| 00:05 | is it recording? Okay, popped , yep. It is okay for |
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| 00:19 | of you that are here, this being being recorded so you can look |
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| 00:24 | it later. It used to be to grab the top of a power |
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| 00:35 | or a word document. Now it's very few spots you can touch without |
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| 00:38 | a command. Okay? Um this close to what you're gonna see when |
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| 00:44 | make yours, so when you start your contours, think of something that's |
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| 00:49 | like that, that's not exactly the it is, but it's something like |
|
| 00:54 | so uh when I was trying to at okay yeah, here we |
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| 01:13 | since I'm recording this over here, you have a bunch of wells up |
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| 01:22 | the northern part of this of your , but then you have a whole |
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| 01:26 | of wells down here in the southern and the the fault kind of goes |
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| 01:32 | between the north and the south of earth, so that's a giveaway. |
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| 01:39 | so it's gonna cut something like this your sheet. So I thought and |
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| 01:45 | also know the traps down here, is why we have well data and |
|
| 01:50 | so I thought go ahead and kind draw your contour lines like this. |
|
| 01:54 | when you see the trend, you extend them forward and you'll see that |
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| 02:00 | at least one or two of you'll be able to see that there's |
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| 02:04 | , it's it's instead of being like , it's trying to turn north, |
|
| 02:11 | if if you try to map all the points at one time, you're |
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| 02:16 | come up with a map it looks without a fault but it's not going |
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| 02:19 | look good with the okay and here's here's how you get your fault playing |
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| 02:26 | it. Um Here's the 2400 It's gonna hit at 2400. So |
|
| 02:33 | you draw these contours you're gonna be contours that look like semi circles with |
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| 02:42 | wrapping around in this direction, they be gone east west, they're going |
|
| 02:46 | be turning to the north okay and gonna be your closure on the fault |
|
| 02:53 | you put your fault plane map underneath . So like if you're using sort |
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| 02:56 | like see through paper or nothing you do is ah you don't have like |
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| 03:05 | but you could you could put it a piece of poster board with a |
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| 03:09 | in the middle so you can you hold it up to the light and |
|
| 03:11 | it, things like that. Um a lot of clever things you could |
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| 03:16 | to help you see through the paper but you know it's like this this |
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| 03:21 | gonna be able to see your map it when you're doing your areas okay |
|
| 03:29 | and when you first start out you want to draw real ah dark and |
|
| 03:35 | thing people do is to figure out to do it. They they draw |
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| 03:41 | map and then they kind of uh they make their multiplayer map and copy |
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| 03:52 | , and then they put the paper in and they copy the preliminary map |
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| 03:57 | top of it and then they can it almost exactly, you have to |
|
| 04:00 | sure it's justified, right, and can tape the ends. That's a |
|
| 04:04 | that's a really easy modern way to it. And uh and so You |
|
| 04:12 | this line is 2200 this line right is everybody, let me do |
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| 04:21 | For example, here's the 2200, you've got data points all in here |
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| 04:26 | you figured out that this is what contours look like and you you're coming |
|
| 04:30 | , this is uh this is 2700 default. So it's not intersecting |
|
| 04:36 | This is 2400 on the fault. it's not see it's 2400 on the |
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| 04:40 | , it's not intersecting there, It's 200. So the 2200 line, |
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| 04:45 | The Fault of 20 200. And going to tell you that the fault |
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| 04:53 | the hanging wall block is going to the surface of that sandstone right there |
|
| 05:02 | then you'll see that it's there and it's there and it's there, it's |
|
| 05:05 | your your depths are gonna be different course, but you stick this on |
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| 05:10 | of your fault plane map and make have to make sure that it's you |
|
| 05:14 | , you can't twist it like you have to make sure they're justified |
|
| 05:20 | on top of each other in Matthew in other words your fault plane map |
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| 05:26 | have a base map on it and contour map should have a base map |
|
| 05:29 | it and then you can line it up, especially if you have an |
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| 05:36 | copy, take that extra copy and stick it in the paper rack, |
|
| 05:42 | to figure out exactly how to get justified or you can you could actually |
|
| 05:48 | take the fault plane map and okay the contours on it and crank up |
|
| 05:54 | contrast and you'll be able to see lines through it. You know sometimes |
|
| 05:57 | can see the lines on the back paper in a copy, there's different |
|
| 06:02 | you can do it and you could make a pdf file and put them |
|
| 06:13 | just blanca Mountains. But I have have a light box that I use |
|
| 06:22 | I just stick it on top of White House. I'm trying to think |
|
| 06:28 | something easy like if you have a have like a cooling rack or something |
|
| 06:36 | you take with ever seen a pooling , it's like wire because excuse me |
|
| 06:48 | works great. Yeah everybody may not one of those. Yeah you can |
|
| 06:53 | stick it right on top of it you know look through the paper but |
|
| 06:57 | you have if you have some way getting a little bit of light through |
|
| 06:59 | makes it easier okay. So so that's how you figure out where |
|
| 07:05 | fall planes. Now the fault plane a plane. You can see that |
|
| 07:12 | this contour, there's the contour of . It doesn't look like this doesn't |
