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00:02 | that's your routine of neuroscience and what talked about last lecture was an excitatory |
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00:10 | ergic and inhibitory gaba ergic neural And we just started talking about inhibitor |
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00:18 | transmissions. But these are the two amino acids neurotransmitters. As you know |
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00:24 | . Gaba. We called it. of the inhibitory cells will be expressing |
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00:29 | acid speaker box list will stay positive it because they will be synthesizing and |
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00:34 | releasing Gaba. You have the transporters will transport and recycle glutamate and gaba |
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00:42 | the prison optic terminals and then you have transporters that will transform these molecules |
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00:49 | the vesicles for them to be released the top left boston, optically glutamate |
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00:56 | bind to three times of I am tropic glutamate er surface that we discussed |
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01:00 | appetite and an M. B. . Each of them having their own |
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01:04 | agonists and antagonists. We know that PTSD is a composite number of potential |
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01:12 | to an excitatory glutamate release here and . P. S. P. |
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01:16 | a combination of the amBA and an . A. Components. We learned |
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01:20 | amber receptors will open immediately with the of glutamate and then magnesium block and |
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01:27 | order to alleviate that magnesium block number potential has to be polarized. That |
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01:33 | to alma receptors. Then the nephew open and they allow for the flux |
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01:39 | the ions and the media is not for the late phase of the |
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01:44 | S. P. Component. Excitatory synaptic potential component and an NBA receptors |
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01:49 | always let in calcium inside this house is a significant source of secondary messengers |
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01:56 | the fox synaptic side. So review there is a specific antagonist CN QX |
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02:03 | AMP a specific antagonist for an D. A receptor in Tv. |
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02:08 | don't confuse an M. D. receptor with a matter with tropical Eden |
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02:13 | that are G protein length and functioning this possible I've a c cascade. |
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02:19 | is an experiment where we describe voltage planting the potential in different holding potential |
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02:26 | and in the presence of magnesium there little in an NBA currents at hyper |
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02:31 | potentials, the reversal of an D. A. Occurrences at zero |
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02:37 | . And if we remove this magnesium creates a Condition of hyper excitability and |
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02:44 | often used in seizure models and Vitra Viva also. And if you remove |
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02:51 | from its regular extra cellular concentration you it to zero from 1.22 you can |
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02:59 | C. N. M. A receptor flocks currents to an |
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03:01 | D. A receptor hyper polarized So then we described the two |
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03:06 | V. Curves for ample receptor and M. D. A receptor ample |
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03:11 | having a linear curve and they're responsible the early components the key early components |
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03:16 | the EBS. P. And D. A receptors. These closed |
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03:21 | have a nonlinear I. V. because they've blocked with magnesium while the |
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03:25 | polarization they start conducting and they are for this blue area that occurred which |
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03:31 | the late component of E. P. So if you apply a |
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03:36 | this protagonist one M. D. receptor you will essentially eliminate this blue |
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03:41 | that occurred for this deep polarization that see here. And we'll have these |
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03:46 | circles which is essentially a flat line to zero. There is no current |
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03:51 | be recorded in the presence of the . We also talked about how these |
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03:58 | channels are very sophisticated three dimensional structures an ample receptors substitution of one amino |
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04:06 | . We didn't mean with argentine results the passage of calcium through that receptive |
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04:12 | or not which is quite significant. then from metal with tropic within interceptors |
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04:19 | talked about this possible life. They activation breakdown of the I. |
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04:24 | Tuned into the hospital dr phosphate and in magazines and glycerol activation of the |
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04:31 | dr phosphate of calcium receptor channels and of calcium from the plasma particularly from |
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04:39 | calcium and general stores. To build these calcium concentrations inside the cell as |
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04:44 | as that will serve as a secondary of the dag remains membrane bound and |
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04:51 | be affecting downstream protein kindly see so can see that there is a divergence |
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04:57 | that pathway through the molecular breakdown of . I. P. Two. |
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05:02 | activation of both intracellular calcium release and numbering associated uh kindnesses Ec recall that |
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05:12 | is our post correlating the donating and . 04 booth uniform remind us um |
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05:21 | are defrost correlating. Well we talked gavel. We just introduced Gaba a |
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05:29 | . And Gaba binding to Gaba A will cause influence of chloride. So |
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05:35 | of chloride will cause hyper polarization for PSP. We also talked about the |
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05:41 | that this receptor Gaba a receptor So I'm a tropic, it has |
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05:48 | sides for such substances like ethanol alcohol it as opinions which are pharmaceutical medications |
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05:58 | boost inhibition and are commonly used to epilepsy and seizures. So if there |
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06:04 | too much excitation, too much calcium the brain. One strategy to control |
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06:08 | excitation is to boost inhibition because if boost inhibition you can maintain the excitation |
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06:15 | common way of boosting inhibition is by Gaba agonists such as benzodiazepines. Other |
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06:24 | such as barbiturates will also bind to receptor channel. Euro steroids also will |
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06:31 | . This illustrates that these different molecules have their own binding side. So |
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06:36 | is really complex three dimensional structure. same goes for glutamate and M. |
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06:40 | . A receptor channel. We have different binding sites from magnesium for singing |
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06:46 | glutamine for slicing and some of these that are made by humans pharmaceuticals or |
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06:53 | natural chemicals that are plant derived or derived. They sometimes can also compete |
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06:58 | the same slop. So some of molecules will be competitive agonist that means |
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07:04 | will be competing with another molecule they into the same. These these these |
