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00:06 mm hmm. Okay. Right, hmm. Okay folks. Welcome.

00:46 remember um remember remember no class next we've got some everybody. So um

00:59 at that point, so then after break and when we have the exam

01:04 that week. Okay. So um there the schedule opens so that opens

01:15 thursday. Okay, so make sure up for a slot. Um Let's

01:24 . Okay, so the unit normal due date for that would have

01:27 sunday. But I thought, well no spring break, you can take

01:32 whole week until you have like another to go until the deadline. The

01:37 2013th 20th for the for the Remember the unit quizzes are longer rather

01:44 comprehensive? Um so something like 20 questions, 25% questions. So

01:51 so that they do they will not not change for the smart work.

01:56 That will still be the 13th and on those two things. But again

02:02 quiz Until the 20th jack. Uh see. So today we're gonna finish

02:10 most of unit two by Wednesday. will be some left to do when

02:16 come back. I think probably that section on photo trophy will be left

02:21 which we'll do when we come Um but it's not that long.

02:26 so uh I think that's everything oh unit three material. So then you

02:34 want to think about now but it's it will be uh it will be

02:39 like Wednesday or thursday this week so can access that if you wish um

02:45 don't start on that until we get spring break. So um I think

02:51 was everything. Any questions about anything general. Mhm Okay, so we're

02:57 start before we finished last time. there was that question we had at

03:00 end and we're not gonna do I'm not gonna do any clicker style

03:04 , but just to kind of go um go over uh what's going on

03:13 . Okay, so here are the . Right? That's what's the kind

03:16 all over the board here. so um the so the correct answer

03:26 g correct? Okay, so probably more popular answer choices were see and

03:38 Okay. And um so just to right, the source of electrons.

03:45 ? So if you look at just this and they're so remember we learned

03:50 process, We will learn this process stages okay, we'll go over

03:54 Today is one of the main things um we're going we're gonna be going

03:59 the redox potential, sometimes stuff like . But just remember the stage,

04:02 ? We learned this process in And so it all begins of course

04:07 a source. So this is the in this example. Okay. Source

04:14 electrons. Okay. But the way the electrons as we oxidize glucose

04:21 To pira bait a into t c cycle that we're accumulating the electrons in

04:30 form of these. Right? That's we're committed any D H. Is

04:35 the source. Right. The beginning . Right. We're only we're only

04:41 in 88 because we have glucose that oxidizing glucose is the source. And

04:46 forming these electronic characters who produced electronic as we go. So um so

04:53 keep that in mind. So the source can be this can be

04:57 number of things for us. Can lots of different things, right?

05:01 be fats, carbohydrates, proteins, . Okay so lots of different things

05:06 serve that source of electrons. And of course for a source of

05:11 as well as carbon and electrons. um the other the the this point

05:19 . Okay that is because of Right, fermentation is not respiration when

05:28 when you see the word respiration What should follow right in line his

05:34 , oxidative fermentation? Electronic transport Krebs cycle blah blah blah. All

05:40 . That's respiration. That's not in . Okay so fermentation is not anaerobic

05:46 . You may think so because it's anaerobic process. Okay, but that's

05:52 the similarity ends. Okay so um again, for that reason g none

05:59 of these statements are written correctly. so don't also people tend to some

06:04 tend to equate you need through the oxidation. Right? That that it

06:09 involve oxygen. Not at all. . Doesn't have to at all.

06:14 so um any questions about any of response to. Okay. All right

06:23 let's let's do a question. This be a real quick question on

06:28 Just to kind of do you have questions about that? Um you can

06:34 it up now but just go through one. So what it requires,

06:40 it doesn't require. Okay. mm hmm, mm hmm.

07:42 let us go. 210. So yeah. So the The two

07:53 2 that are correct? Our what ? A for sure. And both

08:02 . Right, So here's fermentation. , um we do have to remember

08:09 we have a sugar. So hair here are our reactant if you

08:14 Right? We have this this and . Okay, so keep those three

08:21 supplied then we complete dramatic nice producing energy. Okay, so in

08:29 to keep regenerating N. A. . Right reform in A.

08:33 H. As a result of black . But then we have that's what

08:36 , you know, fermentation reactions. ? These additional reactions after we've gone

08:41 the fire brigade. Either from lactate we saw with ethanol and many other

08:46 of fermentation reactions purpose is really to reform this so they can then can

08:54 can replenish like costs and keep that . Because it's the only this is

08:58 only energy maker for from enters this here. So you have to sustain

09:03 to keep that going. Okay. All right. So just to summarize

09:11 quick. Um so fermentation so read it already. He doesn't know

09:19 the 50 plus reactions and the enzymes remember in stages what goes in,

09:25 comes out. Okay. Um and today we're gonna focus on The part

09:33 the process here which is involved in transport chain. Uh we may or

09:39 not get to 80p synthesis but we're to kind of focus on this part

09:44 transport chain and the components in And how you kind of put them

09:48 and why we put them together in orders. Right. So uh the

09:54 I guess thing to remember is the or difference and energy. Right?