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| 07:19 | doesn't look like that. It's a plane. And most faults are pretty |
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| 07:22 | flat plane. Put on maps, when we're working in the subsurface. |
|
| 07:28 | look cricket, they're almost always And you can see here the intersection |
|
| 07:34 | this fault is there and there. the fault intersection is going to be |
|
| 07:39 | . How can that be with We have a a flat plane. |
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| 07:46 | put a contour that closes on How can that come out map uh |
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| 07:52 | a straight line. In other I can get to it real |
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| 08:04 | That's up ahead here. Yeah. . Okay. This I know for |
|
| 08:16 | fact that this is this is this is wrong. This comes out of |
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| 08:20 | book and I promise how to make and how to make ice attacks. |
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| 08:24 | this foot has to be wrong because showing there's closure on the edges. |
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| 08:30 | there's closures on the edge, you a flat surface intersecting with the curves |
|
| 08:37 | occurred. So this a curved surface a flat surface is gonna be a |
|
| 08:42 | line and that's why this ends up curved. That's why this should be |
|
| 08:47 | of you should be just like you to contact, he's lunch because the |
|
| 08:57 | is not strength, it's a I it looks good in this section but |
|
| 09:04 | does it's not like so when you yours yours is going to be very |
|
| 09:11 | is very similar to me To a circle. But your fault plane intersection |
|
| 09:18 | be straight if there's closure, the way to get a straight line is |
|
| 09:22 | you have this plane intersecting with another . Thank you. Yeah to flat |
|
| 09:33 | you get a straight line. But it's curved let's see if it curves |
|
| 09:38 | like this, it's gonna do what shows in your intersection. It shows |
|
| 09:48 | the intersection is going to be curved this this is curving upwards so it |
|
| 09:56 | up the fault as it intersects Does everybody see that? You probably |
|
| 10:05 | it really well, don't you? . One of the problems with doing |
|
| 10:10 | mapping and sub surfaces are completely there surface mapping is kind of based on |
|
| 10:17 | surfaces. Whereas this is based on surface that's curved in the subsurface. |
|
| 10:23 | it's three dimension. Yeah. Okay you withdraw your fault intersection like that |
|
| 10:32 | yours is going to be similar to . And then you can measure the |
|
| 10:36 | of the throw up here. You have to do this first. But |
|
| 10:40 | suggest you do it first because then you know what the throw is |
|
| 10:46 | this is going to be the exact tips straight up dip is going to |
|
| 10:50 | the same uh same as this But you add the throat to it |
|
| 10:56 | so for example if you have a ft fault then this line should be |
|
| 11:02 | Here, it's a 200 ft And so it's up 200 ft. |
|
| 11:07 | so that point on your final You need to take into consideration that |
|
| 11:12 | point on the fault is 20 200 that's point on this fault on the |
|
| 11:20 | block, It's going to be 200 higher. The foot Football block is |
|
| 11:25 | to go up will be 200 ft . So that's going to be uh |
|
| 11:29 | ft in this example but not your your exercise, your exercises different dimensions |
|
| 11:35 | straight up dip that fault, it's , Things moving like this. So |
|
| 11:42 | have to add 200 ft. So know if I touch this point and |
|
| 11:46 | touched that point Uh one is 200 higher in this example and you're I |
|
| 11:51 | yours is 250 ft So in yours will be 250 ft high. Or |
|
| 11:57 | you figure out the dip, you Say it's not actually 45 degrees, |
|
| 12:02 | something else. Instead of 250, should be this in terms of the |
|
| 12:10 | , But the uplift is 250. that doesn't change But if you just |
|
| 12:14 | at it like it's a 45°, it's not going to change the numbers |
|
| 12:20 | much if you just make this ah across this way And 250 ft |
|
| 12:29 | So all along this newt, the end of that fall where the fault |
|
| 12:33 | intersects, you're by plane and you add contours in here to make it |
|
| 12:42 | . Uh The points along this fault be data points that you can use |
|
| 12:47 | you're when you're considering how to contour mat. So you have all these |
|
| 12:53 | all the way across your locals and I guess I don't show you how |
|
| 13:04 | , so when you do so when do the upper half you take um |
|
| 13:11 | take these numbers the numbers here, are these are as good when you |
|
| 13:18 | a number up here and number up up here for well, remember to |
|
| 13:23 | at where these contours are because they'll the closure or lack of on your |
|
| 13:28 | in the north. Because you've actually mapping his surface and knowing this has |
|
| 13:35 | up 250 ft keeping off seven Very 200 Because that's what yours is. |
|
| 13:43 | math is 200. But in your too. And then your contours are |
|
| 13:49 | look different than if if you just at all of the data points busted |
|
| 13:54 | north appear that I asked you not do first in the south, you |
|
| 13:59 | come up with him. You probably to create closure that doesn't exist and |
|
| 14:03 | need to, but if you wait you figure out where this is on |
|
| 14:08 | reservoir. In other words, we're to focus on the reservoir side first |
|
| 14:13 | then we have all these wells, we know the reservoirs here. So |
|
| 14:16 | try to focus on that, get map correctly and then we can figure |
|
| 14:20 | if there's any kind of closure on other and uh, if I remember |
|
| 14:27 | , I don't think there is, don't hold it to me and I |
|
| 14:31 | you the truth, but I want to figure it out for yourself. |
|
| 14:37 | . And then then when you get these ice APAC maps, ah when |
|
| 14:44 | first did this exercise, I had students figure out what the gross |
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| 14:49 | the net sand rather was. So told him, you know, this |
|
| 14:54 | the top in the face and all wheels look like this, that's an |
|
| 14:58 | sand. Use your neck to make ice pack and then you wouldn't believe |
|
| 15:07 | as this is the next sand From student to Student # one, the |
|
| 15:14 | 39, the biggest class, that's . So it's really hard for me |
|
| 15:18 | bring it because when the numbers are , try to look for the big |
|
| 15:25 | things first and then eventually I have work my way down and said, |
|
| 15:29 | know, one guy made this on . Yeah, And another person made |
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| 15:35 | 30%. Yeah. Both of those wrong, but there's people all in |
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| 15:39 | and trying to figure out because students to know what I do wrong, |
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| 15:43 | I do wrong. So you have , I would have to figure out |
