| 00:00 | Okay folks, welcome once again turn up a little bit. Thanks |
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| 00:23 | Yeah so um yeah, alright so you've seen this yesterday, I think |
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| 00:35 | sent this out, so remember, know, keep reminding you about stuff |
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| 00:40 | you hopefully won't forget remember to write the session I. D. You |
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| 00:47 | a mobile app. Okay? Um see what we got to get the |
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| 00:55 | blackboard quiz coming up. Um so these quizzes always cover what we'll talk |
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| 01:07 | in here on Tuesday thursday, okay we'll get through one today and then |
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| 01:15 | a little bit of chapter three on a bit. Okay? Um and |
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| 01:23 | the first smart workers do uh sunday just chapter one stuff and uh this |
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| 01:32 | already mentioned turning points. So the on the blackboard um uh last Wednesday |
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| 01:44 | thursday rather uh if you don't see , okay? If you if you |
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| 01:50 | you want, you know, you come in the past and using and |
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| 01:53 | that, you're not seeing what it transfer over is all I'm doing is |
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| 01:59 | point software set up so I would hit a button and it goes from |
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| 02:03 | into the black hole. Okay? what doesn't transfer are any points for |
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| 02:10 | or mobile apps that are registered and have a firearm license or obviously not |
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| 02:18 | usually anything at all that you do have any points. So but in |
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| 02:22 | first category, Remember I showed you time uh with the points are being |
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| 02:31 | gathered by the system there just not and they won't be visible until it's |
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| 02:35 | and or license we need. So uh so again points don't count |
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| 02:42 | anything. Uh neither today or thursday week, But they will starting next |
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| 02:50 | . But again remember um you have that 67% attendance thing, right? |
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| 02:57 | you have And that clock starts next as well. Right? So but |
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| 03:02 | it's not a road high bar, ? Come to 16 of 1624 classes |
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| 03:09 | starting next week. So there's a of flexibility in there. Okay. |
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| 03:16 | um so last time we ended, questions on administrative stuff call it? |
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| 03:26 | . Do you think I mentioned this the email? Do you uh if |
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| 03:30 | not familiar with CASA if you are it's not gonna be any new news |
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| 03:35 | you. But if you're not familiar testing testing here, um go to |
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| 03:41 | immediate registered and just go to the all the functions. So let's go |
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| 03:47 | the website, rest for yourself. may need to get like a famous |
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| 03:50 | or something. So you get a point is you know that stuff done |
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| 03:55 | because you can't take the exam. You take an exam by signing for |
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| 03:59 | time stock and you can't do that you're registered. Alright. So don't |
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| 04:05 | and there was multiple times last everyday examines over two days, Right? |
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| 04:10 | I don't know what the time slots , casa doesn't reveal that to me |
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| 04:14 | um but there are multiple time slots can sign up for. And the |
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| 04:18 | the uh The schedule opens two weeks . So I believe February four. |
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| 04:31 | , well let me to look at email I wrote in the email I |
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| 04:34 | is the I think that's next week . Okay, so anyway let's keep |
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| 04:40 | in mind. Uh because I know of you having a specific time is |
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| 04:45 | a certain day is very important. just be aware of. So next |
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| 04:50 | the schedule for example one. but we ended my tattoos I mentioned it |
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| 04:59 | used the word sterilization And not a deal now, but we are what |
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| 05:05 | a big deal to me I But the Chapter five when we cover |
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| 05:08 | microbial growth and you'll see these terms . So it's not. The nurse |
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| 05:13 | the isopropyl alcohol on your on your . Green shot. Right? It's |
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| 05:18 | disinfection. Not sterilization. You say like right skin living tissues. |
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| 05:28 | Post op Pre op post op you the preinterview get wiped down with a |
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| 05:34 | . Right? That's accepted. Um Anyway, we'll talk more about |
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| 05:39 | in chapter five at the end of unit. So um so yeah, |
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| 05:46 | all about controlling microbial growth, specifically Catherine's right. So obviously when you |
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| 05:54 | apply these kinds of chemical agents or agents um Made by radiation can be |
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| 06:01 | uh temperature of physical treatments. Chemical . You're gonna of course reduce numbers |
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| 06:08 | everything of all microbes, but you target pathogens in the process. |
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| 06:13 | some allies and lister differentiation there. more so disinfectants using them to uh |
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| 06:23 | surgical instruments, um private surgery, advice um discovered the benefits of handwashing |
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| 06:32 | how that reduced infection. Um He in a hospital where uh it was |
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| 06:39 | up uh when we were getting actually had two separate clinics in the |
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| 06:45 | , one where midwives would be basically control of the the birthing process. |
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| 06:52 | he knows that they had a consistent before doing there. Any kind of |
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| 06:58 | In contrast with the actual doctors in hospital and at this time in the |
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| 07:04 | , uh the doctors who handled pregnancies giving birth, we're typically the the |