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07:10 | sites you can view them as key on the door and one receptor has |
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07:17 | different logs and you can regulate how that door opens or closes by opening |
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07:23 | locking different walks. And sometimes two are trying to fit in the same |
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07:28 | from the same hall in the same hole that will be competing for the |
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07:32 | space on the receptor. So they be referred to as competitive agonists, |
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07:38 | competing for that swap. Now this gala activation as I am a tropic |
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07:45 | and influx of chloride which causes hyper . Yeah, but the receptor you |
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07:50 | learn today boston ethically. It is to G protein complex which actually will |
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07:56 | potassium channel opening of the potassium channel cause the flocks of potassium and potassium |
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08:03 | charge. Leaving the south will cause hyper polarization inside the south precision optical |
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08:11 | receptors located on the pre synaptic terminals control influx of calcium through gulf educated |
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08:17 | channel. So you'll see it's a mechanism to the endocannabinoid actions. September |
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08:23 | are different in the sense of retrograde . This is going to be stimulation |
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08:30 | synaptic stimulation that you discuss in a . This diagram puts everything that we've |
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08:36 | studying that we learned and that we I think quite well at this |
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08:42 | So first of all we have this synapse here, this is inhibitor interneuron |
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08:48 | releases Gava it will be standing positive God enzyme. And you have a |
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08:55 | exhibit tourists around here And as you , these excited during his bitter synopsis |
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09:00 | be located next to each other. could be a greater number of excited |
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09:04 | the synopsis in certain areas. Greater of inhibitors synopsis, you know that |
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09:09 | soma will integrate the information and decide it's excited enough to fire an action |
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09:14 | or not. But we also learn inhibition can shunt excitation or can cancel |
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09:20 | excitation from distal regions. Right? so there's gonna be interactions with these |
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09:27 | inhibitors synopsis. And if there is ambient release of Gaba inhibitory neurons were |
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09:32 | optically combined to Gaba A receptors here blue. This is Gabby. Reece |
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09:38 | first with the wings here, this the receptor. This is a potassium |
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09:45 | in red. This is calcium channel topically from purple. This is our |
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09:51 | M. D. A receptor that's on these green pods synaptic densities and |
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09:56 | a significant source of influx of calcium M. D. A receptor recall |
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10:00 | a coincidence detector. It's very important learning and memory and plasticity along the |
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10:08 | . So there is this ambient level Gaba here, Gabba move onto |
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10:13 | Gaba receptor channels chloride will come in we'll hyper polarized yourself Gabba will also |
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10:19 | to gather B. G protein coupled which will then open the potassium channel |
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10:25 | the G protein complex causing further hyper . So post synaptic lee you will |
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10:32 | one hyper polarizing potential. Typically if have a stimulation you will see an |
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10:39 | . P. S. B. that E PSP is often followed by |
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10:45 | early idea. Speak okay. And early I PS PS chloride mediated. |
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10:53 | what Gaba is trying to do is to reach the equilibrium potential for |
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10:59 | Remember that nurse potential equilibrium potential that talked about in the first section. |
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11:05 | this is Gaba A. Okay and some delay medical tropic activation you have |
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11:17 | of gather B. And in this he tries to drive the number in |
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11:25 | the equilibrium potential for potassium because it the potassium channel nearby. So it's |
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11:33 | an effect essentially hyper polarization. Now if Gaba spills over here, there |
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11:41 | also pre synaptic Gaba B auto their auto receptors because they're located on |
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11:47 | south of the lease Gaba and binding Gaba to these auto receptors through G |
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11:52 | complex will shut down influx of And if you close these calcium channels |
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12:00 | don't have enough calcium that means that cannot bind these vesicles and release any |
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12:06 | gather. So it's an auto regulation through these auto receptors and there is |
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12:11 | lot of Gabba being released and it's to still over here back to the |
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12:16 | synaptic side and actually got a view Remember and um cannabinoids through CB one |
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12:22 | activation did the similar thing they shut calcium influx and regulated neurotransmitter release. |
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12:28 | this is another mechanism through gravity In fact later when we talk today |
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12:34 | the dentist receptors, dentists and receptors also present ethnic G protein coupled receptors |
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12:40 | ruling to calcium channel and denison regulates calcium influx excitatory synopsis. So now |
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12:49 | this is an ambition and this is . We have excitatory synapse releasing glutamate |
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12:55 | finding an M. D. A have deep polarization influx of calcium costume |
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13:01 | this influx into cellular activation of Co modular and kindness to Gaussian chinese |
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13:10 | can actually cause prosper elation of Gaba channels and opening of the potassium |
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13:17 | This is jeopardy in coupled receptor and of the potassium channel, thereby hyper |
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13:23 | the song I'm afraid gathered opening potassium can hyper polarize excitatory synapses. And |
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13:33 | if this Gabba this is all with . There's no gabba here the solid |
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13:38 | but through calcium and interests out of stores and activation of Gaba B. |
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13:42 | can regulate excitation in the glue, synapse boston optical even more so this |
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13:49 | synapses so active that there's so much Gaba being released as Gabba is going |
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13:53 | spill over and that spilled over gavel activate this post synaptic gaba B two |
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14:00 | couple receptors that can then hyper polarize post synaptic excitatory terminal through the opening |
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14:08 | the potassium check furthermore the spillover of can bind to gaba B. Hetero |
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14:16 | . Their hetero because they're located on excited terrorist synopsis and there are other |
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14:22 | here because the release gatherings released here it binds its own synopsis receptors priest |
