:36 reservoirs and seeing how we can find in the different phases of the value
11:44 . So that's really what this is about. And, of course,
11:51 , simple cartoons are always a good . Things just showing some types of
11:58 traps. Uh, these cartoons seem simple, but in reality, the
12:10 and combinations of these types of traps sometimes make it awfully complicated. When
12:15 trying Thio figure out what's going on the subsurface because any time you have
12:20 fault, you can get spots where were to drill right there you would
12:26 is to excellent potentially excellent, porous and permeable sand stones. Although
12:38 you're looking for on unconventional, you'd coming right through the shale and you'd
12:42 ignoring the stuff you don't want to into. So it all becomes
12:47 but it's also and complicated, but can also be, uh, very
12:52 on what your target is actually is that particular area at that particular
12:57 Because a zai mentioned before when we're and exploiting, um, conventional
13:06 we're overlooking the unconventional reservoir trapped combination are shale bodies tend to create.
13:17 , so this is another one of diagrams of a riff system that doesn't
13:26 too unlike the North Sea, which a failed rift. But on the
13:32 scale, you can see that is important to be able to recognize
13:39 these major bounding, uh, false major blocks. But in addition to
13:47 , because of the stresses involved, gonna have minor faults being created all
13:54 it and this sort of scale of big bounding block faults are usually easy
14:02 recognize in seismic, and quite often may have a surface expression of some
14:07 these false. But of course, were working offshore. We way don't
14:12 see any surface expressions of things, but it gets more complicated when we
14:19 looking at these finer grain faults. may be, uh, building reservoir
14:25 compartmentalized reservoir scaled type features. And , of course, is just a
14:33 . And the model is showing kind how you create something that looks like
14:38 . But the model also has the of resolution that allows them to see
14:43 other faulting and fracturing patterns could take . And this is from the Brent
14:51 . And, of course, the the name Brent came from the
14:54 Moronic. He tied the nests and Tarbert sands. And you can see
15:00 right there. You just take the letter backwards, and it ends up
15:08 the the Brent Group. Okay, , um, looking at you.
15:17 , Don, Is that is that Group? Is that the Is that
15:21 the Brent that they use is the for like on the exchange? You
15:26 , it's like wtf, But then like brain. Is that what they're
15:29 about? Yeah, that would be it iss uh, it's oil coming
15:34 there. Okay? And that's why call it Brent. And anyway,
15:42 course it's the West Texas stuff comes ah, lot of the different fields
15:46 West Texas. The Paleozoic units were light oil. Well, relatively light
15:52 . There's sort of intermediate Craig. , um, their light. But
15:59 call them in their heavy lights, they call them intermediate. So here
16:03 , uh, that same thing in view. This is this would be
16:09 Brent here's kilometers. And then in same map view, of course,
16:17 though they didn't show it in this , they're showing that there's a lot
16:20 other false associated with the with the that air created when big fault blocks
16:27 and and other things happen and fall place so you can see that it's
16:31 complicated, and this is kind of two things. We may have major
16:40 along inside of these big blocks, then inside of them in detail,
16:46 , some of those fairways that air arrangements of formations and and charging source
16:54 with reservoirs in those formations, the various blocks inside of here can be
17:02 up in compartmentalized and make particular reservoir complicated than we want it to
17:09 We have a big trap over in where there's a limited number of of
17:18 scaled or finer scaled false A. you get a better sweep or you're
17:24 to drain the formation a lot When you get into an area like
17:28 , it becomes a lot more and sometimes the number of straws that
17:33 might have to poke into it make on economic. Having said that in
17:37 North Sea, a lot of the expiration started out looking at this sort
17:44 scale, and they were finding, , oil and gas reservoirs in here
17:51 where they found the big open areas the larger blocks that were productive at
17:56 low cost of oil. Back when found it, they were doing
18:01 But then, as the price of went up and more of the big
18:06 had already been discovered, people have back in from the UK and
18:13 and even the US, too look smaller blocks smaller. Hmm. Production
18:23 on looked at all this fine detail have managed at higher rates to make
18:28 a good amount of money when the the price of oil is on the
18:32 side rather than the downside. And when you look at a map of
18:38 UK acreage, one thing that's real is they have small, small blocks
18:44 the government leases out at a They've got more wells poking into those
18:48 leases, so they've pretty much been to find a lot of these smaller
18:52 and make them economic one way or by good engineering practices and good,
18:58 , locations. If you think uh, single particular strategy on a
19:09 works everywhere, you'd be wrong and wouldn't be still making some money out
19:13 the North Sea. Okay, just ah, I'm sure everybody is familiar
19:20 a lot of these symbols. It me that after all these years,
19:26 still don't seem to have any conventions . Now, when we have the
19:32 sharp triangular bolts here like this, know that's a thrust fault,
19:39 uh, and of course, it's in the dip of the fault.
19:45 of course, this would be the thrown side over here and hanging
19:50 This would be the football in the , the down thrown side. And
19:53 block over here is actually moving over of sit down, thrown block like
19:59 . Uh, on some maps, see you see an industry that just
20:05 you're allowed to put any symbol you on almost anything, uh so,
20:09 , out of control, somebody might this for a normal a normal
20:14 The pattern that I saw a lot huh, would look like something like
20:22 , or even something like that with filled in on the corner and that
20:26 in. And of course, the that these blocks air on is also
20:31 down dip on the fault. But a normal fault, this'll would
20:37 um, a typical of normal fault this being the down, the down
20:47 , hanging wall in the up thrown . And, you know, this
20:55 this isn't, um I think this in our text. This is either
21:01 our textbook or the shepherd book. think it's in our textbook. But
21:04 is also another way. They they a normal fault. And I've I've
21:11 never seen very many maps that looked that at all. And here's here's
21:16 one same kind of thing. But put these up here just to warn
21:22 that whenever you're working in an uh, it may be,
21:29 completely impossible right away to recognize what of fault it is from the pattern
21:34 here. Because people, uh, know, like Thio make things special
21:40 themselves, and they oftentimes makes it to communicate again. Something like this
21:46 what I usually see and use for , a normal fault and patterns like
21:53 with a sharp point on it to is a thrust fault. When I
21:57 looked at, until I make sure know which way the false really going
22:00 or down on hanging wall or they the football Okay on here is,
22:12 , sort of Ah, a nice in a Brent you can see
22:16 There's kind of a major bounding fault here, But then there's these other
22:21 that are sharing ought off of and and so instead of having this
22:29 full reservoir here, you can see compartmentalization can happen. You can see
22:35 it's possible to drain at least, , get through. Well, what
22:39 contact up to here? Oh, fault there. Then over here,
22:43 might be able to drain over. is an oil water contact up to
22:48 , and this one's on its own that point in time. But the
22:51 is, is that if you don't these kinds of false, it's possible
22:56 put a few wells in the right with the right drainage distance to be
23:02 to drain this entire thing. When put these little extra faults in
23:06 then it becomes more complicated and you to start to consider with the value
23:12 this resource is versus the value of resource. Having said that, a
23:17 of people have gotten really clever, , um, people that worked with
23:22 oil companies and they're not looking for billion barrel fields. They're looking to
23:27 money and sometimes, uh, just if let's ignore this fault down
23:41 If we ignore this fall down here we ignore this fault in this
23:49 we would have a fairly large reservoir might be appealing. Thio larger oil
23:57 with a larger overhead to cover for action it takes. We have smaller
24:02 that don't have that very high That seems to be hard to manage
24:09 , Um, the, uh and we leave these faults in, but
24:17 , still ignore this one. We drain this thing pretty much with with
24:21 well board here in a well bore , up to this point. And
24:26 we could drain this one up to point with the well bore over
24:30 But to get back in here, have to have one well up into
24:35 like this is. But even if drained this all the way up to
24:42 like this, in other words, oil water contact came up to
24:45 Well, I know what water contact up to that will. We would
24:50 little, uh, knicks of oil over. Up above that.
24:58 and this is what we call attic . And often times when we have
25:04 , there's more than one productive And the structure, of course,
25:10 is in three dimensions. It doesn't view and map view. It also
25:13 down. So, um, these this block might be shifting a little
25:18 to the south on this side. , uh, if you drill a
25:24 here, you might be able to several of them. And And,
25:29 course, there are places where we have five or six reservoir layers in
25:34 pain, and someone can come in a straight hole and and drill through
25:44 attic oil, maybe with a little of a deviation. Maybe penetrate this
25:48 here, the next one down the next one down. It may
25:53 here, as this is, this in this direction and this starts to
25:58 out in that direction is we're Well, we're kind of it would
26:01 out, too. It would close this direction, and it would close
26:05 on this direction. So we kind have to move in this direction.
26:09 , if we deviate are well to of puncture, the attic will here
26:13 that attic will the layer below. would shift in this direction and then
26:17 next one in that direction. So little bit of a deviation in that
26:21 can pick it up in Hill Corp an awful lot of this, where
26:25 go into Oldfields with lots of at coil stacked attic oil and so
26:31 And I'll talk about this morning. get into production. But there's also
26:37 way with lateral wells. Thio get a coil that, rather than being
26:44 associate, it might be horizontal. other words, there might be.
26:48 might want to try to hit this oil, for example, with a
26:52 with a horizontal well that comes in and comes in there. And maybe
26:55 more somewhere else from another structure that can hit five or six of them
27:01 one time. So people are actually that game Now that we have much
27:06 control over turning our well, bores to be a very tricky complicated,
27:14 , was a simple thing, but would. You could either get it
27:17 or get it way wrong. Now we can steer the the drilling assembly
27:23 little bit better than a lot better we used to be able to.
27:27 ah lot of these, um, of remedial things that can come come
27:31 in, but this is what we be looking at at the frontier exploration
27:35 . We might not know these faults there and again, Um, a
27:41 starting well in here would be, , anywhere they put these. If
27:46 didn't know about these two faults early in your in your evaluation of the
27:53 . Now, if you decided to in here and do a bull's eye
27:56 I suggested, it would probably be one right there. And and,
28:01 course, for those who were trying get the whole world at one
28:04 maybe you might want to put something here, and you might actually find
28:08 fault and find that particular sand fault out. So locating your well has
28:12 lot to do with how much you about the faulting patterns at that
28:17 And then, of course, not this map, but over printed on
28:20 , you can have faces changes. this is a highly productive sand,
28:24 could have a faces change in Likewise, if it was a,
28:32 , say a source rock. He's always the possibility you can have sand
28:37 come in and mess things up to . They may have been drained previously
28:41 conventional production was going on. Okay, here's something, uh,
28:49 I got from Shoot, and he a big deal out of it,
28:52 I would hope that no one in group would actually draw a map like
28:57 . But when people are looking at and they get especially if you have
29:03 d, you might have Ah, sure if this is a least like
29:06 . This is a leased line, he has a producing field over
29:10 or it could be a seismic But when you have two D seismic
29:14 and sometimes when you're picking points in places, even with three D,
29:21 , frameworks, you may, uh may end up drawing a map incorrectly
29:26 either side of the fault, and this is kind of what this diagram
29:34 , and he's got a normal fault , based on the structure map,
29:38 reversed because someone wasn't paying attention to fact that what's across this side of
29:44 fault has to go up. Doesn't whether you have a data point over
29:48 or not, it has to go . And if you come across this
29:52 of the fault. It's a normal dipping the way it is. It
29:56 to go down. The structure has go down over here relative to that
30:00 . And one things that computer maps always do is is take that into
30:06 lots of times that most of time do. But sometimes they can overlook
30:12 because they're trying to contour this block they're trying to contour that block,
30:16 you may not have that many points it to contour with, and it
30:19 create some kind of crazy thing like . But if if, if you
30:24 figure out and quite often you could a fault plane map, which is
30:27 be in one of your exercises if do a fault plane map, you'll
30:30 exactly if this contour is correct. on all this data over here,
30:36 I go across that map, I know how many feet it has to
30:41 to get to that side of that interval of rock across the fault.
30:46 other words, if the throw is ft, then the contour on the
30:51 side of this has to go up ft, period. Um, it's
30:56 a matter of conjecture. It Zagato if you have a good handle on
31:01 fall plane map and you know what throw is And structures over here in
31:06 data over here you rely on, the structure over here you do not
31:09 on, but you're trying to come with a play. Uh, because
31:13 your wells air down here, make sure that you take into account this'll
31:18 a really good data point. For , this is minus 5800. And
31:25 I knew that fault had a throw 400 ft, then actually it looks
31:33 it's less than 200 ft, but assume it was 400 ft. That
31:38 this point here has got to be ft lower than the point on the
31:42 side of that fault. And, , and that's one of the things
31:46 you can you can count on. when you're making a map, if
31:50 lack data points, you can put points. If you have a good
31:54 on this side well controlled with you can put points on this side
31:58 the map until the computer to make that they honor that. Because that
32:04 a really consideration that you need to . Okay, so a lot of
32:13 you're gonna everybody's had structural geology with . You're all in this semester,
32:22 everybody just got that class. how much did he talk about using
32:28 at the frontier scale. Anybody have idea he talked about? He talked
32:37 frontier. Um, but I think was talking about them Just Justin when
32:42 talked about riff structures or rich I don't think I don't e don't
32:47 we talked about any, like, thrust belts or any frontier. Any
32:51 didn't think he gave any specific explanations , like, Frontier Place for that
32:56 . E think he did mention it to rip basis. Okay, I
33:00 he has a lecture on pressure and seals, and, uh and I
33:07 know if he's Did he happen to you, um, about the different
33:16 of seals He mentioned the term membrane ? No, he mainly mainly when
33:26 talked about seals, we did show ratio clay smear potential. And
33:30 uh, hey, gave some case but I don't I don't think I
33:34 think that you mentioned, uh, seal. Okay, that's really
33:37 He worked for Shell. I know at Exxon knows what a member Exxon
33:42 knows what a membrane seal is. pretty sure pretty sure folks from BP
33:48 because they merged with Amoco and they some pretty sharp structural geologist from
33:54 So I'm pretty sure they also know a membrane seal is. It's a
33:57 important concept, and so So when get to that, I don't have
34:01 worry about it being a repeat. may challenge some of what what Steve
34:08 to you, but it's it's actually challenging. It's just adding more
34:13 Um, so he probably talked a bit about this right? Fractured reservoir
34:22 . He talked. Obviously, Unfortunately, most of my examples they're
34:29 be from, uh, intentional or alot of basins. I'll mention the
34:39 type, and I'll mention some of significant things about the styles. I'm
34:44 mention that now, but then I'll into this in more detail when we
34:48 get get past some of the tools get into actually get into frontier
34:55 Then it comes back into play when get down into development and production.
34:59 because structural geology is really important And it's really important up here.
35:07 , but but and how many of did he use? Uh, he
35:12 happen to use the book by Alan Alan, did he? It's not
35:22 of you have had Jolanta Van Wickes , right? Yeah, a couple
35:28 so you you will different aspects of I'm going to say. You've probably
35:34 up some of them from Jolanta because understands tying basins and structural styles Thio
35:42 Systems. And that's kind of what getting into and here, So just
35:49 I'm gonna briefly go through kind of petroleum? Excuse me? Why?