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| 07:12 | doctors, like the first year, year residents. And they, of |
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| 07:16 | , part of the study is the of cadavers and learning anatomy, |
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| 07:20 | Right? So they would come right of room with blood and guts on |
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| 07:25 | and we'll start with the babies. handwashing, nothing. Right. So |
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| 07:29 | no surprise that this disease uh called bed fever, peripheral fever is another |
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| 07:38 | . Um It's actually currently youtube practices eight. And so, you |
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| 07:47 | it's in the clinic where the midwives doing their thing. The incidence of |
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| 07:51 | was like very well. Okay. so he goes, ok, let's |
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| 07:55 | doing some of the practices that they're over here. Don't let doctors come |
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| 08:00 | all blood and guts on them and living babies without doing any kind of |
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| 08:04 | procedures. Right? So that was of the start of how important it |
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| 08:09 | . This is reducing infection, Okay, so antibiotics of course, |
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| 08:15 | and discovered penicillin by the mold flopping this plate. Seeing that you put |
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| 08:21 | random accident. Of course the with zone zone around the agent where the |
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| 08:30 | has occurred. Right? So penicillin mold secretes this penicillin that diffuses around |
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| 08:36 | opera here, around the growth of mold and bacteria cannot and they can't |
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| 08:43 | close to the mold because many other later. Um But of course we're |
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| 08:55 | it with antibiotic resistant bacteria so they fight back. Right, evolving. |
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| 09:04 | yeah, pumping out the antibiotic uh destroying antibiotic altogether. There's different strategies |
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| 09:12 | ? For resistance. So we're constantly for new antibiotics, modifying existing antibiotics |
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| 09:18 | chemically to make them better. So it's definitely a war between us and |
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| 09:24 | in that respect. So, virus is last time. So of course |
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| 09:32 | were discovered And could and we'll go the details now we're gonna talk more |
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| 09:37 | this in Chapter six in the next . But of course being filmed from |
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| 09:42 | agent. So the way they kind found these was to um uh the |
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| 09:48 | mosaic virus which causes a disease. plants of course tobacco plants and disease |
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| 09:55 | work for um ground up and then the evening. Okay. The agent |
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| 10:03 | there is is some sort of a . It's a microbe. The son |
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| 10:06 | this. Okay. It's got to in that plant plant will filter filter |
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| 10:13 | and the bacteria that's causing this disease be caught in the filter. We |
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| 10:17 | isolate it through the whole you know whole coach populist. Right. Finally |
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| 10:21 | of the very easy they did that applied that a material from the filter |
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| 10:29 | healthy plants. They never they will catch disease was until they took the |
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| 10:34 | trade. The stuff that went through filter. Right. That liquid when |
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| 10:38 | applied it then impacts stock disease they or something super super tiny. What |
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| 10:44 | can pass through these filters that contract but not whatever this thing is. |
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| 10:49 | . So that's what led to the of viruses. uh well until 30 |
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| 10:54 | after that point when they could actually the electron electron microscope wasn't developed until |
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| 11:04 | . And so obviously with tiny And so controlling viruses. Right. |
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| 11:09 | do you do that? Well, don't work against viruses. All |
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| 11:15 | Why don't anybody against rehearses? But when they heard material one thing. |
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| 11:24 | , but the barges have viburnums. one of the things. Yeah. |
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| 11:29 | they have specific components inside adviser. . So that's what targeted specific components |
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| 11:37 | bacterial cell wall synthesis that you mentioned uh aspects of protein synthesis while his |
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| 11:44 | owned or what have you viruses like things. So they're not effective against |
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| 11:48 | . You can have theirs antiviral I think we developed for certain viruses |
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| 11:54 | there are some targets like HIV enzyme transcriptase. Don't worry about it. |
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| 12:01 | that's a virus specific enzyme. So why you target in terms of antiviral |
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| 12:07 | are virus specific target. Um videos vaccination, vaccination, vaccination. Um |
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| 12:18 | the attenuated virus as a as a to stimulate the immune system. |
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| 12:25 | So um. Alright. Any Yeah. So we're listening to that's |
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| 12:34 | kind of 4th and 5th concept that mentioned broke kind of this whole checker |
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| 12:39 | five concepts. And so here it focuses on the beginning of one. |
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| 12:44 | here we're looking at in the search life on mars. Okay. What |
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| 12:49 | science expect to find microbes rather than typical alien monster types like you see |
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| 12:57 | . Okay, I'm watching her the of watching that. Yeah. |
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| 13:08 | so uh so why is that why looking for microcenter and something weird like |
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| 13:16 | ? The stereotypical especially this guy is stereotypical one. Um mm hmm. |
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| 13:27 | . And here's mark. I'm looking my crochet. Because very extreme |
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| 13:34 | Yeah. He Yeah. He said are extreme conditions because mars is obviously |
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| 13:39 | conditions. All right. And we . There's no macroscopic life we know |