10:00 phosphor relation versus substrate level of phosphor to versus 34 or four vs

10:07 Um and so it's the fermenter that solely on this substrate level of phosphor

10:14 in a respirator like us has has of course both processes. But of

10:20 we generate the bulk of our https uh the occident phosphor relation process.

10:27 , um now let's look at before get to um 14, which is

10:38 beginning of Looking closer respiration. Let's up 13 and look at aromatic metabolism

10:46 aromatic compounds. So the point here this is uh aromatic compounds are can

10:54 very toxic in small concentrations. They found in many industrial products. Certainly

11:03 dies. Um lots of different chemicals they represent of course toxic agents if

11:11 spilled knowingly or unknowingly um they can be harmful. And so in the

11:19 of breaking them down, it's bacteria are the only ones that can do

11:24 . Precarious to my knowledge are the ones capable of this. Maybe some

11:29 I think. But but certainly overwhelmingly types of bacteria can deal with

11:35 And um there and so we often it in the context of bioremediation.

11:41 ? Using bacteria that can break down neutralize their bad effects. Um things

11:50 um where you may have old gas , old gas stations, they have

11:56 tanks under underground. They've been there a long time in the league that

12:01 material aromatic compounds into the environment. are just kept industrial companies that just

12:07 into the into water. And so not necessarily um sometimes an accident sometimes

12:14 . But um these are these are where you want to clean this material

12:19 . So they're often often caressed So um so there are certain types

12:25 bacteria that are very good at using as a energy and carbon source.

12:31 . And so of course a permanent are by nature has that aromatic

12:36 Right? And so uh and typically compounds have multiple rings. And so

12:44 ring itself is very stable. so it's so the process of breaking

12:48 down involves breaking that ring. That's major part of the process. Is

12:55 Okay. And once the remedy is and it's now um kind of in

13:00 change that's easily metabolized. Okay. what we're focusing here really is on

13:06 that. And so there's a couple intermediates that we see in the

13:11 Okay. And so here are some um a aromatic compounds. Uh

13:19 I think we're probably all familiar with one. Um Angeline is found in

13:23 different types of dyes and paints. the but again the aromatic really characterizes

13:31 of them. And so they all down eventually um to one single

13:37 Okay. And that is the we see you right here in the

13:43 tywin, a little bit different. to go this route. Ok,

13:48 benzoate is a it's kind of a intermediate. But again, all

13:53 They all eventually fall under the And so the means to break the

13:59 is the addition of oxygen. And so we have what are called

14:04 oxygen these enzymes to put two oxygen's the ring. Okay, so um

14:12 makes it bring them amenable to being greatest. Okay. And so mutilate

14:18 . Is then that in product that represents the breakage of the ring.

14:26 , so um and then that can followed into Catholics, you're already familiar

14:31 the Krebs cycle etcetera. Okay, it's the dioxins next in times that

14:36 unique to these kinds of bacteria that do this. Okay um there are

14:42 is an anaerobic way to do it well but it does it's not a

14:47 process. Okay you don't ferment these they have a way to kind of

14:52 a similar fashion break the ring. this is the more common, more

14:57 metabolism here. So pseudomonas and These are the two types that are

15:02 the only types but a lot of lot of them are able to carry

15:07 out. And um this the pathways not a lot of teens. So

15:14 do this maybe two or three genes these are often found on plasma.

15:18 okay so pathways are these smaller extra or pieces of D. N.

15:24 . That sit in a cell outside chromosome. We'll talk about those in

15:27 three. But um they will contain few genes, a couple of uh

15:33 pathway. And um it's very common these types of aromatic degradation pathways to

15:40 on the plasma. And we have uh we've engineered particularly pseudomonas, we

15:45 for bioremediation purposes and cleaning up these in the environment. And we've engineered

15:52 to have multiple pathways. So um will be able to degrade a number

15:57 different aromatic compounds and we can put those different panthers on a class and

16:03 it inside uh the bacteria to be to do this. So um the

16:11 so we look at the continuation of pathway. Okay so here's catapult and

16:17 is the mucus in it. Right they're gonna there's two ways to get

16:22 depending on the type of guy Nice. So this route that

16:27 but in either case we're going to up at the TC. A

16:31 Okay. So you don't need to the chemical structures here and just sort

16:37 pathways, but do no di oxygen oxygen to the ring is going to

16:42 break the ring. Um Those are main things. But then again they

16:46 funnel eventually into the T. A. Cycle. And then of

16:50 that's for the energy. Okay. Alright. Any questions about that?