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14:30 | here you have Gabba now binding hetero shutting down calcium influx and shutting down |
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14:39 | uh release. So now you can how you have be. You know |
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14:47 | will have ample kina and Andy Avery's . Of course the situation will be |
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14:51 | more complex. We can introduce medical ultimate receptors. You want to complicate |
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14:58 | even more. Let's put in some channel some nicotine nick somewhat schizophrenic. |
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15:06 | and add some color with dopamine or . But I think that this level |
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15:13 | understanding is is really important and this a good diagram to ask questions |
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15:18 | So this is actually experiments that I when I was in graduate school I |
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15:23 | stimulating all the nerve and I was from the colonists learned about talentless visual |
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15:28 | and I would get this gps few that would be followed by an |
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15:33 | P. S. P. That's a fluoride gotta be potassium and Gaba |
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15:40 | receptor has its own antagonist by cumulative an antagonist. So if this is |
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15:45 | same stimulus and trace one you can you produce a Smalley bsp by stimulating |
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15:51 | fibers here and this E. S. P. S followed by |
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15:55 | . P. S. P. then traced to you add by queue |
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15:58 | which blocks and conditions. But when block in addition you produce the same |
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16:03 | . Um Instead of this small response by hyper polarization you get this massive |
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16:10 | arising plateau like potential action potentials writing top of it. So hydroxy sacrifice |
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16:18 | is an antagonist for gallery view But this is important that located can |
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16:24 | this excitation essentially Unchecked. No So protein coupled receptors are seven um membrane |
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16:35 | helix structures that are linked in jeopardy when we talk about a couple of |
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16:40 | masculinity receptors, are you part in couple of the civil coloring Leader made |
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16:47 | have a variety of political tropic receptors 12 maybe up to 14. Now |
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16:53 | D there's different subtypes are one in to serotonin variety of the five HT |
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17:01 | B. C. T five. four and so on, dopamine, |
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17:06 | and africa, alpha and beta uh catholic and we haven't talked about |
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17:14 | We talked about CB one receptor on two. We'll talk about CB two |
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17:18 | in the course and a T. . Is an energy molecule and also |
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17:23 | is supportive energy molecule. It will all acting through a medical tropic. |
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17:28 | actress here. So what are some the things you have to know? |
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17:33 | you have to know the difference between and after the metal tropic signaling cascades |
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17:40 | hospitalized A C. potassium we didn't much about the serotonin receptors. |
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17:49 | We did distinguish between North and often norepinephrine data and the whole push and |
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17:54 | mechanisms we discussed. We talked about actions of vendor cannabinoids and CB one |
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18:00 | which is pre synaptic and we'll actually regulating calcium influx and nurture is gonna |
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18:06 | And http will be mentioning a little more as well. Now these are |
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18:12 | mitigated channels and you can see these g protein gated channels receptors and these |
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18:18 | the transmitter channels. And as you see these transmitter channels they have several |
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18:23 | , five sub units and each subunit four trans membrane segments. These are |
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18:30 | four trans membrane segments. You have cellular and intracellular domains of these per |
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18:37 | . And you can see that you variations. You can have two alpha |
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18:42 | , beta delta gamma. You can two alpha two data and one delta |
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18:48 | alpha, two data and one So the combination of these different sub |
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18:54 | or the ion channels will dictate the of these ion channels that may be |
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19:01 | more than maybe opening fast and then open for a longer time period and |
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19:08 | . Now when we look at the pharmacology of these island, a tropical |
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19:13 | tropics signaling. These are the things we've learned acetylcholine nicotine in Moscow Rennick |
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19:19 | must screen. So if you put the neuro muscular junction. It will |
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19:28 | be a contraction of muscles because he block acetylcholine receptors. He would block |
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19:36 | potential. They will not be able cause a twitch in the hospital. |
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19:41 | alpha and beta. We didn't talk agonist antagonist where we talked about the |
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19:45 | pull mechanism. Glutamate happened. India easy seeing Q. X. And |
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19:50 | P. B. We should no be for sure because it's in the |
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19:53 | with view plots we just mentioned. protagonist is by Http will bind to |
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20:04 | two acts and also a type or type of perspectives. Http is an |
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20:10 | antagonist antagonist antagonist and for a P receptor antagonist. A ceremony and |
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20:17 | deficits receptor antagonists. Kathy something that of us who is almost every |
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20:23 | sometimes a few times a day. substance Starbucks knows very well about |
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20:33 | If it wasn't addictive you wouldn't need Starbucks on one corner of some |
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20:42 | Um So caffeine, the dentist in calcium influx and blocks glutamate release caffeine |
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20:53 | of dentists and reception. So by the dentist in receptor it promotes glutamate |
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20:58 | if you may it kind of helps up the glue dramaturgical neural transmission. |
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21:07 | now if you look at these gaba receptor subunits. So these are just |
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21:12 | on the tropic. You have six four data subunits sometimes. Mhm. |
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21:18 | I'm a raw delta. Mhm. had a lot of some bodacious of |
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21:26 | one beta 1 alpha one beta to one beta three alpha one beta |
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21:34 | And each time you have a slightly combinations. That channel will have slightly |
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21:40 | properties, functional properties, not just properties in general with neural transmission, |
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21:47 | have amplification. Your transmitter will bind the protein complexes will bind to the |
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21:54 | channel protein complexes. One complex can multiple downstream of factors. One factor |
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22:02 | activate multiple secondary messengers, secondary messengers kindness is the hospital basis can affect |
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22:11 | channels nearby multiple molecules. So you the simplification through the neurochemical transmission through |