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| 13:47 | on earth that lives in these kind conditions, right? It is usually |
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| 13:52 | , whether it's extremely cold heat. . What happened? So, it's |
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| 14:00 | that inhabit these uh strange conditions or conditions is a term used for bacterial |
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| 14:08 | . So, those should be the as well that you think would be |
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| 14:12 | on something as harsh as mars. . Another kind of that goes with |
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| 14:19 | idea is this question here, so a stab at this one. Um |
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| 14:28 | , look, the trophy. All . Uh could possibly do which of |
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| 14:37 | And I dream about the chemical um structure for the carbohydrate, glucose needs |
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| 14:46 | face. There is a type of , right, fatty acid or something |
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| 14:50 | that. So there was uh outside fastest life. Right? Are two |
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| 15:00 | these correct choices. Okay. The class yesterday? Oh, it's |
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| 15:26 | okay if you wish to consult with neighbors on any of these answers, |
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| 15:33 | heads are better than 1, 3 four heads better. So, um |
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| 15:45 | about the question. Not about what on, so. And so's show |
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| 15:48 | night. Okay. I'm gonna go and flip it about 543. Even |
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| 16:00 | you don't know just do it to to see if your clicker is |
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| 16:02 | Right, Alright. Here we So D is the consensus. |
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| 16:13 | let's see it change as we keep up there. I would like to |
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| 16:18 | that 52 now, So it's kind the sheep? The sheep mentality. |
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| 16:24 | betting that the orange one is Right, okay. Um and I |
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| 16:31 | what that wants. So that's d . Um who said feet. |
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| 16:40 | Try it and see correct? So serious pro answer. Right? |
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| 16:52 | literal approach. Don't use organic materials um look at this. This girl's |
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| 17:02 | newcomer tableaus. Right? So um diverse metabolism. Unprepared als. Many |
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| 17:09 | can carbohydrate, fat protein data Um But there's some that don't use |
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| 17:19 | inorganic sources of energy, right? ammonia mind uh correct. Um hydrogen |
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| 17:32 | hydrogen is an energy source, hydrogen . Many other types of inorganic |
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| 17:38 | Right? So and so that's their . Okay, now, this question |
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| 17:45 | . Okay, established that use inorganic room so, mhm, mm |
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| 17:57 | So, okay. Question is. , so, here's an example of |
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| 18:04 | you might use to grow. This is kind of a pre precursor |
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| 18:11 | Chapter four. Um so, we hear hydrogen sulfide for energy. You |
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| 18:17 | add essential minerals like ammonium, potassium phosphate, mag chloride, |
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| 18:26 | Okay, this is why the different that microbes need. Okay, obviously |
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| 18:32 | maybe an oxygen proper attempt. Maybe vitamins perhaps depending on your needs. |
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| 18:40 | Okay, so knowing all that, else does it need if you want |
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| 18:47 | grow? Let's just have this. , not even promo snitch. |
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| 18:57 | Are we supposed to be seeing No, I'm just asking a |
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| 19:01 | I want to see your hair falling answers on your discussion. Debate. |
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| 19:09 | light. You know you need lights . Only the vitamin D. I |
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| 19:18 | . Um What else would have to ? You have to have something else |
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| 19:26 | make that first. Yeah, I'm . Oh okay. What kind of |
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| 19:34 | forms are What based life? Water . Yeah. I have a |
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| 19:41 | Right. C. C. Right. Carbon we're carbon based life |
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| 19:49 | . All right. And why? do I say we're carbon based |
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| 19:57 | That's crazy. Mm hmm. What the four main biomolecules you've got? |
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| 20:07 | , we all all one text. . Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins fake |
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| 20:15 | . And what's the bench molecule for the tanks card make a carbon |
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| 20:21 | You have other phosphorus in protein. ? This apartment is the base, |
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| 20:28 | ? So the little trough in this it will get energy by oxidizing takes |
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| 20:37 | but it won't be able to make molecules right, we're gonna make this |
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| 20:42 | based molecules all that stuff. Um did what did you do today? |
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| 20:51 | we not that way we have for burgers burgers. Alright burger and I |
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| 21:06 | of don't want to say it. the point is, you know, |
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| 21:10 | get we got the party. Yes we have to. All |
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| 21:14 | Um Now the forms. Okay. is this the meeting? How do |
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| 21:21 | suppose it gets that part? Did anger the glucose. Happy. The |
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| 21:33 | fundamental forms of life on this Either things things like hamburgers or glucose |
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| 21:43 | you eat this with the package You . Plants use fix you too literally |
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| 21:53 | do that. Okay. They get carbon also typically I think so |
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| 22:01 | Okay so they Fix The 0.2 and that to make and mature. |
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| 22:14 | To make their biomolecules be quiet. Plans for one classification. They are |
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| 22:30 | . Right? So you have two fundamental. I mean. Okay so |
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| 22:38 | lot of trust can be different You're familiar with plants mostly. |
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| 22:43 | But there's non photosynthetic types that can fix the 02. And little rely |
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| 22:56 | big energy from inorganic oxidizing inorganic materials this and use that energy to fix |