16:58 I didn't want to say much more anybody, just kind of bring that

17:02 . Um So summary. So now can get into uh so again,

17:08 to reemphasize right, you just need know the stages of the process.

17:12 , Because animal comes out terms like phosphor relation, respiration, what fermentation

17:19 ? These kind of things. Um Alright, so let's look at

17:25 little closer the components of electron transport . So again, this is going

17:30 be part of respiration, aerobic Okay, and this is we've seen

17:36 slide now is uh metabolism that's You know, for maybe about

17:45 20 years now. Okay, so what's called interspecies electron transfer. So

17:52 we have and the particular bacterium is geo factor. Okay, that you

17:58 in both examples here. Ok, guy. And so it is very

18:05 . The process of processes we've been about are occurring of course within a

18:10 . Right observation of the electron right, glucose comes into the cell

18:16 broken down all those pathways are occurring the cell. Okay. Here we're

18:22 part of these processes occurring outside the . Right. So we have a

18:27 of electrons here acetate in both Okay. That becomes oxidized and it's

18:34 external to the cell and then it those electrons and transfer them To another

18:42 of that. three. Okay. so we often have what's conducting material

18:49 the cells. Okay, that will electrons. So typically something iron

18:56 Okay. And and then uh that that conduit that they get transferred to

19:04 species. Okay. Some many of also have their own kind of

19:09 You see up here, they're basically like wires right, transferring electrons through

19:14 um appendages. Um and so in process here, you know, and

19:20 is finding a lot of use in being developed for use in different perhaps

19:25 bio technical applications when being wastewater throne wastewater. And so different organic materials

19:32 wastewater could serve this role here. then get broken down of course.

19:37 , the C. 02 and water uh and and maybe be a way

19:43 to augment, you know, currently treatment systems and others there's other applications

19:49 electrical as fuel cells and things like . So it's a proving to be

19:54 um very interesting. Okay, but , it's all about, you

20:01 oxidation reduction transfer of electrons. And so maintaining, hey flo

20:08 So we have a flow of electrons this way. Okay. Going this

20:12 . Okay. And arranging your components that we maintain that throat.

20:19 So it's kind of what we're looking here in terms of evaluating redox proteins

20:25 redox reactions and and how, how bacterium in nature that inspires. You

20:32 , it's at the mercy of what's to it. And so how can

20:35 arrange the components in this chain too favor electronic flow. Okay. And

20:44 , and this is just a summary of the processes we've looked at and

20:49 at a little closer today. So look at fermentation, right? So

20:52 is, this is a metabolism And so here's one classes fermentation we're

20:58 of. Right? And so you look at fermentation is having an electronic

21:04 , right. And a fermentation that be this right power bait in

21:10 right. Because we take that And reduced it right to lactic acid or

21:17 at the law. Right. Or else. So it does serve that

21:21 . And fermentation, it's just that no terminal except er right. There's

21:25 like this or this in fermentation. was an electronic transport chain in that

21:30 . Right. But certainly there is um in respiration as we'll see.

21:37 , um, now just put this up here again because what we're going

21:44 focus on is really mostly what's going in here. Right, in

21:50 Okay. So it's very important. remember, All right. We have

21:55 electron transport chain, the electrons being those transfers a couple of bringing about

22:03 release of energy. Okay. And energy is used to pump protons.

22:08 to maintain this structure right, maintain gradient requires continual supply of electrons um

22:17 continual flow. Right. And so of course requires having the right components

22:23 the right order to keep that Okay, So having a supply of

22:30 source, right. Is step one to our specific carriers that will become

22:38 and interact with that component in the . And then we're giving up of

22:45 and and then the flow Right? then to eternal. Except Right.

22:50 those components are all going to have particular reduction potential. We called.

22:57 . And it's that potential determines how flow will go. Okay. And

23:03 ultimately remember the endgame here is the of the energy potential. Energy we've

23:11 through that gradient, performing and coupling energy beliefs as they go down to

23:17 formation of a tps. Remember https energy and when they get that energy

23:24 protons going down their gradient and release energy. Okay. And so the

23:30 potential. Right? So, I that this table confuses everybody rightfully.

23:39 . Okay, But think of it a ranking, it's a ranking of

23:46 or ranking of molecules and their ability accept electrons. Okay. Or reduction

23:54 . The ability of the molecule to reduced right there, reduction potential.

24:01 so like anything rank, there's gonna an order obviously. But there's going

24:06 be those that are good at it those that are bad at it.

24:10 some that are kind of in the . Okay. Make anything So in

24:15 table though, the best reduction The one that's the best of that

24:21 at the end of the list. right. So it's not like the

24:24 is best in terms of that Okay. Because oxygen is right there

24:33 reduction potential. Alright. The most in terms of reduction potential. And

24:38 what E is. Okay, that's potential. And so um there's there's

24:45 ways to understand this. You kind you want to pick up pick away

24:49 you easily grasp this. Okay. so something that's a very good.

