| 00:14 | Pretty funny. Mhm. Yeah, . Just a line here. |
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| 00:37 | Testing. Ok. Um Let's All right. So, uh next |
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| 00:47 | of course, uh no classes. spring break. Um so we're gonna |
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| 00:55 | up. Uh So basically we're gonna up units um, You know, |
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| 01:04 | ends. Uh right here. My pen is not working, so |
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| 01:12 | here, catch up there. So the end of unit two. So |
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| 01:16 | finish up. We'll have probably won't a full class, a full life |
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| 01:20 | . But uh finish up the photo . We'll start a little bit of |
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| 01:24 | today at the end, but finish up on Thursday and that we'll finish |
|
| 01:28 | two. So, uh when we back for spring break, then we |
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| 01:32 | the next unit, of course. two is uh at the end of |
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| 01:38 | week, uh 24th, 25th. , um and then before you |
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| 01:43 | it, uh here comes April and we're almost done. So it's flying |
|
| 01:49 | , um All right, the uh so that, um it's normally like |
|
| 01:57 | un quiz is, you know, days Friday through Monday. But this |
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| 02:01 | Because of the spring break in the . I just said I'll open it |
|
| 02:05 | Friday, but you'll have until the . So you'll have like 10 days |
|
| 02:10 | , uh, to do that. , um, Uh, chapter 14 |
|
| 02:15 | working and that's not until after spring . So, uh, nothing coming |
|
| 02:20 | , uh, in the next, our usual due Monday due days because |
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| 02:25 | the holiday. So, anyway, plenty of time to finish that stuff |
|
| 02:29 | . Uh, so just wanna start a bit of a recap. |
|
| 02:35 | So, um All right. So this unit, uh not a unit |
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| 02:42 | chapter 1314, we're gonna talk about kind of more maybe more generally. |
|
| 02:49 | looking at really focusing most for the part on metabolism uh heter growth, |
|
| 02:58 | ? Uh like us, we uh ferment uh it's just in our muscles |
|
| 03:04 | , but the bacteria of course, lots of things they can do, |
|
| 03:06 | can ferment, they can diss fire , anaerobically, right? So we |
|
| 03:12 | through like the stages of um of respiration, like causes and respiration and |
|
| 03:19 | the the glucose of pyro prava can to, if you're a fermenter, |
|
| 03:23 | can ferment into these um end lactate ethanol, other types, organic |
|
| 03:31 | , alcohols or if it can respire going through uh to Kuwait formation project |
|
| 03:39 | of the transport system. So, lot more stuff, right? |
|
| 03:44 | um last time we kind of focused on respiration and the that process. |
|
| 03:54 | , remember I draw this thing all time and one of this kind of |
|
| 03:58 | like this up uh up here, ? We have a donor right |
|
| 04:05 | We have a uh acceptor, And then um these redox reactions, |
|
| 04:11 | ? The accepting and handing off of , right? So we're going to |
|
| 04:16 | more positive reduction potential, right? that's what this was all about |
|
| 04:24 | the energetics of that process. how do you, what, how |
|
| 04:28 | you combine these donors acceptor? Uh , what drives that? Right? |
|
| 04:33 | so of course, it's, it's put together the ones that are strong |
|
| 04:38 | , right? That are upon this of the table. OK? So |
|
| 04:42 | our line is kind of like right , right? These are more positive |
|
| 04:49 | potentials, more negative. So if , if you're more positive production |
|
| 04:56 | you're gonna be a good accepter generally oxygen, right? If you're a |
|
| 05:01 | more negative reduction potential, you're likely be a better donor, not |
|
| 05:06 | OK. Uh So it's all about combinations together additively, right? Negative |
|
| 05:16 | G. And that's what, that's will drive the process, all |
|
| 05:22 | that's what you get out of And so that, that, that |
|
| 05:25 | you get is what is used to protons out. OK? And |
|
| 05:31 | you will then capture that in the of A T P S because remember |
|
| 05:36 | basic concept, we started this section , right? Energy releasing processes with |
|
| 05:44 | required processes put those together, And uh that's what we do. |
|
| 05:49 | the pump protons requires energy. And , and that's how this happens in |
|
| 05:53 | restoration. OK? Because the other thing, of course, the putting |
|
| 05:58 | the right combination of donor acceptor allows to maintain flu, right? That's |
|
| 06:05 | sustains the whole process, right? this is where protons get pumped |
|
| 06:10 | OK? So maintaining that flow. it's remember it's all all connected |
|
| 06:16 | Beginning with and so that's a, one way to kind of test yourself |
|
| 06:20 | you build the process right now. . Let's start with proton proton |
|
| 06:26 | right? Well, what what enables to happen? Well, we'll get |
|
| 06:30 | right? Electron transport chain, strong , strong acceptor. There's a aerobic |
|
| 06:35 | , right? What's the, what's source? Right. Yes, we |
|
| 06:38 | N A B H S for the part that we make. But remember |
|
| 06:42 | not the source, right? we're, we're creating a like the |
|
| 06:47 | you eat, right? And so and so it all it all connects |
|
| 06:53 | . Electron donors feed the system, have an acceptor that allow flow to |
|
| 06:58 | , right? Delta G, maybe delta G in the transport electron transport |
|
| 07:03 | chain energy from protons act, And then we get that uh back |
|
| 07:09 | the form of A T P. here is our E coli very similar |
