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00:01 Yeah. All right Charl yeah, apologize again for not getting your paper

00:11 up. Um It's been a nightmare is around this time of year

00:16 Remember everyone's greatest depending upon other people their jobs. If someone doesn't do

00:19 job, I don't have a complete . So I've got to play juggle

00:24 in some cases like there'll be a who actually receives ah Or didn't receive

00:30 three reviews. I mean they will assigned, someone was assigned to

00:34 but they didn't do the review. I'm trying to figure out how do

00:37 deal with that. So uh for 80% of you, 90% of your

00:41 already. Um but then there's 10% you. So that's why I haven't

00:45 yet when I was use. I know if that someone else finished my

00:53 degree. Mhm. one It said . She is not at this moment

00:59 something. Four hours. I I know what's going on there. I

01:03 , if that happened then what you , the simple rules just log

01:07 log back in. Um So, could be a turning an issue.

01:10 could be a blackboard issue. It be a server issue. Could be

01:14 software issue. Could be a network . You never know. And so

01:18 anything does does stuff like I'll give an example. I have a family

01:23 six. Right? Me, my . four kids. Oh, drive

01:30 nuts. They all want to be my computer because they all suck.

01:36 , no, I'm they don't But my younger kids like play on

01:39 computer. My older kids like to Youtube videos and screw everything up and

01:44 went in to start creating stuff to other day, I can't figure out

01:48 , you know, someone must have with the network settings, right?

01:52 spent hours trying to figure out it any of that. It was just

01:56 virtual network was not letting it, someone pressed a button. It turned

02:00 off. So that's the idea is got to just kind of troubleshoot it

02:04 . Figure out what the problem That was the point that besides be

02:07 about my kids being on my That was the whole point of

02:10 Right? So if you have an like that, you know, try

02:14 try and if you can't do then email me. If it's sometimes

02:18 I'm on and I see the email up and I look and see,

02:21 try to get to. But if during office hours, I will definitely

02:24 office but daytime hours, I'll definitely able to respond back. All

02:28 But if you didn't do it or you didn't complete a review, I

02:31 there were a couple of people. I went through every review by the

02:34 , you know, I don't read all, but I can go through

02:37 kind of look for patterns and And so for example, there are

02:40 people that weren't getting credit for their . So remember if you don't meet

02:43 25 were threshold, it considers the complete. And so it doesn't give

02:48 any credit for it. So I to go through. And I got

02:50 look to make sure that anything you get credit for, you actually deserved

02:54 for. And then there are some it's like, well you got credit

02:57 this. But I went through and look it's like, oh look,

02:59 person gave all five to every one the people that they were assigned

03:04 Do you think that they did their ? No. And then you go

03:08 the review and they're actually the comments the review actually kind of good.

03:11 like great. But you gave them five. You didn't do the

03:14 I can tell when you did the . Oh look, you have 10

03:17 to go. So you know, you're not getting credit for that.

03:21 you don't do the peer review the you're supposed to you're not getting credit

03:24 it. Again, that's a very subset and probably nobody in here because

03:29 you're showing up, you're probably actually the work. It's just a

03:33 So you can see it pisces me because every year it's like this and

03:37 just drives them to do what you've assigned to do. If you're a

03:40 , are you gonna blow off I don't feel like doing surgery

03:45 No. Right. I'm not gonna that, Get your work.

03:50 Sorry, I'm bitching. I hate the weather starts getting cold, even

03:54 it's hot. Mhm. Today what gonna do is we're gonna deal and

04:02 guys have a test on Tuesday. sure you're all thrilled about that.

04:06 Today, what we're gonna do is gonna finish up with the respiratory

04:08 Hopefully you're going to see that this pretty simple. Um I've got to

04:13 real careful here. Uh I read yesterday that I'm just going to share

04:17 you. Um It's a meta study uh on triggering uh you know like

04:25 warnings is the word you've heard a one, right? You know?

04:29 the idea behind the trigger warning is we're warning you or getting you prepared

04:33 something that may trigger you may cause to become upset. And they did

04:38 these studies looking at all these studies they found that trigger warnings actually cause

04:43 harm than good. And so what up here and I'm like, oh

04:46 is tough. That's a trigger isn't it? It's like what I'm

04:50 to do. I'm trying to what say, Be careful, slow

04:52 Think about this. But in actuality I'm doing is probably making you panic

04:56 little bit and I think the opposite true as well. I want to

04:59 it is easy. That's a trigger . Just a different type of trigger

05:03 . Right? So, don't worry this. And that can also cause

05:06 harm. So, I'm gonna try do that less. Even though this

05:09 easy. I mean, respiratory system right. Ultimately, what we said

05:17 the respiratory system, the purpose of respiratory system is to get the oxygen

05:20 the cells. Because cells needed for what sort do we use? Cellular

05:28 ? Good. Okay, making sure on the same page. Right?

05:31 that's the whole purpose. Right? got lots and lots of cells and

05:35 all not near oxygen. So, gotta figure out a way to get

05:37 oxygen to them. All right. then they're going through the process of

05:40 respiration. What are they going to ? Sam. Yes, they

05:46 But as a byproduct of the production ATP what do they Co two

05:52 We're keeping it simple. We don't about ATP. That's for another

05:56 Maybe another lecture. Alright, we're getting oxygen in the air we're

06:01 co two. We need to get away from the cells in far

06:04 That's a waste product. We want to be gone. And so,

06:07 the whole purpose here is to deal those two issues. Oh, too

06:12 to the cells CO two away from cells. So, in the grand

06:15 of things. This is what the doing, right? We're basically if

06:19 take out all this middlemen stuff. here, middleman stuff, you can

06:23 basically, I'm bringing an oxygen near the cell so I can get cellular

06:27 producing CO. Two and getting rid that. So everything else is a

06:33 of transport. That's all it Right. And so what we need

06:37 do is we want to make this as easy as possible. We don't

06:41 to have active systems in place. want inactive systems or passive systems.

06:46 so what you can think about in grand scheme of things in order to

06:49 oxygen from the Al Viola into the ? Well, let me just start

06:53 oxygen to the cells. What is partial pressure of oxygen have to be

06:58 relative to their lower and to get two out of the body. The

07:02 pressure of CO. Two in the Viola has to be greater or less

07:07 lower. All right. So, already understand these principles. Now,

07:12 I have all these middlemen in right? Or these passage where these

07:16 mechanisms in place in order to get oxygen from the Al Viola into the

07:20 , I need to have a partial gradient, right? That favors oxygen

07:25 from the elbow light to the And that's gonna be true. What's

07:29 happen is we're gonna create a partial gradient or a partial pressure gradient is

07:33 to be there because there's gonna be oxygen on the uh on the sending

07:39 , on the systemic side as it back towards the towards the lungs.