35:54 geology is important in petroleum geology, just to make sure everybody's on the
36:00 page and we're thinking the same things examples. E never know what fault
36:08 people use, which is why I that up. Just make sure,
36:11 know, like, if I'm showing slide and you're confused, which block
36:16 is, uh, the hanging And what the relationship is between the
36:22 wall on the football in terms of motion. Just just holler when I'm
36:27 so we can get it straightened out it's awful to listen to an explanation
36:31 you think it's a thrust fault and actually talking about a normal fault.
36:37 of might throw your brain off. , so the main basin types are
36:43 settings, convergence settings and transform And I'm assuming that everybody here has
36:51 some form of plate tectonics. Course if not anything specific, you at
36:58 had a freshman geology course that went the basics of what these different settings
37:05 . So I don't have to go great detail When I teach this course
37:08 engineers. I have to explain to what plate tectonics is, and sometimes
37:13 amazed. And almost everybody is amazed paleo magnetic bands coming away from a
37:21 rich. But we won't have to that in this class. I don't
37:27 , and so s so what I'm to do with these three things is
37:31 kind of give you an idea of ? You should already know what they
37:36 of look like, uh, in section. What they kind of look
37:40 like from the surface and what it in terms of potential de positional systems
37:48 or base an infant. How it of controls just some of some of
37:53 . When we get to frontier expiration look at a little bit closer frontier
37:58 and exploration. We start looking closer closer to these details. But for
38:04 lecture, we're just gonna have a look at kind of what it means
38:08 the big picture. Okay, so have these things called divergence settings.
38:19 in these can someone tell me what of the major faults we're going to
38:26 in a divergence setting? Arma Okay. How does everybody else feel
38:34 that? Yeah, I agree. just I wish the whole class was
38:40 front of me, so I could , kind of get a nice
38:44 What? What? What's going on your heads? But anyway, of
38:49 , the major ones, quite often rift basins, uh, inter catatonic
38:56 . And then these things we call margins. And, of course,
39:01 passive margin eyes gonna have remnants of base. And with sediment NFL coming
39:08 top of it. Of course, Gulf of Mexico is like that,
39:11 the Gulf of Mexico has a incredible of thermal subsidence going on and deposition
39:20 load subsidence going on, which makes a depot center with more than 50,000
39:29 of sedimentary rocks, which is pretty . And here is sort of the
39:38 of a Rift Valley with the grabbing the middle. And of course,
39:45 doesn't seem like much, but it on me at one point in my
39:50 . You just look at a block . How can a block diagram be
39:53 you much? Well, if if look at this block here, can
39:59 look at this block here? This is getting wider at the top,
40:07 this block gets wider at the And so if I push this down
40:12 push these two on either side I'm putting surface area that's longer closer
40:21 sub surface area, which is longer it has to stretch. There's no
40:27 around. It has to stretch the of the crust, and that's what
40:31 areas areas air showing. And of , when it does something like
40:37 this is really nice and friendly in with, you know, this flat
40:42 up here on a flat plane up . But what is this kind of
40:46 you over here? Slim? It's like a pancake over here. Sitting
40:54 off to the side of the river looks like a big terrorist or
41:00 but it's It's almost like a nup . Uh, I'm not up for
41:05 , but it's sitting higher than everything . Yeah, it's sitting on top
41:07 this. So it is a right? So what? It's not
41:11 you, but what it actually implies that sediments up here, this is
41:16 is another one of those tough geological . It's hard to understand, but
41:22 rocks pop up, they erode. when they fall down, they fill
41:28 and eso when this pops up this pops up that goes down,
41:33 gonna be erosion. And the great and wonderful world of surface on this
41:39 is it's always trying to do something call peanut play nation. It's always
41:43 to try to level things out with here in deposition down there, And
41:50 as time goes on and layers fill over top of this. That's what
41:53 going to see. You're gonna You're to go from the structure. If
41:57 stops moving, you're going to see basically filling and level out. And
42:03 the key is is that it's creating . This erosion is going to create
42:08 reservoir rocks, an organic material that's fill into the basin that might
42:14 and invoke and promote organic productivity as fills in with water. So it's
42:23 important to hear this is like somewhere the the Southwest us where you have
42:33 horse and Robbins and all of this above sea level right now. So
42:39 have the mountain ranges from the worst the robins in the middle, and
42:45 I'm pretty sure maybe maybe it doesn't you this way. But if you
42:50 at a diagram like this and you these kinds of fault blocks,
42:57 see this ledge up here? Where my pointer? That's the high point
43:04 a block and this is a block down. So sediments gonna be dumping
43:08 of here on this diagram. It's , yeah, what's he talking about
43:12 ? This one which is just a clay model that shows you some incredible
43:17 there. In fact, what's in subsurface is you can see that some
43:22 block actually went like if you had the amount of section and the the
43:29 Ness Tarbert ness Rather, this block have been up like this, so
43:34 would have been a higher peak at time of that blocks. Motion like
43:38 would have been just like that. , those little tiny edges on a
43:44 don't seem like much. But if look at it here, those little
43:48 edges on on either side or mountain you know, in other words,
43:55 of feet of relief over here to sediment into their. So when the
44:00 Sea was forming like this, on those those edges of the blocks
44:07 I showed you, the Tarbert in nest popping up, they're not little
44:11 . Their mountain ranges on either side of the blocks coming in. So
44:17 that structure is doing is creating a credible source of sediments cause it's going
44:24 and it's going to be eroded and incredible amount of accommodation, space down
44:30 that can get filled in with And when that happens, we get
44:35 nice de positional systems. If we happen to have this going on,
44:41 , in an area like a Rift that becomes inundated with ocean and
44:46 ah, source rock in there, gonna have a lot of different configurations
44:51 reservoir and source rock potential. of course, everywhere there's source rock
44:56 . There's there's unconventional resource potential as as conventional from this instance.
45:05 so the North Sea itself is sometimes the failed rift. Sometimes it's called
45:10 blockage in, um, I never so picky about my plate tectonics terms
45:15 I really is new, why one better or the other. I know
45:21 get upset when the wrong term is , but by and large, the
45:26 Sea was a failed rift. If take West Africa and East Brazil,
45:34 , you have on either side of you have passive margins, which included
45:41 kinds of rift ing that you saw . But it's spread apart, and
45:47 pre rift and rift sentiments here are going to be connected to the pre
45:54 in uh, sin rift sediments But when they were being deposited,
45:59 were connected by a much smaller lake then ocean, like the East African
46:03 Lakes are exactly like the beginning of opening up of the South Atlantic.
46:10 then there's these other basins that air called sag basins. Uh, I
46:16 at the end of the day, more we learn about it's gonna be
46:18 related to drifting than anything else. the basin's basically have some kind of
46:26 uplift which caused them to sag in middle and and then the and then
46:35 thermal uplifted fractures. It starts to back down just like the North Sea
46:41 after riffing. And you end up , uh, a lot of accommodation
46:47 post rift sediments to fill into. here is just showing you some rift
46:56 . Active rift in going on The Sea is a big one. You
47:00 a triple junction down here with a ridge here in a spreading ridge
47:05 A. To this point, times looks like these are gonna be,
47:11 , more or less failed riffs. the big one down here that's forming
47:14 Red Sea still a significant riff And if you go to the south
47:20 here, you'll you'll run into Your Ethiopia. There's a triple junction
47:25 that runs into East Africa, and have riffs there trying to form in
47:30 East African Rift Valley. A present and whether or not they ever get
47:36 , we won't be able to be to find out. But,
47:39 the thermal sources and the magma sources shift. And sometimes, like in
47:45 North Sea, you end up with that doesn't move very far. The
47:49 Sea might be a little bit more the Red Sea and the fact that
47:53 opened up to create the North But then it stopped spreading. God
47:59 there. Is there production, in the Red Sea or the Gulf
48:03 any of those areas? You know I mean? Yeah, in the
48:05 of Suez, there is, and gonna show you some examples.
48:08 I'll show you. I will show an example from the Gulf of
48:14 And because, uh, I didn't didn't work. Um, yeah.
48:22 I had to work in Africa because the Middle East because because of some
48:27 the specialties I had, nobody else do it. But But Amoco
48:33 um, outside of outside of which was the U. S.
48:40 basically Canada in Alaska. Outside of , we had Europe, Latin America
48:47 Far East. And I managed a expiration group for that. But every
48:52 and then I had help with people Africa and the Middle East, and
48:56 did have sort of And I think company is still there now that they
49:01 . But it was called up Coz the Gulf in Gulf Oil and Petroleum
49:06 and, uh and that was sort a mirror of Amoco, Egypt and
49:15 for everybody. We had an office the U. S. Cup Co
49:18 a person in the office from and, uh, as it turns
49:23 , they work really well together and were able to find a lot of
49:27 . Ah, lot of it got after after BP merged with amateur,
49:32 a lot of production was going on to that as well. So
49:36 there is something there, but I pulled some examples in here from
49:40 literature just because Because I knew this , ah, highly productive area.
49:46 not aware. I'm not saying there anything here, but I'm not aware
49:49 much going on in the Gulf of . There's anything. Okay. And
49:56 is where I was showing you the and Robbins in the US And this
50:01 , um, this long, this extension all basin. But if something
50:08 this wherever too to sag enough and ocean came in, you'd have all
50:12 of source rock developments sitting on top all these, um, more or
50:18 buried mountains. And, you you see real features. You'd see
50:23 sorts of alluvial fans coming in and and rivers. What you wouldn't see
50:31 something, uh, kind of highly closely associated with the marine setting that
50:35 good marine source rocks. But you have some non marine source rocks like
50:40 turns out in these extension all basins China and sometimes the reservoir Iraq's,
50:48 example, in a Bohai base. they have these paleozoic buried hills instead
50:53 the types of mountain ranges we have . They had lots of carbonates sit
50:58 and eroded and end up being very . Uh, pills that were buried
51:07 a scene there, Paleozoic or actually and Permian. I believed. And
51:12 were buried by Eocene Lake sediments. there's es in lake sediments. Charged
51:19 Paleozoic, um, reservoirs that air on either side of it. So
51:27 , what I'm trying to get at this kind of thing. Creating an
51:32 has a whole different sort of source potentials, like in the North
51:38 Uh, they don't have preserved a good luck custom system in the If
51:46 was East Africa and excuse me, Africa and eastern Brazil on either side
51:54 this, a rift ing area, , in the South Atlantic when those
52:03 contents were together. I hope you mind me using North America for for
52:09 North Sea in a in a South example. But if this was the
52:14 Atlantic forming on, we had Africa here in Brazil over here.
52:21 I guess I should say South Uh, when these two places were
52:27 together, like down here, they these non marine lakes that filled in
52:31 tremendous non marine uh, source rocks you go into North Sea When all
52:37 was going on, uh, some was going on in the middle and
52:41 ocean came in and you got the of a lot of source rocks that
52:46 sort of penny contemporaneous with the features were forming in the structure and the
52:53 that was coming off. So yet pouring into a marine basin that had
52:58 shales being developed so slightly different But the same the same types of
53:06 that you might see in the course the of the two contents of Africa
53:12 South America. You have these tremendous marine source rocks feeding all of the
53:18 on top of it, uh, in the North Sea Uh, you
53:23 sinned. De positional, um, rocks forming. So the timing of
53:30 source rock versus the the the reservoir is a little bit different. And
53:38 , of course, there are multiple of source rock development in the North
53:42 because there was some developed before rift even began so but at the same
53:48 , these extension all settings like this , like the North Sea and like
53:54 South Atlantic. The tectonics and the themselves are actually creating certain types of
54:04 of sediment. Source oil source. , sediment distribution and therefore reservoir development
54:12 are all kind of controlled in a of the same ways simply because of
54:17 fact that it's the same major type basil formation. Okay, here is
54:25 more of a close up with the and range, and you can
54:29 um, again these air mountains, air mountains, these air mountains and
54:35 cross section, these little ticks on edge. Uh, in that
54:40 they didn't have this erosion because the was instantaneous when I showed you the
54:46 . But the the Tarbert and Nests that was up here had the same
54:51 of erosion on top. So you've this uplifted mountain range. It's eroding
54:55 filling in the basin down below. the actual structural configuration on the large
55:02 is affecting the formation of reservoir rocks through here on a smaller scale.
55:09 again, because this is the basin range, and we don't have significant
55:14 rocks under here. Uh, we're not creating sin de positional source
55:22 the sediments that air forming in If there's an area where there was
55:27 rift oil source and you take it 30 million years, you might be
55:32 to see whale migration coming up into there. And also these sentiments here
55:38 their buried deep enough to contain the of the hydrocarbon. Okay. And
55:46 , here's another one showing you and I'm going a little bit more
55:52 detail with with these rotated fault blocks it's something that I see because I
55:57 . I've seen a lot of because work in a lot of normal faulting
56:07 . But here you can see you things going like this, and in
56:11 places past you get the oil But in other places, sometimes these
56:18 out and you actually have sort of up of sediment on this side.
56:24 fills in on this side because the of sediment infill in the timing.
56:30 example, uh, this this unit was formed pre faulting This unit was
56:37 pre faulting, So this unit became sandstone, and when it faulted,
56:42 became a trap. And so timing a lot to do with this
56:47 Whereas if I had a different situation while the faulting is going on,
56:53 deposition is happening. In other it's This is sort of like something's
56:59 in up here. But the reservoir down here in this picture. And
57:06 we kind of have this rotated fault coming along here and we can see
57:15 , um, a lot of the is trapped. In which block?
57:22 would we say the seal for that is primarily on all three of those
57:37 ? Which block would it be No, I mean the update block
57:46 be ceiling ceiling, madam to Okay, I think I think you
57:54 . Let me try to make it little clear. Say, we get
57:56 of these, these three right and just look at the configuration.
58:02 is the football block, and the block is the trap. I get
58:08 of this one and just let this go out and I get rid of
58:11 one again. It's the foot wall trapping. It has the trap in
58:16 . The trap is the seal. this fall plane, Right. So
58:22 I have a seal a shale seal a fall place shale seal in a
58:29 plate. But if But in this , if I'm trying A if if
58:35 doing it the way they like to appraisal wills, uh, you might
58:40 way out here and missed the darn . But if you knew this was
58:45 on Ah, And again, this why you use geology and structural geology
58:51 figure out where you gonna put your . Um, if you have this
58:55 of configuration and you can see from structural geology, this is the way
58:58 should be than the thickest oil leg going to be right here. And
59:04 need to come in behind the fault the thickest part of it. To
59:08 that resource, that would be your . Well, they're not there.