|
| 07:14 | our mitochondrial membrane, of course, components, but same principle. |
|
| 07:19 | And then um we'll start today with . So the proton mode of |
|
| 07:23 | right? So, um that is then is tied to an A T |
|
| 07:29 | A, right? And that's ultimately we form the energy energy, |
|
| 07:34 | A T P S. OK. So that's what we're gonna, so |
|
| 07:40 | gonna zero in now more on OK? And they look at a |
|
| 07:47 | and then get into little trophy and trophy. OK? So let's um |
|
| 07:55 | here. OK? So I kind already and I'm not gonna, I |
|
| 08:01 | showing you the equation right. So P is the proton motor force. |
|
| 08:06 | ? You're not going to do right? Just kind of wanna look |
|
| 08:08 | the different variables here. OK? we have charge, right? The |
|
| 08:14 | OK is basically a product of the charge, right? The charge |
|
| 08:21 | the membrane and all all cells have charge across the membrane. OK? |
|
| 08:25 | I'm gonna say you go to any usually gonna be their exception but usually |
|
| 08:31 | be like you see here, negative , positive outset you do the proteins |
|
| 08:36 | the cell. OK? Um yeah, proteins, certain proteins can |
|
| 08:42 | secreted or what kind of membrane. you know, for the most part |
|
| 08:46 | are, they're inside the site is . OK? And at physiological ph |
|
| 08:52 | typically have a negative charge, that's contributes mostly to this. OK? |
|
| 08:57 | . Uh Yes, you have lots ions and tens of different types, |
|
| 09:02 | two contribute that most, most of contributions from proteins. OK? |
|
| 09:08 | So this is sets up in one the forces, right? So it's |
|
| 09:13 | charge, right? So remember this pumping protons and what what that's |
|
| 09:19 | about, right? That's the whole donor, electron transport chain, energy |
|
| 09:24 | , all that is degenerating that energy pump protons. OK. So then |
|
| 09:29 | course, they're positive, right? gonna be attracted to negative charge. |
|
| 09:35 | , that's like, you know what do like cat, I like an |
|
| 09:39 | . So um so that's one the electrical force. OK. Delta |
|
| 09:47 | . The other force is the concentration protons high uh here below here. |
|
| 09:55 | you have that um concentration difference, ? The gradient, that's the other |
|
| 10:01 | , right? And of course, dealing with uh hydrogens, that's P |
|
| 10:07 | IP H is a function of the of hydrogen. So uh it relates |
|
| 10:13 | . So we have delta P H is basically a function of concentration gradient |
|
| 10:18 | these and just charge uh total charge the membrane. OK. Uh |
|
| 10:26 | uh so we've got two things that , that will bring protons into the |
|
| 10:31 | . OK. Charge attraction concentration right? Remember they're small, they're |
|
| 10:37 | molecules, even though they're small, not gonna have an easy time getting |
|
| 10:42 | the membrane, water heating, The membrane is very hydrophobic, |
|
| 10:47 | So it's not gonna have an easy getting through. But if you give |
|
| 10:51 | a, a passage way then you're gonna get, they'll come in |
|
| 10:58 | and you'll get energy release, So, back to the energy |
|
| 11:02 | energy releasing what energy require. This is happening again. And that's |
|
| 11:06 | this is here too. That there the same concept because we're the energy |
|
| 11:13 | from electron transfers. We couple that needed to pump protons out. |
|
| 11:18 | And so we do it again over , right? So if we, |
|
| 11:23 | we um here, if we give my way to get in, then |
|
| 11:32 | will. And so that's what the T P is about. OK. |
|
| 11:36 | so they'll pass through and again, release from going down the gradient, |
|
| 11:43 | that to form A T P s remember the form A T P S |
|
| 11:46 | energy, right? And so we again that process. OK. Uh |
|
| 11:52 | two processes and releasing energy required. . So, um so I'm just |
|
| 11:58 | , I'm just storing some values in just to show you what the typical |
|
| 12:02 | are. Are they all MS because not e electrical charge differences. And |
|
| 12:09 | um very typical, right? A difference of external versus internal about |
|
| 12:18 | right? That's, you know, most bacterial cells aren't Kia that's, |
|
| 12:23 | know, they try to operate. are the uh what we call neutral |
|
| 12:28 | . That's what we are, We maintain a relatively neutral P H |
|
| 12:32 | six and eight and uh and that's uh internal P H is gonna be |
|
| 12:37 | that, you know. And so because you're generating radiant, all |
|
| 12:42 | that's gonna create a difference in P . OK. And so that value |
|
| 12:46 | delta P H is just really what difference is. So we're looking, |
|
| 12:50 | looking at a delta P H of , right, one unit difference between |
|
| 12:55 | and out, right? So we plug in the number one over |
|
| 12:59 | Then delta, this is a value could be measured. OK? But |
|
| 13:06 | the average functioning bacterial cell, it's this range, right? And it |
|
| 13:12 | , right? It fluctuates because uh the, the delta G here you |
|
| 13:18 | may fluctuate. OK? The P difference may slightly fluctuate. So there'd |
|
| 13:24 | a range of values but for a functioning cell, it's somewhere in |
|
| 13:28 | OK. So you plug it in our ranges are within here one minus |
|
| 13:34 | , 10 to minus 2, 10 normal. So that's typical for a |
|
| 13:38 | happy cell if you will eco all . And um different things can |
|
| 13:44 | disrupt it. And it does P fluctuations can influence the delta P |
|
| 13:51 | you know, the, the uh and ions coming in out of the |
|
| 13:56 | , maybe the uh the laity uh the cell may change that can influence |
|
| 14:02 | charge. So, you know, it it will vary um under the |
|
| 14:07 | , you know, you'll, you'll uh within this range and um and |
|
| 14:13 | allow you to produce, you the optimal amount of E P S |
|
| 14:17 | get from that. OK. So so next is to kind of just |
|
| 14:23 | a little bit at this part the A T P A itself. |
|