24:56 electronic sector is a very positive reduction . So one basic way to think

25:01 it is well, electrons are negatively . Right? But its negative charge

25:07 , negative charge likes a positive charge to. Right. So basically you

25:11 of allergies which molecule in that in list is going to have the most

25:18 to electrons because it has the highest charge attracted to those negative electrons,

25:24 . So, you see it goes , more positive as we're going talked

25:29 more and more better, stronger and electronic sectors. Okay. The worst

25:38 sector in this group is what the horrific electronic sector in this group.

25:51 two. Very top. Right. horrible. Yeah. And so most

26:00 production potential. Okay. Um so if it's bad at that, what

26:10 be good at or what might part its reaction reaction components? Part of

26:19 So, if you look at line , Mhm. Okay. Right

26:25 So you have so so too is horrible except for But what in that

26:34 ? And that line would be good it. What's good in that

26:38 So bad. Except it's probably a donor. Alright. Go hand in

26:43 . It's bad at that. But it's good at this other thing.

26:45 it is all right. So this be a good donor. But not

26:50 not talking about CO2 now. This is as accepted form. That

26:56 call. Those molecules are the for reaction which is acceptable. Right?

27:02 a single molecule can't be both. . It can't be any d you

27:08 be both. Good except for any . Don't It doesn't have those has

27:13 role. Doesn't have both. So it's CO2. You have.

27:19 too is the accepted form. Didn't glucose. Right? Glucose isn't except

27:24 it can be a donor. We oxidize it. Right, we

27:27 we don't know that. So there's way you can you do something with

27:32 and we'll get to it. so let's just look at um

27:37 Right? So if it's a great er, okay, this is a

27:44 from bad except er, two great auction, the best. Okay,

27:50 , you can say uh they are week except ear's okay, but it

27:59 be a strong go, right, those those to apply it. So

28:03 strong um except there's gonna be a donut. Okay, and so and

28:10 strong and weak, we mean in of context of energy. Okay,

28:14 you can see how E and Delta . Okay, relate to each

28:21 Okay, so a negative reduction Bad except er if you're gonna make

28:28 guy be a bad except er and you have to put energy.

28:32 put energy into it, then you be you may be able to get

28:35 to to accept electrons but it requires to do it. Right, and

28:39 delta G is telling us that. , and so I'm actually on the

28:47 side of that. Right, Okay, very positive, very positive

28:53 potential. That equates to a good of energy being released. Okay,

28:59 in accepting electrons, energy is Okay, so week donors. Strong

29:06 . Right, you're gonna so we there's dry except okay, for a

29:12 except er you're likely a strong If you're a strong except er you're

29:16 a week donor. Okay, so um the uh proton hydrogen couple.

29:26 , So uh 420 -4. 20 . Similar Bolt is the unit for

29:30 potential. Okay. Um and so the product being hired and so protons

29:38 very bad except Ear's requires energy input make them do that. Um Looking

29:45 oxygen. Right. Very good electronic , very positive production potential um in

29:52 process reduced to water. Okay, , again, relationship between delta G

29:59 E. Okay, so I'm not to do any calculations, but um

30:05 this is in stands for the number electrons. Okay. And the number

30:12 electrons constant. Fairly confident. And you put these values in.

30:20 And depending on the reduction potential, know, that delta G. It

30:25 be somewhere between negative positive in the . Okay. And so that's how

30:30 can evaluate the how well accepted maybe now the goal here we're gonna combine

30:38 components. Right? So what you and information, electron flow,

30:44 is strong donors up front. We accept our strong donors that they

30:50 give me up electrons uh and progressively and stronger except Ear's. Right.

30:56 the strongest. Except is at the end. Right? That's what maintains

31:00 . Okay. As long as you something feeding it, Right? And

31:05 capturing him at the end. That's that's how this works.

31:10 And because of course there's energy changes , right? As a result then

31:17 where the energy that's where the energy from to pump these protons out.

31:22 . That's what that's electronic energy of transfer. That's how we figure

31:27 That that's the delta G. That used to sustain that proton gradient.

31:32 . Yeah. A couple of Um First one for what hasn't negative

31:39 potential reduction. Um I don't necessarily so because I I only use it

31:52 an example as a waiter. As way to think about how positive how

31:58 get positive positive potential negative as a to Yes. Right. I'm not

32:05 I'm not saying that repulsion directly. . Also how was it our energy

32:18 . Okay, that's helpful. Uh how was hired to inform, naturally

32:26 come from the sun. Right? his son. I think it's the

32:30 of hydrogen gas. One thing. that's a lot of energy there.