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| 15:50 | know what they did wrong. So got rid of this. So I |
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| 15:53 | you a set number of net When you draw your structure maps, |
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| 15:59 | going to use the actual points. when you do your ice APAC |
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| 16:04 | you will use the net and we'll assume that it's evenly distributed. I |
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| 16:09 | this a very homogeneous uh reservoir. that when we mapped it, we |
|
| 16:14 | know what it should be without you know, while the ferocity could |
|
| 16:20 | from this side to the other the permeability could change. Um one |
|
| 16:26 | these sand units disappears in one part the section. It took all those |
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| 16:31 | out and just made it a homogeneous , which doesn't exist, but it |
|
| 16:36 | me see how the, how you're compares to what I created. I |
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| 16:42 | , I created a known and so then I put poles in the |
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| 16:48 | and so if I poked a hole , I should have this amount of |
|
| 16:51 | . Okay, I should have this down here, that kind of |
|
| 16:57 | Okay, And this is just showing uh you know, a gas oil |
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| 17:00 | , which I didn't put in I didn't want to make it complicated |
|
| 17:04 | there's, there's a lot of mapping that you have to learn when you |
|
| 17:07 | subsurface mapping. But for the period this class, I wanted to make |
|
| 17:12 | that you've got a lot of the right off the top. And the |
|
| 17:16 | important one is understanding the envelope and it to the point where uh, |
|
| 17:23 | don't want to just draw a circle the boundaries, give it an average |
|
| 17:30 | and come up with reserves out. could work. But this way you |
|
| 17:36 | that these oil water contacts and in case the fault plane can actually alter |
|
| 17:44 | amount of reserves in the reservoir. that's just one really basic step in |
|
| 17:50 | how to do these subsurface maps. that just shows you, you |
|
| 17:54 | you've got the oil water contact out , which is a flat surface and |
|
| 17:58 | it gets another flat surface, which the gas oil cap in this |
|
| 18:02 | flattens off the top of the oil of this particular reservoir. So use |
|
| 18:10 | sand thickness for the ice a And uh, in that or |
|
| 18:18 | I would say use the sand things then you'll have a total volume and |
|
| 18:21 | you can multiply the net times the volume and again, it's going to |
|
| 18:29 | something like this except north will be way south will be that way on |
|
| 18:34 | map. and you're gonna get a surface like you're supposed to get if |
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| 18:40 | is what he's mapping. And there's close there's closure coming around like |
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| 18:44 | that plane has to that intersection between top of all of these surfaces and |
|
| 18:51 | has to be for And when you your maps, make sure you put |
|
| 19:01 | a water content. No. Um is the top structure map and the |
|
| 19:09 | structure map. It gives you an of the entire reservoir. If you |
|
| 19:15 | to make a blob map, you make the blob map on this contrary |
|
| 19:23 | that the base of the structure map you. But where, where actually |
|
| 19:34 | oil water contact hits the formation and the fault hits the hits the bottom |
|
| 19:39 | the formation. So um if you about it, this is like a |
|
| 19:48 | where this is thick in here and is thin up here and what's happening |
|
| 19:54 | here, you're having the contours decrease your ice pack in this direction, |
|
| 20:01 | contours decrease. Excuse me? The increase in this direction, The increase |
|
| 20:09 | this direction. This section right Side process. Yeah. Mhm. |
|
| 21:01 | Have, it's gonna look front So it's been, it's gonna be |
|
| 21:22 | out of here. Yeah. So have a question here. Yeah, |
|
| 21:42 | your ice APAC map, Like I , it was 250 ft thick. |
|
| 21:48 | your ice APAC map would be zero along here, this is the outer |
|
| 21:55 | , love your reservoir and this is the sand thickness is as thick as |
|
| 22:02 | fool, this is where it's totally . And uh and your contours would |
|
| 22:07 | in here equally distanced from these two like that. Okay, and let |
|
| 22:17 | see if I have a, this an upside down perspective on what you |
|
| 22:25 | kind of like what I do the center is really thick and go |
|
| 22:35 | here. Here's here's what you're mapping . This is a better drawing of |
|
| 22:39 | . This is a different cross section a different point. Here is the |
|
| 22:44 | water contact. This is your outer and here's the update part of the |
|
| 22:51 | plane and this is your outer limit this is your top surface, That's |
|
| 22:56 | top structure map. Here's your bottom map which is along here. And |
|
| 23:10 | um where the where the soil water intersects that, It's 100% thick And |
|
| 23:19 | 100% thick all the way to here it reaches the fault there. So |
|
| 23:23 | it hits its, the sand bass the oil contact. Oil water contact |
|
| 23:28 | here the sand bass hits the And that's what Those two maps |
|
| 23:37 | This is the sand bass, where hits the fault, where the sand |
|
| 23:40 | hits well, water contact, this where the top hits the fault and |
|
| 23:46 | is where the top hits the cold . The this whole part is |
|
| 23:53 | this is full, everybody understand Again, if I go back |
|
| 24:05 | this would be the center, the ah structure in your map, and |
|
| 24:12 | this would be the outer structure in map. This is defined by the |
|
| 24:16 | of the sand, this is defined the base of the sand. You |
|
| 24:21 | fault wedge all the way up to , fault wedge, oil water contact |
|
| 24:26 | all the way down here and the of those two is right here where |
|
| 24:30 | intersect each other. Yes, so all of this is oil water |
|
| 24:35 | up against this probably looks a little too easy to draw because it's strong |
|
| 24:40 | wrong. Okay, and um so get this, maybe, maybe |
|
| 24:52 | Okay, meg, the sand is in here. Why if this was |
|
| 25:06 | flat lying bed, it would be ft across. I mean to be |
|
| 25:15 | ft thick the whole the whole but when I tilted, it intersects |
|
| 25:20 | the plane which wedges it and when put a fault in it, that |
|
| 25:25 | that. And this is the effect the fault wedge right here. And |
|
| 25:33 | is the effect of the old water wedge all the way up to there |
|
| 25:41 | back like that. And so if just drew a blob map the outer |
|
| 25:47 | of this, I'd probably Be overestimating reserves by almost 100%. And that's |
|
| 25:56 | it's important as uh appraisal geologists. understand these the wedging effect of, |
|
| 26:03 | , well, excuse me, fluid and uh, fault context. And |
|
| 26:09 | , this points out that the gas can have an impact too, because |