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22:21 | transmission. You don't have amplification, a fraction of electrical signal transfers. |
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22:28 | the second messenger cascades you have a . We talked about divergence convergence redundancy |
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22:36 | parallel streets. The wonder transmitter combined receptor subtypes negative masculine IQ same |
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22:45 | half of one alpha two beta one norepinephrine. One result for sub pop |
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22:50 | be linked through three systems affected systems . Y. Z. So you |
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22:54 | the divergence. You can also have where three neurotransmitters are binding to their |
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23:00 | channels. A pastor, A B C. C. But they all |
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23:06 | on the same effective system, let's probably kindly say. Or cyclic. |
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23:13 | right. Data receptor and norman up data is pushing the production of psycho |
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23:19 | alpha receptor is reducing the production cycle . They're converging on the same |
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23:26 | Sometimes they will have additive effects in same direction. Sometimes they will have |
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23:32 | subtracted effects onto the same target. have parallel streams and redundancy. So |
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23:39 | same transmitter can bind to a one mm hmm. And get to factor |
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23:47 | . And you can also get to one by buying into a two |
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23:53 | So you have parallel the same. then you have parallel scenes here and |
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23:58 | you have the emergence here. What if you eliminate one transmitter as a |
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24:07 | ? You have a little bit of . So if you get rid of |
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24:11 | , do you lose all of these ? No, you will still have |
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24:16 | to a factor three that was activated transmitter A. You have a redundant |
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24:23 | . So this concludes our session on transmission. And we're going to move |
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24:32 | to the brain. The structure of brain on the cuisine would be responsible |
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24:40 | everything after this point. But when talk about the brain, this is |
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24:45 | brains to scale small and rabbit. , cat, sheep from pansy, |
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24:51 | dolphin. It was up in nephrologist would be running the um um um |
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24:59 | um um um Parliaments and the government be at the top of the food |
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25:09 | but size is not everything. And lot of it has to do with |
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25:13 | . A lot of it has to with complexity of structure and a lot |
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25:17 | it has to do with connectivity. yes, you could actually say that |
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25:22 | are much smarter than humans in certain . But if we were placed in |
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25:27 | dolphin environment, we would be worthless not survived. So they have |
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25:33 | We don't have animals have brains that information in the outside world, but |
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25:39 | cannot process. They hear frequencies recounted . They see wavelengths we cannot |
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25:45 | He sends temperatures the way we do . So it just depends size and |
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25:54 | can mean a real advantage in a environment and the disadvantage in another. |
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26:03 | This is rat brains. They're pretty . Lizard brains are also smooth. |
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26:08 | don't have the the rooms and Do you hear in the same lizard |
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26:17 | ? It's not very smart. Typically smooth brain. There's no salsa and |
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26:23 | that you will be seeing in the order animals all the way to the |
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26:28 | is not to scale, but just show the differences in the artwork, |
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26:32 | anatomical structure. Whenever you talk about and neural anatomy, you already have |
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26:39 | some of this language and biology or in high school. A lot of |
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26:45 | terminology. A lot of it is down the words, vital logic. |
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26:52 | a lot of it. Maybe it some latin words in it, but |
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26:57 | can break it all down and take all apart. And a lot of |
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27:00 | anatomical structures will be noted based on descriptions where they're located. What section |
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27:09 | the brain. You're looking at what of the brain or spinal cord you're |
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27:13 | at. So for your anonymous, have interior and or austral front, |
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27:21 | problem in the Gayle dorsal as you , ventral. Since brain spinal cord |
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27:29 | can see in rodents There is not angle between the brain and the spinal |
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27:35 | . And humans spend about almost 90° the brain because we're standing up on |
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27:43 | legs They're not on four lights. that's in the middle is medial, |
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27:48 | that's to the side of the outside lateral. Then you have these |
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27:55 | , you have Roscoe to coddle cut this plane. If you were to |
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27:59 | the brain, this would be called sagittal cuts and mid sagittal view will |
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28:03 | you to visualize everything from inside of brain from Roswell to cardinal directions, |
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28:09 | have horizontal cuts, kurono cuts and important because for your anonymous, you |
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28:17 | , when somebody asks you, how I get to Houston roadie? |
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28:23 | nobody asked you that anymore because they the cell phone, navigation in the |
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28:31 | out. But let's say you don't these tools that you still once in |
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28:35 | while have to, your phone is or something saying, how did they |
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28:39 | to Nrg Stadium the rhodium. So would you describe it? Well, |
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28:46 | have to go there, you have take this road and turn right or |
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28:51 | and typically, uh if it's typically if it's females interestingly for spatial locations |
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29:00 | would be brand descriptions of what stores . So, you know, once |
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29:06 | pass KFC and next to you target behind that then. So for |
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29:13 | for guys that maybe sometimes oh you north or you go south, uh |
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29:20 | description is a little bit different. when somebody told you you would still |
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29:24 | you kind of find your way to and you feel like there's energy and |
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29:28 | and I can park into the Now, the same with your |
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29:32 | somebody told us that this is a section, the occipital of you're looking |
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29:40 | this plane and as a neuro I'm going to look at it as |
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29:45 | map and say, ha ha ! is my target. There is my |
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29:49 | stadium. I know exactly where I because there will be descriptions that you're |
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29:54 | at the mythological view, posterior portion so on and so forth. This |