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| 23:02 | 02. It wasn't data types harness energy and use that as a way |
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| 23:09 | fix the 02 because fixing C. . This requires a lot of energy |
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| 23:18 | you wanted from a little building block C. 02 to a. To |
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| 23:25 | it to do that. So you get it from light is what photo |
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| 23:29 | comes to. You can get it oxidizing inorganic molecules like. Okay. |
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| 23:37 | then there's us. Alright right. eat uh these large complex organic |
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| 23:45 | Right? And we break that Alright, so we're lucky in a |
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| 23:52 | . Uh Well it's relative but we we can take this or either of |
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| 24:00 | And uh it serves two purposes? purpose. One it's carl purpose to |
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| 24:08 | what which means it's a source of ? So we get to walk |
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| 24:16 | You get both break it down to and breaking it down and then build |
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| 24:20 | back up and making. But the the audit firms Um has that split |
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| 24:28 | ? Has a winning energy then? has to have waited carbon in the |
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| 24:32 | of the co two fixation. So me, this will be the last |
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| 24:38 | . This is all we talked about um being in in the next |
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| 24:44 | Right? But do uh do um . Know that. Okay. Just |
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| 24:57 | will help you right. As we into the material certainly in next |
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| 25:04 | But also when we talk about Okay, Because the number one |
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| 25:10 | Exactly, probably how much growth you if anything it sounds perfect. |
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| 25:20 | That's under immediate list. You want throw stuff together. The growth or |
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| 25:25 | ? Carbon is number one always That determines how much biomass material you'll |
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| 25:30 | . Okay. So listen folks, kind of weird metabolism if you will |
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| 25:37 | using inorganic materials. This is window um Beiring not mentioned name but it |
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| 25:47 | grandfathers are ecology and finding these kind different metabolisms that isn't that aren't just |
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| 25:56 | of pros like us. Okay. And so they looked at uh soil |
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| 26:04 | of wetland soils, different soil samples saw the there was these these products |
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| 26:10 | produced like having gas, right and going away. Right? And they |
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| 26:17 | take the dirt samples and going what analyzed the chemicals, what's coming |
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| 26:22 | what's going on and going, Is this unusual? You just getting |
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| 26:27 | biological, it's just happening, you , just rackets come together foreign |
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| 26:32 | Does that work with something biological going ? Okay. And they can determine |
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| 26:37 | by, you know, just heating the sterilizing the from left in there |
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| 26:42 | killed it then that would give them . Okay, is this uptake of |
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| 26:48 | and innovative materials and stuff being Is this your biological matter or |
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| 26:55 | And so when they did this experience killing or sterilizing the soil samples |
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| 27:01 | they will see yeah, there's a source. That's that that happens |
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| 27:08 | And so absolutely discovered. We found work showed how crucial microbes are in |
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| 27:16 | cycling of elements like nitrogen for Okay. How important it is ecologically |
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| 27:24 | keep these things moving and available to in the ecosystem. Okay. And |
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| 27:30 | microbes that are responsible for that And so this technique technique of of |
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| 27:36 | culture is to um yes, you your growth needs. Okay. To |
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| 27:47 | the growth of certain types over Right? So these may not be |
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| 27:52 | easy to grow um because the international , right? You have to find |
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| 28:01 | way to let's get rich for those live controls to find the needs they |
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| 28:06 | to have. Right then you favor growth. Okay, so don't put |
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| 28:11 | glucose, organic carbon sources, putting stuff maybe. And then then we'll |
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| 28:19 | can reach for those guys and they'll favorably. Okay, so uh so |
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| 28:26 | column we call it is really rather but the fact is so um but |
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| 28:41 | know uses uh mud basically newspaper which is in there, right? You |
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| 28:51 | actually put in eggs, eggs for . And Catherine kearney is an inorganic |
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| 28:58 | . This will actually uh this is way to add to supply C 02 |
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| 29:02 | that C 03 will convert to C and automatically your ceo to source in |
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| 29:09 | for those that need that the and you don't get to the appearance of |
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| 29:16 | different activities and these unusual metabolism. down here you see um what's called |
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| 29:24 | reducing bacteria. These are response Okay. Using sulfate and reducing that |
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| 29:32 | Our H two S didn't even have that can use this can oxidize that |
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| 29:38 | to. So if you're an Okay, so you producers um the |
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| 29:46 | types of photosynthetic types, that's what are purple sulfur, green sulfur. |
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| 29:54 | these types are all photosynthetic type. our plants. Right, so plants |
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| 30:03 | , santa back to these are all is the scheme, you know, |
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| 30:07 | ? Disease the right? Water first verses one to ndp that transfer |
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| 30:18 | And so that's what you that's what right. But there's bacterial types that |
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| 30:23 | photosynthesize not like that that have either or the other components of the |