| 14:29 | . Uh So two things to remember the charge difference about the charge and |
|
| 14:35 | concentration difference. Those are the two working here. So we call this |
|
| 14:38 | M chemi osmosis mechanism. OK. But it's a, a total of |
|
| 14:45 | 22 different things that draw, that protons into the cell. OK. |
|
| 14:52 | Any questions about that? OK. let's take a look at the A |
|
| 14:57 | P A. OK. This is molecular motor uh which I do believe |
|
| 15:04 | applying in different types of nanotechnology because does can move. OK. Um |
|
| 15:13 | the best way to really look at is uh in the, this little |
|
| 15:19 | here. OK. So, all . So before we roll this |
|
| 15:26 | so we've got uh obviously major multi complex and it's, it's universal. |
|
| 15:37 | ? It's found in, in obviously in plants, bacteria, et |
|
| 15:41 | , right? And so um So key parts here are the part that's |
|
| 15:47 | in the membrane, right? The zero. Uh This one is in |
|
| 15:55 | . This is where the actual A P synthesis will occur. OK. |
|
| 16:03 | This is the part that you see protons specifically over here. Um The |
|
| 16:11 | lots of protons actually moves its what's a rotor right here, the |
|
| 16:18 | So uh it's rotary action is what about the really the, the exposure |
|
| 16:27 | the active sites that are in the one complex here. And now they |
|
| 16:33 | exposed. A AD P and phosphate in and then A T P is |
|
| 16:38 | . OK. And it's all based this, um the shape really of |
|
| 16:45 | rotor piece, as you'll see here a second. So here's a cross |
|
| 16:48 | . OK. So you can see let's do this. So here you |
|
| 16:54 | to show this. So here is , what happens is in this, |
|
| 17:00 | piece here rotates and as the are , a P phosphate comes in, |
|
| 17:10 | it's a combination of enzyme action and substrate, but then the protein actually |
|
| 17:17 | as well. And that imparts energy for the process. So you can |
|
| 17:21 | here that this axle they call it part of rotate is not totally like |
|
| 17:28 | a cylinder. It has this kind teardrop shape as that moves, this |
|
| 17:37 | ultimately open this one's open at this and then as it moves this |
|
| 17:42 | it will close. So it ultimately and closes as it goes around, |
|
| 17:46 | 3123 sites where this happens. So produce, you can produce three A |
|
| 17:53 | P s uh approximately there's three A sites uh A DB AD P binding |
|
| 17:59 | . OK. And so as it's , maybe an old fuel by protons |
|
| 18:04 | in. So here comes a P S and we turn, then we |
|
| 18:12 | it moves again, I mean, S ac that part will open and |
|
| 18:21 | the products are released. OK. again, it's all fueled by uh |
|
| 18:26 | coming through, continuing to spinning. . But again, you know, |
|
| 18:30 | , work it all back. It's, you don't, you don't |
|
| 18:33 | the spinning unless you have a proton , the proton gradient, unless you |
|
| 18:36 | the electron transport system, you don't that unless you have delivers and acceptor |
|
| 18:41 | , electron flow energy production the whole yards, right? So it all |
|
| 18:48 | . OK. So um so the let's go back here. OK? |
|
| 19:03 | , that's what I want. So if we look at kind of |
|
| 19:06 | of the numbers here, so I think these are for uh your |
|
| 19:09 | E coli under optimal conditions, I that um eight protons are pumped for |
|
| 19:18 | movie oxide. OK. Each So um and so then in terms |
|
| 19:26 | A T P, you get from for every three protons that come |
|
| 19:31 | there's one A T P produced. . So you do the mass, |
|
| 19:36 | ? And um the A T P for N A DH are almost |
|
| 19:40 | right? 2.6 of them. Fa DH two, a little |
|
| 19:44 | And that's only because um the, there's two proton pumps associated with N |
|
| 19:52 | DH, there's just one with FA two. So hence you get a |
|
| 19:55 | bit lesser amount of, of A P production. So um the other |
|
| 20:02 | of this rather than using protons is sodium instead of protons. And that's |
|
| 20:10 | you see in. It's probably obvious you would see it in halo files |
|
| 20:14 | they live in a high salt right? So um so it makes |
|
| 20:21 | that they would substitute sodium ions maybe protons uh pathogens as well. So |
|
| 20:26 | your your bodily fluids have a pretty amount of sodium ions as well. |
|
| 20:32 | so a number of pathogens um uh a sodium pump uh for their AD |
|
| 20:39 | production. But it it's all the principle, same principle ad P A |
|
| 20:43 | all that's the same. Um So we tally down everything up in aerobic |
|
| 20:52 | , OK? Um We can get numbers. All right. So here's |
|
| 20:56 | four stages, right? Um So , review, right? This is |
|
| 21:03 | this is the four stages, what in, what comes out uh |
|
| 21:09 | pirate, et cetera. Um And energy production. So remember the substrate |
|
| 21:13 | versus the oxidative phosphorylation, OK. phosphorylation. Hopefully by now, you |
|
| 21:20 | that when you see that right? means proton pump uh the the four |
|
| 21:27 | here operating uh much more complex, ? Uh the substrate phosphor uh the |
|
| 21:35 | basic way to make an A T if you will, right, using |
|
| 21:38 | phosphorated substrate that will um uh then a phosphate group to a AD P |
|
| 21:45 | make it an A T P. . So we do that at a |
|
| 21:49 | of places in the glycolysis crip But of course, we get a |
|
| 21:53 | more energy molecule formation uh in the of a DH, mostly some fa |
|
| 21:59 | do at, at each of the . We get that. OK. |
|
| 22:04 | of course, they come and do thing at the electron transport chain. |
|
| 22:09 | . That's where these guys do their when they be oxidized and hand off |
|
| 22:14 | electrons. OK. So, um back to our equation from the previous |
|
| 22:21 | slide, we uh if we do that now with the 10 N A |
|
| 22:28 | and two fa DH two that we , that we get a total of |
|
| 22:32 | 30 A T P. OK. We as humans, I'm sure you |
|
| 22:41 | uh our theoretical yi is like 37 A P S. Um The thing |
|
| 22:48 | bacterial cells in a is that even this is a theoretical amount, it's |