|
| 26:12 | just flatten the top off. That the full thickness of the sand. |
|
| 26:16 | got a gas leg up above this this particular subject matter, but I |
|
| 26:21 | make it that complicated for you. ? And with that, I think |
|
| 26:26 | need to get ready to get on the next ones and that's uh, |
|
| 26:32 | recorded. So you might be able listen to it and more slowly and |
|
| 26:37 | out exactly what I said and what missed. And you can also send |
|
| 26:40 | emails because I used to do this with lots of false intersecting a |
|
| 26:52 | And it's it's a, it sounds , but once you figure out how |
|
| 26:55 | do this, the rest of it's the next step and it helps you |
|
| 27:07 | . Sometimes people have a computer generated , they use the wrong algorithms where |
|
| 27:11 | made the wrong assumptions and you can at it and see that's got to |
|
| 27:15 | wrong and you'll know what I used have fun doing it. Okay. |
|
| 27:29 | next chapter. Well, here we're chapter five, I guess I'm gonna |
|
| 27:36 | this off since we're a little bit from each other. The good thing |
|
| 27:40 | three people is we're definitely not overcrowd I'm not sitting here trying to tell |
|
| 27:46 | person not to sit close to everybody . Yeah. Um, I remember |
|
| 27:51 | I gave exams as a teaching undergraduate , there was always enough chairs in |
|
| 27:58 | room for people to have a chair . And uh one kid just didn't |
|
| 28:05 | to be told to move and he got upset and he ended up getting |
|
| 28:10 | of the track, losing his track because the, the coach was, |
|
| 28:16 | having trouble with him anyway, and just reported this incident. I didn't |
|
| 28:21 | how effective mind my concerns with. thanked me for giving him, |
|
| 28:29 | but that kind of stuff happens. , So we're, we're doing petroleum |
|
| 28:37 | , uh lecture 17 on appraisal This is number three of the |
|
| 28:43 | And so by doing the map you're going to get a really good |
|
| 28:51 | on this trap envelope. And you have to remember there's closure on |
|
| 28:57 | sides, there's closure on the top there's closure on the bottom. And |
|
| 29:02 | actually going to be mapping out something three dimensional when you have the top |
|
| 29:08 | the base and the two things making and that wedge boundary on the bottom |
|
| 29:16 | on the side from the bottom from oil, water contact and the side |
|
| 29:19 | the fall are other elements of that . And when we look at |
|
| 29:26 | we look at all these different types things and you're gonna be getting um |
|
| 29:31 | going to come up with gross volume the reservoir and then I'm going to |
|
| 29:36 | you these factors to multiply it, was further in the instructions what the |
|
| 29:42 | was and so you'll really understand what of this is for the recovery |
|
| 29:49 | I didn't, I decided to say recovery factor is the stock tank, |
|
| 29:56 | factors included in it. A lot our students go look up what it |
|
| 30:00 | be for that depth and that fluid course, we don't have a real |
|
| 30:04 | , definitely. I haven't defined the of the oil and all that kind |
|
| 30:08 | thing. So it's just, it's lot simpler just to say the recovery |
|
| 30:12 | includes the stock tape ah factor. , the stock tank factor is we |
|
| 30:19 | this stuff that's squeezed in down in earth under pressure and we bring it |
|
| 30:24 | to a stock tank, it's going expand and so you actually end up |
|
| 30:27 | more and I think, I think got enough oil, like oil by |
|
| 30:33 | way, is not as compressible as gas. So when when you're dealing |
|
| 30:37 | natural gas, it becomes very critical oil oils, like a hydraulic |
|
| 30:42 | you know, it doesn't compress that . It's almost in some ways hydraulic |
|
| 30:47 | comes from it. So it's, know, it's the kind of thing |
|
| 30:50 | you, if you push on it pushes back, okay, you'll |
|
| 30:56 | out the importance of fluid distributions in . But but then again, the |
|
| 31:01 | thing that we need to look at compartmentalization. We have a reservoir |
|
| 31:05 | we have a reservoir there. But we get false two separate parts of |
|
| 31:09 | reservoir, then we have what's known compartmentalization. And and sometimes you're looking |
|
| 31:17 | a homogeneous thing. But many times reservoir property distribution can be complex. |
|
| 31:23 | quality can be complex. And the complex those things are, the more |
|
| 31:27 | you're going to have to build some of reservoir. And uh this is |
|
| 31:33 | this came out of shepherd, but measurements of of a reservoir often are |
|
| 31:41 | one of three million parts of that resume. And we're making an estimate |
|
| 31:48 | on a small amount of data doesn't if you're a big oil company or |
|
| 31:52 | little oil company uh using using your to to sort out what these volumes |
|
| 31:59 | and what the net volumes are is important. And uh a lot of |
|
| 32:06 | an exploration, they go to a of various statistic methods and we're not |
|
| 32:12 | to go into statistics here. Um took a lot of statistics in my |
|
| 32:18 | and and I'd love to teach a course, but It takes a lot |
|
| 32:22 | time to get through the basic the seven. But what this is trying |
|
| 32:26 | show you is there's a distribution there can be a distribution curve, |
|
| 32:31 | this out of the way. You're seeing the same thing I'm seeing |
|
| 32:42 | that like that when, when I the test, is it like this |
|
| 32:50 | you look on the screen? I know, I know. I |
|
| 32:56 | um I had to get out of laser to do this. Yeah. |
|
| 33:01 | huge right. Yeah, it's not work. Okay. Um that's good |
|
| 33:14 | . Mhm. Okay. So you see these are distribution curves. In |
|
| 33:21 | words, there's a low or high something in the middle and these are |
|
| 33:25 | guessing these are statistics that have a tendency, as you can see there's |
|
| 33:31 | peak in the middle. So um the middle you have a probability of |
|
| 33:36 | is usually 50%. Uh Your probability finding a small amount of whatever this |
|
| 33:43 | is greater than a large amount. the p uh The P 90, |
|
| 33:49 | other words, the probability of success 90% down here On this little |
|
| 33:54 | And it's AP 10 or only 10% of you getting this. And there's |
|
| 33:59 | ways to move these metrics around And with and that's sort of a |
|
| 34:07 | method. Then there's a monte Carlo where you you come up with ranges |
|
| 34:12 | it actually uh comes up with ah possibilities in between and the scenario one |
|
| 34:22 | to you, you know, what this? It was like this and |
|
| 34:25 | and this in other words, what I had something like this and this |
|
| 34:29 | was better In one model and everything was the same or that one where |
|
| 34:35 | was worse or everything is the but this one is better or |
|
| 34:39 | So you can kind of move it in different scenarios. And uh I |
|
| 34:46 | , I think I told you about scott field, how they drill seven |
|
| 34:50 | couldn't find the sand and Amerada has them the sand is not there because |
|
| 34:54 | uplifted and it was eroded and instead trying to map it properly and drill |
|