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| 30:29 | Not we'll talk about later about but point is that there are pro period |
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| 30:37 | that used differently. Okay. Not conventional way that you're used to like |
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| 30:44 | . Okay, so um the so , these unusual metabolisms and the their |
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| 30:55 | in cycling uh ammonia. I'm nitrogen phosphorus sulfur compounds. But this |
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| 31:06 | makes it available to others in the . It's super critical. Okay. |
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| 31:11 | the nitrogen cycle which is basically pretty just bacteria. All preparing bacteria, |
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| 31:19 | . Okay. And so different And again, well, we'll we'll |
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| 31:24 | more in depth on nitrogen cycle But just for now there's different metabolisms |
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| 31:30 | each side of this triangle. So you have nitrogen of here, |
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| 31:35 | again, remember how much Nitrogen in atmosphere. Right? It's the permanent |
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| 31:41 | in the atmosphere. Right? 17 there's nitrogen right into. Okay. |
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| 31:47 | so that gets called fixed brought into . Right? Whether it's why um |
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| 31:56 | through this action of fixation. So it converts that to a ammonium |
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| 32:02 | . Okay. And then uh then are other attention bacteria that can take |
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| 32:07 | and eat it right? There is energy source converted to nitrite or just |
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| 32:11 | nitrite and nitrate and ammonia. And tried like these are nitrogen sources that |
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| 32:20 | members of the ecosystem will use. . And prickly plants, plants were |
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| 32:27 | on the there, that activity to them. Things like nitrogen phosphorus. |
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| 32:35 | . Because as great as full of and these are all right. Let's |
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| 32:40 | some water sunlight. Right. They have these kind of essential minerals like |
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| 32:48 | phosphorus. Okay. And those things often limited in the environment. So |
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| 32:53 | microbial activity. Okay. Remember you not directly depend on it, but |
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| 33:01 | can directly dependent because the things that need eat those plants, your |
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| 33:06 | pigs, whatever. Different not a . Your district. Me. |
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| 33:12 | And certainly you rely directly on these . Okay. So um until the |
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| 33:19 | . Right. And just talk about site. Right. So um |
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| 33:26 | In metabolizing organic compounds. Seo to that there's resource for professionals to |
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| 33:33 | Okay. Different levels of in any . Right. The foundation or |
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| 33:43 | Right. Allergy and in aquatic systems cyanobacteria. Okay. So we have |
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| 33:50 | two basic consumers. You're either a or you're a producer. Okay. |
|
| 33:56 | if you're a producer then you This is a clever question. |
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| 34:01 | if you're a producer then you are what are you ahead of time? |
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| 34:06 | are particles? Mm hmm nope. that. Ah there we go. |
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| 34:23 | trophy. Are you a trophy? you're a producer? Mhm. |
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| 34:44 | mm hmm. So if you're a then you are a correct You're an |
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| 34:53 | . Okay, so again, plants charged with the systems how these systems |
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| 34:59 | the foundations are the most abundant in . Right then. Get incredibly smaller |
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| 35:05 | terms of budgets and you have different of. Okay, but again or |
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| 35:12 | this level happy. Absolutely requires dependence things like this over here decomposes which |
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| 35:22 | primarily microbes in precarious oaks and fungi be prote east to a degree but |
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| 35:32 | bacterial um to be proposed and right releasing these nutrients and elements for others |
|
| 35:42 | the ecosystem. Right. Um The is what that is breakdown of |
|
| 35:50 | Okay. Um Alright. Alright. it always seems pretty basic. Alright |
|
| 35:58 | lots of people get confused with getting panel is um I'll hammer you even |
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| 36:05 | on that stuff. Okay but are any questions is there any doubt just |
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| 36:10 | about what you are your hair? . And there's lots of bacteria there |
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| 36:15 | that to lots of things but not . Alright. So in those |
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| 36:22 | Okay so microbes and intimate associations Very. So we have our microbiome |
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| 36:32 | ? That's obviously closely associated on and its. Okay. A ruminant |
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| 36:39 | cattle or goat, similar kind of has multiple stomachs, right chambers for |
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| 36:48 | of the grass they eat. And all of that is bacteria and |
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| 36:54 | in that in that in that cow there is actually their cattle as well |
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| 37:01 | the nutrients for the cow to bacteria. Plants, the nitrogen fixation |
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| 37:07 | talk about later in the semester which basically this right here and that's probably |
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| 37:16 | foreign actually fixation is the most contributes most to in terms of fixing nitrogen |
|
| 37:22 | the atmosphere is associations with plants. things like before they closed because actually |
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| 37:31 | is a nationally club, certain soy , things like that are actually |
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| 37:41 | Um Because the plant has kind of own built in um mechanism to fix |
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| 37:49 | by having the associations with these They can actually grow and kind of |
|
| 37:55 | suspicions because they have their their natural bacteria with them to fix nitrogen and |
|
| 38:00 | well. And you often see these like sandy soils or other things won't |
|
| 38:05 | . So it gives them an Um Okay so in the symbiosis uh |
|
| 38:14 | evolution of microbes. Right? So we talk a little bit about |
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| 38:17 | Not too much but it's about the diversity of microbes and classifying |
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| 38:23 | Okay. And so origins uh there's fossil evidence that dates back to nearly |