59:14 I drilled over here and this this a lot like the the North Sea
59:18 that I showed you last time they , they actually drilled here through this
59:26 and missed. Missed the things. they got They got the sand across
59:31 least line and they missed the sand the oil on the Amica leased line
59:35 they drilled right here. Then they back and tried to find the oil
59:39 contact. And they drilled down here maybe caught another fault. In some
59:44 , they never found the mother Ah, when when you look at
59:48 like this and you know this is structural configuration and how your base in
59:52 form. In other words, these stones are pre faulting not not sin
59:59 or post faulting their pre faulting. their post faulting it would fill in
60:03 this and the thickest part would be here, it would be on the
60:06 block. But here, here, trap is in the football. This
60:13 is in the football. This trap in the football because this is filled
60:17 there is possible trapping. Or there could be draining from here into
60:22 to fill that if the end of day the trap is in the football
60:29 . Okay, But if you though I think if you if you
60:34 something like here where you can get ramping things where you have basins filling
60:42 , send deposition, we over here one over here so they're kind of
60:46 from each other. But then we to another thing, which, which
60:51 you can't explain the value of a fault to petroleum exploration in the entire
61:00 chain. Then you really aren't paying to any of the fundamentals of petroleum
61:07 . And, um, this word means spoon shaped. And here you
61:11 see something that kind of has a shaped to it. Okay, and
61:17 know, some say, Well, the spoon, or this is the
61:21 or even that's the spoon. But But what's happening here that's different from
61:32 , thickening on the hanging wall relative the layer thickness on the football?
61:41 . And and so this creates a of things. Um, sometimes it's
61:51 over here, so this is the reservoir. But the trap maybe over
61:55 with one of these anesthetic faults. often times we get some kind of
62:02 , a rollover. Actually, you a drag like feature, and so
62:06 have a high here in the thickest of it, and so it ends
62:09 trapping up on this side instead of over on that side. You also
62:15 get complex roll over. That creates lot of other things. But what
62:20 have going on here, uh, we didn't have here was we didn't
62:28 sin deposition into something that could be a source. Rock. Okay,
62:35 there it is. It's already been . It's faulted, and it's created
62:39 trap. It has to be charged dip. And this possibly was charged
62:44 that. This possibly was charged before rotated a little bit more here,
62:49 so it didn't get completely filled. other words, this could have been
62:53 migration going through here. Okay, in this system, it's completely
63:02 Um, as deposition is occurring, this is uplifted and eroded, it's
63:11 into the accommodation space down here as slips and slides along the glide playing
63:18 here. This is probably salt down , and it happens sometimes, but
63:23 doesn't always have to happen. You always have to have assault plain.
63:26 you do have Cem glide down here this sentiment is filling in.
63:34 this fault is trying to trap And source rock is being deposited in
63:38 the reservoir rocks. So you basically all the elements of a petroleum system
63:45 time you have a growth fault of significant thickness. Here's another thing out
63:54 Shepherd and his cartoons sometimes or more the point you can see here.
64:02 got this growth fault sliding like and because it's sliding, it's depositing
64:09 it's sliding. It's thicker on this because this this is rotating and this
64:14 thinner. And this this kind of out because sediments pouring in here,
64:19 , that's fanning out here. You see it's interrelated with maybe during a
64:25 of high stand, it filled in a source rock and then with a
64:29 stand. It filled in of this little bit of a low standard filled
64:35 with this, which is almost the same size. It's like not
64:40 has gone on here. But when displacement occurred, Ah, while that
64:46 was occurring, this was away from source of sediment. This was right
64:51 top of the source of sediment, this rotation that goes like this is
64:56 more and more accommodation space. Thio more and more reservoir rocks to capture
65:02 coming out of of these so I see a real growth period here.
65:07 don't see much of a growth period , but I see a definite growth
65:10 in this in this layer. So likelihood of having traps over here is
65:15 hot. Okay, so everybody get points. The the main thing is
65:23 growth fault Has sin deposition? At the same time, we're creating
65:35 space. So it's not just the in of accommodation space. It's the
65:41 in of accommodation space, while it's growing from the movement on that
65:47 And of course, sometimes it's considered sediment load may have something to do
65:52 now, later on, when we at some of these in more detail
65:57 I still don't know for sure of actually gets into it. But when
66:02 have a growth fault, all sorts stuff can go on over here with
66:06 faults and whether you have dragged, would look like, like take this
66:13 . If you had dragged going you might have the structure coming up
66:16 this so you would have an uplifted like that. It can happen with
66:19 sand unit to that happens sometimes, , you get a thing called Rollover
66:26 this slides down a little bit which is quite frequently happens, and
66:30 get a a a rollover Anne Klein here where this unit would sort of
66:38 up like that and then come back like this. And so you get
66:42 a little bit off the fault, lots of things can happen. But
66:46 , this is how, um, profound. A growth fault is in
66:53 of development of petroleum systems. You're in an area with growth faults or
67:01 . Uh, you always have a opportunity for something like this to happen
67:06 something like that toe happen where you an uplifted thing. Uh, you
67:14 see this isn't really what we would the growth fault, but it's creating
67:19 asymmetric amount of accommodation space in this here. As this thing rotates,
67:25 not really unnecessarily of the same thing a growth fault, but at the
67:31 time it is, it's creating new space in here. And in
67:37 um, in this particular diagram, were probably ridges that came like
67:46 and they eroded down into the And so this this sandstone is
67:53 uh, pre rift to instead of , roof and sin de positional.
67:59 again, depending on the timing, can get accommodation space being created sin
68:06 early in a rift system or it be sin referendum. And here no
68:15 is going on. But we're having , uh, of this unit down
68:22 that and kind of pushing up over , and you have sentiments filling into
68:30 more significant accommodation space. Okay, you actually hear it, iss,
68:38 I thought this was in Ah, 11, but I guess I have
68:44 here. This is just showing how drag you could get dragged going down
68:50 way or roll over because it's falling here. Here's a big dump,
68:55 different. But here you might be , uh, trapping structures up here
69:01 this one, you're gonna have a structure off here up against the fault
69:06 comes up like that because you can it's slowed down and it's getting
69:10 different type of rotation on the on surface is along the fault as it's
69:17 down here. And then probably at point, There's no further emotion in
69:20 fault, so you can see an of stuff that's slowed way down.
69:26 , had had more opportunity to roll . And here's something where you're just
69:30 the accommodation filled in, uh, you would if this was post rotation
69:44 and filling it in that way. pretty much the same type of overall
69:50 formation. One major fault. Through evolution of that fault, the location
69:55 the traps can migrate, change and in total, you have sentiments pouring
70:04 at low stand and you have a rock jails, fooling and enduring
70:09 And so your footing source and reservoir next to each other. It's almost
70:14 good is getting oil out of, source rock. In fact, the
70:20 is much better. Here's just another , um, showing how it could
70:29 a little bit different. Here is con cave roll over where you you
70:32 the traps up here and, and so that's a little bit
70:37 This is to convex roll over here you're forming the traps in the
70:42 Anne Klein. It's off the Most of the fields I've worked on
70:49 been this type of structure right And this is just showing you how
70:58 can change through time from from one to another. Here, here,
71:05 can see we're gonna be leaving traps here. But as you get to
71:08 point, there's gonna be traps up on this end of definitely right in
71:15 . Definitely writes this down here. probably migrated up there. Okay?
71:24 there's something closer to home. um, something that I find really
71:32 is, um, in the Gulf . A plan? You have a
71:36 of these, um, what they a major boundary faults and sometimes certain
71:44 . Uh, these were different targets . Different types of Here's the expanded
71:49 zone. Spanish fall Soon. Here's expanded fault zone, but as thes
71:55 air rotating and time's progressing. In words, here's the timeline. Here
72:02 another timeline and see, there's greater here. You're getting much more expansion
72:09 , and, uh, here it's of stabilized because this this is stopped
72:13 . It was rotating at one point time. It has become a stable
72:17 of the shelf here. We're still rotation up into the Vicksburg and lots
72:24 rotation in the Vicksburg here. So really seeing, um, in this
72:30 setting over 40 to 50 miles. seeing the development of these growth fault
72:39 That air giving us targets down targets here, targets here targets there
72:46 targets out here For the most not much is going to be happening
72:49 there once it's that's kind of settle that. Except, you know,
72:53 gonna have a good layer cake system there and, uh and,
72:59 more frequent the erosion surfaces and high surf intervals as you go in this
73:08 . Whereas here, you're gonna have continuous deposition three times, at least
73:13 the Vicksburg Group, and it's going be expanded in here. So
73:18 um ah, we're getting, during the infill. We're getting a
73:26 of expansion of reservoir rocks during phases you're not getting that roll over and
73:34 stand, you're going to be getting water source rocks being deposited in between
73:42 again. This these air normal growth and another expression. An example of
73:51 growth faults create so many, types of what we call plays and
74:01 different intervals in time over the course the development of the space. And
74:06 it's also creating a same time source, rock and traps. And
74:14 they're all close together, migration, pathways become a little less confusing.
74:24 , so the next thing that we at is gonna be, um,
74:31 settings. And consequently, I think I can do this you guys were
74:43 quiet. You could all be, , out sunbathing in the backyard right
74:48 for all I know. Let's It could be watching in some
74:54 Yeah. There you go. I know why, but every,
74:58 every device I have if you go , there's There's a tremendous amount of
75:05 from just wind blowing and I can hear anything when I'm outside Mhm.
75:21 I need to say stop share. . And now I can see
75:54 Okay. Okay. I can't quite if everybody's back or not. We
76:38 I'm back happened. Some of you . I'm over here. Okay.
76:49 Mhm. Don't you predicted some online . It's kind of dark.
76:54 I got dark. Sun's going I don't know if that's any better
77:04 not, And yes. Okay. , uh, now we're looking at
77:14 we're going to do a quick look convergence settings. Of course, I
77:17 up front, just like Steve. spent most of my time and intentional
77:28 , but in convergence settings Ah, ah, it's a whole lot more
77:38 . There's lots of weight, lots ways. Thio, uh, make
77:48 types of reservoirs and resource is But also a lot of unique ways to
77:53 Very large resource is the proper setting large petroleum systems to develop on.
78:07 , of course, is an ARC . We've got convergence. And of
78:12 it has unassociated intentional back, our rift ing complex that might develop and
78:22 can see the rotated fault blocks from rift ing Azan example. But when
78:29 think of these were thinking of the going on, uh, in the
78:33 Eri predator prism here, uh, more or less land in the landward
78:42 away from the actual trench that's forming the crust here is going down,
78:48 plate is moving across and we're getting faulting create a Christian Eri wedge right
78:56 here so that you can get, , lots of sediments and source rocks
79:01 of in place together over here in area. And you also have of
79:09 basin right behind it that can can some. Resource is, and sometimes
79:15 might get large carbonate build ups back here too, which could be a
79:20 useful now, Ugo to places like . I I did kind of handle
79:30 , Latin America and Far East, the far is definitely, uh,
79:36 little bit to the South. You into a lot of these types of
79:40 and these were in places quite often were almost is politically difficult. Let
79:49 see if I can put a little more light on my face. Here
79:54 go almost as politically difficult to deal as they were geologically difficult. But
80:02 lot of research went in here. lot of technology went into these types
80:06 things, and sometimes they were rewarded massive oil and gas fields. And
80:14 know working when I worked at Mobile had some big gas fields associated with
80:20 types of settings, but, uh that Zafar, as I really got
80:28 looking closely at these things. in Venezuela, you have some things
80:33 start to look a little bit like uls systems. And they are compression
80:37 systems, and I'll show you some of that later on in eastern part
80:43 Venezuela. But I'm not gonna rattle for hours on this particular type of
80:55 . But I will say if we back to this one, you
80:59 as you move to the right of page and head down dip in
81:04 Uh, the same kind of thing still going on with younger units things
81:10 are younger than Vicksburg for reservoir And it's kind of migrating out over
81:16 of, um, post salt, , deposition of source rocks and also
81:28 lot of other growth faults later than . And, of course, you
81:31 a lot of features related thio salt , which include, um uh,
81:42 escaped created structures. You have salt gets in placed and detached in
81:50 And of course, you have divers create all sorts of wonderful structures as
81:55 . So you have kind of an imprint of this tension, all basing
81:59 salt tectonics. Add it on top it. Which makes one of the
82:03 why the Gulf of Mexico is definitely super basin. If we have to
82:08 it is fine, But, you , I think everyone knows.
82:15 And here, of course, we compression of stress in my very simplistic
82:22 again of this, Just like what did with the heart, the the
82:27 fault or attentional stress blocks you could here. The hanging while now moves
82:34 top of the foot wall instead of down in front of it. But
82:40 you look at this block, you see I have this much distance down
82:47 and I'm moving this shorter distance up yet another shorter distance. And if
82:56 pick a fixed point, pick a point anywhere, not just where the
83:00 ends. Uh, what you're really eyes. You're putting short stick of
83:07 block against a short stick of that and your shrinking the crust, and
83:12 why it's compression. And here's some of a close up. It's an
83:23 things showing you a lot of different of deformation, so I just kind
83:29 put it in here. But this is a reverse fault, and you
83:36 see different things happen underneath it relative the the burial, depth and temperature
83:44 where it happens. And here we ductile deformation underneath it. And here
83:47 have brittle deformation above it about this here. If it is, and
83:54 we can see the fault going up with additional brittle things. And here's
84:00 some things we're not getting so much deformation like this, but these air
84:06 to appear. So you're getting sort a fold over here is as this
84:11 of pushes up in this direction and get a rollover based on the drag
84:16 this side of the block. So the kind of thing that happens.
84:21 here you can see that same thing with with the Thrust Fault. And
84:26 course, thrust fault is just a angle reverse throught fault. And if
84:32 don't pay attention, you might call reverse faults, thrust faults. But
84:36 ones that the ones that are doing are, um, again putting the
84:44 end of the block here closer and to the short end of the block
84:49 to a massive extent where these things kilometers long and, uh, where
84:57 can end up putting Ah, very rocks on top of excuse me much
85:04 rocks on top and keep saying it . You're gonna be putting younger rocks
85:10 top of these older rocks down The colors don't help, but this
85:15 have been way down here, and would have been a higher blue than
85:20 blue. Okay. And here here , uh, showing you one of
85:30 great ways to form basins. And congressional thing is things called foreland
85:35 And, of course, uh, Denver unit and most oil companies.
85:42 don't know how it's working today, things were very tough right now,
85:49 should be improving pretty soon and even in the the long near distant future
85:59 the short near distant future. But know, like a year or two
86:04 , the industry could be changing But But in the heydays, which
86:10 ups and downs, too, the offices of all the oil companies often
86:19 the place of people that, had four point. Oh, is
86:24 grad school. And they had, and they went to Ivy League schools
86:32 because oftentimes they were given their choice where they wanted to go. If
86:36 company had a Denver office, they use to go to Denver. Office
86:40 of you work with Chevron. They've most of their California offices, but
86:46 would want to go live in So all these, uh, really
86:52 places to live attracted a lot of caliper, uh, geoscientists. That
86:59 of focus focused on these more specific more complicated problems. And all the
87:06 , those of us working in the Coast in the North Sea and places
87:10 that intentional areas we did, did a good job of paying the
87:18 . And most of the Denver I would imagine have been closed by
87:24 . And a lot of the California have been closed because the bread and
87:28 is still in these these big super . And I'm not saying there aren't
87:33 compression of super basins, but some the massive super basins are in fact
87:40 , um um, places that air rather than convergent. Okay, on
87:51 is kind of how some of them . What happens is You get these
87:56 sheets like this loading up on the is it loads up on the
88:00 It, uh the weight and these air, kilometers thick and there,
88:08 know, a couple of kilometers thick maybe tens of kilometers long. And
88:12 put a great amount of mass on edge. And there's a down working
88:16 the structure that causes basins often like and eso here again. You're creating
88:23 mountain ranges up here that they're feeding here. You're getting runoff in this
88:27 . And when you have ocean development in some of these Foreland basins,
88:36 could get well developed marine source which has happened a lot Course during
88:42 Cretaceous. There was a lot of was an oceanic seaway through here,
88:48 before then, much of the area was in the Paleozoic. We had
88:53 lot off submarine deposits being laid down this area too. And then those
88:59 started to they form sort of the thrust. And then and then as
89:04 occurred, we got the inland sea and you get a lot of
89:09 And in the United States, But Foreland basins all over the world.