32:34 that's probably how that can happen. you. So, but but the

32:45 the reverse reaction is um one that's good and has found a lot of

32:52 systems as we'll see. Um so let's look at. Okay,

33:00 again trying to here's another way to of think about it. Okay,

33:07 is from your book, a more reduction potential means that reducing the electronic

33:16 . So here reducing that. it was more energy. Right?

33:24 that's true. It's gonna be a that delta G value is 1

33:29 Right? So that's gonna be a of energy import for sure. So

33:39 more negative value such as over here oxidizing the donor. Right? So

33:47 have to oxidize that. Alright don't this protons accepting electrons. That's

33:54 Okay. But if we oxidize the so now not don't look as except

33:59 at look at it as a Right? But how are we going

34:02 do that? Well what we want do is look at it in terms

34:05 this Okay. In this fashion. . In that way so we're gonna

34:14 it in this context. Okay. that's very good. Right? Because

34:19 happens is this sign actually now Okay. And that what used to

34:27 a positive delta G. Cannot become negative delta G. So when we

34:33 the kind of oh let's look at donor form. That's how you would

34:38 at. Right? And when you at the reverse reaction now who slipped

34:43 on delta G. And reduction Okay. It turns out that this

34:47 a very among bacteria. That's it a lot of energy. So you

34:54 lots of different bacteria that actually exploit as a way to get energy um

34:58 coli can use hydrogen gas this way well. Okay. Because H.

35:05 is also you know in the environment bacteria live? Okay. H.

35:10 can be is a very common you christian monk fermenters. A gas that's

35:15 off. And so in their environment can be something that can be very

35:20 . And if they have that pathway a good way to get energy.

35:25 so let's just look at um Royal questions? Okay. Alright so let's

35:32 at how we deal with these So redox couples, that's what we're

35:36 about. We're talking about the two of no particular reaction we're looking at

35:42 whether it's H. Two H plus . Two H +20. Okay and

35:48 here is as mentioned, if you at the reverse reaction, alright then

35:54 change the sign and as a donor a strong donor week except er H

35:59 plus week etcetera. But H two donor. Okay and then um the

36:05 of orient ourselves and put it in context here, I've always do these

36:10 diagrams where the electron transport chain right is the membrane electron transport chain.

36:15 what's donating, right, oxygen Um And so again these things are

36:22 additive, like we're going to add things together, right? So energy

36:27 from H. two as a donor as a turmoil except er it's

36:34 Right? And so together you get good amount of energy. Okay,

36:40 is why H2 oxidation of hydrogen is of more common pathways. See many

36:48 of bacteria. Okay um especially when use auction as a terminal except er

36:56 so the same thing. Uh we course don't do this but we do

37:02 one. Right So any DNA Dhs accumulate a lot of these in a

37:07 during classes and cell respiration. And they served the N. A.

37:12 . H. Form is the donor is this is a strong reform.

37:17 ? It gives off energy. And the accepting electrons actually requires energy.

37:23 and so um now the thing you might say okay any D requires energy

37:29 pick up electrons and it's so prevalent you know the panther has been looking

37:34 we have to remember N. D. Works in conjunction with enzymes

37:38 an enzyme. Okay. And so that will help overcome this this this

37:45 delta G. This positive delta Uh But the nth form uh that

37:52 is a very good donor. Okay so again just got the reverse

37:58 Right? And then the sign So were once used to be a

38:03 the reduction potential positive delta G. at the reverse reaction and it

38:09 Okay so again combine it with aerobic . Right? And very good energy

38:19 . Okay and so of course that's aerobic risk buyers like us are

38:25 Okay so combined that's what that's that's it's all about. Strong donors

38:30 Strong sectors at the at the back . Right keep slow going. A

38:34 of energy release. And that energy used to to pump these protons

38:39 Okay. Um Alright, so let's you try one here. Um Just

38:46 or no question. But you go to the logic of How you

38:51 figure this out. So could a obtain energy from section eight as electron

38:58 and nitrate and an electron accepted? it's going to be anaerobic restoration using

39:05 eight as the source of electrons. . Or as the dope. Um

39:12 so it's just taken right out of table and see what you get.

39:31 hmm mm hmm. This will be net. Yeah. Always you have

39:43 evaluate get your value with both. . Uh just D for this

39:59 Mm hmm. Got some choices, you? Yeah. Okay. I

40:26 everybody's pretty much answered. I'm just stragglers 7654. Okay. Alright.

40:43 let's look at the process here. uh the way I do these

40:52 I set it up like this, here's my electron transport chain.

40:57 we're gonna see section eight as the . Right, substantive, commemorate those

41:02 going to the chain. The nitrate in that train. Okay, so

41:08 terms of our above ah Reactions. so we have to look at section

41:14 as a donor then we're gonna reverse . And of course that changes the

41:20 . Right? So Okay, well not good. We're going the wrong

41:25 there right now we're not positive delta . Okay remember it's always additive.