07:43 so oxygen is going to rush into blood until it reaches equilibrium. And

07:49 it's going to travel around. And because the oxygen levels are lower here

07:53 the cells, the oxygen is going rush out. The cells are out

07:57 the blood into the cells or near cells so that they can be taken

08:00 . And then the converse is On the opposite side, CO two

08:04 going to be higher than it is the blood as it's arriving from the

08:09 systemic circulation. Right? And then the auction leads, CO two is

08:13 to be added because it's gonna rise because it's lower and then it's going

08:18 reach a point of equilibrium and then going to travel around and then because

08:23 reaches equilibrium, it's able to leave we move carbon dioxide back out into

08:28 Al Viola. I see in the , you guys go home,

08:34 I mean, that's all this That's all today is about. But

08:38 gonna look at how damn it. right, Okay. So if that's

08:44 we're looking at, it scares me I can't see my next slide,

08:47 looking at a few diffusion processes and is it boiling down. Remember I

08:52 there was numbers. But you don't to know the numbers. Memorized

08:55 But looking at the numbers just allows to see these differences. Look,

08:59 partial pressure Of oxygen down to the around 40 million mm of mercury up

09:06 . In the other is about So you can see that pressure

09:08 right, partial pressure difference. So oxygen coming from the cells arise towards

09:14 Al Viola, I then there's that that's gonna drive oxygen into the blood

09:19 it reaches equilibrium. The reason it equilibrium because the blood slows down in

09:24 capillaries. Right? And so you a greater amount of exchange and say

09:27 where you have veins or something a little bit larger. So basically

09:32 is kind of trickling through, oxygen going to rush out to where there's

09:35 lower concentration or partial pressure of And so that's why the partial pressure

09:42 up to 100 and in the blood partial pressures around 100. And then

09:46 it rise back down to the Oh, look, I've been burning

09:49 all my oxygen. So the partial is a lot lower so oxygen flows

09:53 until it reaches equilibrium and that's when returns back. Simple cycle. Same

09:58 is true for carbon dioxide. I'm carbon dioxide. So the partial pressure

10:02 up about 46 millimeters of mercury as arrives blood is arriving with the lower

10:07 pressure of carbon dioxide. So carbon rushes until it reaches equilibrium gets up

10:12 the LBO lie partial pressure of carbon and the AL Viola is roughly 40

10:17 of mercury. So, carbon dioxide flushing out or rushing out into the

10:21 Viola until it reaches equilibrium, repeat cycle. So, basically the circulation

10:27 serves as this middleman for this exchange take place. All right.

10:33 oxygen is carried in the blood in of two ways, it's either found

10:38 in the blood as a gas. right. So, we could actually

10:41 take a sample of the plasma and could pull out oxygen molecules. All

10:47 . Because it dissolves just like carbon or auction anywhere. Right? It

10:52 goes into things where there's less of and if it's like a liquid or

10:57 gas, it's just going to move that gradient and that's what's going to

11:01 . All right. But when we about oxygen, we talk about oxygen

11:05 . We typically think about oxen transport different means. What's the other means

11:10 . And where's hemoglobin found in the blood cells. And that's a key

11:15 to remember here because it's very easy start confusing to do things. All

11:19 . So, we got to remember is gonna move from the Alvin ally

11:24 the blood and other the liquid form the blood, but it's going to

11:27 carried predominantly on hemoglobin. All So, what that means is auction

11:33 to move from the blood into the blood cell and it has to have

11:37 mechanism to drive it in that Alright. But what I want to

11:41 talk about is I want to talk this bound to the oh actually I

11:45 I'm going to talk about the first , but when it's bound to

11:48 alright, it's gonna be in the blood cells. So here we're showing

11:51 hemoglobin is referred to as its de form and it's not bound to oxygen

11:56 up toxins referred to as oxy All right. There are four globe

12:02 molecules in hemoglobin. That means there's he molecule for each of those

12:06 So how much oxygen can a hemoglobin ? Thank you. That's what I'm

12:09 at. I'm looking for four. answer is four. So, if

12:13 have all four of those bound what's the percentage? 100%. This

12:18 gonna be fun math. If I away one oxygen, what percentage of

12:22 do I have 75 and another 150 then 25 and then none. All

12:28 , So it's a real simple number play with. All right, everyone

12:32 worn a oximeter? You know an . Is that little white thing that

12:36 go to doctor? Soft stick on middle of the end of your finger

12:38 go look your oxygen levels are If they don't say the normal they're

12:41 freak out. What's the number? what number do they freak out at

12:48 below 90. About 92 is when start getting panicky. Alright,

12:53 you notice that's not 100 or Right? And really what they're doing

12:57 they're looking at uh you know when talking 175 50 that's one off.

13:02 one hemoglobin molecule? And you have billions that's a real number.

13:10 So, the partial pressure of oxygen what's going to contribute to the degree

13:18 saturation. The more oxygen and I it into the plasma, the more

13:22 available to go into red blood more oxidants available for red blood

13:26 the more I can push on the . All right. So, basically

13:30 we're doing is we're looking at a towards hemoglobin is what we're trying to

13:34 at. So, as a partial of oxygen increases, that's going to

13:38 the production of oxy hemoglobin. If drop the partial pressure of oxygen,

13:43 means my oxy hemoglobin is going to go of its oxygen to bring that

13:48 levels back up in the surrounding In this case we're talking about the

13:54 . All right, So oxygen or for the best. The best way

13:59 think about this is it's basically a or a depot in which you're gonna

14:03 oxygen for later use now to give a visual representation of this. I

14:09 you to think about like this here our valvular air. Here is our

14:14 plasma? Here is the site of . The red blood cell. Look

14:17 the partial pressure of oxygen, where it lowest in the red blood

14:23 Right? So, naturally oxygen is to move through all the different layers

14:30 we tend to ignore to get into plasma. Right? When were the

14:35 slide I showed you oxygen arriving or blood arriving back into the Al Viola

14:41 a partial pressure of oxygen around 40 of mercury. So, that's what

14:45 can say. It's about 40 millimeters mercury here over here. And that

14:48 how much? About 100 100 100% yet. Alright, percentage deals

14:54 hemoglobin saturation, which we'll get All right, So, forget from

14:58 to here, there's a 60 millimeter in pressure. So auction is going

15:03 be driven into the into the All right. But in order for

15:08 to get into the red blood that means the auction level has to

15:11 even lower. Now, why is oxygen level lower? Because oxygen has

15:15 propensity to bind up the hemoglobin it binds to hemoglobin. So,

15:19 you have available hemoglobin, but you've away oxygen. So, you're creating

15:23 gradient that pulls or drives oxygen into red blood cell. All right.

15:30 of mass action. Right? Every it takes something away, I need

15:34 fill up that space. So, go to the next place to fill

15:37 up. That kind of makes sense far? All right. Now,

15:42 you can't visualize this, we're gonna this as an example. Not this

15:48 not teaching what I'm teaching you. just a visualization of it. I

15:52 you to imagine a life without red cells and hemoglobin. All right.

15:57 , here's the oxygen. Here's the without the red blood cells. What's

16:01 to happen is auction's gonna flow in ? Until it reaches equilibrium. And

16:05 what they're just showing you. Is you that equilibrium between those two

16:09 All right. The amount of oxygen your blood can carry without red blood

16:15 and without hemoglobin is not enough oxygen keep you happily alive. All

16:20 It might be able to keep you , but not enough to do

16:24 I think maybe you'd be able to your heart and that's about it.

16:27 right. So, we don't have means of supplying enough oxygen for our

16:32 simply by just having blood. We to have those red blood cells.

16:38 remember what's packed inside those red blood are those hemoglobin molecules. So,

16:43 , what we have is we have blood cells in there. And so

16:46 happens you can see here is a where we don't have a hemoglobin.

16:50 ? So, the oxygen that comes sees a gradient and moves inward binds

16:56 to that spot because it moves What happens is we lose that oxygen

17:02 though we have equilibrium between these two when this one leaves, it creases

17:07 that drives oxygen inward. So oxygen always moving down the gradient and we're

17:13 the gradient by having oxygen capable of hemoglobin. In other words, the

17:17 for auction by hemoglobin is pretty All right. Another picture just so

17:26 you can visualize a little bit is this one where it's actually showing

17:29 many red blood cells showing up With little hemoglobin or very little oxygen notice

17:36 about 75% saturation here and then when come in, this is an

17:42 But every time you pick up And up notice now we're 100% saturated.

17:47 drawing more oxygen back into the All right. Such as a visual

17:53 . All right. So oxygen is driven down its partial pressure gradient into

17:59 blood and into the red blood cells and a hemoglobin. All right.