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| 38:30 | billion years of of origins. Although argue uh some do that well. |
|
| 38:37 | can't really tell that yourself from something old or not. Okay. I |
|
| 38:43 | it's it seems pretty ah pretty um that's the case. That is that |
|
| 38:54 | and I'm sure it's not much older that but regardless um They're all have |
|
| 39:04 | around longer than anybody else and And so you can look at for |
|
| 39:12 | , it's a micro fossil evidence of are believed to be ancient actually santa |
|
| 39:18 | with modern mantis forms sending bacteria is important. Let's just flash forward just |
|
| 39:27 | second to this statement. Okay. the critical appearance, you know santa |
|
| 39:37 | santa bacteria in verse history is super because they are the first ones to |
|
| 39:43 | what the actor oxygen. Yeah, to their activity. They evolved. |
|
| 39:52 | photosynthesize just like a plant. That's have partial porn films. They use |
|
| 40:00 | outside water with oxygen. And so course uh didn't all come into the |
|
| 40:05 | atmosphere at once. 20% oxygen over thousands of years. Of course it |
|
| 40:11 | up but it's directly that's what that roll paper environment, aerobic metabolism |
|
| 40:20 | This client was anaerobic sort of things fragmentation, Anaerobic respiration, which we |
|
| 40:27 | talked about yet. So ways two to the tabloids get energy without the |
|
| 40:33 | of oxygen. Okay. Um now early earth obviously as we all know |
|
| 40:40 | earlier didn't look doesn't look like it Now of course all kinds of volcanic |
|
| 40:44 | going on uh stealing things like hydrogen to and sulfur compounds in the |
|
| 40:52 | Um Monica was very much like this here. Okay. But you're more |
|
| 40:58 | . Think of reduced as more electron . Right? So like H. |
|
| 41:05 | and H three ammonium H two Right. So these are things that |
|
| 41:09 | serve as substrates for inorganic. The is my little trophy. So it |
|
| 41:18 | thought that little tropes and anaerobic activity course would have been what was going |
|
| 41:22 | during early earth and for a couple million years. Certainly. Okay. |
|
| 41:28 | and so the of course we're aware the but of course there has to |
|
| 41:38 | spontaneous generation last time and how I it. You know, it's kind |
|
| 41:44 | crazy. But there had to be at some point coming from my |
|
| 41:48 | right? We have duplicated some of experiments in lab where you can mix |
|
| 41:53 | these what we think are were molecules on early earth, put them in |
|
| 41:57 | environment of like providing local shocks and , these kind of things. And |
|
| 42:02 | can see the appearance of things like acids forming and so forth. So |
|
| 42:07 | that, you know, it's something someone had to come together. Um |
|
| 42:16 | so looking at evolution of eukaryotic cells cheerios. Um Like I said, |
|
| 42:24 | evolution developed oxygen metabolism for getting auctioned the environment and the atmosphere led to |
|
| 42:33 | illusion of oxygen using the tablet. . And an oxygen metabolism provides more |
|
| 42:40 | than doesn't non option metabolism. And then and more energy means the |
|
| 42:47 | of the organism can increase right to that organisms needs. Okay, so |
|
| 42:53 | carry out that evolved from single cells then to multicellular types and so |
|
| 42:59 | a big part of the game. fact that this oxygen uh using metabolism |
|
| 43:06 | which gives us a lot more energy sustain a larger room. Mhm. |
|
| 43:11 | you can get the endosymbiont theory uh that ancient pre eukaryotic cells engulfed |
|
| 43:24 | One of these um Procardia type, around one of them. Being inspiring |
|
| 43:34 | that evolved becoming my contact. So window semiotic relationship occurring here. Uh |
|
| 43:40 | eventually the the bacteria inside that self into mitochondria. The bacteria involved in |
|
| 43:52 | class. And there's evidence to support based on looking at the details. |
|
| 44:02 | their own saying it's A D. . A. Right? Um They |
|
| 44:08 | also have the ribosomes transfer RNA is jeans are actually transcribed and translated into |
|
| 44:19 | that are specific for the. so that certainly lends evidence to the |
|
| 44:24 | that this was once at some point an actual cell inside here. And |
|
| 44:31 | got comparisons of Uh huh. You compared to DNA. And that was |
|
| 44:36 | the house too with apologies to bacterial for the synthetic and Okay. Also |
|
| 44:46 | the Oregon health can right the organized duplicate. Right? But don't take |
|
| 44:56 | to mean that you can extract the or four passed out of a nuclear |
|
| 45:05 | and all of a sudden be a it won't. Okay. But certainly |
|
| 45:11 | that uh um sell those organelles to during the process of. Okay, |
|
| 45:18 | all these are evidence that that yet is a possible explanation group or um |
|
| 45:30 | . Um Okay so so here in of focus living on classification. |
|
| 45:39 | And uh because obviously the scientists classify on earth. Okay. All |
|
| 45:47 | And are we looking at relationships and we're how close are they? Um |
|
| 45:56 | with microbes they've had their own history classification and where they fit in which |
|
| 46:04 | and whatnot. The overwhelming factor that . They had time with my clothes |
|
| 46:12 | the time, logically would be what development improvement and what my quotes during |
|
| 46:22 | definition of micro is Neither have So obviously microscopes evolved over time as |
|
| 46:30 | . Matter resolution. See more finer . Okay. Uh actually liked our |
|
| 46:38 | . You could see, you magnify things 10,000 times or more. |
|
| 46:43 | . And so of course the that how microbes were classified over time. |
|
| 46:50 | . The use of the 16 RNA A. So what's used is |
|
| 46:58 | roger. Okay. See there um and small subunit. Okay, it's |
|
| 47:05 | ribosomes. And each subunit. So hope you'll remember that. This is |
|
| 47:11 | protein synthesis occurs. Okay. And each subject has RNA components. |
|
| 47:19 | The large succulent has what's called the S. 23 S. So the |
|
| 47:24 | . Is simply just called note. what you know, is that the |
|
| 47:30 | the number in front of the The bigger the market was measured |
|
| 47:34 | So big number is bigger than all smaller number of small molecules. |
|
| 47:39 | so the small subunit, the 30 . And so each subject is a |
|
| 47:45 | of one or more armies. Oh have lots of approaches they come together |
|
| 47:52 | form each of these subjects. Okay small subunit is the 16 s. |
|
| 47:57 | used as the comparison comparison article comparison between organisms, correct everything on light |
|
| 48:09 | . Well both everything I can't think one that doesn't so I'm gonna say |
|
| 48:18 | critical approaches. Right? So it's be a central thing for a living |
|
| 48:23 | to have. Okay. And they always had. Right? and so |
|
| 48:29 | it's a way to so you can a term like 4:00 with these because |
|
| 48:35 | a molecule that couldn't have undergone a of change over time. Some changes |
|
| 48:42 | not a lot because you can't tinker much in changing the the because function |
|
| 48:50 | the that happens proteins are made or shots. Okay so you can measure |
|
| 48:58 | changes. You can measure you can back in time really. You can |
|
| 49:02 | distant, distant changes over time in . You can tie it to to |
|
| 49:10 | evidence that's even more and a $200 of life. Right? This has |
|
| 49:17 | an ongoing project uh it started 30 40 years ago. But it uses |
|
| 49:25 | has the comparison to look at little and would fit in the taxonomy of |
|
| 49:33 | . Okay. And um the and in doing this. So Carlos, |
|
| 49:44 | doc Professor H dr Fox George I was in the lab and was |
|
| 49:52 | of the discoveries this group in the have noticed that within that bacterial among |
|
| 50:02 | right there actually distinctive groups within their to so that bacteria is actually a |
|
| 50:08 | called. And here is a two flat on the table. Market watchers |
|
| 50:17 | secondary structure. They have they're not stranded DNA but they can fold up |
|
| 50:23 | certain points complimentary based parent. Alright fold is important for their and you |
|
| 50:29 | see the sexiness of the bacteria of bacteria and um there are differences in |
|