41:30 so even if you might have a so great except er a great donor

41:35 make up for that. Okay and is pretty good. And so looking

41:42 nitrate so you're just gonna look at as as it's written here we don't

41:47 to obviously flip it or anything. that gives you plus 420 miserable reduction

41:54 which is a negative delta G. then collectively they will um it will

42:01 a net negative delta G. Right will be yes. Okay so again

42:06 know I was in the environment bacteria at the mercy of what's available to

42:11 if they can inspire men aerobically. It just could certainly theoretically work for

42:19 even though it's on a great except a great donor coming up for

42:23 Okay so the bottom line is if you have a negative delta G.

42:29 and that's what you have. So and of course depending on the bacterial

42:34 many things can be the be the . You know it all depends the

42:39 can use several different types of donors support its because it can inspire and

42:44 as well. So we can use and have different types of donors up

42:49 checked. Um Let's look at I another one is kind of different question

42:57 different way to ask it. Okay look at this one. Okay so

43:02 statement is false regarding the redox reactions ? Okay. Yeah. Mhm.

44:36 . Okay, let's see here. . Okay, so um alright,

44:48 looking at the first one that requires to reduce N A D plus

44:52 We can just look at this Ah look at this reaction straight up

44:59 evaluated and go, okay, it's a positive delta G.

45:03 it does. Alright, so let's true. Okay, let's look at

45:10 look at sea nitrate is a better except er than N. A.

45:14 . Plus that too. We can look straight up right, Native delta

45:19 here, so that's true. so the middle statement, any

45:25 H. Is a stronger donor than . So now we have to look

45:30 it in terms of reverse reaction. , so in a D H

45:38 mm hmm, N A D plus H plus two electrons. Well,

45:47 gonna change to bit plus 3 20 -62. Okay, well, that's

45:54 good. So, down here, drawing everything out. Alright, nitrate

46:01 treat nitrite and nitrate uh plus two . Right? So that's gonna of

46:10 change here minus 4, 20 Plus . Right? So that's this

46:16 Right? Um stronger donor means energy . Might it's gonna be a stronger

46:25 uh compared to nitrite because of the of values. Okay, um so

46:35 Royal tree statements. Okay. All . Um any questions about that?

46:44 ? Just two ways to look at at these types of problems, you

46:48 , just remembering what stronger this or versus weaker this or that means

46:53 Um But it's not again all equates um energy release or doesn't require energy

47:00 . Yeah. The questions were not to memorize new. No,

47:08 If there's any really any any problems see with this are gonna look just

47:13 this. They're going to be part the table that be whatever relevant information

47:17 need. You'll have to memorize. . Any other. Okay.

47:26 So constructing these electron transport chain type components we see in there. Uh

47:33 the the large large components are cytochrome czar multi can be multi protein units

47:42 what are called him groups like you in C. And so a central

47:48 atom is typical iron, nickel, . Ah There's some enzymes that have

47:58 in there. Um But certainly iron sulfur. Very comic. Copper is

48:04 common. Um But of course being that these things are stuffed in the

48:10 , right? They're gonna have properties and part of some part of the

48:15 . It's not a large part of market was going to have hydrophobic forbidden

48:19 to it. Right, So stick the membrane. Okay. Um And

48:25 you also have smaller molecules the that kind of shuttles between these larger

48:32 Okay. Um and again, the , the arrangement you see you're reducing

48:40 is becoming more positive as we go direction. Alright, negative. More

48:47 . And that relates to right, donor strong acceptance. Oh um except

49:01 at this end. Okay. So again that's what helps maintain electron

49:12 Uh and then of course that relates pumping out protons. Okay, mm

49:21 . So again, donor upfront except the end. Okay. Strong,

49:32 . Except her keep slow going. And then um of course the arab

49:37 respiration. You can insert nitrate or else for interactive respiration. Um but

49:44 that's how it works. Okay. so the so it's looking at e

49:51 we see these components. Okay, again, alright, feeding the process

49:59 or other molecule feeds into black colossus T C. A cycle production of

50:06 reduced electron carriers that then go to site and interacting first with what's called

50:14 . D H. D. It's okay. Large protein complex Serves

50:19 purposes. It can of course except electrons transfer them. But it also

50:24 as a proton pump. So it the dual capability. Right? So

50:28 see the pumping of protons, the commitment transferred electrons. Okay. Um

50:39 shuttles, so to speak. It's organic molecules, quinones, um accepting

50:47 and handing them off to a terminal okay. Or what's called cytochrome oxidase

50:54 that interacts with oxygen. Okay. you see down here, so and

51:00 , this also is a proton Okay. And so the starting point

51:06 be a large complex as well. , this is what's called the

51:11 O. In any cold line. These can change, these components can

51:17 . So it depends it was anaerobic . There will be a different terminal

51:22 that interacts with that particular terminal accepted or what have you. Okay,

51:28 equal, that can change these components on what's around it. Where they

51:33 use is their oxygen. President is non oxygen present. So it can

51:38 any of these components to to fit suit that. Um And so

51:45 of course we are uh in the pumping protons out, generating that ingredient

51:52 then somewhere down here will be that teepee sent things Alright or 80

51:59 Ace for short. Okay. Um um let's see. Okay, so

52:07 look at at the proton motive So this is what we're generating as

52:16 result of these electron transfer. You think that energy to pump protons

52:21 ? Okay, so uh so the forces. Right, So here's our

52:27 , Delta P. Is a proton force about the size charge.