18:03 this is how we're saturating our bodies oxygen so that we can do the

18:08 that we do so free with Kind of. All right. This

18:18 little thing right here is called the hemoglobin saturation curve. Remember I had

18:23 think about hemoglobin is having four teams ? For hands means foreign binding

18:28 I mean, I can be for single hemoglobin molecule. I can be

18:31 four states 100% saturated, 75% 50 . So on easy numbers to look

18:37 right. And so if you look this little thing right here,

18:45 hearing 100% There is 75%. Would be there 25%. Somewhere around

18:50 . And so, what this is you at this partial pressure, What's

18:55 to happen is is I'm going to this degree of saturation. So,

18:59 about 100 millimeters of mercury, what saying is that my saturation should be

19:04 100%. All right. At saturation. My partial pressures around 40

19:12 mercury. All right. And I do that for 15 for 25 and

19:16 on and so on. All The first thing I want to point

19:19 here is what is 100 and 40 ? If we went back to the

19:23 or second slide that I showed what are those two numbers represent?

19:26 millimeters of mercury. Is where? do nothing. It's up here.

19:31 Al Viola. Right. Al Viola and then the other one. The

19:34 is venus. So, basically what partial pressure of oxygen is in cells

19:41 normal resting cells. So, your metabolic activity Dropth the partial pressure

19:48 60 of mercury. And how much do I need to do that?

19:51 one pre hemoglobin. All right, , that's resting. All right.

19:58 what you're doing right now as you fall asleep to the beautiful lilting sound

20:02 my voice. All right. Think running across campus. Do you need

20:09 oxygen? Yeah. Right. So now have a steady pool of options

20:15 to you? Right? So you release more auction from hemoglobin. All

20:19 . So the greater activity yield A release because you have a greater

20:26 In other words, yourself start burning oxygen a lot faster. And so

20:30 means you're going to start dropping your pressure and then look here's 50.

20:36 my partial pressure drops around 25, hemoglobin is about roughly 50% saturated.

20:42 took me 60 of mercury to let of one oxygen. But it only

20:47 me what Maybe 15 mm of Mercury to drop the next one and then

20:54 get to the next one. Probably seven of mercury. In other

21:00 as my need for auction increases. how do I measure that? I

21:04 just simply look at how much oxygen available to the cells by looking at

21:08 partial pressure. The quicker I release from human globe. In other

21:13 the greater the need more readily available the greater ease at which it is

21:17 me to release my oxygen. that's kind of cool. The other

21:22 that you can think about this is hemoglobin has an affinity for oxygen if

21:27 bound up to oxygen. In other , as you bind up more

21:31 the greater affinity is it's able to oxygen and the less oxygen has,

21:35 less affinity it has to bind up is more readily. There's more easy

21:40 it to release oxygen. All That kind of makes sense. In

21:44 words, the more oxygen I the more, the more that it's

21:48 to release it because it's capable of . In other words, if I

21:52 hold onto four, I'm happy. if one goes away, I'm willing

21:56 give you the second one quicker. the third one quicker. Right?

22:00 if I bind up on the opposite , if I bind up one,

22:03 easier it is for me to bind the second and the third and the

22:06 . Does that make sense? as auction become more or less

22:11 I'm moving in the direction to make oxygen either usable or to store up

22:18 what I'm trying to get at. that's what that curve shows you.

22:21 right? So, oxygen when we in the Al Viola, it's more

22:28 for it to bind up because auction to bind up. Mhm. When

22:33 arrive in the tissues, I'm more to give away oxygen because it's willing

22:38 let it go is what I'm trying get at. So, that's what

22:43 oxygen uh hemoglobin curve is basically showing the relationship between the degree of saturation

22:49 the partial pressures. All right, kind of nice means the blood is

22:56 around with the oxygen reserves? I have to wait for my lungs to

23:01 in a whole bunch of box in to make my muscles work. Got

23:04 place to go. It's already already my bank of oxygen kind of

23:08 Right. Well, how do I it release oxygen faster or less?

23:14 , there are some factors that play role in changing the attraction of hemoglobin

23:20 oxygen or vice versa. Alright, acidity are two of them. And

23:25 we're going to have a D. . G. And carbon dioxide.

23:28 right. Now you can sit here memorize these and that's fine. I'm

23:34 you have hard drive space to do . Okay. Or what you can

23:38 is you can say ah There's there's in common between temperature acidity, the

23:44 of carbon dioxide that all have one in common. It has to do

23:49 metabolic activity. Easy way to remember when I exercise do get hotter or

23:54 hotter. So as temperature rises, an indication an indication of an increase

23:59 metabolic activity. All right. You this a long time ago in Biology

24:03 . And if you've taken cell biology biochemistry, you've learned it again,

24:08 , cellular respiration is an inefficient The amount of energy that's stored in

24:11 glucose molecule is not 100% released in form of energy? Well, it

24:16 all energy but all usual energy. the other energy that we produce?

24:23 , right. So as temperature that's an indication of increased metabolic

24:27 So if I have increased metabolic what's the probability my cells need

24:32 Pretty good actually. That's the actual . So as temperature rises, I'm

24:38 willing to let go of oxygen at partial pressures is what I'm trying to

24:46 at. And so what temperature does that it's shifting the curve? I'm

24:51 to time out for a second. . When I was in your

24:55 my freshman year of college, I micro economics. I think of the

24:59 economics class. I can't remember. how important it was to me.

25:02 right. And I remember the professor there because I was good at

25:06 I stopped doing that a long time . I'm not good at it

25:09 But I was good at math and shot there and he was talking to

25:12 that guns and butter curve for You've taken economics. Do you remember

25:16 guns and butter? No. Apparently no one has taken economics is

25:20 longer requirement. That's okay. But basically it's a curve. And

25:23 said blah blah blah blah shifts the . And I said, whoa,

25:28 . Time out. You can't shift . The curve just is right.

25:34 just is. Well, when I variables, I create a new

25:39 But what he was saying is no, it's moving the curve and

25:43 just said here second ago, the shifts and basically what it's saying

25:48 look, new variables cause a rewriting the curve away from the original

25:56 What you're looking at here Is what just described the shifting of the

26:01 And I just want you to say not a shifting of the curve.

26:04 variable or changing the variable causes the to be rewritten. So the red

26:09 there represents the middle at 37°. If temperature rises, the new curve has

26:17 moved to the right relative to the curve. And so what this is

26:22 is, look, we're going to that one hemoglobin. So what's the

26:26 of one hemoglobin disappears? What's our , 75. So here's your

26:32 Remember initially we were at 40 of , partial pressure of oxygen. Now

26:38 at where we release that oxygen about 50. So at a higher

26:45 pressure, I'm not even using up my oxygen yet. But there's an

26:50 that I will be. So I'm to release my oxygen early so I'm

26:54 that cell with increased metabolic activity with auction before they even are desperate for

27:01 . Opposite is true when it cools down. That's an indicator of the

27:06 of metabolic activity. So I hold to oxygen longer. Alright,

27:11 The byproduct of metabolic activity is a in the ph And so the same

27:17 happens as well as ph decreases right . Uh This is supposed to be

27:26 Alright. That basically uh when you more acid that's going to decrease the

27:34 for uh uh hemoglobin and oxygen. other words, human golden lets go

27:40 oxygen faster. So that's the same that's going on here as PH

27:45 so goes the curb, it moves to the right and so release oxygen

27:52 . All right, carbon dioxide, do we get carbon dioxide increased metabolic

28:03 . So as carbon dioxide levels that's an indicator that the cells are

28:08 an increase in metabolic activity. Maybe should release oxygen earlier. So,

28:12 are the three you can see carbon levels rise. Ph goes down.

28:18 other words, the number of protons or temperature increases. Those are all

28:23 of an increase in metabolic activity. last one right here is a molecule

28:28 in red blood cells. D. . G 23 di fossa obliterate,

28:32 . There's a different glass clinic pathway being used. Some hormones can stimulate

28:37 and what that does, it hey, hemoglobin, that oxygen go

28:41 and let go of it and so release the auction. So it makes

28:44 available. So really what it It sells talking to red blood cells

28:49 tell them to release the oxygen and things right down here, just saying

28:55 I just said basically, if you're in this direction, you release oxygen

28:59 than you normally would if you're moving this direction then you are holding on

29:04 oxygen at at a partial pressure that normally have let it go previously.