|
| 22:55 | uh they don't get that close to . They usually, it's somewhere in |
|
| 23:00 | range of about 18 to 22 A P. OK. Is what they |
|
| 23:09 | . Uh So why is that, don't they get the full, you |
|
| 23:18 | , why don't we get, why , why don't we get the max |
|
| 23:23 | its work? Is, is, this is this only used for |
|
| 23:38 | Use it for other things. It this gradient for other stuff, not |
|
| 23:43 | to make a TPS OK. He it to move flagellum if it's motile |
|
| 23:49 | um to um uh move other molecules and out of the cell, |
|
| 23:55 | So remember that proton gradient is a of stored energy, right? Like |
|
| 24:01 | concept, energy releasing energy energy So that proton gradient can be made |
|
| 24:09 | do other stuff, right? Use energy release you get from going down |
|
| 24:14 | gradient and couple that to other processes the cell transport over the molecules. |
|
| 24:19 | and other things. OK. So that's why it never reaches a full |
|
| 24:26 | paper theoretically is using that gradient for things as well. Certainly for energy |
|
| 24:31 | it can vary depending on what, going on with it. OK. |
|
| 24:37 | uh Any questions about that. So um all right. So this |
|
| 24:46 | , this is gonna need this inter respiration. OK. So take a |
|
| 24:51 | at this. So we're just really on this part here. OK. |
|
| 25:01 | So we're looking at over uh this uh if you call it a sulfur |
|
| 25:07 | more or less. So uh these a couple of terms, this one |
|
| 25:11 | for sure is simulation. So mole are assimilated. So the simulator |
|
| 25:18 | we'll talk about a couple of those . Here's one where the product of |
|
| 25:23 | process is basically incorporated into my, . So for us, you |
|
| 25:27 | we can, we eat protein, course, we can break down proteins |
|
| 25:31 | we can get nitrogen from them and from it and we hold on, |
|
| 25:35 | keep it, we use it to make stuff. OK? That's |
|
| 25:40 | simulator process. That the opposite is . There's processes that we don't know |
|
| 25:46 | and it, and it's free go others can use it that are in |
|
| 25:50 | environment. OK? So you it's Asim and disci processes. |
|
| 25:56 | So um so really this is another to kind of, oh I'm |
|
| 26:00 | they even open the stupid thing. we go. Now it's open. |
|
| 26:06 | Is we have H two S and have so here. OK? And |
|
| 26:15 | O so we're basically going, dude, dude. And then to |
|
| 26:24 | , OK. So we're gonna learn for a good chunk of the next |
|
| 26:32 | that there are roles, certain roles molecules. All right, we're gonna |
|
| 26:37 | on nitrogen and sulfur molecules because they're prevalent in the pro world in having |
|
| 26:48 | in respiration and in Lioy, So you kind of have to differentiate |
|
| 26:55 | two things. OK? Because some work best for 11 type of |
|
| 27:01 | others work best for another type. ? That's kind of what this is |
|
| 27:05 | at. Let's see here. The down. So look at both sulfur |
|
| 27:22 | and nitrogen molecules in similar roles. . All right. 8, |
|
| 27:30 | 6, 5, 4, Ok. Ok. So, |
|
| 27:44 | who, um, who picked a a big day? 67 of you |
|
| 27:54 | anybody up? Yes. Why did pick it? Um And so the |
|
| 28:08 | last time? No. Ok. , uh it turns out that you're |
|
| 28:19 | . Um so what we're doing is , it's the roll. So back |
|
| 28:23 | the role of the molecule, So in aerobic respiration, right? |
|
| 28:27 | 02, right? Going to water high reduction potential oxygen, right? |
|
| 28:36 | electrons become reduced, right? Um S 04 has the same role. |
|
| 28:44 | . So you can think of it molecules that are more reduced versus those |
|
| 28:49 | are more oxidized. This is a reduced form H two S OK. |
|
| 28:55 | is a more oxidized form S So when you are doing the molecules |
|
| 29:01 | are donators versus acceptor, OK. acceptor are always more uh oxidized |
|
| 29:11 | OK. That can receive electrons, ? The ones that are donors, |
|
| 29:18 | ones that become oxidized are are more , think the reduced forms as having |
|
| 29:24 | ready to give up the oxide wanna grab electrons. So that's another |
|
| 29:28 | to think about it. OK. the moles have their ropes in this |
|
| 29:33 | . OK. Um It all goes the energetics, bioenergetics again, |
|
| 29:39 | This is, does it make Does it yield energy then that's how |
|
| 29:42 | do it. OK. Um And that's what this anaerobic respiration is about |
|
| 29:49 | at different terminal acceptor besides oxygen. ? And very common on are different |
|
| 29:55 | of sulfur and nitrogen molecules. So um here is E coli. |
|
| 30:01 | e coli, as I mentioned, number of times is very versatile, |
|
| 30:06 | ? So we can utilize oxygen, ? You see here, but then |
|
| 30:11 | has different options for anaerobic respiration. ? All these nitrate nitrite dios sulfate |
|
| 30:19 | fumer. So they can be right? It's organic, uh more |
|
| 30:26 | organic forms. Uh This is inorganic . OK. Um So it just |
|
| 30:32 | so and it can ferment so it require a analy and ferment. |
|
| 30:38 | Uh Obviously which one it does all on what's available to it. |
|
| 30:44 | And what the conditions are. So sulfur and nitro molecules are very common |
|
| 30:51 | terms of being used for respiration or being used for lit trusts. |
|
| 30:58 | And so which one would be used ? What is really about? Is |
|
| 31:03 | a reduced form of the molecule or it more oxidized? Ok. So |
|
| 31:08 | you look at nitrogen, which I think the most oxidation states of |
|
| 31:14 | um you go from nitrate at the to ammonia, at the bottom, |
|
| 31:20 | or organic nitrogen. The uh so oxidized to more reduced. So these |
|
| 31:29 | , all right, that you that the trots would use, |
|
| 31:35 | Oxidize and get energy. OK. forms are more what you would only |
|
| 31:43 | with, right? Be a internal become reduced. OK. Um Similarly |
|
| 31:49 | uh sulfur molecules or sulfate is one more oxidized. That'll be at the |
|