52:33 charge difference if you will. Okay so inside the most cells, it's

52:43 . Okay, ourselves included. that comes from proteins, primarily proteins

52:51 that physiological ph um their overall negative . Okay um proteins aren't regularly transported

53:04 itself. They're made in the They work in the cell for the

53:07 part. Right? That's where they . So that negative charge tends to

53:11 a constant. Okay. It can here and there. Yes, of

53:16 there. And ions and cattle and animals and captains of course.

53:21 calcium and potassium and chloride ions, . Right. But proteins are

53:28 And then the next thing that's going contribute to the bulk of the negative

53:31 . Right? So certainly it will a little bit right, based on

53:34 other ions going in and out of cell. Okay. But the point

53:39 is that most self are negatively charged the interior? For that reason the

53:44 that they have. Okay. So that does of course, is create

53:48 charge difference. Right. So you're protons out, right. Obviously a

53:53 charge. Okay. Um now those of course cannot are drawn in are

54:02 obviously to negative charge but they cannot through the membrane right there. They're

54:10 . They can't they're repelled by the . That would buy their Okay,

54:14 they must have a conduit to go . Right? And we know that

54:17 the A. T. P. . That they that allows them to

54:20 in. So, again, I've in by a charge um attraction,

54:27 also by concentration difference. So, to force that's the two forces concentration

54:34 . And that's represented here by this because ph of course relates to the

54:44 ion concentration. Okay, so we a ph difference. Delta P.

54:49 . Right here in this example is delta ph of one. Right?

54:54 versus 7.5 mm hmm. So that , That's that concentration difference.

55:02 And so both those forces are what bring protons in again, assuming there

55:08 a way for them to get And of course the tps is that

55:12 . Okay. And so in doing , going down the gradient charge,

55:19 energy is released. And so that of course the deformation of ATP's

55:27 Um And so when we look at you're gonna have to do any calculations

55:32 this. But just to show you of the range of values for for

55:36 the for the typical e coli seller cell. Um So these are all

55:42 in milli volts measured with electrodes And typical range is something like that of

55:51 , billion volts. And that just correlates and the delta ph of

55:56 Okay, so how you saw this basically what the delta P.

56:00 Here, which is one. And uh do the math. And you

56:06 a range of 1 10 minus 10 to minus to 10 variables.

56:11 can be upset by various factors. changes. Maybe the ph internal external

56:18 much closer together. And that's gonna that proton motor force. There are

56:26 that can uncouple the process, That can that can reduce the charge

56:32 example. And so reducing charge and reducing ph will difference will obviously have

56:38 impact on. So, um of , itself itself tries to counteract these

56:44 by by altering internal ph to create optimal difference. By bringing in or

56:53 out ions perhaps to to optimize the charge different. So, uh so

57:01 that is a dynamic thing and it's always gonna be constant. And the

57:04 a little bit up and down, they'll be more so than another

57:08 depending on what's going on in the . Okay. But of course it

57:13 to maintain that, right? Because that's the way it's going to make

57:16 of energy. Okay. And of course, having the things we've

57:20 about continually write electron source and it's oxidized and supplying electrons and the terminal

57:27 er and all that. Right. assuming that that's all happening.

57:31 Well, this is well, this occurring um now, uh any

57:39 Yeah, 16. That is. that is I believe that's the that's

57:49 measurable difference, I think per ph . So, the ph difference,

57:52 see that kind of value in terms measurable difference. Because it just charged

57:59 . Right? So, if you a difference and then that will create

58:01 to a charge difference too. Okay, so, Alright, so

58:09 A. T. P. Okay, so this of course is

58:13 example of a nano motor, I you'd call it a molecular motor.

58:20 . Machine. You will it does move it spins. Okay. And

58:27 so uh as long as protons are through. Okay. So obviously then

58:35 you can see that it's a multi protein complex. Okay? Um But

58:43 universal molecule. Right? All you we have it of course plants have

58:51 , bacteria habit all everything's happy. so but it's the way in which

58:58 lots of a TPS are produced. so the structure itself uh there was

59:04 part embedded in the membrane. Okay the F. The F.