29:13 that kind of makes sense? Or just I just saw your eyes do

29:16 . I don't like when always do where it's like I know it's

29:20 So what it's saying is if my or if my curve is redrawn on

29:25 side of it, I'm letting go oxygen earlier than I normally would.

29:30 at higher partial pressures. Okay. sir the PGA there is a and

29:40 a we're at a high altitude or . Um You know I don't know

29:45 answer to that and I wish I . That's a really good question.

29:49 primarily when you're at a higher altitude talking about a writer, a poet

29:53 right and that's going to cause an in red blood cell production. But

29:57 is within the red blood cells. I guess if you have more red

30:00 cells you have more D. But D. P. G.

30:04 only active when your body needs press but when you need the oxygen

30:11 available at that moment it's basically a uh like a chemical signal that says

30:17 the oxygen. So I'm not solely solely dependent upon temperature uh ph or

30:24 dioxide levels. That's what I'm trying get out. So there's there's another

30:29 outside of measuring metabolism. All Of course, oxygen simple. It's

30:41 the blood or it's in the red cells being transported on hemoglobin. Carbon

30:46 , of course, has to be confusing. Has three mechanisms it can

30:50 in the blood. That's easy. two right? As dissolved just like

30:54 is all right. It can go the red blood cells and bind up

30:58 hemoglobin. It does so differently than does. That binds not to the

31:04 It binds to the globe and portion the molecule. And the third way

31:09 that it's transformed into bicarbonate and it's back to the blood. So,

31:14 transformed. It can be transformed in blood directly, or it's moved into

31:18 red blood cell, transformed and then right back out again in the form

31:23 . And this is the most common that it's being transported. All

31:27 bicarbonate dissolves easier in the blood than dioxide does. And so that's why

31:33 transport that in that direction. And uses this particular equation. Now,

31:39 know a lot of people like I'm looking around here, a bunch

31:42 science geeks, right, Alright, time for you. This is what

31:46 do. You don't put caffeine on body. You don't put all those

31:49 . You know? This is the right here that you have to put

31:52 your body. All right. That's important one. You're going to see

31:55 over and over and over and over . Now, here's the truth.

31:59 dioxide and water will naturally become carbonic . All right. It can do

32:05 , it doesn't need an enzyme to so. But the carbonic and

32:09 that's the enzyme right here speeds up process significantly. Alright. It's a

32:16 process. And actually what happens is you form carbonic acid, it will

32:21 down into bicarbonate into a proton. right. So, that's what that

32:26 . And it shows you that's completely . What that means is is in

32:31 I'm in a tissue, like around cells and I'm red blood cells show

32:36 and pick up carbon dioxide and does conversion and then the bicarbonate is transported

32:42 the blood. When it arrives back the lungs, you can do the

32:45 reaction create carbon dioxide. So, can breathe the carbon dioxide right

32:50 All right. So, while this up a majority of the process,

32:58 quickly reversible. All right. It's one of these enzymes where it's like

33:03 stuck over here now. All What we have is we have something

33:07 called the chloride shift, which I'm to show you here in the next

33:10 . And so that's what allows us move the bicarbonate of carbon dioxide where

33:15 need it to be. And it's same sort of rules. Remember,

33:18 like that picture. I showed you out there in the blood and here's

33:22 out in the lungs and here's the . Here's a red blood cell,

33:26 ? The reason we're able to get into the red blood cell is because

33:30 never let it saturate or quick break the blood. We always have the

33:34 there to allow the auction to flow until equilibrium. All the hemoglobin is

33:39 , and then we're going to see along the way. And that's what's

33:43 go on here. Yes, Mhm. Is there something watching

33:57 Um, So, yes. And is part of how the kidney

34:01 So, when we become when our becomes too acidic, we actually pull

34:05 protons out and get rid of And this is one of the things

34:09 the kidney is responsible for. All , but where do we get those

34:13 from this? And what's interesting because getting rid of so many protons.

34:17 this is this is a factoid. don't need to know this. We

34:20 roughly 60,000 bicarbonate molecules to everyone And you'd say, but wait a

34:27 . I know my chemistry, they me memorize these stupid ratio things.

34:32 so, if every time I'm making bike, I mean, a carbon

34:35 acid and it associates shouldn't get And the answer is yes, but

34:39 get rid of a bunch of those . All right, because of the

34:43 of my kidney works. And because what I'm trying the acid base balance

34:47 the system works. So we're heavily pushed towards the bicarbonate side. All

34:53 , that's a good question. All . So, I'm just going to

34:56 you the three different steps here, you can see it. Right?

34:59 here we are in the tissues. making lots and lots of carbon

35:03 The amount of carbon dioxide here is be lower there than there.

35:06 That's why carbon dioxide moves in. ? So, once carbon dioxide is

35:12 , it can stay in that dissolves . Which is that's what that's

35:15 Some of it can actually be converted into by carbon. As I

35:19 it's a very slow process. you know, we do have carbonic

35:23 and hydrates, but not a lot it is gonna be converted directly in

35:26 blood. All right. It's a , very small portion. The amount

35:31 carbon dioxide that's inside the red blood are actually fairly low relative to the

35:36 area. And the reason for that because we do have the carbonic and

35:40 there. And so, if we carbon dioxide and water plus the carbonic

35:44 hydrates, I'm going to go through the fun little steps to make the

35:48 . All right. So, every I take a carbon dioxide and turn

35:52 into bicarbonate. That is one less dioxide. So, I'm one less

35:56 away from equilibrium. So that's going draw carbon dioxide from the blood.

36:00 so now I've got my gradient driving dioxide in. But obviously, if

36:05 making bicarbonate, I'm accumulating bicarbonate. I have too many by carbon,

36:10 I'm gonna reach eventually reach equilibrium. , this is going back to all

36:14 kIM one that you took. Ever why you have to take kIM one

36:17 two. So, you can understand little process right here. After you

36:21 this process, you can throw the of the chemistry away. You don't

36:25 me. Deve Okay, you're Every time I make a bicarbonate,

36:33 actually shifting the equilibrium or shifting towards . I don't want to shift towards

36:39 . I want to keep making by . This is where the chloride shift

36:42 in. It's a chloride bicarbonate So, what I do is I

36:47 that by carbon and I throw it the cell. Now. If I

36:51 threw it out to sell the inside the red blood cell, right?

36:53 just pumped it. Red blood cells be full of more and more

36:58 Unbalanced protons, The inside of the would become more and more acidic.

37:02 don't want it to be more I want to keep things in balance

37:05 that's why I'm bringing in a right? proton and chloride. Are

37:10 attracted to each other? Yeah. you doing? I'm gonna hang out

37:15 you for a little bit. All . That's what they're doing inside the

37:21 blood cell while bicarbonate is away playing hanging out with you. That's what

37:28 . So, now we've taken the . We've thrown it out here.

37:31 so the levels of bicarbonate out in blood are rising, Right? And

37:36 how we're going to transport the But we're drawing and pulling more and

37:40 carbon dioxide into the cell. The thing carbon dioxide does remember what we

37:45 is that it's going to bind up him a globe. What it binds

37:49 to hemoglobin. Here it is, . What it does is it causes

37:54 to release oxygen. All right. , this is how we're also driving

37:59 of the oxygen out. But in what we're doing is we're creating that

38:04 dioxides with carb oxy hemoglobin. All . I'm sorry. It's carbon meaning

38:10 global, Excuse me, car box . Bad karma hemoglobin. Good.