| 31:55 | , the acceptor H two S produce , they get, get energy, |
|
| 32:03 | electrons from. OK. So, they, he's gonna have their roles |
|
| 32:08 | this way. And since we're in right now, we're kind of looking |
|
| 32:13 | that. And so with nitrogen mo , um sulfur molecules very common that |
|
| 32:20 | sulfur metabolism is very common in different in marine marine systems because uh marine |
|
| 32:26 | has a higher concentration of sulfur than fresh water or terrestrial systems. |
|
| 32:32 | Um Not that you don't see them terrestrial environments, but they, they |
|
| 32:36 | to be more prevalent in marine uh nitrogen, uh different types of |
|
| 32:42 | metabolism, you see uh pretty, widespread. Um So here's dissimulator, |
|
| 32:49 | ? So a dissimulator process ultimately gets of it, right? And so |
|
| 32:55 | what uh the uh reduction of So we have different uh pairs |
|
| 33:01 | So, and that's typical for a type that can respire anaerobically will have |
|
| 33:07 | couple of these, right? It have all, all of them |
|
| 33:11 | right? It may have nitrate, , which is fairly common. Uh |
|
| 33:15 | it may have maybe these two uh is not all of them, but |
|
| 33:20 | have a couple of them. And uh so it's dissimulator because ultimately, |
|
| 33:27 | gonna, that going this way is to return to the atmosphere and nitrogen |
|
| 33:32 | , even nitrous oxide, it's also . Ok. So these are gonna |
|
| 33:36 | , they're not gonna be a That's what we call it, the |
|
| 33:38 | toy process. Ok. Um So look at the nitrogen cycle, we'll |
|
| 33:44 | about this at the start of uh three, which is after spring |
|
| 33:50 | Um So we're really just focusing on side, right? That's what this |
|
| 33:56 | referring to. OK. Deification. uh And so in two, in |
|
| 34:03 | atmosphere, which is 70%, I forget um a lot, a |
|
| 34:10 | of it, right? And so this process of fixation is critical because |
|
| 34:17 | , it's the only biological process that it in the ecosystems. OK. |
|
| 34:24 | uh so remember this is important uh nitrification. So this is how uh |
|
| 34:32 | autotrophs, right? As great as are, right? Sunshine and co2 |
|
| 34:38 | water, right? They, they can't make nitrogen, they can't |
|
| 34:42 | phosphorus. So they rely on this to supply that to them. Um |
|
| 34:48 | often it's nitrate, nitrate that plants so very uh important. And so |
|
| 34:56 | , even if you're not, if , if you hate vegetables, |
|
| 35:00 | Um The things you like to eat eat vegetables so directly or indirectly, |
|
| 35:05 | depend on this as well. So um OK. So that's aerobic |
|
| 35:12 | on this site here and we'll, focus on this and later in this |
|
| 35:19 | and this uh when we get the trophy. OK. So again, |
|
| 35:23 | see the roles, right? So these are substrates for respiration, |
|
| 35:30 | Aerobic respiration. This is something you use an oxidizer, right? It |
|
| 35:36 | be an energy source for lithium. . So, different rules for these |
|
| 35:40 | . OK. So here's a So again, sulfur are prevalent in |
|
| 35:45 | ecosystems, um sulfur metabolisms. And um here's the, again, this |
|
| 35:55 | the route sulfur goes sulfate, uh using sulfur compounds. OK. |
|
| 36:03 | uh where you see a lot of kind of sulfur metabolisms and others are |
|
| 36:09 | these thermal vents. OK. So of these as basically underwater volcanoes, |
|
| 36:15 | . Um The areas where they're really , uh they basically have like black |
|
| 36:21 | coming out because of the high concentration sulfur and iron really that kind of |
|
| 36:26 | . It, it gets really thick , but also very hot, |
|
| 36:30 | Because it's thermal, of course. so you'll see a range of microbe |
|
| 36:36 | from. Um and of course, of these inorganic type compounds being spewed |
|
| 36:42 | . OK? And these are raw for different Meho tropes, right? |
|
| 36:47 | also be through anaerobic respiration. So you'll have a hierarchy of, |
|
| 36:53 | know, hyperthermia in your mouth because course, it's hot, obviously, |
|
| 36:59 | maybe more moderate thermop files down here meso files that can't stand the heat |
|
| 37:04 | farther away. OK? But then on top of that, you have |
|
| 37:08 | like liro using these substances, Um The are also Um all the |
|
| 37:17 | they use co2, right? The . and um then you have your |
|
| 37:24 | reducers, right? Using this for respiration, right? And so |
|
| 37:29 | when you have all these metabolisms and kind of eating products of one and |
|
| 37:35 | cetera, that's what we call sin . OK? So sin meeting |
|
| 37:40 | trophy, eat, eating together. um this activity can be quite vigorous |
|
| 37:48 | these events. OK. So much that there are life that uh multicellular |
|
| 37:56 | that's in these areas. OK. Have symbiotic relationships with these organisms. |
|
| 38:04 | . And one type are these giant worms that's these uh have these yellow |
|
| 38:11 | caps on top and these stalks um the area around these events, they |
|
| 38:16 | be like the fields, feels these . Uh but they have in them |
|
| 38:21 | , these sulfur uh reducing auto and um but rather sulfur oxidizing auto and |
|
| 38:29 | , so they, they uh fix two and they appear they getting molecule |
|
| 38:33 | worms to feed off of OK. again, uh when you have lots |
|
| 38:37 | this activity, you can support the of these worms. So characteristic around |
|
| 38:43 | vents. OK. Um So the last bit of part one uh |
|
| 38:51 | I yeah is is again a OK. Looking at these different really |
|
| 38:59 | on the these metals here. But what you have this could be |
|
| 39:05 | environment. It could be a it even be a uh uh a |
|
| 39:10 | OK. The uh obviously, the activity is gonna be highest at the |
|
| 39:16 | , right? That's where the most at. OK. So remember the |
|
| 39:18 | potential. So if it's gonna drop from more positive, OK, to |
|
| 39:27 | negative and you can uh people that this kind of field of work to |
|
| 39:32 | these aerobic a measure, think of as a measure of aero biases. |