89:15 of the unique features about them is and you see where the thrusting
89:23 You tend Thio, develop thes elongated on you can see three initial Foreland
89:33 out in front and then some of piggyback basins in the back can start
89:39 form. And for example, it's you this one. And here we
89:43 a section here showing you this one that one, Uh, they tend
89:49 be, ah and somewhat limited scale this direction, and they seem to
89:54 more elongated in this particular direction. so that's kind of what you
90:01 So there could be really significantly sized . They could be small, but
90:06 not like what we see in the Coast, where you have basins basically
90:12 king around the coastline of of onshore and offshore, putting down these
90:22 faults all over the place. And as you get little bit later in
90:26 development and younger sediments, you get tectonics having a major impact on what
90:33 going to see. So there's nothing about some of these when you find
90:38 good reservoirs. But again the overpowering that you can see from something like
90:43 Gulf of Mexico. It's kind of to compete against both in, um
90:50 , pre rift post rift in, , sin rift, an post drifting
90:58 on with inside the Gulf of There's all sorts of tectonic still going
91:05 with a lot of subsidence. Here have sort of isolated type things set
91:13 , and these were going to be kilometers long, so you can have
91:18 of reservoirs in here and lots of in here. But again, it's
91:22 like something the size of the coastline Of of Texas. And you can
91:29 can drive in 100 miles in some to the north and still be in
91:34 regime, and you can drive hundreds miles offshore and still be producing,
91:41 would be way above the scale of of these limited, uh, Foreland
91:47 and piggyback basins that get formed in Foreland Basin and congressional systems.
91:54 then another one are the transformed Yes, and of course, that's
92:02 we have parts of the crust moving and we get these things we called
92:10 intentional transpiration a Laure transportation all. that's what some of these are
92:19 And it's kind of showing you in early stages of it, have these
92:25 forming Gulf of Aqaba and the Dead and the Sea of Galilee. And
92:32 course, this was a drifting arm one point in time, and it's
92:37 toe slip. Aziz Growth, continues here and in a little bit
92:44 here. Sure, but this trans rotational or pull apart basins happen
92:55 there's some gliding going in one direction gliding going in another direction, and
93:00 kind of pulls a unit with it kind of opens up these. He's
93:06 holes. Um, again, I'm very simple vernacular here, but but
93:14 types of basins really are large holes appear on the Earth, earth
93:20 and just just to give you an , um, it's a little more
93:26 than that. But But here you see, uh, sort of an
93:30 map where where we have the San fault moving here on the San Andreas
93:37 here. And, uh, you're things moving in opposite directions and you're
93:43 up pretty much large holes in the . And this thing, uh,
93:51 see a scale over here. So is this is over 9000 m thick
93:56 sediment and the age of these Um, primarily Miocene and younger.
94:10 let's see, where is it? , you don't even really get down
94:24 Now here's the palace scenes right So almost all of this is my
94:29 scene and younger, this sediment Phil I don't know how good the scale
94:35 , but, uh, in this it discusses, I recall it discusses
94:43 nine kilometers of sediments, and this happened in the Miocene. And so
94:48 you think a growth fault is this is pretty incredible. But if
94:54 remember everything about that growth fault setting there are a number of different growth
94:59 settings and configurations that I was when were you get something going on
95:06 marine sediments and when some places in rift where you can start out with
95:11 marine sediments. But based on kind what I said about, uh,
95:22 growth faults, this looks like it be even better. And so some
95:28 these are. And if you start in a setting where it might have
95:35 a rift basin it first and got good marine sediments in their first before
95:39 started opening up for reservoir development. got some source rock in there.
95:45 might be better, but taking a at this, why do you think
95:49 Ridge basin might not be very perspective oil exploration? No source off.
96:01 no source. Rock. But if got a source Rock, where would
96:03 have to come from? It would to come from this San Francisco
96:09 Paleo Xenia seen formation down here. But this all happened in,
96:20 26 million years. So this was was at the surface along not too
96:26 ago. So what do we, what do we end up with?
96:32 in here. In terms of for example, if this was this
96:41 gonna be a source rock, What be the largest concern there in terms
96:45 developing in a source rock? there's it's not mature enough. Probably
96:50 have enough sediment on top of it be your burial depth to the
96:54 Yeah, and if and if and know, having said that, you
96:58 , in the right and the right in here on the right crank.
97:03 possible that some part of this was deep enough to mature before all of
97:07 happened. Because, remember, we're of like sliding some of this younger
97:14 away from, uh, younger. , you know, it is the
97:20 unit that's right down in here when . And down in here. When
97:24 holes this stuff right around here eyes has to have been a potential source
97:32 . And it has to have gotten . Almost. Um, you
97:38 I had to be near maturity before this happened in this particular case in
97:44 little corner of these two. And so? So that's one
97:51 And what do you think critical issue be for the, you know,
97:54 Air Shales thes air accustomed Shales. , what do you think?
98:02 the problem might be there for these terms of developing good. The custom
98:10 rocks thermal maturity. Okay, thermal would also be another issue.
98:25 But what else could happen? Could be highly fractured? Okay,
98:35 that could happen, but e but something that you can't. You
98:40 probably guess that this as Bigas These you know, that's nine kilometers.
98:48 you know, it's only you know , Maybe 10 kilometers across I
98:55 it's big, but it's it's not the shelf of the Gulf of
99:00 And if you so and it turns I had to do other research on
99:07 , but we determined that this was marine like hydro chemistry in these lakes
99:14 when they were saline. And if didn't get evaporated enough to become
99:21 they probably wouldn't have developed an But if they got saline and they
99:25 anoxia, it would be, the Marine, uh, chemical
99:31 which will give you T O. s, uh, no more than
99:35 at the max, but usually somewhere 2, 2.5 toe four. And
99:41 , of course, they're all So that's a dead giveaway. I'm
99:46 that you was that you, to pointed that out as if
99:50 D. J d made some points well. I think that might have
99:53 JD. Okay. Well, thanks, because that is an important
99:57 . And this is something that lot exploration. Geologist Rover looking because,
100:03 , they thought because this was a deposit, Pretty large deposit, very
100:09 . Ah, lots of rapid You know, lots of good reasons
100:14 source rock to develop. It's still only Miocene in age. And so
100:21 development of source rock from here and from this pale Eocene, which probably
100:27 not buried that deeply, even the Paley has seen down here probably
100:37 Well, it isn't mature enough it turns out, but it would
100:40 been mature enough, but lot of . It's overlooked the fact that this
100:44 just too young to do anything. there was another reason why uh
100:50 it it couldn't be, uh, maturity away and you put all these
100:55 elements in here. This could be like the Green River formation where it
100:59 matured. But it could have oil , not shell oil, but oil
101:06 . And it didn't. And the it didn't is because the chemical pathway
101:10 the waters in here, because of type of runoff into this space and
101:16 sodium chloride, dominated on calcium dominated setting, which would create appetite and
101:25 would pull phosphorous out of the system sink it and keep it out of
101:31 water column. Ah, to a level, it would reduce it in
101:35 water column and reduce the chances. the propensity for the algal blooms to
101:40 massive all the way through time and end up with high T.
101:46 C s and a saline sailing and where you where you would have Mira
101:53 or that's not non overturn of the and get I didn't get a lot
101:59 organic productivity. They got preserved. there's a whole lot of things.
102:04 say this should be a good basin very perspective. And then there's maturity
102:09 then actual source rock actually forming in first place. Eyes inhibited here is
102:19 , okay. And then we have things, uh, that we might
102:26 . Not sure why this is in . All but yes, in
102:28 All we could get lots of fractures things get offset where you don't have
102:35 , but you have in Phyllis And if it happens to be organic
102:39 and it's not cemented, you can create fractures. It might be full
102:42 hydrocarbon. Okay? And I know we're here. Because we did.
102:49 did. Um, we go back the beginning slide. We did,
102:57 , are passive. Margin are active , and now we're doing the the
103:03 slip margins. Now we're going to . What was after that was taking
103:08 look at faults and fractures. So we are. And of course,
103:14 , here you have an issue um uh, some shale smear
103:21 some shale smear here. And what this call here? What do you
103:30 gon in here in the catalyst IC that the rebels there, It's kind
103:35 like a rouble zone. In other , there's you're getting You're getting,
103:41 , rock fracturing going on on a scale. You're getting stuff broken up
103:48 . The shale is this is in case, the sandstone would have to
103:52 brittle. Um, if it you know, cross faults, we
103:59 always have this. We're not always deep. And we don't always have
104:02 , uh, in the Gulf of . For instance, if you're looking
104:05 a playa seen reservoir, you're not have brittle sand stones. So that
104:09 happen. But if you have some , longer buried sediments, you're going
104:13 get some catalysts is going on You can see um, some stuff
104:19 that's going on inside the shell smear it's it's deeper here or maybe somehow
104:24 brittle. So you have some brittle and you have some ductal motion of
104:29 shells. So you see a lot this going on taught with fractures and
104:38 fractures. And then in this it's kind of a fault zone with
104:42 going on around the fault zone. I think it's important. Remember that
104:47 often are zones, and not always one point, but to make it
104:53 for our minds, we we often a single point features or linear
105:00 and they are, to a certain , linear. It's like and here
105:05 can see another one to There's gonna places where you can see some gouge
105:13 here in places where it's not He's a little bit in here a
105:17 bit, and you can see It's just lining this whole thing
105:21 That's a close in the oil business , you know this is probably no
105:28 than 10 centimeters thick. If that we're looking for things that are a
105:34 bigger than then something here that's less a meter. She okay, So
105:49 going to go into a great amount detail. Or maybe you did in
105:52 class. But natural fracture orientation is that oftentimes people worry about in
106:07 But what I find and what a of my students have found, So
106:11 often the layout of your acreage sometimes which way you're going to drill
106:20 So in reality, sometimes orientate ing wellbore orthogonal e to the fractures
106:30 uh, sort of the smartest thing do. But oftentimes you don't have
106:34 chance to do it. And, , I know they're documented instances where
106:40 don't want to do it or Italy, you want to do it
106:43 . And, uh, from what heard and seen and read that seems
106:49 be less less common than than having that's at right angles to your wellbore
106:56 it kind of in general it enhances fracturing you do because you're kind of
107:04 line with the stress field that formed fractures. But the and then in
107:12 cases, it seems to not make lot of difference. People,
107:19 start out with something sort of a degree angle of the primary stress plane
107:24 the fractures. And then they and they find out, lo and
107:30 um, when they can get to part of acreage where they can open
107:36 and drill it more directly, and a right angle, they find
107:43 it makes no difference. So there's something to be said for this.
107:48 there's something to be wondered about this terms of the settings in which you're
107:53 in. And and a lot of has to do, of course,
107:57 , uh, the orientation of past fields and current stress fields. And
108:03 think also so the brittle or plastic of the rocks you're working with and
108:10 layering of brittle versus plastic, nature of the rocks relative to,
108:18 you know what you're actually trying to out of? So, uh,
108:23 can be a complicated story, but know in, uh, when all
108:27 this began and like, say, 28 to 2012. Ah, lot
108:33 people were trying to drill, they're laterals at right angles to to
108:41 natural fracture orientation. And and it's after doing that for a while and
108:46 forced to not be able to do in areas where where your acreage just
108:51 in line with something, uh, miles long in that direction. You
108:58 , you have a skinny thing and miles long in one direction and two
109:03 across in another, you kind of to line after wells with the five
109:07 long access of your records. And after doing a lot of that.
109:14 lot of people have come to the that sometimes it's important, and sometimes
109:17 not on. Sometimes it could be if you go the wrong way,
109:24 it is a setting where lining up the fractures is useful or whether it's
109:32 . But having said that, I three diagrams, and any time I
109:40 three of anything, I like Thio test questions out of them, and
109:54 here is kind of what happens. where is the primary stress field
110:02 Uh, in this normal faulting Vertical. It's vertical. So this
110:16 what's that Greek letter right there. one. There you go.
110:23 Um, so you're Sigma One uh, sort of parallel, but
110:31 is a little bit of bleak to in vertical, but the motion,
110:36 the most part, is vertical. other words, something has to move
110:41 , and something has to move If you have a fault, they
110:45 show the offset over here. But that's going to be what happens
110:49 What about these joints? Also Okay, there Vertical. And they're
111:01 they're also, um here's another Yeah, I also Rizzio.
111:10 But there they extend like this but they're also orthogonal to the weakest
111:20 field. Right? And they're also thing, True with this vertical would
111:29 , you know, think about Almost everything has to be. But
111:34 , primarily, uh, you you don't you don't see anything forming
111:42 the sigma to which you see, , something parallel to sigma One perpendicular
111:49 sigma tive. Okay, this one parallel two sigma one perpendicular two Sigma
112:01 . Well, excuse me, Sigma . I'm sorry, reading my number's
112:09 . Okay, so it z the and the weaker stress direction.
112:15 What happens here? Yeah, this like a spokes on. I'll take
112:26 one is like, uh, So what we have here going on
112:32 , um it's pretty much the same except turned on its side.
112:39 uh so, uh, you can here that the false themselves are moving
112:50 because you can see my hands. pushing something over top of something.
112:56 instead of this way, it's this . And so that's why it's in
113:03 that direction, but still mechanically, , if you were to take this
113:11 and flip it up in that direction down in this direction In other
113:15 push that up that down it would the same as the diagram we had
113:20 the other fault situation. And um And then what's happening here?
113:33 is our wrench faulting or our attentional regimes are trans, intentional, rather
113:43 intentional trans compression. Here, it's if you took this diagram and pick
114:01 end up and flipped it over with on the bottom. So again,
114:08 it Z. It's just basically showing where the where the stress fields are
114:15 in the orientation of the block When is vertical one is lateral,
114:23 , in one direction and one is in another direction. But you can
114:29 here, uh, this is if you look at that. In
114:39 words, this is This is the stress field in this direction, it
114:45 to be we're toggle to the stronger . Right? And of course,
114:54 you put that all together, the fields can help you figure out which
114:57 you would want to fracture. But a test question, I might
115:02 I might show you these blocks and you Thio, figure out what?