| 35:00 | properly, they actually did a lot monte Carlo statistics to try to convince |
|
| 35:04 | judge, he probably doesn't care about , money, Carlos statistics, the |
|
| 35:12 | procedures and it just didn't get So uh Amerada hess was draining the |
|
| 35:18 | out of them because because the sands overlapping in the fall and the gouge |
|
| 35:22 | all that great. Okay, so is kind of just looking at that |
|
| 35:27 | general and this is a probabilistic curve this is, this is a relative |
|
| 35:35 | distribution plot. So if I poke wells holes in the ground, I |
|
| 35:40 | come up with this number. Uh you know, a large number of |
|
| 35:46 | are going to be the mean smaller are going to be the minimum smaller |
|
| 35:50 | , going to be the national and is the expectation curve that comes up |
|
| 35:56 | P 90, p 50 and p . This is, this is just |
|
| 36:01 | versus cumulative probability. So it's just different way of plotting this and and |
|
| 36:11 | of these depend on something being having normal distribution and we know for a |
|
| 36:19 | and most reservoirs it doesn't follow So sometimes with data sets, you |
|
| 36:22 | to do transformations but we won't go that and then to make a long |
|
| 36:27 | short, um this is uh these the actual reserves I think that they |
|
| 36:36 | they had at this point at this , at this point, this point |
|
| 36:41 | this point and this is starting out exploration but got them to drill the |
|
| 36:49 | because they thought they had a probability of this, this much reserves Up |
|
| 36:56 | that much reserves and the P 50 right here, which is going to |
|
| 37:02 | dead center if it's a normal And uh and then when they got |
|
| 37:09 | the appraisal thing, they had decided there was actually more reserves and at |
|
| 37:16 | point the baselines would have been, know, they, they figured out |
|
| 37:20 | had more, they had less than , they had more than that. |
|
| 37:24 | the envelope decreases. And so going the development decision phase, they downplayed |
|
| 37:32 | again, this could be where a geologist, we got rid of 30 |
|
| 37:38 | 40 million barrels of oil in south in 1 28 like, you |
|
| 37:44 | we thought we had this and then said, well they they evaluated the |
|
| 37:47 | sand wrong, we really only have that kind of thing. So |
|
| 37:52 | the probability envelope comes down to the end is smaller, the low end |
|
| 37:59 | a little higher, but it didn't up as much here because this went |
|
| 38:03 | here down to here, which is less than that. And then as |
|
| 38:08 | drill a bunch of wells, they're to think this is pretty close to |
|
| 38:11 | truth and uh they've they've evaluated this again, they don't have all the |
|
| 38:21 | facts. So the probability is still it could be as good as |
|
| 38:24 | small as that and that's sort of the middle. But then when you |
|
| 38:30 | into reservoir management, you realize there's more oil here and you start poking |
|
| 38:36 | into this unknown envelope and you start find more reserves and that's what this |
|
| 38:42 | shown. They're starting to find that actually more more than they thought at |
|
| 38:46 | point in time. Plus they're using techniques to extract them. So all |
|
| 38:53 | here, they knew they had um , probable secondary and tertiary methods of |
|
| 39:00 | , uh but they haven't started them they get here, they start figure |
|
| 39:05 | out and one of the things that's is risk is better to find at |
|
| 39:10 | start of development than it was at start of exploration. That's right, |
|
| 39:20 | , so because the trap envelopes real , it's important that you have these |
|
| 39:23 | maps and uh in this chapter the Thought it was important to talk about |
|
| 39:29 | way travel time and interval velocities. on, we were talking about tools |
|
| 39:33 | mentioned it and also finding the limits hydrocarbon indicators. Ah There's direct |
|
| 39:43 | there's direct hydrocarbon indicators and there's also I. S. And H. |
|
| 39:47 | . I. S. Uh and are all important for understanding the pressure |
|
| 39:54 | getting the pressure in the seal data some figure out if they don't know |
|
| 39:59 | they haven't drilled and yet the underwear oil water context is how big can |
|
| 40:03 | how big of a soil column can seal maintained can only maintain this much |
|
| 40:10 | oil water contact them here estimated doesn't any sense. And this is just |
|
| 40:19 | , you know, one of the tools they use are sonic velocity models |
|
| 40:23 | of course you would because you've drilled least one well at this point and |
|
| 40:29 | this is just showing you um you take the whole inter interval and average |
|
| 40:38 | the velocity from top to bottom and going to you're gonna get pulled |
|
| 40:43 | pull up and drop downs. It's the same here. You can see |
|
| 40:48 | this is average intervals, here's the , here's the average, here's the |
|
| 40:54 | , so it's it's going up all way down like this. So something |
|
| 41:00 | to that would have been better You can see there's a reversal and |
|
| 41:04 | lot of onshore wells that I've gotten checked on areas where the velocity drops |
|
| 41:12 | off at a deeper interval. What you think that happened happened? Because |
|
| 41:21 | , excuse me? Uh maybe the , I think lower pore pressure, |
|
| 41:29 | know, be less dense, but normally, if you have high blood |
|
| 41:35 | , you're going to get, well depends if the high court pressure dilates |
|
| 41:40 | grains and the grain context, you're , you're absolutely right, I'm |
|
| 41:44 | It could also have something to do fluids in there. If that was |
|
| 41:48 | , that would be a response for there, you know, and this |
|
| 41:53 | is doing instantaneous averages. So you up with a curve and with modern |
|
| 41:58 | we can do this, but sometimes don't have the data to do |
|
| 42:03 | Okay. And this is just showing um an example before, before improved |
|
| 42:11 | velocities, the same thing. After velocities, you actually, you |
|
| 42:16 | the geologists and geophysicists have to have lot of interpretive imagination to realize that |
|
| 42:21 | is even a trap. But when see something like that, you can |
|
| 42:26 | that area is definitely trapped. And and of course you assess that whole |
|
| 42:37 | envelope, You come up with these by something like closure, for |
|
| 42:42 | would be one of the things and you have three d. seismic here |
|
| 42:47 | you have to d over here and narrative for something like this is this |
|
| 42:52 | is less reliable than that data. if you if you have enough to |
|
| 42:57 | . Data you can almost get But three D. data is much |
|
| 43:02 | and very complex reservoirs Because you can multiple faults coming through here, multiple |
|
| 43:08 | faults that you might be able to with three D. You could not |
|
| 43:11 | with the duty and that sort So the next thing is you |
|
| 43:18 | um like in your model, I sound like she's walking away. Scream |
|
| 43:30 | mom, you're gonna have a little contacts so we're gonna have to |
|
| 43:43 | So you can kind of see is contact slightly. It's like show you |