|
| 39:38 | anaerobic is it, right? That's be there are probes that can measure |
|
| 39:43 | potential. So negative values equate to ness, aerobic ness if you will |
|
| 39:50 | . A very negative value, an that's very anaerobic. OK? Or |
|
| 39:55 | be a range of values anywhere in here. Uh But the more negative |
|
| 39:59 | are the more anaerobic it is And you're gonna expect to find certain |
|
| 40:03 | in those environments where you wouldn't find here. OK. But any |
|
| 40:08 | so that translates also to different respirations using different terminal acceptor. |
|
| 40:15 | And so as we go down, deniro fires and it's all about really |
|
| 40:20 | reduction potential of the system. And we're going more negative Mehanna engines are |
|
| 40:25 | sensitive to oxygen. OK? Uh among the these metal reducers, |
|
| 40:33 | The one of the keys to their is or what's helpful to others in |
|
| 40:38 | ecosystems is they provide forms of these that uh are more easily assimilated. |
|
| 40:47 | metals can be very water and soluble certain forms. So they can provide |
|
| 40:53 | in forms that are uh more soluble can be taken up by others in |
|
| 40:57 | environment which, which are critical for , especially with iron, the need |
|
| 41:01 | iron. Um the um and but , so the point here is that |
|
| 41:07 | are all representatives of the aerobic restoration using different terminal acceptor. OK. |
|
| 41:16 | so um so dissimulators, remember like it's not hold on to that |
|
| 41:23 | , it's letting it go. So free for others to, to |
|
| 41:27 | OK. Um I think that's close out part one or any questions about |
|
| 41:35 | . OK. So uh let's look Lizzo Trophy 1st. OK. So |
|
| 41:44 | , um looking at the front right? Looking at this part, |
|
| 41:50 | been focusing kind of on here since started class. All right. So |
|
| 41:55 | we're focusing on this part, the . OK? And so specifically inorganic |
|
| 42:02 | , OK? Um So, uh you know, we're switching gears and |
|
| 42:09 | at, you know, trophy, ? It still will have electron transport |
|
| 42:15 | pump A T P A S. ? You can have those things. |
|
| 42:19 | so uh let's look at, so don't forget this here, |
|
| 42:26 | So the source is gonna be something gonna be more reduced, right? |
|
| 42:29 | becomes oxidative compared to opposite of, the acceptor. OK? Um So |
|
| 42:37 | a trophy, um nitro fire. we just mentioned these guys in the |
|
| 42:42 | of the nitrogen cycle. So, so ammonia to nitrite, that is |
|
| 42:52 | process is carried out by 11 group bacteria. Another group carries out this |
|
| 42:58 | , OK. One is nitros Simonis one is nitro bacter. Don't need |
|
| 43:02 | know that, but there are two groups. Actually, one carries out |
|
| 43:06 | carries out the other. Um now soil P H, right? So |
|
| 43:12 | , these are acidic, nitric right? Is acidic, obviously. |
|
| 43:18 | where these have, where this is issue is in agricultural areas that are |
|
| 43:28 | commercial fertilizers being dumped on the OK. So very often it's an |
|
| 43:35 | and it's not all used. And so you have excess fertilizer which |
|
| 43:39 | course contains ammonia, uh phosphorus uh the two primary elements and the excess |
|
| 43:49 | then is gobbled up by micro of course, OK. And they'll |
|
| 43:54 | an excess of acid. So that's , where you over fertilize or put |
|
| 43:59 | much fertilizer around. It's not Uh That's when you can um increase |
|
| 44:05 | soil p or decrease the soil P as a result. Of course, |
|
| 44:09 | are sensitive to soil P H and may have heard the term uh you |
|
| 44:14 | too much fertilizer on you, burn the land, so to |
|
| 44:17 | And that's kind of what this is to is this effect. OK. |
|
| 44:23 | now, sulfur oxidation uh that two can be an issue OK. So |
|
| 44:29 | you're producing its metabolism produces so pure , right? And so you often |
|
| 44:36 | these in um in areas where mining occurring. So uh iron mines, |
|
| 44:45 | they'll have water, water is always part of the mining operation and um |
|
| 44:51 | water will be rich in many of types of elements. And so uh |
|
| 44:56 | problem can occur is um the production hydrogen sulfide. So, iron not |
|
| 45:03 | get involved in biochemistry of an iron . OK. But one of the |
|
| 45:07 | is actually can be if FES OK. And this can then form |
|
| 45:14 | sulfide, don't even know this. regardless the production of hydrogen sulfide leads |
|
| 45:18 | a lot of acid production. And you can also see it here |
|
| 45:24 | where that's being oxidized as sulfuric And that's a, that's a |
|
| 45:30 | that's a lot of acid. And so this water from these |
|
| 45:36 | especially with this, with these sulfur can be in even below two. |
|
| 45:41 | could be like P zero, which super acidic. So you can |
|
| 45:46 | you know, in a mining operation this water is collected, this metabolism |
|
| 45:49 | going on, you don't want to dump it out anywhere, right? |
|
| 45:52 | if you dump it into a nearby water or even land and that's gonna |
|
| 45:58 | in the water, it's gonna dramatically affect the, the wildlife in those |
|
| 46:02 | . So, uh it's something that have to treat, somehow neutralize. |
|
| 46:09 | not another issue is uh iron oxidation the pres of sulfur as well, |
|
| 46:17 | so, we're all aware of, rust, right. That's just spontaneous |
|
| 46:21 | of iron from the air, right ox of anaerobically. This also |
|
| 46:27 | So, think of uh bridges, structures made of iron that are |
|
| 46:34 | right? Typically, especially if it's it's gonna be embedded in the |
|
| 46:38 | right. So the sediment will be and it will have these metabolisms where |
|
| 46:44 | will contribute to iron oxidation anaerobically. that could weaken the structure as it |
|
| 46:51 | where these structures have collapsed because of of the corrosion. So it can |
|
| 46:57 | a problem especially in different environments. ? Um OK. So this is |
|