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30:00 | the right hemisphere. The left of course you have lateralization of brain |
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30:05 | , not only localization of brain function we talked about like the lateralization of |
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30:09 | brain function because you recall Broca's area area. They were on the left |
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30:16 | . So there are certain features and that are lateral. Ized between the |
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30:21 | and the right hemisphere, although obviously of them talk to each other all |
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30:25 | time through a bundle that is called olfactory bulbs. And this is a |
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30:31 | brain cerebellum brainstem and spinal cord. you can see the factory bulbs which |
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30:36 | more of faction and smell? It's very large compared relatively to the rest |
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30:44 | the size of the brain, cerebral cerebral hemispheres process information. Cultural |
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30:51 | So much information, sensor information from right side is processed by the left |
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30:57 | . Motor command on the right side given by the left hemisphere. And |
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31:03 | is referred to contra lateral, the side if it's the same side like |
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31:08 | cerebellum, it's gypsy lateral. So of the motor commands and motor |
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31:14 | Motor command initiation happens in the cortex some sub cortical areas and basal |
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31:21 | But sarah Palin is also involved in and movement control. The commands that |
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31:26 | from the cortex will be executing on cultural lateral side. Cerebellum commands will |
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31:31 | adjusted and executed on the same And there's a lot of internet connectivity |
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31:37 | cerebellum and cerebrum and vice versa. you have a lot of cerebellum, |
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31:43 | and cerebellum cerebral pathways that will be through the brain stuff into connecting these |
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31:51 | regions of the brain. A lot the cerebellum is referred to as a |
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31:54 | brain brain stem also contains a number nuclei that are responsible for breathing for |
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32:02 | . Trade for essentially vital body cons functions, consciousness control body temperature. |
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32:11 | not saying that there is a suit consciousness and brain cell. But uh |
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32:17 | uh the nuclei that control the breathing the heart rate and brain stuff. |
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32:23 | very important. Yeah. Why are very important? It turns out that |
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32:31 | know you hear these days about opioid that there is a massive problem in |
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32:37 | country with sentinel and the opioids whether pharmaceutical or whether they're illegal, illicit |
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32:45 | is because there's a lot of opiate in the brain stem is controlled breathing |
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32:50 | heart rate. So opiates are very for that reason because they can affect |
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32:56 | vital body functions. The other reason opiates are dangerous when we talk with |
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33:02 | to brain stop is and the fact those is okay is this big and |
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33:09 | definitely does of opiate suddenly 34 times the effect that does an effective dose |
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33:14 | something that helps you with something has effect aim treatment with opioids and effect |
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33:20 | does With three times as effective does lethal. And that's where we're having |
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33:28 | with opiates because they target these brain nuclear, they target these vital body |
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33:35 | . And if you exaggerate and we about these systems as I described, |
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33:40 | systems are dynamic and it's like every and every chemical electrochemical system it's |
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33:48 | it's like a spring, it's like rubber band, you can stretch that |
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33:53 | band goes back stretch, it again back, stretch it again, it |
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33:57 | back stretch it too much brakes and problems. So with certain systems like |
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34:06 | opioid system that dynamic range for the dose and for the dose it snaps |
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34:14 | system, There's only 3-4 times the . That's why it is Susan |
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34:21 | That's why when you hear about either pharmaceutical drugs or illicit drugs like Canada's |
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34:28 | example of THC in marijuana, there's deaths from marijuana because there's very few |
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34:34 | cannabinoid receptors in the brainstem that control multi functions. So there's no reason |
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34:40 | deaths from, from THC overdoses in lizards. But there's no reporting deaths |
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34:47 | that substance. It's very important that start understanding these things caffeine. The |
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34:54 | that it does is what Kathleen Well will say maybe it's five expression of |
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35:02 | in the morning, it's my effect does typically 12 cups you see people |
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35:08 | drink coffee all day long and wired , it's like oh my God, |
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35:12 | personally gone flipping, you know, that's effective dose. What's the deadly |
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35:19 | of caffeine? I drink about 100 of coffee in an hour or |
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35:24 | It's pretty much deadly. Does is possible to achieve actually it's possible to |
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35:29 | . So there are some certain substances we use every day actually that you |
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35:34 | that if you have sometimes a little too much coffee that's the dentist and |
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35:38 | are not only praying as the dentist receptors are also in the heart. |
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35:43 | what happens to heart starts racing blood goes up. So a lot of |
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35:48 | lot of things against for some people affected those is 12 sips that have |
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35:54 | high sensitivity to caffeine. Why denison ? How do we know about |
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36:02 | I'm talking about brain stuff. So important that we understand different substances, |
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36:07 | they affect different parts of the We have beautiful peripheral nervous system. |
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36:12 | don't really talk about this. But know everything that's going into voluntary somatic |
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36:18 | sensory skin joints, muscles don't have to cover it. We have autonomic |
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36:23 | system. We have a pheasant, nervous system. We have essentially nervous |
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36:29 | that is aligned itself along the digestive and the digestive performance. But we |
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36:38 | talk much about it. It's becoming life of what you eat is very |
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36:42 | about how your brain feels. Um President ERic Knowledge system is probably as |
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36:51 | as the cns with as many connections many different parts and also interactions with |
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36:58 | CNN. So no time to cover inflection that the brain protects itself. |
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37:06 | brain has this thick skull over So we talked about entrepreneurs nations earlier |