115:06 the primary stress field would be in way. What direction? So if
115:12 look at these for about five you should be able to get at
115:16 one question right on the next Okay, so we're gonna go to
115:22 next lecture. Mhm. Not another slideshow. Okay, okay. So
116:10 we're going to start looking at basic tools. So, how many of
116:16 have had Mike Myers class so Something like half of you,
116:31 Maybe only Joe. Okay, so think Colin, I would have had
116:44 , too. But this is probably review for you or maybe even even
116:51 . Uh, a lot of times we start out in the beginning,
116:54 course kind of goes through a lot basic things to kind of help you
116:57 the other courses. And and normally this semester, this course would actually
117:05 off structural geology and sequence photography. it didn't this time because of other
117:13 because of schedule conflicts. And I normally teach whenever, uh, there's
117:20 opening S o, I usually move schedules around to fit everybody else.
117:25 then I fall in where that and that's what happened this semester.
117:30 nevertheless, we're gonna take a look this, Um, especially for those
117:36 haven't had, uh, Mike's class . And anyway, um, nowadays
117:45 have, um, a lot of were done. Mwd I think if
117:51 drilling a conventional well on, it's to do wire line. You probably
117:57 do wire line, but in a of cases, particularly when there's high
118:02 offshore and stuff like that, people to do MWD to make sure they
118:06 something out of the ground in case problem pops up and, uh,
118:12 drill assemblies Now, uh, they a lot of directional control on these
118:19 . You don't need a whip stock get him to turn, And once
118:22 turn them, they don't just stay one direction. You can. They
118:25 , But you can move them uh, like putting differential force on
118:32 the hydraulics. And and so the thing about these things is that you're
118:42 it while you're drilling. Especially like you're doing laterals, um can kind
118:47 keep you in in the bench or sweet spot that you're trying to drill
118:52 than while wobbling north of it in of it into, ah, non
118:57 formations. Nevertheless, most of our because of the way they're made,
119:09 know, we have something that's like . I guess I'll show you another
119:14 . But most of time we're looking out from whatever this line is.
119:20 very hard for us to look forward in front of the drill bit,
119:25 we're getting better at it. uh, we're finding also that since
119:32 can turn these things that we could farther out laterally. It kind of
119:36 us a heads up as to what's to come horizontally of, because we
119:43 turn fast enough to get to And I'll show you some more diagrams
119:48 that just to make it easier. , um and there's ah, the
119:57 problem with MWD tools still is that not sure if they've gotten better
120:03 um, the bandwidth of getting information . But in the beginning of MWD
120:10 they're very creative with with mud pulsing send a signal and the signal back
120:19 the receiver. Um and this changes the time. And I don't know
120:25 if there running, um, the through the pipe now or or some
120:33 of, um, well, did or wire, But I know.
120:41 when I first started doing this, weren't doing it. So in the
120:47 Ah, a lot of these, , a lot of the tools that
120:51 use we couldn't use on MWD. now the band with has gotten such
120:54 thick and you can start doing, , a little bit more telemetry than
121:00 could in the past. And so it's getting to be the thing the
121:04 that we do all the time, it is more expensive, okay?
121:09 I don't know if any of you been involved in logging runs and logging
121:13 I used to have toe sit Wells a young geologist, which was always
121:17 lot of fun. And, my job essentially was to piss off
121:24 company man and the tool pusher so could get data out of the
121:28 And I want you to know, did a good job of that.
121:32 , uh, if if they yelled me loud enough, I would call
121:38 management, which was always easy to and let them talk Thio, my
121:45 and my boss's boss until they were in doing what we wanted them to
121:50 . But so I didn't always leave on friendly terms. And I remember
121:58 of my first trips, um, back on it, I probably should
122:02 sued the son of a guns, they put us in a crew basket
122:07 drop us on a on a supply . It was going to take us
122:12 to shore. And what we didn't was, uh, they like to
122:19 games. They used to like to dangerous games out there, but I
122:24 most of that's been stopped now. of the favorite things for crane operators
122:30 to get out and move the crane the helicopter was trying to land.
122:35 I think more than a few words exchanged with a lot of the helicopter
122:44 . Um Thio kind of make And I think some of the I
122:48 you know, I hate to say , but they probably had to create
122:51 to get people to behave. And I know one time when I was
122:57 on a rig the helicopter pilot the the company man and he
123:03 How maney, uh, crane operators you have on on that rig?
123:10 a guy told him, You three or four and he says,
123:13 , can you tell me what they're right now? And he said,
123:17 , yeah, I can tell And he told him, He
123:19 Well, I want to see all of them standing on the edge of
123:23 flight deck before I land, and circled for about 30 minutes until they
123:29 got up there. And who knows they didn't switch with somebody, but
123:33 decided he'd he'd been too close to crane a few times that should have
123:37 . And so So that was his of dealing with it. Um,
123:43 then but and the other situation was about We're going to get in this
123:47 basket and you throw your suitcases inside of you kind of have a crash
123:54 the with a way of pulling up the like. The crane operator drops
123:59 fast and the boats coming up on rise on a swell. You're going
124:04 slam pretty hard. Presumably it won't your suitcase or your bag or whatever
124:09 is you have. But when that , you definitely want to fall and
124:16 or, ah, if you have , jump in the water.
124:21 uh, so what they decided to , which would be a lot of
124:24 , was they twisted the cable. don't know how many rotations, at
124:31 50 I would guess. And they the cable and had it sitting on
124:36 deck. We put our stuff in , and they picked us up in
124:40 soon as they picked us up, started spinning really fast and it darn
124:45 through all three of us off and of course, there's nothing you can
124:52 when these kinds of things happen. that's kind of some of things that
124:56 happen when you do a logging And, uh, the last times
125:00 gone offshore, I was treated like , and the the crane operators were
125:07 not moving anything at all. uh, and of course, they
125:12 helicopter rides, so I didn't have get lowered into a boat anyway,
125:17 of that. But the reason that dio these logging tools basically because they
125:26 out a long time ago, according really expensive. So if you want
125:30 see the rock, you have to it in the mining industry. But
125:35 usually don't go so deep. Almost their stuff is done with course.
125:39 don't even mess with wire line logging lot, and they have slim,
125:45 pipe drill systems that can continuously core go down several 1000 ft and,
125:56 , and pretty much get to see rock, whatever it is, until
125:59 hit the the sweet spot they're looking for whatever particular mineral it is,
126:05 they don't have to worry about doing line type stuff. But in the
126:08 industry, we drill lots of We have to go through sedimentary rocks
126:13 could be brittle, or they could sloppy. And it's not easy to
126:18 cores and a lot of these different . And so two things they do
126:24 they drop wire line tools down, they also will do sidewalk cores,
126:29 they can put down in a wire assembly. And in the main think
126:34 this is prostate permeability, fluids and , rock density and velocity. And
126:40 helps him figure out a lot about gross structure of not only a formation
126:46 the entire basin that you're drilling And I don't know, it would
126:53 the entire basin, but you'd be to see the entire section, so
126:56 be the gross structure of a lot formations. Uh, particularly when you
127:01 one well to the next will. that's Ah, key thing that you
127:08 with wire line logs is comparing contrast correlate one log to another. So
127:15 is sort of a time honored and time, um, important aspect of
127:28 data that we pull in, for evaluating reservoirs at any end of
127:38 spectrum of the value chain. so I like to go along with
127:49 , uh, the classification. It's in the Lewis and swab brought
128:01 and they divide their basic logging tools rock mythology, tools, ferocity and
128:07 tools and fluid identification tools. And is mainly because that's going to be
128:16 they primarily used them for, Especially in basic times when they didn't have
128:24 lot of extra tools on, they lots of charts and manuals and stuff
128:28 we could look up. And when did petro physics, Uh,
128:34 before any of you were born, had had a t i Texas Instruments
128:40 calculator and I had programs on a strip of magnetic tape, and I
128:47 evaluate things and cross plot things and all sorts of things. Um,
128:52 Thio What I'm trying to get at that although the primary thing that these
128:59 might look at his rock and mythology porosity and permeability or fluid identification in
129:06 . They also help each other And then, of course, we
129:10 different tools. Uh, that I mention right here in this first
129:17 It won't really get to, but a lot of combination tools and cross
129:21 tools and a lot of actual computer of what it all means. That
129:29 plotted out in the tools now. they could do that when I was
129:34 all this. But that back when we were so involved in focusing
129:42 these specific purposes of the tools, also understood better. Why, when
129:48 combine them in certain situations, they really well. In other situations they
129:54 poorly, but in almost all they're not entirely accurate. And,
130:01 , which makes it not really whether the precise or not.
130:07 So, having said that, then also going to look at some things
130:11 pressure tools. Kind of talk about they're important and sidewall sidewalk course.
130:17 , that can be sent down on line, too. And one of
130:25 rock tools. You can do other with Gamble X. Besides this,
130:29 one of the rock tools in a log is its ability thio to distinguish
130:37 mud versus sand. Uh, and also relates to permeability. But the
130:47 because mud is very fine grained and coarser grained. Why do we use
130:54 mud? Just one of those simple that I think people don't always agree
131:08 or get right. But there really one underlying definition from a geologist.
131:14 to what? What mud is the size. It's a grain size
131:20 But what grain size is it? , shells. Did you say
131:26 Mhm. Okay, well, as , we know there's clay and there's
131:35 , right? But in this we're not really separating clay from
131:42 where mud is a combination of those sizes. And, of course,
131:46 of the reasons why you kind of to do that. If you're a
131:51 and you've worked with grain size analysis stuff, as unfortunately, I happen
131:56 have been, uh, lucky enough are unlucky enough to have done.
132:01 I think I mentioned last week that rarely in a natural environment where you
132:06 clay particles that are clay sized that's because they don't they don't hang
132:16 by themselves. they're not loners. flock you late together with other clay
132:23 . And, um, after looking lots of marine samples in the natural
132:28 of the saltwater they came out there's almost no five micron particles that
132:36 confined floating around in the water unless happen to catch a dead nano
132:43 And oftentimes their plates are a little bigger than five microns. But but
132:52 mostly what we're looking at when we're at the fine grain stuff in a
132:56 , we we can simply call it makes it easier for the engineers to
133:01 it. But as geologist and we know that it's it's a combination
133:05 clay and insult, but it's those sized particles. Uh, they kind
133:13 try to suck stuff out of the column and as their flock relating
133:20 with other clay particles, they also up precipitated things that might contain
133:28 potassium or thorium, and the spectral log, I think, to a
133:34 extent, is still, uh, to people. It was toe what
133:40 can do with it, but these the different sources. When we look
133:45 a gamma log, we're looking at total signal of this and we're drilling
133:52 in the Gulf of Mexico. Which of these seems to be the most
133:58 element that we're gonna find and the reliable is the uranium. It's gonna
134:08 the uranium one and has a lot do with the development of hot
134:13 Um, and source rocks. So see that. And of course,
134:19 , when you get out in the , you can't have You can't be
134:22 in places where you have this composition again with felt spars. And Arcos
134:27 which will input a lot of On the other hand, um,
134:33 can get places where the substrate, , has a lot of thorium in
134:40 because you've got a lot of highly products and you end up with some
134:44 night inbox side. There's places in Carolina where these things form, particularly
134:50 night and in other parts of the Coast, the United States. And
134:55 in those places immediately offshore, where have run off, you could get
135:00 like this. So if we we drilling, um, off the east
135:07 of the United States, we might a bigger percentage of this coming
135:14 and the way they measure these different is completely different. So you end
135:18 with kind of different numbers. Eso you try to use the absolute
135:23 it's really hard to figure out what's on. But to get around
135:26 you do ratios of each of these against each other, and you can
135:31 up with some pretty good ideas of . And do you remember when,
135:38 uh, in last week I showed the Caspian Sea and I showed you
135:41 these rivers and sediment sources coming in the south southern part of the Caspian
135:47 , where the Axiron ridge was, the big oil fields where,
135:52 one of the ways that we were to distinguish which river systems sediments were
135:55 from was by the ratios of these three elements these radioactive elements. And
136:04 you use absolute numbers, there's a of things that, in other
136:08 you can have a lot of all these, Uh, and then in
136:12 Well, you have a few of of these, but when you look
136:15 the ratios from one to the It gives you a good idea of
136:19 the actual source Waas. So that's of how that log is used.
136:25 had a question about our cases. , I've never seen one that on
136:34 log, like just an example of our coast looks like on a gamma
136:37 log. But it isn't easy. fake out as reading Hot Gamma or
136:44 Arcos is really not read so hot you might mistake it. Oh,
136:49 , we're not actually looking. We're actually looking for a narcos. If
136:56 have felt empathic grains, uh, could create something that's more our Kosik
137:05 than court Sediq, you're gonna have higher signal of this. It's not
137:11 be You're not going to see a layer. And it's not going to
137:14 , uh, for the most it's not going to say this is
137:17 narcos or this is not a It's going to tell you that we're
137:22 a certain percentage relative to these other . In other words, uh,
137:28 of this signal is being replaced by signal or is being replaced by this
137:32 . And that's why the ratios In other words, what's the relative
137:36 of these things I'm getting, high gamma response or a low gamma
137:40 ? What's the ratio between between Whether I'm getting lower high and that
137:45 me whether it's Mawr are Cacic or our coast. Okay, so
137:51 oftentimes we'll have a really suppressed signal , and we'll know. It's pretty
137:57 that it's, Ah, straightforward solicit set of clay minerals. But
138:04 if we have something where there's like like a the source, water
138:11 across, say, the desert to east of east of the Caspian
138:19 You're going to see more of this in if you see sediments coming in
138:25 the Volga. That sometimes was also route of the ocean when sea level
138:30 how you're going to see more So it's a matter of kind of
138:33 this out. And if something is from the mountains in the West,
138:37 going to see a pickup. in the Arcos is So it
138:44 It's not an absolute thing, and not actually identifying, uh, a
138:50 sand or are Kostic sand or something got a lot of products that have
138:56 , uh, highly weather to where got these insoluble minerals that end up
139:04 there. But this would be the weather, the next most weather,
139:08 this is the least weather of the coming into your source. So it's
139:12 one way to define your sources of . And, uh, but having
139:18 all of that, when it's it's usually because of this. And
139:23 usually hot because of. And that's the total gamma, not the spectral
139:30 log. You normally see a hot when we have rich organic shales and
139:36 hot because the organ organic particles in shale are going to be absorbing the
139:44 minerals. Okay, does that make to you? And that's that's what
139:49 what we're looking for, most of looking for this. But if we're
139:53 to figure out the source of the , we do the spectral gamma
139:58 which which separates these three records. , we see one gamma log,
140:04 is the total, and it includes three. And so, if you
140:10 sorry, sorry. But if you logging, say you were logging through
140:15 series of Shales or mud stones in new log pass a bed. That's
140:23 are Kosik. Is it possible that would read high enough on a P
140:27 it to look very similar? Thio mud later. That's what I was
140:33 to say is if you log it will. The FBI counts behind
140:38 to where it looks like a I've never look, look, look
140:42 it for that purpose. But I tell you something that does happen.