59:10 So it's called F. Zero One. If zero is the portion

59:14 the protons are um funneled into. you see right here this portion here

59:22 where protons funneled through. And so bottom portion, Okay. The

59:31 If one year or the knob sometimes . Okay. That will facilitate.

59:37 . And you see that in the here, is this what's called a

59:44 part right here. Okay. That spin. And when it spins,

59:50 see that in the middle is kind a teardrop shape to it.

59:56 It's not round, right? It kind of a teardrop shape. And

60:01 it moves, okay, when that it opens up these, I'm gonna

60:08 an animation of this. Makes it easier to see but as that moves

60:12 separates out those protein units and exposed a binding site to it. Okay

60:19 you see how HTTP is leaving and an ADP and phosphate can come in

60:24 that when it rotates it alternately opens active site and then closes it

60:30 And so it keeps doing that closed, open, closed and 80

60:33 . s. come in and And then a Tps are formed and

60:39 . Okay. And so that continues do that. So let's just look

60:43 hey, animation of that here. . Mm hmm. All right.

60:53 , expanded. Right. So it's all predicated on the fact that

61:00 have a proton gradient obviously. lots of protons out here less inside

61:07 here. The proton motive force. we have our two Subjects F zero

61:12 1 here. You have zero. . And it's gonna be a little

61:20 here. Very slow. So let's speed it up a little bit.

61:29 ? So here are civilians. And so here in between is where

61:39 will be active sites. Alternately Are closed and closed. Okay.

61:46 so there comes protons passing through that this rotation. Okay, now we're

61:55 see a cross section here in a of how this works. Okay?

61:59 again, protons going through Https coming but fast forward 80 PCS actually.

62:07 . And so if we look we go to the cross section,

62:12 can see a little tip there. as you rotate, they call the

62:17 . There's an open site ADP and come in a bind. Here's what

62:23 opens now then then a teepee forms then this will rotate right leaves and

62:34 HTTP forms behind it. So it opens and closes, closes. Then

62:38 p forms it opens again it So we have the alternative pattern

62:44 Okay? Um so when we look the um the numbers here.

62:55 erase this. Mhm. Mhm. . So protons, these are average

63:04 I think paying with E. Coli for each for eight protons that are

63:11 out. Okay, so each and D. H. That comes in

63:15 gets oxidized then gives up electrons. for each time that happens per mole

63:22 N A. T H. Eight are pumped out. Okay, in

63:26 , approximately. Okay. And so 80 p approximately generated from three

63:35 Then that moved down through here. the ups one http from each three

63:44 . Okay, so we did the . Right. So we're gonna multiply

63:49 factors here. The protons will cancel . Right? So we'll have about

63:56 three ADP for any th that are . Okay, 1.5 for each F

64:02 D H. Q. Because there's one, only one proton pump associated

64:08 FA. D to two associated with oxidation of any th that's what is

64:13 difference. Okay, so um so know that we have um 10 10

64:24 A. T H. Right Armed like causes I see the Kuwait Formation

64:33 cycle, I think we form a of 10 of those. Right?

64:36 for me too of these. Okay so this of course is about

64:47 Great plus three. Okay That's So that's where you're a tps are

64:55 from. And so that's never talking promote promote glucose being on. So

65:05 any questions about it, yeah that affront, is it like a full

65:11 or every time it happens they smooth rotation. Um Probably not just because

65:22 nature of the shape of that I wouldn't think it would be necessarily

65:27 . It probably is like a kind a stop and go kind of a

65:31 . Yeah. Any other questions. . Is there sex or is it

65:47 , I think there is a pattern what I understand. So it's kind

65:54 like Yeah something like that. But you know it can also I'm

66:01 depending on that program with a force can kind of manipulate it to a

66:06 . Okay, especially for that force lower. So but I would think

66:12 under optimal conditions it's it's kind of set set rate. So the

66:24 Yeah. Um we're gonna we'll go the we'll tally up everything next

66:31 So it's more like the end in . You know what that was?

66:39 . Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. . Yeah. Yeah exactly. Um

66:44 think that's just oh wait, let just mention this then we'll go

66:48 So for pathogens, right? And halo files were Hella files love love

66:56 salt conditions. Right? So it sense that they would have maybe evolved

67:00 system that relies more so on sodium protons as their pump to fuel this

67:08 . But pathogens as well. So tend to have our bodies where pathogens

67:13 and cause infection in our bodies. know, we tend to have uh

67:17 level sodium. And so some many these packages have evolved to exploit sodium

67:25 the concentration of these as a way fuel their pumps more so than

67:31 Okay, so the same mechanism is creating a sodium gradient there. They're

67:36 a sodium gradient gradient and sonia minus through the same same principle, same

67:43 just using sodium minds. And so you know, you you evolve is

67:48 most prevalent around you to use in in the scenarios. Okay. Um

67:56 , that's that's as far as I to get today. So is there

68:00 questions? Stop by no more.

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