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37:11 | underneath that thick skull, we have , dura mater and the hard |
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37:16 | Subdural arachnoid space or act annoyed membranes more like spider like member of the |
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37:23 | and the PM model of the jungle on the very surface of the brain |
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37:28 | , the vasculature and micro vessels that penetrating into the blood into the brain |
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37:34 | And micro vessels. One from another no more than 50 micrometers apart from |
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37:41 | brain tissue. So there's a very supply of oxygen. The nutrients through |
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37:46 | blood and neurons are exquisitely sensitive to deprivation. They demand a lot of |
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37:55 | . And as we discussed, if deprive neurons of oxygen for about two |
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37:59 | , they start dying. So now happens for example, this this this |
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38:08 | mater is thick. You cannot poke finger in there just to give you |
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38:12 | idea in order to penetrate dura you have to cut through with a |
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38:18 | or a sharp knife. So it's a really thick kind of a |
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38:23 | almost like skin like layer that is hard to penetrate through. This is |
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38:30 | of the skull is broken. Then skull bones may be stopped by dura |
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38:36 | without penetrating the tissue, rather just a blood trauma on the surface. |
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38:43 | What happens if you have a subdural or leakage of blood rupture of a |
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38:50 | vessel, coagulation of the blood molecules of the hardened blood structures that would |
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38:57 | referred to as hematomas. You can hematomas. If you have a trauma |
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39:02 | your leg or arm, you will the hardening of the blood and the |
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39:07 | area and it stays there and it a long time to clear up and |
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39:11 | a dozen and you have to go the hospital and have a minor surgery |
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39:16 | they will open up the skin and out the coagulants. Clear out and |
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39:21 | to treat the hematoma is. But it happens securely, the only way |
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39:26 | you can clean up that wound and rid of that is by doing a |
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39:31 | tra pronation and so many forest. when we talked originally about brain entrepreneur |
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39:36 | , the prehistoric times, in the , in the ancient times when they |
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39:41 | opening the skulls, which said there so many reasons to alleviate the pressure |
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39:46 | release bad spirits to clean up the and to point up the Thelma's. |
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39:52 | if you needed to clean up an following a trauma or if there was |
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39:59 | rupture of the blood vessel like a like situation and you had a build |
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40:05 | of the blood and have autonomous great nations would be very helpful in cleaning |
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40:11 | so and repeated greater information. we saw the office quarry reflexes and |
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40:16 | ventricles that produce cerebrospinal fluid and there's renewal. So cerebral spinal fluid every |
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40:22 | and the super spinal fluid is not model of protection. So your brain |
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40:28 | cushioned by this gel like fluid that's and it's filling in through them. |
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40:33 | brain filling into the ventricles going all way into the spinal cord from Rossville |
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40:41 | . If there is that normal production cerebrospinal fluid, there might be especially |
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40:46 | development and formation of hydrocephalus or hydrocephalus structures in the brain and in the |
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40:54 | . If there is a normal collection of this fluid production or normal drainage |
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41:00 | that foot through the subarachnoid spaces of spaces, then what happens is this |
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41:08 | will reward and we will start start of the brain tissue and the brain |
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41:17 | gonna start pushing on the skull. about the brain tissue. And |
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41:23 | The skull plates have not fused and bone the salt. The first few |
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41:29 | of life the bone is shaping itself the soft tissue grows, the bone |
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41:35 | hard, the bone is soft. the bone grows made up of cells |
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41:40 | it surrounds that. So if there's , the formation of these ventricles will |
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41:46 | on the brain tissue will push on skull and cause this abnormal alien like |
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41:53 | who knows what alien heads look what alien like shapes of these |
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41:58 | And the only way to alleviate this to drain the fluids by inserting a |
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42:04 | into the ventricle. Modern days it done, it is chronic problem with |
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42:09 | drainage into the peritoneal cavity. There's extra room on this tube. So |
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42:14 | a child grows, the cycling is monitored as being relieved of the abnormal |
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42:22 | . Um It's rare. It happens can happen during because of trauma can |
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42:27 | because of the infection. I saw case of hydrocephalus and the texas. |
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42:33 | ICU that was due to shaken Um The baby had shaken baby syndrome |
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42:43 | had hydrocephalus and the father was actually escorted by police from from ICU, |
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42:50 | baby is um it's a situation where not very well educated parents that are |
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42:58 | frustrated with their little babies that won't crying and of course they have their |
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43:03 | and stress and start shaking. Just to stop crying. And that this |
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43:09 | shaking and shaking off the head can upset the formation of the of the |
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43:16 | through the spinal fluids. So, it is rare, it is rare |
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43:20 | that happens that also go back to jeopardy nation. So, if you |
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43:24 | a child in the prehistoric times, my God, the head is like |
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43:29 | some weird shape. Something is going . So you probably would call the |
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43:34 | that does great interpretations and say, we look in here and see what's |
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43:38 | on? So that would be another why the prehistoric neuroscientists would perform with |
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43:45 | . Okay, so the next couple slides, we're gonna look at the |
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43:49 | of the cns and in particularly the do formation or this process of pure |
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43:56 | . We have this beautiful neural We also have the three major um |
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44:03 | off primordial tissues, entered a Um and back to Durham Endo Durham |
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44:11 | the lining of internal organs. Um Mezza Durham becomes skeletal bones and |
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44:18 | ectodermal becomes nervous system and skin. skin cells actually the most similar. |
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44:24 | primordial stage two neurons. Um you this play here and then you have |