| 50:37 | the loops form but the arrows you a point to areas where you compare |
|
| 50:46 | where most of the changes occur. and so um so this was used |
|
| 50:55 | show that hey within procreate there's actually groups. Okay and the archaea bacteria |
|
| 51:03 | to fit in those fit the term . Okay bacteria as well is now |
|
| 51:11 | extreme environments that are he attend to bacteria tend to be really close by |
|
| 51:17 | well. Okay and so it's not there have been some transfer between for |
|
| 51:24 | enables bacteria to inhabit some of these areas that archaea does. Okay but |
|
| 51:30 | point is there's two groups of pro . Okay and so we reclassify things |
|
| 51:36 | was a year ago now we Okay he um peter class order genus |
|
| 51:48 | pragmatism. Um But domains is the biggest tax. Right? Yeah and |
|
| 52:00 | . Um And carrie I just mentioned equivalent so you carry a obviously of |
|
| 52:07 | . We arrived but we have slightly sizes of riders of RNA. So |
|
| 52:12 | equivalent We have is what's called 18 . Okay I was a horrible |
|
| 52:20 | Um That's uh we have a small here as well and it's an 18 |
|
| 52:25 | . RNA we have in there not S. But um so but uh |
|
| 52:32 | are turns out hands of celebrity periodic . The bacteria don't okay. Make |
|
| 52:39 | mistake. Archaea and bacteria are precarious probably the number one of the defining |
|
| 52:47 | of the pair of kids that it a nucleus right back in the nucleus |
|
| 52:57 | all those features. We just have things in common. You carry outs |
|
| 53:02 | bacteria don't as we'll see but just of you know we talk about classifying |
|
| 53:09 | . It can be a problem because classified you you through microscopic organisms certainly |
|
| 53:19 | the ability of sexual reproduction. Sexual tends to be the way we define |
|
| 53:24 | . Certainly among um higher order he . Um But you can't do that |
|
| 53:31 | with many microbes. Certainly not back . And so it's become the similarity |
|
| 53:36 | D. N. A. So when compared to the sequences |
|
| 53:42 | you know each is a point of . Right? And and and look |
|
| 53:51 | my apologies and that's pretty indicator of social distance. They may be |
|
| 53:57 | Okay. Kind of the bar is in doing the it was labor. |
|
| 54:05 | were able to 95%. So very the same species. Um Less than |
|
| 54:12 | may be the same same genus. ? Or family what have you? |
|
| 54:18 | . But with bacteria you use the S. RNA to DNA sequencing. |
|
| 54:23 | when I say of what we're talking prepare the I can't remember all most |
|
| 54:34 | your genes code for proteins. Some pro for the end product is transfer |
|
| 54:45 | STM prop. And so we do comparisons were looking at the A. |
|
| 54:52 | . Four is almost are in 16 S. Okay so um and |
|
| 55:04 | when we look at history the text history of microbes. Right. Well |
|
| 55:08 | fact way back um 6 1700s. . Uh remember that name? |
|
| 55:18 | Everything all life microbes or whatever. right then. It refined now. |
|
| 55:30 | just focusing on microbes of course. so as my guest for his intake |
|
| 55:37 | put into plants and plants photosynthesize. couldn't do that. Some fungi were |
|
| 55:46 | in the plant kingdom. Okay. Plants are actually fungi are more closely |
|
| 55:51 | to us than else. Okay. regardless so more narrow was the one |
|
| 55:59 | said, okay. Based on my . Right. Uh We're gonna put |
|
| 56:05 | microbes and take them out. I you put them in their own. |
|
| 56:10 | . Who's next the kingdom of Okay so they're basically contained tocar oaks |
|
| 56:19 | protozoa wins allergy uh um uh and forth. Okay. And in kingdom |
|
| 56:28 | time to find out. Right. I lived with manera we had pro |
|
| 56:38 | Teesta which were you carrying? That's algae and protozoa and bacteria then for |
|
| 56:44 | other kingdoms. So this station and they look into this occurred following the |
|
| 56:58 | or the development of the electron And then you can clearly see a |
|
| 57:03 | and saw that they had one. have one. Okay another carryover features |
|
| 57:07 | be seen with a microscope Therese. so um so now then we get |
|
| 57:16 | the domains this is where so this from payment bacteria. Uh the black |
|
| 57:24 | has remained for the 70's And it it was in the 70s when the |
|
| 57:30 | 16 s are visible are engaging and has occurred in the and the emergence |
|
| 57:36 | domains. Okay so bacteria archaea and . So um Archaea similar to the |
|
| 57:45 | you see they're similar to carry out . This is aspect that can be |
|
| 57:53 | in the opponents of transcription. Some having intra extra structure you know that |
|
| 58:04 | we have this exon intron. We our our genes are not all continuous |
|
| 58:10 | sequences we have. It's split up . Exxons coding sequences in trans or |
|
| 58:17 | . And so don't worry so much it now. We'll talk a little |
|
| 58:20 | about it later on but that is uniquely eukaryotic feature and somehow archaea have |
|
| 58:27 | . Okay so um so again it's three domains bacteria bacteria here, bacteria |
|
| 58:38 | bacteria domain archaea. Nothing but my all my things. Okay you Kariya |
|
| 58:48 | result algae which are pro Teesta are . Um So the fungi like yeast |
|
| 58:55 | certain molds are microbes but everything else not. It's a macroscopic macroscopic |
|
| 59:03 | Okay um A meta zone I think a term for that. Um So |
|
| 59:11 | genetics, genome genetics. So we'll about this and you have three um |
|
| 59:18 | uh of course we can because of small size we've we've we've sequenced many |
|
| 59:24 | genomes really a lot of different possess them for various purposes biotechnology and otherwise |
|
| 59:34 | the uh mentor genomes. So meta is how we can I identify microbes |
|
| 59:48 | we can't culture. Okay so the of micro genetic culture bacteria are |
|
| 59:54 | American culture. It is not a because I really 3-4000 have been isolated |
|
| 60:02 | and described. Right There are certainly than 3000 bacterial species and RKO species |
|
| 60:11 | are out there. We haven't we unable to culture but we know what |
|
| 60:15 | are because of the meta genomics technique is basically shown here. Okay you |
|
| 60:21 | an environmental sample. You need it there. Any any organisms in that |
|
| 60:34 | . Okay and then you're going to the techniques of common D. |
|
| 60:38 | A. Okay to then break up fragment and then clone those pieces into |
|
| 60:49 | over call vectors. Library of salt using E. Coli That's going to |
|
| 60:59 | all of our fragments in the okay life in that environment sample this represents |
|
| 61:08 | D. N. A. I . And so we can then look |
|
| 61:14 | that data for different purposes. Maybe want to look at maybe in that |
|
| 61:19 | of some kind of unique orientation that this protein that hunger or something who |
|
| 61:27 | it has some unique features. So can we can uh investigate that little |
|
| 61:34 | it. Okay Or maybe we have of the sequence all the base and |
|
| 61:42 | we have a huge database online Because of Micro seven sequence. Right? |
|
| 61:51 | we can look at our sample the sequence and compare to what's out |
|
| 61:57 | Okay. It's similar to the same it is all without without culture. |
|
| 62:06 | . Which we can't do in so cases um for a variety of reasonable |
|
| 62:13 | um but that's how we can find cultural. So this this is collectively |
|
| 62:19 | meta genomics. So when you when hear many generals see, okay what's |
|
| 62:22 | ? That's the ability to identify microbes having the cultural. And so you |
|
| 62:29 | use this technique in a variety of . You can if you're interested in |
|
| 62:33 | okay in a certain environment or the of microbes out there what types what |
|
| 62:39 | of metabolisms are out there. You can make these kind of environmental |
|
| 62:44 | and these kind of ecological questions and couldn't perform this technique because for decades |
|
| 62:53 | was all about in a sample isolate in their culture studying for decades. |
|
| 62:59 | what it was. We realized, we're only really cultural refraction. What's |
|
| 63:05 | out there? This is where why technique becomes so important to see you |
|
| 63:10 | without having the culture you can see that. Sure. Thanks. Changing |
|
| 63:16 | time. Okay, so um many about that. Okay, so um |