140:49 , you know, one of the wanna let me let me flip over
140:53 to a gamma log? Typical gam . So what we're normally looking at
140:58 the total gamma. And so a of times we think of high as
141:07 in this direction, but it's low this direction is high in that
141:11 So the high, uh, radioactive . Total gamma response. Natural radiation
141:19 is over here. So this is , Hi. Spike here. This
141:23 a high spike here, okay? so you can see here that there's
141:30 a more marine shale in here in more Marine shale there. Okay,
141:37 , and then you get up in . You can't really the length ology
141:41 is kind of confusing, but when get up here, you have definite
141:44 stones and you have definite Shales. here you have a lot of
141:49 Looks like a lot of shale and of its slow. But then it's
141:53 . So these air probably organic, from marine shells right here, that
141:58 of thing. And, uh, most of time, though, what
142:03 we use in that gamma log What is the predominant reason we do
142:07 gamble and that goes back to Yeah, it goes back to this
142:17 . Well, I thought I had . No, it goes back to
142:26 and mythology and the main purpose of . Oh, here it is.
142:34 huh. I knew it was somewhere versus san. That's what we're usually
142:39 . You know, it's just a gamma log is mud versus scene spectral
142:44 log. Uh, looks at the spectrum of the three primary elements that
142:51 going to look at that produced that signal, and when you work with
142:58 , sometimes you can figure out the . But you really have to be
143:01 and know what you're doing okay. my my little page shifter on my
143:14 works, and sometimes it doesn't. , so let me let me give
143:21 an example of kind of what you're about, but it's different than what
143:24 talking about. For example, here have. We have Sands,
143:30 These air low gamma. And then have these shales over here, and
143:34 can really see him. And the sharp spikes. Here's one over
143:40 The Nance information. You see, a shale. So this is a
143:44 shale. We got a spike You can go along and you can
143:48 that the whole curves come down in for the shale. It goes up
143:52 the sandstone comes down for the the , and there it goes up for
143:56 sand stones. Here's a shale, it's over here. Okay, So
144:02 would happen? Uh, something I told you about the East Coast is
144:09 , um the bath A list There a significant amount of uranium in
144:15 and they're actually considered when you look the sap. Prolific deposits from the
144:21 lists. Uh, when the price uranium is high, they become
144:27 But that's really not as important as is that there's a lot of source
144:34 , uh, radioactive sand size particles in to the Atlantic Ocean down the
144:43 that drain the Appalachians and all the down to Georgia and probably some parts
144:50 and Alabama. And so when you through a relatively uranium rich sandstone,
145:01 gonna you're gonna get a reversal of spike. In other words, the
145:04 is gonna be higher than the probably because it has a lot of
145:09 uranium and other radioactive minerals in it sand size particles. And we call
145:15 hot sands and hot sands. if they're hot enough often can be
145:22 grade sources of uranium. Uh, that they did during World War Two
145:28 mind a lot of that stuff because were trying to get uranium from anywhere
145:31 could at the time. E don't anybody is mining that right now,
145:39 one of the environmental things about that that it does mean a lot of
145:43 sediments that roll down off the Appalachian are also carrying with them a lot
145:50 naturally radioactive minerals and So you have worry about of, you know,
145:57 , um, radioactive vapors in your or you're not your attic, but
146:03 across space or a basement. You to watch out for that kind of
146:07 . But normally a basement, it's have thick enough concrete or something that
146:11 don't have to worry about it. there are places where basement is partly
146:15 rock, and it's not covered in . So, yes, you can
146:22 if these things reverse for some You know, normally, when we
146:27 a lot of uranium, it's this thing, and it's going to be
146:30 . Grain and the sands, they're be clean as a whistle in the
146:34 of Mexico. You know, they're to be highly, uh ah,
146:41 Citic. They're gonna have very little any of this very little of any
146:43 that. They're gonna have this in Carolina, the office for South
146:47 Virginia, Maryland, parts of You're going to see maybe a higher
146:54 of this than you normally would uh, in the Gulf of Mexico
146:59 and they do have places where there's night deposits, so you could see
147:04 of this in in it, at a higher level. But having
147:08 that again, you still would be to distinguish by ratios what's really going
147:14 from from, say, one river another river. If you have multiple
147:21 systems providing the source of the sentiments on God, would you say
147:29 Would you say that the Gulf of is is an easy basin?
147:34 yeah, the Gulf of Mexico in . But see, that's that's why
147:39 of what I'm gonna be showing you most of this lecture is nothing other
147:48 where most of the information is coming and what it means. But there's
147:53 to everything in a logging tool uh, you know, we're talking
147:58 certain minerals, and some of them even exist in some places. And
148:03 also, uh, when we start talking about the SP log,
148:10 um there's also funny things that happened SP logs, depending on where you're
148:15 but in the Gulf of Mexico, a simpler system where you have a
148:19 of pure courts and a lot of clays or organic rich and and also
148:26 with with seismic to a lot of was developed with regard to the types
148:32 responses we would see in the Gulf Mexico. And then it gets applied
148:35 else. But the you guys know the the A p I gamma log
148:44 site is for the whole world No, it's, uh the original
148:50 is on the campus of the University Houston. Of course, now we're
148:57 enough thio to calibrate things by making calibrate er's. But there was a
149:03 of rock underneath the art and X over there off of Calhoun Road.
149:09 think they moved the roads around over , so I don't know exactly.
149:12 it's close. Thio, uh, to the Greek houses over there,
149:19 , if they're still standing and, , pretty wild over there on the
149:25 the sororities. And how do they the guys things? Excuse me.
149:35 . Yes, fraternities. They don't so fraternal to me. Sometimes have
149:40 hard time remembering that term. But anyway, uh, of over
149:46 there's like some flat concrete. There's holes in the ground, and people
149:50 to stick their logs down there and A over there in the research center
149:56 built some things to kind of mimic . But I think back when I
150:01 actually doing offshore Gulf of Mexico, would drive their trucks to the University
150:05 Houston, drop their tools down in and calibrated they might bring,
150:09 40 40 tools of the time and a whole bunch of them at once
150:13 drive back to slumbers a down on 45 and or maybe one of the
150:18 roads. So and that might be reason why it was there. There
150:22 some land there and maybe slumbers a . The holes initially, I don't
150:28 the whole history of it, But air still on campus and there may
150:33 may be ah, little plaque or there Now, uh, but if
150:38 on campus, I could walk you there at lunchtime. So anyway,
150:44 , here is just the regular spectral log, and here's the suite of
150:50 minerals. And of course, these are parts per million. And this
150:53 , uh, potassium is a percentage another number, and, uh,
150:59 you have to do ratios toe actually a handle on it. And,
151:03 course, the range in some of things is important, too. And
151:06 you can see the big Marine We've got a nice uranium spike.
151:11 , that's that's the big spike that seeing. Not that these aren't having
151:16 in the shale, and these aren't anything in the shell. The big
151:19 there is that uranium input of for big marine Spike. And you can
151:24 here when you get into Sands and not hot sands, everything cools
151:29 Ah, but one of the One of a key thing to
151:32 And I and I don't know of tools. Do it or not,
151:36 don't think they do, because students seem Thio understand this. But when
151:40 get an inflection like this in the , that means you've got some shale
151:45 in here. And, uh, have shale stringers in your sandstone.
151:50 gonna be including porosity effective porosity, is, You know, the shells
151:57 be high process. The probability is love. And so when you do
152:01 quick and dirty log analysis, you want to pull out a foot.
152:06 , This is in meters, so might want to pull out a couple
152:09 centimeters or several centimeters. Um or would it be? Maybe about 36
152:17 , Um, somewhere between 20 24 centimeters. Uh, every time you
152:25 inflection like this. So this I don't know, maybe 15 ft
152:31 . This little thing right here, might want to remove 2 ft because
152:35 those Stringer's. And if this wasn't , you could see another stringer in
152:39 that's a little bit bigger. And goes to a little bit of a
152:42 in the forum there. So something happened to the sand in there.
152:49 it's too bad this is covering it . Let me see in a move
152:55 just to make sure I'm not lying Yes, something's going on there.
153:02 it's a sand. That's ah, change in the sandstone, but not
153:14 . You're not seeing this thorium Thio story, um, popped
153:19 That's a compositional change in the And here is this right here
153:25 uh, is gonna be like little stringers. Organic rich sandstone. Excuse
153:31 . Shells. Little tiny stringers mixed there So you'd want to try to
153:36 that out and we'll go back to and it's been a little bit
153:46 It's been about an hour and almost minutes. So I'm gonna take a
153:54 for everybody, cause I'm getting tired we'll come back and look at
153:58 And mawr, I really appreciate people asking questions, by the way,
154:05 , um, anyway, take a and let's do about it. How
154:10 a 12 minute break? Come back five till something like that sounds
154:18 And then then we won't have to another break until the end.
155:16 Okay. Can everybody hear me? . Yep. Okay. Okay.
155:31 we were We were there. Um, so just to summarize,
155:38 had a lot of discussions, but . Done. You gotta present.
155:46 . Okay. I did. But guess it went away. Let me
155:50 . Or maybe I just can't take guys it. No, I got
155:56 . It's okay. I believe Stuff happens with these things. E
156:03 Dr Basada when we were in his that he needed to get a recliner
156:08 teach class and and just have the camera set ups where he could just
156:12 in the recliner and give his So if he's more comfortable because he
156:14 like, he's always saying that his was hurting, sitting in the chair
156:17 day long. His knees. his knees. That's what it
156:22 Yeah, well, my knees used bother me, but not from
156:26 But since Kobe 19, I've almost 2000 miles on my bike, and
156:35 built up my muscles. And so knees don't bother me at all
156:40 So I've been lucky. Okay. wanna go Thio. Now you can
156:48 me and everything else, right? . Look good. Good,
156:52 Okay, so? So the main , uh, for plus, Audrey
156:59 a little bit older than I It's a It's pretty amazing what kind
157:04 shape? He's in the considering. I've been lucky to myself, I
157:10 . But anyway, um, that main issue for the gamma log,
157:17 course it za roc tool, and it's mainly used for discriminate discriminating between
157:23 and Shales. And, uh, course, the Gulf of Mexico works
157:29 because we have lots of sand and intervals. You guys somewhere else where
157:34 lots of carbonates, it still but But the story gets a little
157:40 , and you have to use additional . Decide what what it all
157:45 Like the resistive iti, which is fluid tool. Okay, eso rock
157:52 continued spontaneous potential that also a sand discrimination. Um, one of one
158:01 the fellas a few years ago that our petro physics classes. Ah,
158:08 to know why I explain anything about logs. And for those of you
158:13 are working or might have recently been , did you ever come across an
158:18 log in your data set? And one of the reasons for that
158:24 is that, uh, take a . Ah, like the Permian
158:32 And you've drilled all these conventional wells the past, and they all have
158:37 logs and you want to figure out going on regionally? And this this
158:41 happens all over the state of Oklahoma. You name it. Um
158:49 , If you're gonna use legacy you need to understand what S P
158:52 is. And you also have to that it's it's close to what a
158:56 log tool tells you, but it's identical. And there are things that
159:00 you that a gamma log doesn't tell . But by and large they're pretty
159:05 in their responses. They're very but under different variables. For
159:13 oil has an impact on SP, solemnity has a and not only solidity
159:21 but slowly has a big impact on Wouldn't bother a gamma log at all
159:27 the formation water, but also the of the formation. Water can be
159:35 whenever we're We're looking at S P in places like Argentina San Harney
159:42 It's an alkaline enriched basin one of basins that had high algal productivity and
159:50 a lot of oil and gas because was alkaline enriched. Um, I
159:56 working on that basis to figure out there was so much oil there.
159:59 of course I kind of knew ahead time because it was outlined,
160:04 and one of the logging guys. just how comes we get all these
160:07 up responses on our logs here, I said, because the alkalinity Israel
160:11 in your water and it's just like going to fresh water but you didn't
160:14 it. And, uh and it's fresh water because it's sailing, but
160:18 za different composition of saline water. , uh and so you get a
160:23 response for that, too. so anyway, it's It's a good
160:29 shell discriminator to and again, it primarily developed in the Gulf of Mexico
160:34 industrial use. Sure. And here have, uh ah, log that
160:40 like some of the logs you're gonna to correlate and notice how subtle some
160:47 these could be. You know, doesn't look like like this, where
160:53 have a sand popping way out here a shell going way back there really
161:00 response, and it's also the capture is slower, so it has a
161:09 bed effect. Thinner beds could be , and course it's good. Shale
161:17 impact it, and so you could that's depressed. Uh, here's a
161:26 that's a thin bed because the tool respond as quickly. Um, you
161:33 a suppressed spike going in the negative , and but, you know,
161:44 then you look at the whole log you try to figure out what the
161:46 peaks are. and that we've decided static. ESPN, of course,
161:51 picking it off your cleanest sand Not not your smaller bedded sandstone.
161:57 a clean sandstone, but it's a bed. It gets smaller and look
162:00 that. It's suppressed this one smaller that one, too, so it's
162:04 little suppressed. So we developed a of scaling this between this static SP
162:14 what we call the shale line, is where it just bases out.
162:16 when it gets down here, we it's shale, and we don't have
162:22 amazing spikes that you see in the log for a good marine, organic
162:26 show. And that's kind of how tool works. And again because,
162:37 , you're trying to pick up information the currents flowing between the shells and
162:43 sands. It's zits more complicated than . In reality, even even the
162:50 of Ah Adam is but But the principle is is that you have something
162:57 as a membrane and ah, with cat eines or smaller in the chlorine
163:04 ions, so there's a higher propensity the sodium to come through. It's
163:10 that the chlorine doesn't get through but it's more cat ions and an
163:15 , and here it's on over abundance ins, or they flatten it
163:20 And so you can see, just in terms of the relative
163:28 E don't know where I pulled this , but it always bothered me that
163:34 was smaller than, um, Because I know as a full molecule
163:42 mean a fuel. A few a Adam of chlorine could just because the
163:54 weight would likely be a little bit . But it isn't because of the
163:59 electrons. But the, uh you here the the sodium cat ion is
164:08 and the chlorine an iron is and this is much bigger in terms
164:16 space than this is. And so why apparently it's It's not like a
164:24 that works perfectly, but it just , ah, propensity for,
164:30 the smaller cat ions to get through and the larger and ions to get
164:35 down here. And, of we're working in a sodium, chlorine
164:40 system. If you change it to that sodium bicarbonate id sodium bicarbonate
164:47 it's gonna be different responses, and not going to go into details of
164:51 because that's really specialized problems that pop in only certain places. Okay,
165:01 and here I just pointed out Alkalinity a similar effect. But here is
165:06 is the slinging. The mud is greater in the Solyndra. The formation
165:10 fresh and have been in a class somebody's gone. How could it be
165:19 ? The water is always salty in subsurface, and everybody in here knows
165:24 not true, right? No Yeah, no. Yeah, that's
165:35 we That's why we have aquifers. we can get water out of a
165:40 that's low salinity and fresh. A of times it's like those diagrams that
165:48 he disappears with death. It but it doesn't always disappear. It
165:52 same rate, like those diagrams show . And there are things that
165:57 uh, enhanced ferocity that have nothing do with depth of burial. But
166:04 the same thing here, uh, general, and that is absolutely
166:10 In general, as we go deeper the street, in the in the
166:16 , we're going to get more and saline water if you happen to pass
166:21 assault wing close by. You're gonna a spike in solidity And then when
166:26 get past, it may drop back again. Likewise, if you have
166:31 , big title bore, uh, your coastline. Uh, the weight
166:39 all that water is going to push in land and deeper into the rock
166:44 . Uh, certainly not much greater a few 1000 ft, but you're
166:49 have mawr freshwater, uh, getting into the upper ends of,
166:54 stream that's held back by tied, , fresh water is going to be
166:59 down. There will be an interface it's all sailing, but at the
167:03 time, there's places up to it air getting a higher rate of of
167:09 of fresh water. Ah, at , um, locations. And of
167:15 , if you go up dip, may see that pushing the water fresh
167:19 into the formation deeper in this section you go up dip on a coastal
167:25 , so that happens a lot you have in South Carolina. They didn't
167:30 any oil wells. So when I , subsurface work in South Carolina had
167:33 work with, um with fresh Well, basically water Wells and there
167:39 no There's no oil wells. She get any data on that. So
167:43 did a lot of work with water . Water wells, uh, are
167:49 after fresh water and say your gamma could be completely reversed in the entire
167:56 . It wasn't always so that's what Click her to it. And as
168:00 got closer, you had, impact of saline water coming in from
168:06 coming up and down and little bit that there was a backup of the
168:12 water that was trying to move down . And you would see a little
168:16 more freshwater in those aquifers because actual cycles, uh, near the shoreline
168:23 , uh, maybe not be in wedge of salt coming in through the
168:29 . But it would be backed up a while so it would fluctuate weather
168:32 in the in the those particular even if it was still fresh,
168:35 fluctuate from from the effects of tide were farther down. Dip on.