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44:32 | formation of the neural groove of the hall coming in now this is |
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44:39 | this is Chicago and this plate will follow them and form a two in |
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44:44 | middle radius surrounded by cell mites have material column and skeletal muscles and you |
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44:52 | a neural crest here also. And is the new relation process. It's |
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44:59 | rare if you can have some developmental that are related to specifically neural tube |
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45:08 | , it's very rare again. And I say it's rare, I also |
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45:14 | about how complex this is. This like a cartoon looks really simple, |
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45:23 | complex distance, how many cells mechanisms to come to Vienna the self |
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45:32 | It's a code and then the brand assembles. Once that code it started |
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45:39 | be executed and for the for the that how complex this organ is, |
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45:47 | are not that many failures and self during the development. That means these |
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45:54 | very rare disorders, woman 2000 and few thousands of times. So it's |
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46:02 | strong and powerful code that that essentially for 99.99% of us too, commands |
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46:13 | the normal development of the tube. the rostrum end of the tube is |
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46:18 | fact that you may have this sustainable of it successfully. You don't have |
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46:24 | the role of the spirit. If is a problem in the carnal |
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46:30 | that's the neural ation process, you have been a difficult formation where the |
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46:35 | cord may exit out of the vertebra . And this is a trainable conversion |
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46:43 | believe. In fact it can even treated inside the look these days. |
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46:49 | it can be detected prenatally treated prenatally or treated postnatal depending again what country |
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46:58 | lives under. What healthcare system I so. So what? So then |
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47:04 | euro two starts becoming more and more . So first it's a it's a |
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47:10 | and then it's a tube. Now stoop is gonna differentiate roster, |
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47:16 | Rose and saffron or your brain. is we're just zooming right here on |
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47:23 | cns portion. Mrs roberts, cephalon grade. Then the frozen stuff along |
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47:29 | the forebrain is going to differentiate in talon, cephalon dying stuff along. |
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47:35 | have the optic vesicles here have the stock and cut and optic vesicles. |
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47:40 | is going to be the formation of retina. Mhm. Then the talents |
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47:45 | following telling us to follow will differentiate two talents of folic hemispheres. Two |
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47:51 | hemispheres you can see at first and . You have this relatively smooth |
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47:57 | And then as you literally to see very clear four bumps. As one |
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48:03 | my favorite structures. It's referred to corporate quadra gemini corpora corporal body corporal |
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48:12 | for gemini gemini, the amount of nucleons. So it's a collection of |
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48:19 | four nuclei eyes when you learn about . The superior and inferior peliculas. |
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48:23 | we study the visual and the auditory . But you can see that these |
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48:29 | are becoming structurally more sophisticated. Of functionally more sophisticated. You have the |
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48:35 | of the cerebral cortex, the hemispheres these two hemispheres we mentioned there is |
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48:42 | of brain function but the two hemispheres communicate to each other through this massive |
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48:47 | bundle. Knowing this corpus callosum and dying differentiates into the thalamus and top |
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48:56 | and hypothalamus bottom underneath thalamus. And internal capsule that has shown there is |
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49:03 | fibers from the follows running into the and from the cortex back into the |
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49:11 | . This is the brain ship You have john cephalon talk, you |
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49:17 | the cortex development nine Sucker Line on of All of Us. Here you |
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49:23 | half the town's text. Him. is where the tectonic is also the |
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49:31 | back of the head of the Roses stick momentum. You have to |
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49:35 | cephalon. So these colors indicate what you want. So Robin cephalon which |
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49:41 | green will form sort of a gallon and medulla oblon, gata and |
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49:46 | You have the spinal point. This the lateral electricals, third, |
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49:51 | fourth ventricle and ventricle known to the floor. So the human brains will |
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49:58 | a lot of salt side and Girona grooves and gyro and ridges. Because |
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50:04 | have neocortex the neocortex is a seat reasoning and condition, condition. This |
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50:12 | how we can not only process the information but we can also join several |
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50:21 | together that we can also think and sometimes right or sing or do whatever |
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50:32 | . And that is a huge advantage a lot of animals potentially cannot |
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50:40 | Live with metaphors, abstractions, more for the same word. Often depending |
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50:53 | the context in which it's given. the four letter word can sound really |
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51:00 | or really bad depending on the contexts . So this all happens in the |
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51:06 | is divided into frontal lobe for major low's occipital lobe, temporal lobe |
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51:11 | the server Valium. Here these are ventricles the three dimensional structures of the |
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51:17 | , two lateral ventricles, the 3rd ventricle going to the spinal canal. |
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51:22 | can see that overall the range of in a gross level is similar to |
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51:27 | rodents, rats and humans. Except you can see fairly smooth as the |
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51:33 | of Iraq but the same structures but different angle you'll still see here. |
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51:39 | the membrane because the cerebellum, the along gotta and the spinal cord ah |
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51:48 | animals will have different looks to their and different structures will be exaggerated depending |
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51:56 | their environments. So for example This is the frontiers, massive olfactory |
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52:03 | , not a very big brain which that most of the things that that |
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52:07 | does it sniffs things around. So can go to Brazos Bend State Park |
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52:13 | any of you know it. Or you've been there, if you haven't |
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52:17 | there, suggests you go on a warm day in a weekend. It's |
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52:20 | about 35 minutes from here, Brazos State Park. I think maybe it's |
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52:26 | or $10, 10 turns in the , your car. If you walk |