| 47:04 | of just meant to show the whole of these nitrogen and sulfur compounds that |
|
| 47:11 | their roles relate to each other. . So we start here. So |
|
| 47:18 | , you're more reduced molecules will become , right? These these serve as |
|
| 47:25 | sources for lit atrophy. OK. then kind of the uh dividing line |
|
| 47:32 | in this case with nitrogen compounds is might trait, right? So then |
|
| 47:37 | get to molecules that are more forms become reduced. So these typically serve |
|
| 47:44 | acceptor for anaerobic respiration. OK. , of course, we can close |
|
| 47:49 | loop. Um natural fixation again, to me ammonia back into the |
|
| 47:56 | OK. So, in um cell , same thing, right. So |
|
| 48:02 | reduced compounds become oxidized. So it's . Then we kind of, These |
|
| 48:10 | become uh acceptor for respiration and OK. So it's kind of how |
|
| 48:15 | connect and of course, H2, started with that over here and then |
|
| 48:20 | end with it over here. That's kind of how these all fit |
|
| 48:26 | . Um Any, any questions about ? Yes. OK. So let's |
|
| 48:35 | at, so Hydrogen Trophy. This is um on, you |
|
| 48:43 | obviously, if you look at this right here, OK. That |
|
| 48:48 | there's a truth, there's a Somebody that's using that must be a |
|
| 48:52 | , my best thing doesn't have to OK. It's a, it's a |
|
| 48:57 | that's been exploited um by a number bacteria, very different bacteria. |
|
| 49:03 | E coli can do this. So uh the reason why it's so |
|
| 49:11 | , I guess is the amount of . So this equates to a very |
|
| 49:16 | high negative delta G, right? hydrogen is not a um it's fairly |
|
| 49:25 | found in the environment. It's a of fermentation and other metabolic processes. |
|
| 49:31 | it's, you know, it's not that's obscure, it's something that hydrogen |
|
| 49:35 | a byproduct that can, you be found uh rather readily. And |
|
| 49:40 | you have a way to use uh all, all the better if |
|
| 49:43 | can, OK. It'll give you a good shot of energy. And |
|
| 49:48 | uh so they call it Hydrogen Trophy you find it in different types of |
|
| 49:53 | types, not just lit. And it's used in different ways. |
|
| 49:58 | here is here is aerobic um oxidation hydrogen. Um Here it is like |
|
| 50:05 | combination of both a inorganic and You going to suite. OK. |
|
| 50:13 | combination again here of organic and organic both of these. So that's the |
|
| 50:18 | here about is it a proper Not just in but in other |
|
| 50:24 | OK. Really? For the, the versatility of it? OK. |
|
| 50:30 | Now, Genesis, OK. This one that uses CO2, OK as |
|
| 50:37 | acceptor. OK. And uh and uh by, by the oxidation of |
|
| 50:45 | . OK. So I put C , OK? And so this, |
|
| 50:50 | remember if you recall the C CO2 not a good acceptor. OK? |
|
| 50:55 | bad. It takes a lot of to use that as an acceptor. |
|
| 50:58 | because of the way it lives in environment in plentiful, plentiful co2, |
|
| 51:04 | can actually make it work. Plus with the fact that oxidizing hydrogen gets |
|
| 51:09 | lot of energy. If you combine with CO2, which is not |
|
| 51:13 | it'll work. OK? Um The about this one is a, it's |
|
| 51:20 | it's a greenhouse gas that's worse than . Um It's primarily the source is |
|
| 51:29 | cows, right? The cows have digestive chambers and one of those carries |
|
| 51:35 | metha, OK? And that is if you think about the cows on |
|
| 51:42 | and the amount of methane, You can imagine, uh fortunately there |
|
| 51:48 | um methanol, which can kind of it out because that those are bacteria |
|
| 51:54 | actually oxidize methane. So you can of have balance the production with the |
|
| 52:00 | of it. Um And so of , remember that the mets are only |
|
| 52:07 | Archaea. It's strictly a property of that domain. OK. Um |
|
| 52:14 | it can be also, it's also uh production and met methane can also |
|
| 52:19 | quite vigorous in land fields. Strangely , um It's not uncommon to see |
|
| 52:25 | big landfills particularly, they'll have um have a pipe uh in the |
|
| 52:32 | And so it, there's so much production, they wanna get rid of |
|
| 52:36 | and not be a hazard, Explode or something. So I have |
|
| 52:39 | , you see a, a pipe a flame coming on top, that's |
|
| 52:41 | methane being produced in these uh but people are smart and they can actually |
|
| 52:47 | that to do use for energy to um you know, do to |
|
| 52:52 | various operation in uh in the, the, in the land fill or |
|
| 52:57 | in uh some big cattle operations. use this as well as, as |
|
| 53:02 | , as a means to power different around the uh facility. So, |
|
| 53:09 | yeah, the uh so let's look this question. OK. So remember |
|
| 53:14 | Hydrogen a trophy is one of those that's very versatile. I guess if |
|
| 53:19 | wanna call it that OK? But different uh labels, I guess you |
|
| 53:24 | put on something that use it. ? So for bacterial species that can |
|
| 53:31 | and supplied an energy source and carbon consisting of H two. So energy |
|
| 53:41 | , carbon source and nitrate. The term acceptor. So you can |
|
| 53:49 | put a bunch of maybe put a of labels on this. OK? |
|
| 53:58 | , let me open. Sorry. . There we go. Yes. |
|
| 54:40 | OK. That's yeah, of All these all apply, right? |
|
| 54:45 | uh this give me this a You could call this certainly hydrogen a |
|
| 54:50 | . OK? Um That's Autotroph. right. This is anaerobic restoration. |
|
| 54:57 | . So you can to set that on all these, on that, |
|
| 55:02 | that particular bacteria, of course. . Um So they let's just do |
|
| 55:09 | little bit of phototropic. Are there questions? So let's look a little |
|
| 55:16 | at. So trophy. Um so the way we break this |
|
| 55:24 | So what we're gonna do, we're gonna start here with this one down |
|
| 55:28 | . So a couple of keys are photo hetro, OK. And it |
|
| 55:35 | pigment molecules. So I remember with photosynthesis or photo trophy, I should |
|
| 55:42 | um uh we're evolving light obviously, ? And so that means you need |