168:41 wasn't quite Selena. Okay, that's little bit off target, but here
168:45 go. Here is normal SP responses we see and here we got the
168:52 . A shell. This is not anything about bed effect. This is
168:59 sort of generalizing what you're supposed to . Shell. It goes down
169:04 uh, it moves in this positive . Uh, and because you have
169:11 heavy load on the and ions and you have the Catalan so goes
169:16 And so that's the way it looks . And, uh, here's,
169:24 , intermediate depths. And this, frankly, could be, um,
169:32 about 5000 ft that has a lot freshwater and saltwater mixed together. And
169:37 you get kind of ah, who what it iss if you have.
169:42 you have hydrocarbons in the poor it would suppress the SP,
169:47 Yes, it does. If you a normal SP response. Yeah,
169:50 wouldn't it wouldn't impact a gamma but it would impact this. So
169:54 one of the neat things about having running a gamma e don't know why
170:00 They didn't like us to run them . I don't know what it was
170:02 . The tools that aggravated one Maybe maybe they didn't like it being
170:08 String of tools. But we always would run both of them because,
170:15 know, the gamma log was great doing the sand shale thing. But
170:19 of that s p got suppressed, know, without even looking at the
170:23 activity. You had an idea of the where the hydrocarbons might have
170:28 And of course, it's primarily an impact. Okay, And you're going
170:34 see that in the exercise that you in this class, there's gonna be
170:39 suppression due to oil. Okay. this is just two logs together comparing
170:46 SP Here's the Gamma. Here's the . What's most notable? That's not
170:53 actually relates to the question the statement just made. It's like it's suppressed
171:00 there. Yeah, automatically. For that don't know, Um, here's
171:06 perf interval and there's a perf Normally, they perf things when there's
171:11 there's oil and gas in it, in this case it's probably oil.
171:19 if you come over here, you see you know you've gone to a
171:24 or the string. That's kind of the oils included. The SP doesn't
171:29 is fast, but you can see a suppression, uh, there to
171:34 shale. But here you're in clean sand and look what happens.
171:41 it a long time for it to back up to what would be static
171:48 . Okay. And you know, it even reaches static SP in this
171:54 . It would be right here, it's probably static. SP is probably
171:58 than that because you've got oil in whole thing here we have. You
172:02 , our cleanest sand is up Look at that. Here's oil
172:07 Maybe a little bit of shale suppression there. You know, there's little
172:12 on a gamut Tell you something. when when I worked at a
172:18 um, early on in my Thanks. Um, one thing I'm
172:25 at is, uh, I hate , but I follow them.
172:29 uh, sometimes people that hate rules them closer than people that live by
172:36 . But, um, I had big pay sands that looked like
172:42 And when the expiration geologists had the , they made a whole bunch of
172:47 that people kept copying and they called pace section. This whole internal,
172:53 whole thing, they were calling effective . And of course, I paid
172:59 in my my 3.5 logging courses. , uh, I think in my
173:07 career, one of the smartest things ever did was I asked questions every
173:10 chance I got. And I was afraid to ask a question. And
173:16 so I got a lot of information this and what you do, all
173:21 inflections you're gonna pull out a little of of Interval for that, This
173:25 a lot mawr for this one. lot more. But you know,
173:28 gonna have some. You're gonna have effective process in here. But you
173:31 all this little wiggly stuff. They a long story short. I went
173:36 South Marsh Island 1 28 about 60 , and they might have had,
173:42 , 300. There were multiple They might have had 3 to 400
173:47 of pay section in each Well, on average, I knocked that down
173:52 from 400 to 300 from probably 50 2 to 75 to 50.
174:00 I knocked it down on average, ft of pay. And so the
174:05 in the field this was the biggest , single producing, three square mile
174:11 in the Gulf of Mexico. And reduced the pay in there,
174:17 by a good 2025% and it got . Uh, and I know you
174:26 probably know this happens is a minute do something is a geologist to kind
174:29 hits the bottom line, but make long story another long story short,
174:33 reduced the reserves of this field by significant amount from about 125 million barrels
174:40 75 million barrels in the A couple things happened. First, the vice
174:47 of Exploration Exploration when they didn't have lot of executive vice presidents, by
174:51 way, he was the number two . He flew down from New York
174:57 to Houston, asked me what I wrong, and I thought that was
175:01 only thing that was gonna happen. , of course, uh, as
175:05 new geologist, I went and got our lead. Petro physically came in
175:09 told the guy I did everything exactly . And that's exactly what the facts
175:14 . And so I thought, God, this is terrible, but
175:18 , But then the federal government realized changed our reserves, we lowered our
175:24 and the first thing they decided. know how conspiracy theories work on both
175:28 . First thing they decided that since reduced the amount of reserves we had
175:33 this field prior to a certain point if you found new oil, you
175:38 get a better price for it. if you get rid of some of
175:41 reserves and then you bring them you could get a higher price on
175:44 oil. So somebody automatically decided that was intentionally trying to hide reserves so
175:51 they could call them new reserves. we got audited, and I still
175:58 lost my job yet. And, so they got DeGolyer and MacNaughton to
176:05 in tow, audit my reserves. when they got done, they took
176:11 mawr reserves and back then and only rare cases with a vice president talked
176:18 a frontline geologist, and they didn't this case. But they called up
176:24 boss's boss's boss and he related to his reports and then that guy.
176:31 it got to my boss. He in, and the vice president pointed
176:36 . Thank goodness you guys air not , but you're optimistic. So,
176:42 , I dodged that ball, that . So as it turns out,
176:47 I went in and was carefully picking effective porosity, I was being less
176:54 than the auditors who were paid by . Thio be very conservative on what
176:59 pay is, and I don't Some companies probably have protocols now where
177:05 only go by, uh, computer , effective porosity. But I know
177:12 computer generated effective porosity that compares a of different logs to figure out what
177:17 effective process. It's often off quite bit, uh, not not because
177:23 tools don't work, but because tools always know what all the variables are
177:28 a given. Well and oftentimes, underlying assumption is it's exactly what we're
177:34 in the Gulf of Mexico. If go outside of the Gulf of
177:38 you get a whole different type of that air in there literally hundreds of
177:44 that can affect tool responses, and focusing on the main ones that affect
177:49 response. And so artificial intelligence or log analysis based on a global database
177:58 gonna be looking at an average It's expected for a certain set of
178:03 , and those conditions might not totally in the well that you drill.
178:07 you have to be. It's often to be able to look at a
178:10 and try toe get in idea of computer print out, which is 90%
178:15 the time going to be right. sometimes it's wrong. The mob in
178:20 Bay, the first guest to stuff thereby by mobile was actually done by
178:26 an older hand. I could see one of the tools was being affected
178:33 just tight, tight sands. And wasn't a lack of gas. And
178:40 , uh, he put his career the line esten to run a test
178:45 Mobile Bay. That whole area turned to be a huge gas fields all
178:50 the place that just opened it Okay, so next thing that we
178:57 at his resistive ity logs and the data, uh, suite of logs
179:02 , we're not gonna look at We don't have time for this
179:04 but I kind of have to go this because I'm gonna ask you to
179:08 be able to look at the log figure out what the pay is in
179:12 . And I used to do that with our correlation exercise. But it
179:17 too long, so that won't But whether I have an exercise or
179:22 , I think it's really important for to be able to look at a
179:27 and automatically think, you know, there's something wrong with this interpretation,
179:32 could it be? And a lot times we have, we end up
179:36 more more production than we think we reserves for or less production than we
179:41 we have reserves for sometimes it's very to go back and look at the
179:46 and see, Is there something that possibly be throwing this off? And
179:50 more you know about how to look ah, basic log sweets and figure
179:56 what they really mean, particularly in area that you're in, every area
180:01 gonna have little different perturbations if I'm in in Ah, uh, say
180:08 Denver area, I would have Thio they're looking at a completely different kinds
180:13 rocks, and I'm looking at in Gulf of Mexico and the same in
180:16 North Sea. Uh, if you've at all three of them, then
180:20 know there's lots of quirky things, you might go into an area with
180:24 quirky problem that they haven't even figured yet because they never saw it anywhere
180:28 . Everything looks quirky like that. they just think it's normal. And
180:33 , uh, again, being able look at the rial data is really
180:37 sometimes and not just taking an interpretation generated by, you know, really
180:42 developed algorithms, but they don't always at all the the variables that are
180:49 and not intentionally it just it happens . Okay, so we're gonna look
180:54 risk uses Tiv ity logs, uh, they're they're really fluid tools
181:03 they're based on ah conductivity. Or resisted bitty Based on what? What
181:11 You know, all rocks have water them, especially I shouldn't say all
181:18 , but well, while rocks do some water and very little for igneous
181:21 metamorphic. But for sentimentally rocks, usually have quite a bit of
181:26 whether it's sand or shit and in , water is conducted And so the
181:35 , Uh, what do you have there? The less salt water you
181:38 in there, the less conductive it's to be. And consequently,
181:46 and it turns out it's important that that conductivity is related to and effective
181:56 to, because for the current to , it's got, it's got to
181:59 around all these things. And so though shells might be porous and have
182:08 significant amount of water, the the permeability in that is going to be
182:14 lower. And so the conductivity of of the of that rock as a
182:20 is going to be lower and the it is going to be higher.
182:28 , And of course, oil and are not conducive either. So that's
182:31 , that's a really telling thing. why is this important? Well,
182:37 we we look, when we're doing is we're looking at predominantly sand
182:47 and if we just have a refer, it's gonna be, in
182:51 words, it's gonna be a water , a wet sand. We,
182:57 , we would have a lot of water in that sand. Effective
183:00 We're gonna have a lot of But if you put oil and gas
183:04 there that includes the water volume, going to reduce the conductivity of the
183:09 rock, and you're going to see drop in the, uh, connectivity
183:16 an increase in the resistance when you oil and gas in there. So
183:19 a really good thing, and gas a super notch up on resistive
183:24 Gas includes a lot of a lot other liquids, like oil in and
183:32 more of the water, and therefore reason activity is going to be dramatically
183:39 . It okay, and also formation is not conducive. So if we
183:47 run it, if we have a that probes into whole rock, all
183:52 things were going to have an impact it. And here's something just says
183:58 Bynes Cat introduces, even though there be lots of bound and conducive
184:03 And but but also Ah, uh, it's kind of the whole
184:09 , even though it's looking at the rock because the current is reduced by
184:15 . That's one of the main reasons , uh, this is gonna look
184:21 low conductivity. High reasons to the though there's a lot of bound
184:27 Okay, here is just looking at three different types. The normal,
184:32 lateral log, Um, en dual log. And here's shown you an
184:38 log. Uh, and going from , the spacing controlled the how deep
184:49 would penetrate here. Ah, we electrodes. That air kind of
184:58 Ah, the current into a lateral . And of course, the more
185:05 that goes into it, the more it is. The less current that
185:09 into it, the more resistant it . So the more you can focus
185:14 this this thing and get it farther . Um, you know, this
185:19 help with bed resolution a lot, you could also go a little bit
185:24 . This, of course, the you stretch this out, you
185:28 the loop has to go farther but then it gets a little bit
185:32 because you're going through too much And then, um, here you
185:39 something that, uh, sort of a ground loop in the rocks magnetic
185:47 , which forces the the, electric rays to go out farther and
185:53 so we could get deeper logs with type of configuration. And so this
186:02 focusing fields and the current heads out way. And here is kind of
186:10 going on with the you look a the induction field. Here's the
186:17 log where you're trying to focus it go out into a certain thing like
186:24 , uh, so you can get to go farther out in the spacing
186:30 change the spacing. And farther out go, the more the spacing is
186:34 that. And here you have one you haven't induced current and it just
186:41 a signal farther out and comes back . And that's how they work.
186:46 I know that's a riel cartoonish but that's the way they developed these
186:52 . And, of course, the logs, which can we pushed a
186:56 bit farther out in the induction are also some of the tools that
187:02 been developed Thio to reach out farther the section so that we can we
187:08 actually see a little bit ahead of drill bit. Um, see if
187:15 could quickly draw a picture for you on the side. That's my
187:30 Say I have um, gonna make simple change, My color. You
187:57 this first. So? So I Ah, see if I can draw
188:22 . Well, have a well coming like this. If, uh if
188:36 distance of my spread is limited or when I'm when I'm at this
188:59 you don't have to get this close the bed to see it. But
189:03 my spread on my tool is like Sorry about that. I'm have to
189:14 that one note to Don. Don't pictures again. So I had a
189:36 on my lateral longer induction log that farther out. Um, when my
189:42 bits about right here, I've already this formation way, way, way
189:47 here. Does everybody see that Yes. So, you know,
190:00 I had a formation is like I would already have a good idea
190:05 going on with a dip of Exactly. Let him way back here
190:10 the lives drill assemblies here, the behind its here. I'd be able
190:15 see this formation and probably the dip that formation and definitely the dip on
190:19 formation so I wouldn't have to wait it to get there. So with
190:23 with any kind of dip, Bond exaggerated this to make it easy to
190:27 . But even with a slight dip , the farther out you can
190:33 the easier it is to guide something a formation using geo steering. So
190:39 why that's important. Okay, so just some stuff on the resistive ity
190:47 SP logs together. Um, here's is permissible. Hi resistive ity full
190:57 oil, gas or fresh water. , so if you happen to hit
191:03 refer, it might not be but it's probably going to be under
191:09 ft and rule of thumb. Don't try to produce anything less than 5000
191:14 deep because it can cause other problems don't want. And here is,
191:23 , the carbonate tight carbonate sandstone. it's showing a lot of reasons.