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52:30 | these natural swamps and pause and there's of alligators laying around, just watch |
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52:37 | for your pets. They like to small animals. You can go east |
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52:43 | here to National Wildlife Reserve just off 10, I think it's a 45 |
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52:50 | from here in an hour. That's probably infested. And I'm just present |
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52:55 | alligators were infested with alligators. It's interesting to think about that. Then |
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53:01 | you have rats, which you can pretty much anywhere you can go |
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53:06 | There's probably a lot of rats living . And then if you look at |
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53:10 | rats, it's like, well they these little factory balls, but they're |
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53:13 | bad baby. So that means rat doing something else. Besides just sniffing |
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53:18 | . It's actually whisking around. That's a lot of rats do is whisk |
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53:22 | to sniff around gators. They don't whiskers. That's what I know, |
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53:27 | haven't seen one whiskers yet. That's fish do like drunk nobody, no |
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53:33 | in this area. Black drum, drum flounder, sea trout speckled |
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53:40 | wonderful fish in this area. Um why am I saying that? |
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53:46 | Well the brains look a little bit depending on what they do with function |
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53:51 | perform. But then you look at cortex. Under cortex will have this |
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53:55 | themselves and parameter software basil Democrats will connectivity. We have certain layer structure |
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54:03 | have certain color structure and if you from an alligator cell, criminal self |
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54:11 | from a rat parameter will sell in cortex functionally. They may be also |
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54:17 | similar to. So the basic the basic units excited for a |
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54:23 | Self basic anatomy, it's there, kind of canonical and non canonical units |
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54:30 | there? It depends on what species looking at, independent what part of |
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54:37 | cortex you're looking at. So you take a little pull out of the |
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54:42 | . Then we refer to as Neocortex is a six layer structure. |
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54:48 | called neocortex is because it's the newest . When we talked about the hippocampus |
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54:53 | we talked about the variety of the cells in the hippocampus. Hippocampus is |
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55:00 | or decks because when we talked about , I said the hippocampus has three |
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55:05 | players, $300 layer with Parameter saw Oreos layer underneath and ready. Ivan |
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55:12 | with optical dendrites of pyramidal saw So hippocampus is a lot of times |
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55:19 | to as our key cortex or archaic . It's archaic because it hasn't caught |
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55:25 | with the neocortex. Neocortex is the , the greatest, the most |
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55:31 | It will summarily brain structure that allows to do really smart things and then |
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55:37 | for people like Putin to threaten the with the nuclear weapons. So but |
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55:44 | Cortex is a six layer structure and it has lamb iness structure. It |
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55:50 | layers and also has calling the It has column because these layers are |
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55:56 | in a column like fashion. You take a plug with neural cortex from |
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56:00 | frontal parietal exhibit all the temporal They will all please see these six |
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56:06 | . These six layers can be very revealed within missile stain. This will |
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56:11 | and again will stay in all neurons glia and it's really good for cyber |
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56:17 | to determine the layers and densities of cells. And we will expose these |
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56:24 | UZ layer four subdivided five and six of cells in the neocortex. We |
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56:31 | that this will stain that will stay all of this house. We know |
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56:34 | ideology stain which will allow us to all of the precise anatomy, |
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56:41 | dendrites processes and very spines and only fraction of neurons which is really important |
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56:48 | understand how neurons are connected to expose anatomy in great detail and here on |
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56:54 | right to have a wider stance which axon specific. So it will only |
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57:00 | the accidents and this reveals how you the axons that are running within this |
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57:07 | running across the layers running across the structure of the cortex cortex. These |
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57:14 | letters, there's a certain organization of that go into the cortex. The |
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57:19 | the loops or inter cortical loops processes and the outputs of cortical outputs is |
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57:27 | to sub cortical areas such as particle outputs, cortical cerebellum, cortical spinal |
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57:34 | . Yeah. Structure depends on function function depends on structure. Chicken or |
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57:42 | egg argument. Both are intricately and are inseparable. What you have in |
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57:50 | columns is you have neurons with similar properties just like you have in the |
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57:56 | neurons with similar response properties to control . We have brainstem neurons that produce |
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58:04 | open afra in the specific nucleus, know, Locusts, Aurilia's So they |
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58:11 | have similar response problems that will have functions, surreal. Use your words |
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58:17 | processing network. These columns and the small level are very small units and |
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58:25 | these small units can communicate to other have more complex, you can have |
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58:30 | areas that get involved and then those areas can get segregated into these very |
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58:37 | small processing local humans parallel processing. have parallel processing in new york or |
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58:46 | force and that's because of the connectivity the new cortex of the loops and |
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58:51 | new products that you have. So you recall it was pavilion brahman that |
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58:59 | missile stained extensively to describe the sight architecture past the brain. And this |
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59:09 | some of the images that he produced some of these drawings. So I |
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59:17 | I'm actually gonna, and the lecture today. When we come back, |
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59:24 | going to discuss association areas and then going to delve into details of specific |
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59:30 | structures. So, and we'll study nerves for cranial nerves. I have |
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59:40 | you lecture notes that I'm prepared here . So you can open them separate |
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59:48 | no slaves here. What I mean this diagram here. This, |
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59:56 | so thank you for being here. luck on the twist tomorrow and |
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60:02 | And then I'll see everyone on |
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