38:16 right. So, we're carrying it hemoglobin. We've made bicarbonate and we're

38:22 an S. Co. Two and But most of it is being transported

38:26 that by carpeted in the blood. when I arrive at the lungs,

38:30 first carbon dioxide that's going to leave which one when it's already there in

38:34 blood that leaves that creates a So carbon dioxide inside the cell has

38:41 leave. That's creating a disequilibrium. , I'm going to try to make

38:44 carbon dioxide, but I don't have bicarbonate to do so. So,

38:47 going to start exchanging the carbon dioxide chloride again. Going to push the

38:53 out bicarbonate in make more carbon Which is going to start allowing me

38:58 shift carbon dioxide back out to the . So in the lungs I'm delivering

39:03 dioxide. I transported as primarily as . But I'm making carbon dioxide

39:09 And then after all the carbon dioxide been exchanged, I go back down

39:14 I do the same thing all over . So, do you see what

39:19 doing here? His transport. So very second slide I showed you was

39:25 basically exchange from the air with the and we're just trying to make sure

39:28 do I get that to the cell how do I get from the cell

39:32 to the air. Am I making or am I talking crazy talk?

39:42 want to vote for creature talk? right. I do it. I

39:48 ready for the crazy talk. sir. Wow. Yes.

39:56 Yeah. Yeah, sure. can I draw it over here.

39:59 that help everybody if I drew Okay. Right. Hopefully this one

40:08 . If not, I have to find another one, I'm just going

40:10 do the whole thing. Right. got co two, right, this

40:14 in the tissue. So whatever our happens to be. If it's cell

40:19 if it's lung. Okay. So this case co two goes into the

40:26 right from the plasma becomes CO two stay there or it can go into

40:32 red blood cell Rbc where CO two converted through a series of steps as

40:38 or it's bound to hemoglobin Right? it can stay even as co.

40:44 . Yeah. Right. But we want by carbon inside the red blood

40:48 . So what we're gonna do is going to transport uh by carbon out

40:51 the cell and we're going to exchange for chlorine. Uh huh. I'm

40:56 real lazy. I'm not putting my sides. All right so now I'm

41:01 in the lung. All right I have Co two in the Plasma.

41:06 so that's CO two in the plasma going to go out to the lungs

41:10 it's lower partial pressure. Oh no means this becomes lower. So what

41:15 have to do is I move my two that way this CO two becomes

41:20 . So now I've got to move CO two there and I've got to

41:23 this CO two to there as But when that gets lower I've got

41:27 replace it. So what am I do is I'm gonna shift my bicarbonate

41:30 make my C. 02 so I move it there. But that's driving

41:33 to here which is driving out there that's how it's moving out especially stairs

41:39 I'm either moving down I'm always moving the stairs. So as long as

41:42 there's any sort of equilibrium in the and there will be equilibrium in the

41:47 when I'm between between the cells or the lungs. So as I'm

41:52 I have equilibrium. But once I back to the tissues, I'm actually

41:57 something out. So I have to where I've pulled out and then I'm

42:02 between the cells and the tissues And then when I arrive in the

42:05 then I'm basically producing stuff. I'm pushing in that direction. Kind

42:10 makes sense. Mhm. It's favorable the sense that it's trying to reach

42:22 . There's so with regard to this , carbonic and hydrates, this will

42:27 occur even without the enzyme. All . So, So, the

42:32 the free energy that's there is so that it can go either direction.

42:38 ? You don't have to put in real energy into the system to do

42:42 . All right. But the carbonic hydrates makes it happen quicker. All

42:47 . And that's why it says If there is just basically saying,

42:50 , it would happen. We don't the carbonic and hydrates, but it

42:54 happen now. What do I I'm just going to go to a

42:57 here, Why do I say put equation on your body if you're gonna

43:01 you're gonna attach yourself with a science . Why that one you're going to

43:04 it again, All right, you're to see in the digestive system going

43:07 see it in the renal system. it's probably in other systems as well

43:11 we haven't bothered talking about or haven't into. All right. It's just

43:15 very common pathway. This is in how we make protons for digestion.

43:20 we're talking about uh hcL you're digesting the stomach through carbonic and hydrates.

43:28 right, pause here. Any other ? Mm No, no, no

43:42 okay. That's okay. Alright. they affect the holiday In effect simply

43:49 says, look as carbon dioxide, dioxide levels rise. That's going to

43:54 auction levels to fall. That's that's it says. All right.

44:00 there's a lot of science behind that says carbon dioxide will bind up the

44:05 in which causes a change in the of the hemoglobin, which causes a

44:08 affinity for oxygen, which causes option , which causes allows for more carbon

44:16 to be made basically, Which allows carbon dioxide into the red blood

44:19 which causes the pattern to repeat So, we just call it the

44:24 data effects basically. Carbon dioxide makes leave hemoglobin. All right. I

44:34 a picture to show carbon dioxide leaving the opposite direction of what we saw

44:39 we looked at oxygen. All This slide can be a little confusing

44:47 remember I told you on Tuesday, said it doesn't matter if you're breathing

44:51 or out the average partial pressure of . And the Salvia lies about 200

44:55 mercury. And then you read this and I know someone is going to

44:58 this slide while studying for Tuesday and gonna go wait a second. This

45:02 what he just said. Notice. said, the average partial pressure of

45:08 Is 100 of Mercury. All Does that mean that the partial pressures

45:12 ever change? No, they do when you breathe in you're putting in

45:16 air, which has more oxygen, means the partial pressure slightly rises.

45:20 right. And then as you have exchange taking place, that means the

45:24 pressure is gonna lower get lower. ? But the average partial pressure is

45:29 or less constant. Regardless, breathing breathing out or holding your breath.

45:34 , if you held your breath for minutes, do you think you're partial

45:36 is going to drop below that yep. And you're going to faint

45:41 it's going to be really, really and painful. All right. So

45:44 do that for long periods of So, I'm showing you this to

45:50 you understand that Yes, there are . But over. But if you're

45:56 at an average it's more or less . And that's what the white lines

46:00 representing. Is that average All Now, the reason I point this

46:05 also is because this is our grand from this simple concept of oxygen being

46:12 the atmosphere and going to the cells carbon dioxide going to the cells to

46:15 atmosphere? The only way that can is if we're breathing in and breathing

46:20 , Right, that's the ventilation And so ventilation is vital to ensure

46:27 we're getting oxygen going into the LBO so that they can go to the

46:32 should go to the cells and while pushing carbon dioxide out so that we

46:36 this gradient that we can take advantage . All right. That's in essence

46:41 we're trying to deal here. what we're talking about is pulmonary

46:45 That's the volume of air that you in and out every minute. There

46:49 go. Sorry about that. All . It's really easy to calculate pulmonary

46:55 is equal to your title volume times respiratory rate. Title volume is how

47:00 air you're breathing in and out per , roughly. 500 millimeters of mercury

47:05 not millimeters millimeters per breath. Respiratory is just a number of breaths that

47:09 take per minute. And you can this out. You can just sit

47:12 with a little clock and you can how many times you breathe in and

47:15 . Right? That's one breath in out. That's one breath,

47:20 And then You can just kind of 500 mils. But you could actually

47:24 and measure that as well. if I want to increase pulmonary ventilation

47:30 , it says I can increase the volume, Right? So, if

47:32 double the title volume, what happens pulmonary ventilation? It doubles if I

47:37 my respiratory right? What happens to pulmonary ventilation doubles? Good. You

47:42 ? Simple arithmetic? Yeah. All . Yeah. But you also have

47:46 understand that. Sometimes mathematicians don't get formulas right? All right. Because

47:54 I increase my title volume, I do a better job of increasing pulmonary

48:01 than if I increase my respiratory And the reason for this is while

48:05 think about respiration is moving air in out of the lungs. Remember when

48:09 talked about the lungs, we said there is a conducting zone and then

48:12 have a respiratory zone and a lot the air is still in the conducting

48:18 . Not playing a role in So, if I increase my respiratory

48:22 , I may not be moving all air. I need to into the

48:25 zone. It may be spending all its time just in the conducting

48:28 So, I need to make sure I'm talking about the amount of air

48:33 actually get into the respiratory zone. other words, I've got to ignore

48:38 dead space. All right. What the anatomical dead space? Well,

48:44 we go and take a look, talk about the conducting zones. Now

48:49 , this is just a cartoon to of represent all your ravioli and you're

48:53 zone, Right? But you can all those branches. The anatomical dead

48:59 in your body is about 150 All right. So basically, how

49:04 we do this? We take a . We fill up that space and

49:07 how much stuff gets in that conducting zone. And then we measure that

49:10 out. And that is your anatomical space. 150 mils, roughly.