191:30 ity and, in fact, tight or tight sandstone. Uh, they
191:42 , um, usually peak really In other words, for resistive
191:48 the highest peaks you'll see are going be gas in tight, tight zone
191:54 carbonates in it. And in the of Mexico, you think of the
191:59 islands you've ever seen one before? on one like I have. They
192:04 these huge shell hash beds and a of the sand stones. Uh,
192:09 air barrier bars and offshore bars and shallow water will have a shell hash
192:15 the very top. And quite often looks like a really tight sand.
192:20 then the spike goes way over here this. Even if you have oil
192:24 there, uh, the oil is be like this, and then the
192:27 sand is going to be like And if and when you see that
192:32 know, it's a shell stringer that's on top of it like the Chandeleur
192:37 . But if you don't know you might think it's a gas
192:41 a little tiny gas cap. if you're gonna have a gas
192:45 unless you're doing another one of these wells, your guests oil contact,
192:52 know it's gonna be somewhere down You're going to see a big spike
192:56 , and then this is gonna be oil over here and then,
192:59 you come back into shell, uh and so that's I'm going to
193:06 you this again and I don't know I explain this 40 times, and
193:11 I give people a gas, a with gas in it, and people
193:14 even recognize that there's gas in Which is embarrassing for me that you
193:20 catch this point. But with the highest resisted, the spikes you're usually
193:25 to see are gonna be guests in sand or a tight carbonate lag deposit
193:34 top of a sand. Or if in a limestone, you could see
193:36 lot of it different setting. You're some ancient reefs and stuff. You'll
193:42 a lot of things that could be confusing, harder to interpret. And
193:48 , um, here's a formation, , uh, this is saturated with
193:57 . So the reasons tiv ity is low salt water. So the reason
194:01 is very low. So this is a, uh, saltwater equipment.
194:08 . And this is continuous show. always nice to know what continuous shale
194:11 like. Someone asked you to do with the shale section. Remember how
194:16 identify continuous shale. Okay. And here, um yes. This
194:26 stuff that can happen this different if have. You have fresh mud.
194:33 , where your mud is greater resisted than than the other in the formation
194:41 the water itself. In other it's this is fresh and that's
194:46 Then, um, you're going to this going on where your deep flog
194:57 gonna have a lower resistive ity in and your shall A log is gonna
195:05 , ah, higher resistive ity And that's because when the mud filled
195:13 he's going to get my is going get a lot of the shallow
195:17 The mud filled trade is going to higher resistive ity. Uh, then
195:23 formation. Okay, if you have things, come along here, you're
195:33 to see something that looks like that other words, might feel trading what
195:38 the same? You look like If the resistive ity of the formation
195:44 is greater in that, then you're to see the shallow log. This
195:53 this formation What it could be like because of, uh, they may
195:57 be water. It could be It be gas in the oil. So
196:02 the deep log is more resistive ity a shallow rock brought in this
196:07 it's gonna look like that even if water. If there's oil and gas
196:11 there, it's gonna be more And here's showing mud penetration with shallow
196:22 the formation. Um, and so getting that in the shallow log.
196:31 really high. And so it's like first one. But here we have
196:37 , oil, sandstone. Here's marine displaced by hydrocarbons. And here you
196:44 the deep, mud filled trait there's be high to. Actually, here
196:52 is, right here. The mud trade is going to be higher
196:57 uh, than this, because there's be saltwater down here and then that
197:02 affairs. And you got this cap here was basically telling you that there's
197:07 in this section and this will also , uh, the shallow because you've
197:16 that gas pushing on it, because see that so one of the things
197:23 we can see between deep and shallow whether we have a wet sand or
197:30 rich sand. This crossover point right tells us there's hydrocarbon enrich and the
197:37 is gonna be less of impact. me than the gas would be.
197:42 that's why the spike goes over Okay. This is, um,
197:49 log. Another diagram. They can a good test question. That's spelled
197:56 e s t test question. um, this is why distance and
198:04 is important. You know, you this mud filled borehole, and this
198:09 the formation here. This is a section. This is the formation.
198:13 we got this cross section halfway through hole. So that's why this curves
198:17 in there, because that's the other of the hole. But you're gonna
198:21 mud cake all around here, And depending on how far your mud
198:31 India here it's going toe. If fresh, water is going toe
198:38 Reduce your permeability. Well, that's not. It's, uh,
198:45 The difference between the Sliney here It's not going to reduce it because
198:50 the salt difference. But it will because the mud cake is coming in
198:54 because it's being the the marine natural waters are being displaced. Mind clay
199:02 from this. So you get this coming through here. The cake builds
199:06 here and it stops going in so . And here you have.
199:10 jagged line of of my infiltrate trying get through here. And there's a
199:18 zone where you may have a little of mud filled trait in here.
199:24 is where there's a lot of mud trait little bit of mud filled traders
199:28 . And here's true rock way out . So if I have a standard
199:36 huh, log and induction log and don't get out here, I may
199:40 see that response. You know, , if I have a ladder
199:51 right or back here Thean deduction Here's what Here's what I meant to
199:59 . I knew I was saying something . Okay, so we have normal
200:03 ity. We have the lateral and induction. If if I want to
200:14 out here in the formation, I'm have to have a ladder log or
200:17 induction tool from using normal resistive I may not be able to get
200:22 this transition zone or even even the tone, and this is called flush
200:28 this is gonna be from flush with lot of of the mud. So
200:36 is gonna be the forest space is to be filled with mud resisted ity
200:40 , you're gonna have some mud and rock reasons to be to rock reasons
200:45 and out here, you're gonna have invaded True rock. Jesus TV.
200:50 what you see here relates to what's the mud, and what you see
200:55 here is related to what is the rough? So what? We're trying
201:00 find his high resistive ity out which tells us that we have hydrocarbons
201:07 we're going to get some resistive iti go up in this mud flushes in
201:12 , so this ultimately should be But you can imagine if you're flooding
201:18 , it can cause problems. so here's, uh, something where
201:25 haven't had too much invasion. And looking at a shallow resistive ity and
201:33 deep resistive ity. And this curve a little bit better a little bit
201:38 illustrative of what this log is trying show you here with this overlap.
201:46 if if we have, um, ity here, that's greater than the
201:58 . Because you got the mud in . We're going to see shallow out
202:08 . But the true where the water because you've got more conductivity is over
202:13 . So this means there's saline and water. And when you cross this
202:19 , it means, you know, impact of the mud cake hasn't changed
202:24 all. But the resistive ity of gas and oil is a lot
202:31 Um, uh, Then what you over here where it was with and
202:40 the reason activity went up because of mud filter. So here you see
202:44 overlap. You're going from what are two productive center. And here's a
202:51 sandstone or limestone. But again, could be a sandstone with shells in
202:56 , and and I don't know but I had so many so many
203:02 in the Gulf of Mexico in some the Miocene sections and in Playa seen
203:09 that this would be sitting right on of here. And this this
203:15 like, way out to here with hash, uh, cementing up the
203:22 at the top of it. And , uh, then if you had
203:26 to gas would be out there. the gas would cycle. The gas
203:30 would be so great, it would . But usually this is greater than
203:34 oil by itself. And if you gas, uh, this is this
203:40 be way off the scale and would to cycle back on the scale.
203:45 , so that kind of tells you the hydrocarbons are. Okay,
203:53 this again shows you kind of the thing, and it's kind of hard
203:56 see, so I'm not gonna waste whole lot of time on it.
204:01 if you get in the UN invaded , uh, which is also called
204:08 here the un invaded zone To try remember these terms Flush transition and un
204:15 . Um, some people say all , no mud, some mud,
204:22 mud, But these it's not too to say on invaded transition and
204:27 So when I ask you that test , make sure you can get to
204:31 . And, uh, question s the are the deep always the lateral
204:43 waken do we can do now weaken waken do deep reasons Tiv ity with
204:50 other tools but that the deepest resisted They're gonna be the latter logs or
204:57 or the induction logs the normal the doesn't always go that far.
205:02 when you're dealing with sand and and you have nice saline marine
205:06 It's real simple. And it works well, even with even with,
205:12 , normal resistive ity. But when start getting the problems, it's good
205:15 have a good lateral log. They go out a little deeper.
205:18 if you're going through a shale, , trying to look for things,
205:22 a whole different ball game. So unconventional is this would this wouldn't be
205:27 the way to go. But uh, there's other other tools that
205:31 would have to try to pick up , uh, level of or
205:37 the gamma log, in some cases more useful. Okay, so here
205:44 just a example. Did I answer question well enough? Yes. Thank
205:49 very much. Okay. Um here just showing you an example of
205:59 Here we go. Back here. see, this is a deep resistive
206:03 that goes out of there first. , it's something that you see.
206:09 the deep resistive it. Ian And, uh, here. We've
206:15 the shallow resistive ity going out So you you've had a combination of
206:24 mixing really heavy in the in the and so And you've got hydrocarbons there
206:29 . So it's the It's the shallow in the hydrocarbon. So your separation
206:33 is a little bit different. Then see in this one. Okay,
206:40 , because this kind of we're looking the shallow, it's all nice and
206:45 . But here we've got lot of , and it's flying kind of flying
206:54 the handle. And you also have SP log here that's telling you there's
206:58 in there. And so Ah, with the here, it's using fresh
207:06 . So, uh, that's also reason why this one's a little bit
207:10 than the other one. So you're slightly different overlap, but you can
207:14 , um, you can see a . Uh, basically, um,
207:21 Here's probably where it might be because here's, uh, you
207:26 you've got this thing, so it be went all the way to
207:28 and then you get this separation in , even though it seems reverse
207:33 Whenever you get these really high spikes resistive ity, it's usually a very
207:38 indicator that you're getting hydrocarbons, and something to do with the mud and
207:43 deep the mud cake is and how how deep your tools are here,
207:50 , that have something to do with the actual overlap looks like. But
207:57 rule of thumb of really goes back , I guess, would be.
208:07 one was It was one here. guess it's this one good rule of
208:16 is when things start flying across the and resistive ity, there's probably going
208:20 be hydrocarbons, and it might take a while to figure out,
208:25 with the you know, you need look and see what you're resistive.
208:29 is on the on the mud, you need thio. Get an idea
208:35 how deep this zone might be going to your tool penetration, whether it's
208:41 your your deep or shallow, have quick question. Sure, so on
208:49 on that log that we're looking at there, imagine that you didn't have
208:53 gamma curve. You were just looking the Espy and the resistive ity.
208:57 would you? How could you say some certainty that that the top of
209:01 bed is not just finding upwards and that redistribute responses tight at the
209:11 Uh, well, one really easy . Is there separation here and
209:16 Any direction tells you there's ferocity. , because there's Ah, because there's
209:23 conflict between the deep and the shallow tells you there's either an invasion
209:29 uh, in into a mud or invasion of hydrocarbon the other way
209:36 And, uh, because some of formations air pressure, you know it's
209:40 pressured or slightly pressured, and you get some on. What I'm trying
209:47 say is you may get hydrocarbons going way, Okay? And then,
209:56 but just looking at this, this like a good sand. And we
210:01 this. And over here is good . And over here is good
210:07 And when I come down here, resistive it doesn't look like good
210:11 does it? This resistive ity over does not look like that shale.
210:16 doesn't look like that shale up It doesn't look like the shale down
210:22 at all. Lot of strange stuff going off. This is the trouble
210:29 textbooks. She always gets the strangest . And But anyway, this
210:33 uh I think you know, if drew your baseline, you'd probably figure
210:39 this. Um, you know, baseline would probably somewhere around here these
210:44 really silty sands. And then all a sudden, I've got this big
210:48 here, but this resistive ity inflection is telling me there's a formation boundary
210:53 with different fluids in it than up . So I have a formation boundary
210:59 , and I have a formation boundary based on fluids and rock there.
211:04 so I would know right away that is probably all sand and this
211:10 fluid and rock resistive ity contrast to section in this section below it strongly
211:18 that this is a very forced And of course, the separation was
211:23 us there's ferocity. Enough ferocity make going. Both directions and invasion might
211:29 deeper than one would expect, which have an impact. Okay, so
211:37 getting near the end. So we're to the sonic and the density logs
211:42 air fun logs to and of uh, do a lot of cross
211:48 with these to do things and Really good. Uh, indicator of
211:58 gas, of course, is a in these two tools. And,
212:05 , what I find really interesting is kind of underscores what I talk about
212:12 terms of the fact that under certain , these things work this way.
212:17 changed the conditions. And, you , most of time when we look
212:21 well, they all look the same , and we're working in the field
212:24 almost all the wells in in a or work in the same way.
212:29 you can get this density neutron uh, overlap. Uh, that
212:36 signifies natural gas. Ah, with big signal. And it's because with
212:45 gas in the formation, it creates error in the density log, and
212:51 creates a different era in the neutron and the way that recorded they actually
212:58 . And basically, with what you want to call to errors to opposing
213:06 , the new neutron and density log tells you you have natural gas.
213:10 it's pretty, pretty straightforward thing that can spot when you have these logs
213:16 the sand and you have natural gas significant, and, uh, the
213:26 bar for oil. The hydrocarbon int is a little bit different. It's
213:31 as dramatic, so you can oftentimes if you have Ah, yes,
213:37 . Oil contact. You can often the gas oil boundary on. Then
213:46 can also see the water oil boundary that with these two tools. But
213:51 talk about that in detail. tomorrow morning. And did you guys
213:56 starting at 8. 45? It kind of nice. Uh huh.
214:02 , we'll do that tomorrow, and see how far we get house.
214:09 . Okay. Okay. Okay. here's another thing that's gonna happen tonight
214:15 you guys go relaxing, I will to put together this, uh,
214:22 for the capstone projects for those that it right now, because I meant
214:26 do it last week. And uh, I'm also gonna be putting
214:29 your correlation exercise and kind of, , made it a little bit easier
214:37 time for you to correlate. have decided to many people have been
214:42 trying to follow the rules to come with significant correlations, but,
214:48 it's not gonna be easy, but will be easier than the way it's
214:52 before, and we may or may get to it by the end of
214:57 , but we'll definitely get through. logs will get through the Uh
215:05 The process of correlation and things like and some of the other tools will
215:08 through those pretty quickly. But there's a small exercise that's already been posted
215:14 how toe to interpret. Two very logs. Uh, try to figure
215:20 where the Hydra apartments are under some questions for that too. So,
215:25 , I will, uh, try get the correlation exercise. Uh
215:35 Digitized tonight. I had trouble. , my scanner stopped working at
215:41 and but I got it fixed, so I'll get that will be that
215:45 be posted online too. So I'll see you tomorrow at 8.
215:50 . That's good. Thank you. night. Good night as mhm.
215:59 I'm gonna stop the
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