|
| 55:48 | have molecules that absorb light. So you're familiar, of course with |
|
| 55:54 | . So we have what are called systems, which includes bacterial chlorophyll, |
|
| 55:58 | similar molecule Um So that's one OK. The other type is one |
|
| 56:07 | uses a different type of picket right? This Rhodopsin molecule bacterial |
|
| 56:15 | adoption very similar, OK. But different, completely different in terms of |
|
| 56:20 | it operates. We compare it to based systems. OK. So the |
|
| 56:26 | between the chlorophyll based types, Your familiarity is likely mostly with this |
|
| 56:31 | . OK. Um water electron So remember again, photo you know |
|
| 56:38 | of switching gears here, terms of , it's still reduction reactions, it's |
|
| 56:44 | electron donor source. All that stuff still applied. OK. Um A |
|
| 56:51 | P A is just light driven. . So proton gradient, all that |
|
| 56:56 | still applies. Um So um so so how we differentiate between this type |
|
| 57:05 | photosynthesis appear versus this type. Both are chlorophyll based but the difference |
|
| 57:13 | the one process forms oxygen. One not OK? Because they use |
|
| 57:19 | water is a donor, we oxidize water. That's what we call it |
|
| 57:24 | photosynthesis. OK. The other type does not use water, uses things |
|
| 57:31 | uh H two S or these other , those are the electron donors, |
|
| 57:36 | ? So we have to form oxygen a result. So we call those |
|
| 57:40 | no oxygen formation. Um So you these are gonna there's gonna be similarities |
|
| 57:47 | all pro photo trucks. OK. what this question here is asking. |
|
| 57:52 | . So which over the following is not applicable to all underlying several |
|
| 58:08 | Ok. It has to be an or you can't do it. |
|
| 58:37 | Count down. All right. Uh . It's gonna be 98% 99%. |
|
| 59:03 | , ok. So it's, that's app. Ok. So, because |
|
| 59:11 | you just right. Photo Hitter photo auto trophy. Ok. You |
|
| 59:18 | two types and so, but certainly gonna be some kind of light |
|
| 59:22 | So once it absorbs light, it excited and that's translated into some into |
|
| 59:26 | kind of energy production. OK. um all right, we went through |
|
| 59:33 | and all right. So the other here to mention is this, so |
|
| 59:38 | , so these are the sources of that are gonna be given up. |
|
| 59:45 | . They're gonna be oxidized and so , that's the role for for |
|
| 59:50 | algae, et cetera. Uh It's one for other types. OK. |
|
| 59:55 | the first process we're talking about which a bacterial sy basis does not, |
|
| 60:02 | no donor of electrons, right? a completely different process. OK. |
|
| 60:08 | let's look at that here, So again, as with anaerobic respiration |
|
| 60:14 | respiration period, right? Involve the . So too phototropic, right? |
|
| 60:19 | part of membrane, you stuff up of these pigments and things. But |
|
| 60:23 | um the bacteria adoption based, these found in Archaea, Archaea that are |
|
| 60:29 | loving the halo archaea, but then found in bacteria that are in the |
|
| 60:37 | ecosystems with these types. OK. a process of what we call horizontal |
|
| 60:44 | transfer. We'll talk about that in three passage of genes between the |
|
| 60:48 | Uh And so the form you see bacteria is called prote adoption, |
|
| 60:53 | A little bit different but still very . OK. And the adoption is |
|
| 60:58 | you've taken human phys or A P you've gone through the, how the |
|
| 61:04 | works, right? You talk about very, very, some similarities |
|
| 61:09 | OK. So the bacteria that do and they're aquatic bacteria, um the |
|
| 61:20 | of water, you see these in water is kind of purplish, pinkish |
|
| 61:24 | water. OK? Because the pigments have absorb green light and that these |
|
| 61:31 | reflects um purplish colors. OK. um the uh and so this |
|
| 61:42 | the light absorbing part is the OK. And that's the little molecule |
|
| 61:48 | see here in the interior, The red is the protein, |
|
| 61:54 | So that retinal is the bonding, protein. OK. And so absorption |
|
| 62:01 | light occurs right here. And as absorbed, basically the orientation of the |
|
| 62:14 | along that bond are flipped, Cys, the trans rights trans. |
|
| 62:22 | because that right now it's bound to when it shifts. So does the |
|
| 62:28 | OK. And that shifting is what protons to be pumped out. |
|
| 62:35 | And so again, it doesn't evolve . We're not talking about, we're |
|
| 62:41 | talking about electron transport or electron doors . It's all photons of light |
|
| 62:48 | that's it. OK. And so no photos reaction, there's no molecules |
|
| 62:54 | up electrons here. It's just light hitting and causing this process to pump |
|
| 63:00 | out. OK. Of course, involves a T P synthesis. |
|
| 63:05 | It's part of this membrane. So could be sitting uh right here. |
|
| 63:10 | . And protons will come through and form a T P. OK. |
|
| 63:16 | that's, that's gonna be a OK? It's just, there's |
|
| 63:20 | it's not an electron based system if will, it's photons of light |
|
| 63:24 | OK. So very unusual, it to be kind of one of the |
|
| 63:29 | types of photos systemss to evolve on before the chlorophyll based system came |
|
| 63:36 | OK? Um And so, you , it's what it is. And |
|
| 63:41 | the other key thing here is, ? So, so it's not electrons |
|
| 63:46 | it, it's just photons of light two the property of photo hetero, |
|
| 63:51 | ones that do this are photo heros require still metabolize like metabolism, what |
|
| 63:58 | been talking about before. So um , but it's a way to produce |
|
| 64:03 | , right? Uh just absorb produce A T P S. It's |
|
| 64:06 | light driven proton up, up to A T P A to make |
|
| 64:11 | OK? But it still needs to carbon, right? And so there's |
|
| 64:15 | , that's why these things are OK. Um uh Any questions about |
|
| 64:23 | ? Yeah. So that's where I in. So, we'll, we'll |
|
| 64:27 | that photo trophy on Thursday. And , right. So, |
|