49:15 much are you breathing in for I just told you a minute a

49:20 ago. About 500. So that the amount that's getting into the respiratory

49:25 for each breast should be about 350 . Right? So I need to

49:32 I'm making adjustments, it's better for to make adjustments to how much is

49:36 down to that respiratory zone. So I want to do as I want

49:39 increase my title volume by conducting that of the conducting zone never changes.

49:46 amount of air that's in my respiratory can change. Okay, I can

49:52 if I have Al Viola that can and I've got thousands upon millions of

49:56 things and I can increase how much in the respiratory zone. But my

50:01 remember was that a rigid cartilaginous They don't stretch. They don't get

50:06 . So that stays a constant. , so really when we're talking about

50:12 ventilation, what we really want to concerned with the AL Viola ventilation,

50:16 is the title volume minus an atomic space. Right? Times respiratory

50:22 Now to show you that this is advantageous. I want to show you

50:25 graph that does this. All And I want you to see the

50:30 and then I want you to think how it works in real life.

50:32 right. This is just trying what trying to show you here is they're

50:36 to keep pulmonary ventilation constant. All . This is why it's a terrible

50:44 because if I'm trying to keep this , It's not really going to have

50:49 real effect. Right? So, dead space is roughly 150 mils.

50:55 . Right. So, if my volume is 500 minus 1 50 that's

51:01 to give me 3 50. So times 3 50 should give me um

51:06 number right there. 4200. Did do that math? Right.

51:11 no, no. Yes, that correct. Right? Because what I'm

51:15 is I'm comparing this to that So, Al Viola ventilation is about

51:21 versus normal. But look what happens I start doing shallow breathing.

51:28 All right, let's say I am see this title like, okay,

51:35 300 mils per breath. Always remember I'm looking at minus 1 51 51

51:40 times 20 gives me 3000 miles per , right? Versus this.

51:47 So, I'm spending less time in respiratory zone. Just moving a little

51:51 of air and finally deep breaths but breast permit it. So 7 15

51:59 , that's 600 Times eight. There's that. And why I say this

52:04 a terrible graph is I want you think for a moment about,

52:09 I don't know, exercising. All . You're sprinting. Do you do

52:13 breaths when you sprint? The answer be yes. Right. Right.

52:22 what's also happened to the number of per minute? It's going up.

52:26 , both of them are going Right? But if you were to

52:29 one constant, then what's going to is is that you can see there's

52:34 greater effect. And how much I in in terms of al viola ventilation

52:41 normal than if I just hyperventilate paint a picture. It's that time of

52:48 , Halloween. This sunday. You got your costumes picked out?

52:55 Okay. Long time ago we used have parties at Halloween. All

53:02 I don't know what you guys do . All the things I read about

53:06 Tiktok and the instagrams, it scares to death. Maybe that's the

53:12 Right. So one of things we to do is we get people in

53:17 chair and we'd say, all get down, get all tight and

53:21 now start hyperventilating and you Do that 30 seconds. And they say stand

53:25 and you stand up and you're It was awesome. Why?

53:31 because we're mean, right. I you want to know the things we

53:38 to do, we used to throw at each other. Hey, the

53:44 of us that survived are stronger. remember a friend of mine, I'm

53:50 gonna go through all these, but remember playing, not indians. It

53:54 just like, let me see if could hit a moving target. You

53:57 back and forth with a bow and , not with the tip of the

54:02 . You take one of the suction arrows and you take off the

54:06 And I remember him shooting at me shooting at him and he hit

54:10 in my ankle hurt a lot, course. Right? So yes,

54:16 used to do that parties. So why why did I pass out

54:23 why did my friend pass out or did anyone pass out when I'm

54:28 Where am I moving my hair? only just sitting in the conducting

54:35 All right. Is my gas exchange taking place? Of course it is

54:39 because I got step in the respiratory . But even though I'm moving air

54:44 and down, it's only the stuff in the conducting zone that's moving and

54:47 eventually I'm going to start running out oxygen. So when I stand

54:51 there's the Ortho static shock, you ? Well, and then there's no

54:55 to support the activity that I'm which is standing up in my brain

54:58 , oh well, you know, time to shut things down because otherwise

55:01 going to die. And so that's you pass out. Don't do that

55:09 parties. There's a lot of things shouldn't do at parties. That's what

55:17 does this kind of makes sense. in a normal human, normal healthy

55:28 , basically what you're going to try do is you're gonna try to or

55:32 you're gonna see is that the number L. V. O. Lie

55:35 are there are mostly all functional. there is something called Al Viola dead

55:41 as well. Alright. So generally , if you look at a healthy

55:44 , you're going to see that all Al Viola are able to expand and

55:47 and they're able to play a role gas exchange. Those Al Viola that

55:52 play a role in gas exchange or we consider to be valvular dead

55:56 Right? But in a normal healthy , there's very little valvular dead

55:59 But there is some and the reason there is El valor dead space is

56:04 your body sometimes fails to match ventilation perfusion. All right. So ventilation

56:10 what do you remember? What's the of it breathing in and breathing

56:15 Do you remember what profusion is that ? Yeah, remove refers to fluid

56:21 , in circulation. All right. so what we want to do is

56:24 want to make sure that there is control to ensure that there's gas exchange

56:30 place. Do you see what I there? I drew something on the

56:32 because I knew I was going to back to it. All right.

56:35 , here's a really easy part. is the venus side. Here's the

56:40 year old side of a capillary. we have here are Sorry, I

56:44 that back move. That's awful. is atrial side. This would be

56:47 side. But this is blood that's . That's the oxy. So,

56:50 gonna have higher CO two content, oxygen content. So, what's going

56:54 happen to the CO two? It's to go out, right? Because

56:58 lower partial pressure there. What's the going to do? It's going to

57:03 in right? And then what's gonna up happening is you're going to end

57:07 with a blood vessel, right? now has lots of co two.

57:13 little oxygen. And because we've done gas exchange is now going to have

57:17 lot of CO two and very little . And so now, what we

57:21 here is basically dead space because we equilibrium, Right option is not going

57:26 come out because it's match co two not going to go out into the

57:32 because it's matched This is dead That's bad in terms of exchange

57:38 notices one Al Viola out of millions you might have maybe 1% of yourselves

57:43 this. So, what do I to do? Well what I can

57:50 ? Mhm. Is actually draw this but not an arrow all the way

57:54 . All right. What I will is when this condition occurs is that

58:00 gonna stop the flow of blood. other words I'm gonna conclude that blood

58:05 , right? And what I want do is I want to dilate my

58:15 . Now what am I doing Well I still have lots of CO

58:19 . Very little 02. But because not going through this blood vessel now

58:22 can't have exchange it's going to go a different blood vessel right? So

58:26 don't have exchange taking place. And happens to my CO two in my

58:32 when I dilate like this. Well CO two is going to leave as

58:36 breathe out and I'm going to get oxygen to come in right when I

58:42 in. And so now what I is I have a blood vessel or

58:50 Al Viola has lots of CO two sorry lots of oxygen and very little

58:55 two. Now I have a problem . What's my problem? Yeah I

59:05 I can't exchange gasses because I don't a blood flowing through. So now

59:08 do I have to do is I to trap my blood or sorry my

59:16 . So I'm gonna bronchial constrict and I'm going to viso dilate. So

59:23 I have co two coming through very action. So now I can now

59:28 my exchange again and then I just doing that cycle over and over.