|
| 43:55 | slides earlier. Yes. Just get . Come on your face. You're |
|
| 44:04 | to see something. Yes, it's large. No more contact. One |
|
| 44:20 | . This isn't that bottoms. And one of the things that's also |
|
| 44:37 | It's a lot of places I've worked I want to contact very sharp. |
|
| 44:43 | more than a couple of feet Mhm. But a lot of places |
|
| 44:48 | a transition between water. It is the water. Come on President. |
|
| 45:03 | that's just because if there's a less in the and the fourth throats and |
|
| 45:16 | sizes then you can you can have variation in what they call the |
|
| 45:21 | And so that's what we're going to like look at right now. And |
|
| 45:24 | course the, the distribution of the of petroleum things that you have in |
|
| 45:30 | reservoir can have something to do with . Like you're the well water, |
|
| 45:34 | oil, gas contact or condensate conduct with oil and or gas on |
|
| 45:40 | all those sorts of things ah can if you go from 11 block to |
|
| 45:48 | well to another well and those things in different places, then they're probably |
|
| 45:52 | residents. Okay. And like I , when there's when there's a good |
|
| 45:57 | transition zone, you would expect a bit more variability between those contexts. |
|
| 46:04 | , yes. You're working in a nice barrier island sandstone. One of |
|
| 46:10 | de positional systems that I told you probably will never need to do |
|
| 46:14 | characterization. If you're working in one those, then you're going to have |
|
| 46:19 | these sharp contacts and will be real if you if you don't, it's |
|
| 46:26 | not gonna be too dramatic, but gonna be fuzzy and uh so one |
|
| 46:32 | the things that ah geologists are trying figure out right away is where is |
|
| 46:37 | oil water context? And a lot times we always like to grow at |
|
| 46:41 | top of structures and if there happens be a fault there, which there |
|
| 46:47 | often times uh you can run into by having the section missing because there's |
|
| 46:52 | fault then. Um So here's number one, for example. And |
|
| 47:01 | you drilled here, somebody drilled an well and I would have put mine |
|
| 47:06 | there. That's the map I thought there. Um, I don't like |
|
| 47:11 | , to me is almost like appraisal when you're actually trying to figure out |
|
| 47:15 | the mother load is because if the lode isn't there nothing is there. |
|
| 47:21 | uh, that's just my attitude. lot of managers are different. So |
|
| 47:25 | find the lowest stone oil or oil to uh, in the United |
|
| 47:30 | I think we normally use lowest known . Ah apparently in the UK they |
|
| 47:36 | oil down to because it makes more to them in, in their english |
|
| 47:43 | and uh, then you drill another and you actually find out where the |
|
| 47:46 | water contact. So Normally when you oil down two, that means that |
|
| 47:51 | sand that you penetrated it was So if nice villa wealth it |
|
| 48:09 | I tell you about Sure. And , I didn't do that. |
|
| 48:19 | I told you actually, but the The world, number one is in |
|
| 48:29 | place like this, they didn't have lot of contact with just the base |
|
| 48:33 | the same star hill. Well tell tell you, I think you should |
|
| 48:42 | . Yes, a lot of it's , well Simpson, we know your |
|
| 48:57 | this stuff and then this one down . Well, I don't know how |
|
| 49:04 | it is. So this one right we're actually listening sometimes you have no |
|
| 49:11 | where but it's real money up to , still down the soil down to |
|
| 49:18 | . So you know that congestive And so that's why you would do |
|
| 49:30 | something like this uh boiled down to you could even do what are up |
|
| 49:38 | and and this and this thing this have you drilled it first? You |
|
| 49:44 | know how high the oil column but at least you know the bottom |
|
| 49:47 | the envelope. So when you hit oil water contact, you'll find that |
|
| 49:52 | , the face of the envelope. if you hit that well really close |
|
| 49:57 | the fault, you would find the of the envelope, but you might |
|
| 50:00 | it in both cases. So you always drill pretty close to the middle |
|
| 50:04 | what you think you're targeting. I know why, it's just my philosophy |
|
| 50:11 | I, you know, it worked time for me. So okay and |
|
| 50:16 | um here's just a cross section showing again, this is, this is |
|
| 50:22 | base of the envelope, this is top of the sand and the seals |
|
| 50:26 | top of it. And here is base of the sand and a seal |
|
| 50:30 | underneath it. A lot of people about based seal, but you have |
|
| 50:34 | have a base seal too. And also um got to be something trapping |
|
| 50:39 | up. Then either a fault or surface. Another way you can figure |
|
| 50:47 | out is with guests, say fluid about different fluid contacts and gradients. |
|
| 50:54 | you do happen to get pressure you can kind of figure out where |
|
| 50:57 | things are being. Yeah, here is getting the will pressure here he |
|
| 51:04 | getting the gas pressure. He gets up here, he gets points down |
|
| 51:08 | . He projects that that one up that one down. He knows where |
|
| 51:12 | gas will. It's you know, all simple math and trigonometry and |
|
| 51:23 | And then in terms of the transition has a lot to do with capillary |
|
| 51:29 | . As you can see here, is like uh a fluid here and |
|
| 51:32 | on the top and the fluid rises and that's the pressure to move through |
|
| 51:37 | . But in the in our system have water instead of one fluid. |
|
| 51:43 | the gas we have often times we Water on one end and an oil |
|
| 51:49 | the other end. And so the and the water are kind of fighting |
|
| 51:53 | other. But water would be on bottom. The oil on the |
|
| 51:56 | the less dense thing would be on top. When we're talking about the |
|
| 52:00 | water contact transitions. It's upside down this when we're talking about Seal |
|
| 52:09 | Okay. And this is two different of showing what a transition zone looks |
|
| 52:15 | . And the one in your textbook and Swarbrick, both of them. |
|
| 52:23 | noticed they changed their their figure numbers places because they took one figure out |
|
| 52:30 | put one in. So I've been where that should be, but This |
|
| 52:36 | nearly 100%. Well, here's your envelope here. They don't really make |
|
| 52:39 | clear. But here we're going to is 100% oil, saturated water |
|
| 52:46 | Uh If you came all the way to here, but ah here's here's |
|
| 52:50 | mixture between this would be free water here. This is the immobile |
|
| 52:56 | In other words, if you produced down here, there may be some |
|
| 53:00 | in this rock, but you're not to get oil out because it's stuck |
|
| 53:04 | the it's stuck to the grains. this is the total removable oil level |
|
| 53:13 | . This is the irreducible water level here, you're always going to have |
|
| 53:17 | least this much water, You're always to have at least that much oil |
|
| 53:20 | this system near this transition. But you go from, as a little |
|
| 53:27 | of produce herbal oil and a lot water to more and more produce a |
|