|
| 63:26 | right so this is these are just to throw in some representative types. |
|
| 63:32 | mentioned this already. So and you you should be familiar with kind of |
|
| 63:36 | you see the terms do you have what is not super detailed but if |
|
| 63:43 | throw pro carry it at you you should know the basic features of |
|
| 63:47 | And and who who fits in that , bacteria Archaea. So just group |
|
| 64:01 | or a hail fire. So again goes to the extremophiles thing. |
|
| 64:07 | They kind of live in areas where don't but as I mentioned before, |
|
| 64:13 | certainly find bacteria in our thermal files after the extreme. Right. So |
|
| 64:18 | your guy is called hyper thermal Those tend to be really only |
|
| 64:25 | bacteria can be thermal calls but the really get up to that range. |
|
| 64:31 | . But the engines are only found our fear. There's no other no |
|
| 64:36 | group is um a tangent that that produces probably certainly anymore. Yeah, |
|
| 64:46 | greenhouse Gas Than Co two. the main producer of methane on planet |
|
| 64:55 | or ouch the cattle on Earth and the gas coming out of cows. |
|
| 65:04 | ? So luckily there are to kind somewhat balance it out, but I'm |
|
| 65:11 | sure how much but uh hilo salt loving, That's super salto. |
|
| 65:19 | . Uh and they have very a very unique type of photosynthesis that |
|
| 65:26 | bacteria adoption very similar to what we in our eyes for vision. |
|
| 65:32 | The adoption of used revision, the is used as a way to convert |
|
| 65:39 | energy. Um Very different design. work the same way as a based |
|
| 65:46 | we'll talk about that later. But , it's just kind of grouped all |
|
| 65:50 | in one of these three groups. , um the eukaryotes, fungi |
|
| 65:57 | coyotes, the predniSONE and allergy allergy , algae, photosynthesize proto zones, |
|
| 66:05 | growth and of course viruses we talked already. Okay, we'll talk more |
|
| 66:10 | that in the unit to um so these are kind of the main |
|
| 66:16 | , I just want to uh do little bit of Chapter three disappearance. |
|
| 66:22 | it up. Is there anything about one question about So again, in |
|
| 66:28 | of names and things and other people rid of, you know what not |
|
| 66:32 | look at the examine you. Uh and then the code and Escher |
|
| 66:41 | Ponikarovsky, maybe a few names. Okay, so with in chapter |
|
| 66:50 | It's all about. Um here's what there is it's made of here are |
|
| 66:59 | certain structures you'll find in it as go through this, it's probably obvious |
|
| 67:05 | you that um they describe a lot structures and appropriate selves, but no |
|
| 67:11 | has all of these things. So it varies from species to |
|
| 67:16 | but one of the things one of terms um because it can get |
|
| 67:23 | especially bacteria. The cell wall. , so I can use the term |
|
| 67:29 | envelope right, as a way to when you're talking about was surrounding the |
|
| 67:38 | cell membrane. Right, So we're about so opulent because they can |
|
| 67:43 | Okay, so when I say cell that refers to you can recite the |
|
| 67:51 | . All right. What defines any ? Right next to bury that that |
|
| 67:57 | together. That contains the cytoplasm, that every cell has now, what |
|
| 68:05 | going on? Yeah, fettle patrick attacked what's out there. So that's |
|
| 68:14 | I call the cell envelope. so you see here, here's the |
|
| 68:19 | you see the term inter membrane. use that for fine. When is |
|
| 68:28 | innermost membrane done? Obviously, but have to use the word side of |
|
| 68:32 | membrane. Okay, so, um what's going on external today in remembering |
|
| 68:41 | ? Right, so that's the and it can be a gram negative cell |
|
| 68:45 | of gram negative has one appearance a positive different. And then there's |
|
| 68:51 | So that's why I used the Yes, for everything. Right? |
|
| 68:56 | then what's the Grand Salon? How's different from the or from my from |
|
| 69:02 | Hello? So that's so someone that's refers to what's this structure beyond the |
|
| 69:10 | or set of Patrick memory. And so for this, I keep |
|
| 69:15 | on, you could ask yourself how I really do this stuff? |
|
| 69:21 | what makes you think I noticed Right? Only do self checks along |
|
| 69:25 | way. Okay, super easy for . Okay. And if you know |
|
| 69:32 | parts, you just draw on their , defining what it does. |
|
| 69:36 | Really easy. Self check. so, um so let's look at |
|
| 69:43 | question. Okay, so these are things will touch on all of these |
|
| 69:50 | this chapter. Okay, so um a step. Mhm. See how |
|
| 69:59 | do. Okay, how's that for couple of seconds. E two |
|
| 71:25 | Okay, speaking out for road Okay. Alright, let's see. |
|
| 71:29 | gonna run the gamut here. yeah, Okay, But actually you're |
|
| 71:36 | are correct. They're all true. all true statements. Okay, um |
|
| 71:43 | go through those. But what I'm do what I want to I don't |
|
| 71:47 | to do. I'm gonna skip I'll come back to this next |
|
| 71:49 | but I'm gonna just go to here to kind of set this up overview |
|
| 71:54 | . So, we're looking at a of bacterial cells. So, |
|
| 71:58 | this is the inner membrane membrane. , so yeah, whatever is out |
|
| 72:05 | , be honest with you refer to a sell off. Okay, |
|
| 72:09 | of course the that cytoplasmic membrane inter bounds early sign of courses. As |
|
| 72:15 | cytoplasm that contains both various structures of , any, you know, solid |
|
| 72:23 | , water obviously, um proteins, . Okay, the nuclear Okay, |
|
| 72:30 | that often is a point of confusion I tried to drop away just like |
|
| 72:35 | there's a membrane around it. It needed to do. But the point |
|
| 72:39 | a nuclear like is that point but membrane back. Its not. It |
|
| 72:45 | simply the area occupied by the prepare chromosome kind of spreads out. It's |
|
| 72:52 | single circular molecule, double strain. kinda spreads out on the side of |
|
| 72:57 | and just the area enterprise is the field. Okay. It took grainy |
|
| 73:03 | to it. Um but but the is it is it is not a |
|
| 73:08 | bound. Okay, just it's just there in the cytoplasm, that's |
|
| 73:12 | But they call it the nuclear. course, lots of ribosomes because protein |
|
| 73:16 | is probably the number one activity of any cell. So there's lots of |
|
| 73:20 | zones at which protein synthesis occurring now have in this example is so |
|
| 73:30 | Okay, so it's the do that here, you know, walk |
|
| 73:37 | Okay, so, inter membrane So okay, but that's a big |
|
| 73:43 | Okay, Grand, positive. Okay, so you remember it and |
|
| 73:49 | pepper black hand. The grand Okay, thinner paper of light hand |
|
| 73:57 | in between the inner and outer. I remember it appears now on the |
|
| 74:03 | negative. Okay. Um and there's that bacteria is actually don't have soul |
|
| 74:10 | all. And if texas had variations as well, seek um plasmids, |
|
| 74:17 | can be one or more extra chromosomal segments serves if you are. |
|
| 74:25 | So these can contain a few genes be acquired from ourselves. It's called |
|
| 74:31 | gene transfer. Okay. It's kind a generic term for different types of |
|
| 74:38 | often related to either an energy storage . Um a metabolism specific molecule. |
|
| 74:47 | me related photos symptoms or something. varies from cell type. The cell |
|
| 74:53 | . In fact, external structures like sitting for attachment can be for a |
|
| 75:00 | of movement. Uh similar definitely from . Okay. Ah a purple blonde |
|
| 75:12 | shows up actually surrounding the entire sell external to everything can be a thick |
|
| 75:23 | and so a capsule among others are fearless factors. So, disease causing |
|
| 75:36 | oftentimes provide capsule disease. And so that you can enable a pathogen that |
|
| 75:46 | disease is the appearance. Factory Um just like keep that in the |
|
| 75:52 | of your head that we're not focusing . Various factors I mentioned here. |
|
| 75:56 | we're focusing more on those at the of the semester. Um Okay, |
|
| 76:01 | kind of that's what I wanted to . I'll come back and we'll do |
|
| 76:04 | slide before this, but thanks we'll, uh, see you on |
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| 5999:59 | |
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