59:36 you can imagine now at the local . All right. So the bit

59:40 the grand at the macro level we see this. Right. So too

59:44 going to the lungs. Oxygen is from the lungs to the blood.

59:47 what we've been talking about. But the micro level we have to make

59:50 exchanges taking place. And so at individual al viola local control is ensuring

59:58 there is a maximum amount of Uh huh. That's what this

60:07 And you probably saw this. No think you saw this in your

60:12 And that in your book basically is I just described during periods with regard

60:19 ventilation bronco dilate. And we're response an increase in partial pressure in the

60:26 via life. Right? Partial pressure carbon bronchi constrict in response to the

60:31 . And that's what we're showing increasing the partial pressure of carbon dioxide

60:36 so I can get rid of Bring in the oxygen constrict. Now

60:40 holding onto the oxygen and I'm not out very little carbon dioxide with regard

60:45 perfusion arterials are gonna dilate in response an increase in the partial pressure of

60:52 . So I can have an Right and they're going to constrict when

60:57 partial pressure of carbon dioxide gets too . So I'm now constricting.

61:01 I don't have exchange taking place. matching the flow of blood to where

61:07 can take place. And this is at the macro level throughout the lung

61:24 . Go to the next slide, . This always makes me nervous.

61:29 tell me you've crashed. Okay. right. So, when do I

61:39 ? What causes me to breathe in breathe out? Well, there's a

61:43 title volume. Right? But have ever done that like that phantom,

61:48 know? Sy Yeah. Here Iand if I can make other people young

62:00 are contagious. They're like memes. right. Actually, I've actually asked

62:08 to write papers on yawning before. one's ever come up with a definitive

62:11 as to why we on Alright. reason where we breathe in and out

62:17 because of respiratory centers that are located the brain stem that establish our rhythmic

62:22 patterns. All right. These are or are subject to voluntary control,

62:27 your cortex can play a role in you breathe for example, I can

62:33 you breathe faster for me and you on Tuesday, Right? And then

62:38 asked you to hold your breath and did for me. Right.

62:41 So, you do have voluntary control that. But as we're sitting here

62:48 , you're breathing. You don't have sit there and go time to breathe

62:52 time to read out, right. the good news. All right.

62:58 , we have three different types of centers. We have those that alternate

63:01 patterns of inspiration expiration. We have that regulate the magnitude and then those

63:06 serve other needs. All right. that's what we're gonna kind of walk

63:10 . So, rhythmic breathing is regulated in the medulla. All right.

63:15 medulla has the central pattern generators that responsible for regulating the respiratory muscles.

63:23 , there's both inhibitory excitatory neurons And so, you don't have to

63:27 about this. They're going to play role in this. So, the

63:30 group of neurons are called the dorsal group. All right. These are

63:34 respiratory neurons. They cause your conspiratorial to fire or to contract to cause

63:42 . All right. So, what humans are your inventory in your inventory

63:46 ? Do you guys remember? Diagram the Yes. And which one's

63:53 External? So, that's what they're . They're acting on those two.

63:57 contract. Yeah. And inspire. when they stopped that signal, that's

64:04 those muscles relax back in. that's what the DRG is doing.

64:08 right. They cause inspiration because they through a series of action potentials and

64:14 it stops. That's expiration. And you repeat that process. Stop expiration

64:22 . That's inspiration. Expiration. That's title volume right there for the dorsal

64:26 group the ventral respiratory group. I know why that's being frustrating. Has

64:33 inspired tori and excretory neurons. So, all of a sudden now

64:38 adding in both. Right? So I forcibly expire, I'm actually pushing

64:44 out. So that's what those excitatory would be as I'm forcing air

64:49 And so when I have an increase demand for oxygen, I'm gonna increase

64:54 inspiration and then I'm gonna push In other words, I want to

64:58 expiration in response to the increased All right. So both those things

65:05 occurring in response to activities. I have to think about it. It's

65:09 , oh I'm exercising now. So have to breathe harder and breathe in

65:13 and then breathe out harder. It's to happen because of the ventral respiratory

65:21 . We also have the pre But complex which should have the two dots

65:25 the O. There. Um and , we're not 100% sure what they

65:30 . But in essence it's believed to that pattern of of maintaining respiratory

65:37 Alright, so again, conspiratorial These are going to be found in

65:43 medulla and they think it's like a . So it's basically communicating. And

65:49 was about to get really confused here wait, it's in the pond.

65:51 no, there's two other things in ponds. These are the agnostic and

65:56 centers. And I think now they changed the names of them again on

65:59 . So they may not have these anymore. But basically what these are

66:04 can think of as the gas and brake? Uh to uh stimulating the

66:10 larry uh nuclei. So the agnostic they do is they prevent the inflammatory

66:16 are being turned off. So this what elongates the breath, Right?

66:20 what you do is you go and keep going right as opposed to stopping

66:25 you normally would stop. Whereas the attack six basically shortens inspiration.

66:29 you get those shorter breaths. that's when I say gas and

66:33 That's what I'm thinking about, is and brake like that. Mhm.

66:39 that's not the only way we control is through the medulla. They need

66:43 , right? Your body is saying need oxygen. Or actually is

66:48 No. Actually, what your body saying is I have too much carbon

66:54 . I need to get rid of . All right. That's really what

66:57 monitoring. So, what we have we're looking at chemical control. We've

67:01 talked about this. We've said there's couple of things that are important,

67:05 ? When I increase my metabolic my temperature goes up, I produced

67:09 CO two and produce more. Yeah, hydrogen. Right? And

67:16 way you can think about this, you're like, well, I'm not

67:18 about the ph thing. It's real carbon dioxide plus water makes Yeah.

67:25 , bicarbonate and a proton. So the CO two levels rise.

67:30 naturally make more protons? All So, my ph drops. Damn

67:38 keeps popping up. All right. , where do we have these

67:42 We have one in the crowded one in the aorta. So we

67:45 the crowded and aortic bodies. All . They have cells within them that

67:51 called glioma cells. Glioma cells are chemical detecting cells in these structures.

67:58 they do is they look at they look at carbon dioxide and indirectly

68:02 at oxygen as a result there are cells that actually do measure partial pressure

68:06 oxygen. We just don't know All right. And that's what this

68:10 slide is going to show you is We don't know how. All

68:14 So, the one that's most The thing that your body actually gives

68:17 damn about is what is the partial of carbon dioxide? Because if you

68:21 carbon dioxide levels rising, that means activity is rising. That means you

68:25 more oxygen. I can super saturate body with oxygen. But if it's

68:29 through it faster than I can provide , then it's not gonna do you

68:33 good. So, what we want know is how much carbon dioxide is

68:38 in the blood because that's the sign breathe out and to bring something new

68:43 Now. Here's a danger in Did you guys ever get told I

68:48 , I know you're a different generation me by a significant margin now.

68:52 did you ever get told never to in refrigerators as kids? Some

68:58 Yeah. Some people are like, , what are you talking about,

69:01 ? Why would I play in a ? All right. And it's actually

69:05 even my generation. All right. really has to do with my grandparents

69:09 . My grandparents grew up in the Depression. All right. Back in

69:12 Great Depression. The refrigerator they had like the old fashioned kind, they

69:16 have rubber seals. What they had they had kind of a rope that

69:19 around the edges. And what they is they locked in place.