| 53:33 | Oil and water you get, it's 100% up here. This would be |
|
| 53:39 | or less your transition zone in Here's the transition zone. This diagram |
|
| 53:44 | a lot easier to understand. Here's transition zone. This is trying to |
|
| 53:48 | you percentages that happened through here, by moving the volumes back and forth |
|
| 53:54 | on one side, uh you have water up here, you're going to |
|
| 54:00 | free will it. And, And again, you see 100% water production |
|
| 54:07 | this interval, even though there's some oil there And here there's 100 oil |
|
| 54:14 | , even though there's some irreducible water between. You have that transition. |
|
| 54:22 | the depth of these things basically depends um, the heterogeneity of the, |
|
| 54:29 | the rock itself. Okay, so mentioned field compartmentalization and this is kind |
|
| 54:40 | what I mean about it. You , when you first started drilling, |
|
| 54:46 | may think you have one big reservoir here and then you realize there's all |
|
| 54:49 | faults as you start drilling into a and we figured out you're well dead |
|
| 54:55 | you can't see them all on but you can see them in the |
|
| 54:57 | you have republicans. And uh, it starts to go from fewer compartments |
|
| 55:03 | more compartments. And there's a lot different things that you can do with |
|
| 55:07 | fluid contacts are different from one to . You can tell they're maybe part |
|
| 55:12 | the problem. Sometimes these faults are seen in seismic work. We're well |
|
| 55:19 | . It's just that, you the doorbell and one area as well |
|
| 55:23 | some contact. Some fluid contact is different from the one over here more |
|
| 55:28 | what you would expect even if there's transition. So, and so that's |
|
| 55:34 | context. Another thing is into one these things are going to have pretty |
|
| 55:37 | the same initial pressure. Uh, still fit the pressure curve and calm |
|
| 55:46 | you start to produce it. The gonna get equal pressure drop with the |
|
| 55:52 | height. Um, within, in words, if I drill these two |
|
| 55:58 | and I started producing, you see pressure here dropping faster than the pressure |
|
| 56:04 | there that maybe recently performed, Um, and then these other, |
|
| 56:11 | , that's fluid contacts. The ratios gas condensate oil, you can have |
|
| 56:17 | to do with. It should be , although it will change from point |
|
| 56:23 | point. If you're in the gas , you're gonna expect a certain composition |
|
| 56:29 | that. If you're in, you , condensate leg, you're going to |
|
| 56:35 | similar composition. So if you go the world expect something mm hmm has |
|
| 56:42 | do with the initial ratios from these places. If you're pretty much the |
|
| 56:48 | part of the column and you're getting different additional ratio, then you're |
|
| 56:55 | And then of course, I think talks about this in the composition of |
|
| 57:02 | different systems hatred problems, compounds can an impact on, of Howard, |
|
| 57:10 | know, didn't migrate this way. lighter as you went this way. |
|
| 57:14 | , and all sorts of things like too. Being able to tell that |
|
| 57:17 | might have three compartments even though you have a well over here and then |
|
| 57:21 | a, and uh, and then composition can have something to do |
|
| 57:27 | does the water drive moves Within one system? And and there's other ways |
|
| 57:38 | these things called you can do pulse and there you can put tracers in |
|
| 57:44 | things to see how they move. I've never heard of anybody doing |
|
| 57:49 | but that's what that's what people do . And production an injection can help |
|
| 57:59 | figure out that some some things will wrong. But with with this particular |
|
| 58:04 | relates to is looking at not just depletion pressure, but the production profile |
|
| 58:14 | you're getting out of here. It's production profile is one thing. And |
|
| 58:19 | , if you inject water and water popping up in the wrong, |
|
| 58:22 | you might know that you've done something and there may be another compartment. |
|
| 58:28 | , so there's a lot to reservoir distribution. Everyone in here. |
|
| 58:36 | Mcdonald's just had original de positional systems that's a lot about what it |
|
| 58:43 | Uh But one of the things that geologists and engineers and reservoir characterization people |
|
| 58:50 | on his reservoir body geometries And how correlate one from the next. And |
|
| 59:00 | you know, when I showed you slides with, with the barrier systems |
|
| 59:04 | were programming towards the ocean, you easily from lithia type, correlate them |
|
| 59:12 | across. But if you look at a model that has to do with |
|
| 59:18 | type of reservoir units in the reservoir geometry that those units. So in |
|
| 59:23 | words, what type of deposition system it? What type of body geometry |
|
| 59:28 | we expect? And one of the that's a lot of the things that |
|
| 59:35 | get from objects in geological models would things uh You know, you look |
|
| 59:43 | things in 3D. Like, how is it this way, say parallel |
|
| 59:48 | the ocean, How long is it way, perpendicular to the ocean? |
|
| 59:53 | And given those dimensions, how thick it be? And so that has |
|
| 59:58 | lot to do. If you take look at um sandstone units and shale |
|
| 60:06 | , you come to realize that shell are very extensive relative to their |
|
| 60:14 | And sandstone units on the other are very short in this dimension relative |
|
| 60:20 | their thickness. That's because we have ization and other things like that. |
|
| 60:25 | a barrier bar, it's going to , it's going to be a the |
|
| 60:33 | body that's parallel to the coastline, channel is often going to be perpendicular |
|
| 60:40 | the the direction of drainage across a coastal. And then then we start |
|
| 60:50 | about these other internal design things like , structure composition and their relationships to |
|
| 60:56 | objects, like what could be a , what could be a source and |
|
| 61:01 | kind of thing. And then also they stack through time. Lots of |
|
| 61:06 | . These sand bodies are further limited accommodation space. They erode into |
|
| 61:12 | other and there's a scale in all ? Um for the types of heterogeneity |
|
| 61:20 | see, and you can see here a larger scale, um, says |
|
| 61:27 | , basin scale, field scale, , I'm not sure what that's, |
|
| 61:35 | think it's, yeah, lift out . I thought it was saying something |
|
| 61:41 | with a type and here's um this is small, this is |
|
| 61:51 | Can you guys read it from back ? Let me just pull out of |
|
| 61:55 | because we're scared. Get opening Oh, that's betting okay with that |
|
| 62:05 | scale. Yeah. Okay. I having trouble reading the betting scale, |
|
| 62:12 | if I just looked over here, would have known. Okay. Um |
|
| 62:15 | so that's what you're seeing and engineers a lot of attention to these kinds |
|
| 62:23 | slide because they're always thinking about, I'm estimating things with scale on the |
|
| 62:30 | , who did this scale is gonna proper rest working at a discount, |
|
| 62:35 | to get a fine team. This basically exploration geology of, this is |