69:23 And if you've seeing like large meat or industrial refrigerators, they have to

69:29 of press a large buttons or grab massive handle that separates it from the

69:35 mechanism. And then you go inside on the other side they have the

69:38 kind of mechanism, but basically they're . They're massive. And they hold

69:41 lot of cold air in them. normal household refrigerators had that kind of

69:47 handle where like, it has a and it holds on to something

69:51 And you basically lock it into Now, you don't need a handle

69:56 the inside of a refrigerator because when you gonna go in the refrigerator?

70:00 refrigerator never. Right. You're not to do that. But if you're

70:04 kid in the Great Depression and you across an abandoned refrigerator in a deserted

70:09 or deserted lot of which, remember used to be deserted lots all over

70:13 place, Right? Not everything was park, Right? What did you

70:18 ? You dump things out on the and you know, for kids,

70:22 like a playground. I don't know you. I used to play in

70:26 sites. Did you ever play in sites? If you grew up in

70:30 neighborhood where they were building lots of , that was your playground? They

70:34 , they built a synagogue down next me where my best friend live.

70:39 stories tall. We climbed up to top of that sanctuary we hung from

70:44 the scaffolding. Why? Because it's . And we could Right again,

70:51 still here. I didn't die. sure my parents, if they found

70:56 , they would have killed me. right. But anyway. So,

71:00 happened is you play in a play hide and go seek, go

71:02 in the refrigerator. It slams shut it seals you in and there's no

71:07 to get out because there's no handle the inside, Right? And all

71:11 a sudden now you have the best spot on the planet, but no

71:14 ever going to find you. And you're going to run out of oxygen

71:17 that space. And so, as start breathing in your breathing in more

71:21 more carbon dioxide, right? And body is saying, oh carbon dioxide

71:25 are rising in the body. So do I have to do?

71:29 breathe harder. Get more air in has more oxygen, which it does

71:33 because you're making more carbon dioxide. so what happens is when the partial

71:40 comes down so low, where you're pressure of oxygen, that's when it

71:44 like threatening levels in your body you know, this isn't working.

71:47 think we'll just go ahead and stop . Mhm. So this is how

71:56 body normally monitors when it's time to in and out. But when it

72:00 dangerous, in other words, the get too high. You know,

72:04 well, it's really oxygen levels get low. That's when it's like this

72:07 working now at a molecular level, is what's happening in the global global

72:12 . And I don't want you to this stuff. I just want to

72:14 out that there are mechanisms that look if the partial if the partial

72:18 reaction drops low, there are mechanisms detect it. I mean, I

72:22 the explanation. There's somehow elevates cyclic . We don't know. It just

72:29 . You know. Um There might a hint containing protein in global,

72:32 know, So basically when auction binds that's how we know, we don't

72:36 for sure. But we think But in essence what happens is is

72:41 through one of these mechanism that causes of these channels which causes deep polarization

72:46 causes the cells to signal to neurons tell the brain it's time to breathe

72:52 . And this is true again for copy uh hyper hyper catania, which

72:58 basically an increase in carbon dioxide basically, it's the same sort of

73:01 . If I make protons binds up that channel, which causes deep polarization

73:05 eventually. And or if I see , which means if I pump in

73:10 protons from the surrounding environment. in essence, what am I

73:14 I'm measuring carbon dioxide levels as they . I'm measuring proton levels when they

73:21 . And so that's causing the cells signal to tell me when to breathe

73:25 . Now we have the same type monitors are receptors are located in the

73:31 nervous system as well. All So there again, it's dealing with

73:35 protons carbon dioxide and even oxygen levels , both in the blood and through

73:40 central uh cerebral spinal fluid. Excuse . All right. So, as

73:46 levels change, in other words, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide

73:50 that's going to cause an increase in number of protons, which is dropping

73:53 ph which causes an increase in So, that's how we're affecting the

74:00 and really through the through the ponds causes to increase or decrease our rate

74:06 inspiration. All right now, the picture in all of this is simply

74:17 . If I can remember protons and remember carbon dioxide and which one is

74:20 important than which then you're good to . And basically what it boils down

74:24 the central nervous system is more important the periphery because brain, if I'm

74:30 at the ph in the brain basically that drops, that's a sign that

74:34 need to breathe in. That's the important thing. All right. And

74:38 kind of did it out here the central nervous system, uh partial

74:43 are really the proton concentration and ph that is more important than the carbon

74:49 concentration because our receptors are looking at which is greater than the periphery in

74:56 periphery, they're about roughly equal. that's more important than the auction.

75:01 then the time when auction becomes important under those emergency conditions, when the

75:06 levels really dropped. That's when the starts freaking out. So, central

75:12 system, most important. Two more that were done and then it's time

75:18 the weekend. It's I don't know they still have it, but chewy

75:25 used to have happy hours starting around , saying. all right, The

75:32 breuer reflex basically says lungs can only so much before they pop. All

75:38 . They don't really say pop. um the idea is that there's what

75:42 would consider a full breath. So the title volume gets to about one

75:46 or so, that's when it says more. No more. No

75:49 We don't want to expand too And so basically you're looking at the

75:52 of stretch. And so basically when stretch gets too much, that's when

75:57 get a negative feedback towards the medulla says time to slow down and reduce

76:02 amount of breathing that you're doing. . Last thing I mentioned, I

76:09 there are other things that can interrupt and expiration. Those things that govern

76:15 things. All right. And so is what this massive list is.

76:18 , hypothalamus affects changes in breathing rates on your temperature. How do you

76:24 ? The faster you're going to And basically that's just a sign of

76:28 activity. Right? So, I I need to cool myself down.

76:32 but two. I really am trying get more auction my system so I

76:36 respond to that need Uh huh, activity, limbic system, breathing rate

76:44 in response to emotions. Have you that? Alright, we're just gonna

76:48 crying as an example. Have you people crying hysterically? Right. That's

76:57 the change in your breathing rate. ? Little boys. Little girls,

77:06 adults after they break up just saying cortex. All right. Your breathing

77:11 change in response to your activities. love this picture. I have to

77:15 a picture up here singing. You just tell he's putting it all all

77:21 key too. Right. So when talk, when you're saying you're changing

77:25 breathing rate, right? And then course you're going to change your respiratory

77:31 when you eat. Right? I , have you ever tried to swallow

77:35 and breathe in at the same It really is hard to do.

77:40 can't actually were one of the few that can't do that. Most species

77:47 , they're tricky extends up higher so can swallow and eat their food while

77:52 breathe. Of course, we're the species that can talk. And part

77:58 the reason they believe that our thing that way. Tracy has developed so

78:05 is because of this pattern of speech we produce. So can't eat and

78:11 at the same time, but we talk. It's kind of a trade

78:15 . And lastly, we have involuntary that can override voluntary control. All

78:22 . Let's see, basically your cortex send things directly to the respiratory

78:27 bypassing the brain stem. And this what I'm saying. When I say

78:31 you can decide when you're going to in and out. Like everyone hold

78:34 breath. We're going by a Did you ever do that when you're

78:37 kid? Right. I mean, voluntarily overriding the involuntary action. So

78:45 obviously mechanisms in place that allow us do all that. All right.

78:50 gonna work hard. And I really gonna try to get those grades up

78:53 . Um, I may make a to you all might you might see

78:58 email that will come and like within next two minutes when you see an

79:02 I'll be like I need like five for extra credits type thing. All

79:07 . So when you say it's like I say, I'm gonna say I'm

79:09 need this many. So it's like first however many are gonna be able

79:12 it's kind of like a radio call . All right, so just be

79:16 . That that might happen. I guarantee it's going to happen and if

79:19 does happen, I can't guarantee what . It depends on what I'm sitting

79:22 and doing it. I'm meeting with spillers tomorrow. So I have like

79:25 three hour meeting. So maybe before might be after, I don't

79:30 Oneness. No, it would be like one review. Yeah, it's

79:35 easy 10 minutes of your life. . Yeah. Oh my goodness,

79:44 . All right, go

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