|
| 62:49 | . So, um, here's something gets done with sandstone bodies. And |
|
| 62:56 | this comes from Elders thesis. He with me back in 2005, 6 |
|
| 63:02 | seven on a thing in Azerbaijan. what we were able to see was |
|
| 63:20 | there's, there's different ways to uh this. The aspect ratio again. |
|
| 63:26 | when I say aspect ratio of these , We know there are three |
|
| 63:32 | So we have after two years, knows what you're going to go most |
|
| 63:44 | the basin, you know, there's like basins are like this cluster of |
|
| 63:56 | basically for the just saying, so know it's narrow this way. Have |
|
| 64:06 | see a lot of fun and I you those rib cases, so there |
|
| 64:13 | places where you get fans building up and dealt with them compared 50 50% |
|
| 64:31 | different. So you have thinking about geological model of the big scale, |
|
| 64:36 | already getting a handle on what kind this is where body. And so |
|
| 64:41 | sorry, but um and Azerbaijan, one of the things that we were |
|
| 64:51 | at was take the river, just a lot of channels. So we |
|
| 65:10 | the channel. So we're trying to out how thick the channel belts |
|
| 65:15 | Mhm. Oh we drill into we get it, we get a |
|
| 65:20 | . And once that diminishing sometimes if so a combination space, that getting |
|
| 65:31 | this case, they hated each They separated fire by the long term |
|
| 65:39 | drilled down into this thing, one that you get about. So the |
|
| 65:45 | thing that we can guess, is some way to get an aspect |
|
| 65:47 | Tell us how far what party we in this channel belt system, what |
|
| 65:53 | trying to figure out what this what does this win? Very well |
|
| 66:03 | how, why is that, And a lot of times we can |
|
| 66:08 | kind of what the flow direction is these things, just by the way |
|
| 66:13 | distributed. So once we know the thickness, the one number that we |
|
| 66:19 | to find out real quick is how those channel belts are. And in |
|
| 66:23 | case he he did this, he this three different ways really. |
|
| 66:31 | you can see here, he's got , but uh for the he has |
|
| 66:35 | outcrop, he has empirical equations, has the seismic and of course this |
|
| 66:42 | real data over here essentially. You , we have well logs and |
|
| 66:46 | we're getting thicknesses and uh and that of thing, but we don't get |
|
| 66:51 | not getting with, so how can figure out the width? So this |
|
| 66:55 | gives us the thickness over here. these are the 123 ways we can |
|
| 67:00 | to come up with a width, is looking at outcrops 1's empirical equations |
|
| 67:06 | the other one is size and here's one of the empirical equations um |
|
| 67:16 | people, you can do this with or this, this is a good |
|
| 67:21 | for channel belts actually, you there's going to be a rectangle which |
|
| 67:24 | you figure out where it's gonna go , like a fire drill some wells |
|
| 67:27 | here. I've got some thicknesses How wide is it if I get |
|
| 67:31 | in there, uh what would the be in the rectangle is inversely proportional |
|
| 67:38 | or gradient, the base level. you may want to try to figure |
|
| 67:41 | how to how to get a base by flattening your tops of the sands |
|
| 67:47 | the point in time above it. you might still see um ah gets |
|
| 67:54 | , it gets it gets deeper and as you go towards the ocean at |
|
| 67:58 | certain angle. And that can kind give you a hint at that. |
|
| 68:01 | anyway, the real, the real you're trying to get is this we |
|
| 68:10 | the thickness in the course in the . But we want to try to |
|
| 68:15 | the width of these other things. here is uh frolicking near shore sand |
|
| 68:23 | . And these are sand bodies. you can see the aspect ratios |
|
| 68:28 | This would be 1-1, There's nothing here, that's 1-1 To the |
|
| 68:33 | But here's 10 to 101 1001 Aspect . And these are the different. |
|
| 68:40 | huh. People collect this empirically, this data, I've gone around the |
|
| 68:45 | and collected this data and make charts engineers and make them happy. And |
|
| 68:52 | and you can kind of get a on what types of aspect ratios to |
|
| 68:55 | out if you have another method to out what the aspect ratio is in |
|
| 69:00 | given area for at least a couple your wells. And you think it's |
|
| 69:05 | same type of sand body. Once figure out that it must be over |
|
| 69:11 | , then you're gonna know they're all be over here more or less. |
|
| 69:14 | is the same deposition all setting and and similar genetically related system in terms |
|
| 69:21 | the transgressive regressive system. And there's have more things in here. There's |
|
| 69:28 | more complications than just near shore. can get flu via ones and blue |
|
| 69:32 | . But what I wanted to show , there's a real big jump between |
|
| 69:36 | poor alec in near shore sandbox, Shortz sand body like title deltas. |
|
| 69:47 | . Bear island complexes. Deltas, terry mouth bars. Here's one right |
|
| 69:53 | that's that's listed there. These types things ah are markedly different. You |
|
| 70:00 | here, this aspect ratio, There's lot of stuff between 10 and 100 |
|
| 70:07 | here. Uh There's a lot of between actually 10 And you get up |
|
| 70:14 | a 1000 pretty quickly in these. well, these are sand bodies |
|
| 70:21 | I'm sorry, this is the same . So, it only that number |
|
| 70:24 | ? There is, here's 10 This aspect ratio is uh things that |
|
| 70:32 | not quite as sandy as the other . So you can see that it's |
|
| 70:35 | that far off of this, but when we shift the shales um You're |
|
| 70:43 | looking at a lot of stuff between and 10,000 and Almost nothing less than |
|
| 70:51 | . And here, you still have it's a little bit sand here. |
|
| 70:57 | this is sand here, but You're from 10 to 1000, whereas here |
|
| 71:02 | getting Over to 10,000. So some the shales have really, really ah |
|
| 71:10 | aspect ratio. Yeah. So anyway in this outcrop ah this is an |
|
| 71:17 | of what's in the the big reservoir of the Opteron ridge in uh in |
|
| 71:25 | Caspian sea. And so you can that he was he was getting these |
|
| 71:30 | from the channels and channel bar belts the total link across de positional |
|
| 71:42 | In other words, these are rivers down to the base of the |
|
| 71:58 | deposition. So he calculated all that um Well he got he got real |
|
| 72:09 | , this is real empirical data from . Another thing he did was he |
|
| 72:16 | really good three d. size. and he was able to um get |
|
| 72:23 | aspect ratio uh well defined um Channel . And um and then of course |
|
| 72:42 | have these empirical equations where he sat looked at these types of aspect ratios |
|
| 72:48 | figured out what they should be from type of data. So if I |
|
| 72:52 | to ask you a question, what the three ways to help you figure |
|
| 73:00 | the width of and um sand body to its thickness for its height? |
|
| 73:11 | were the three, what are the ways of doing Okay. Um You |
|
| 73:24 | do this is the empirical equations. I even numbered this for you. |
|
| 73:29 | one is outcrops. Number two is equations and number three is size. |
|
| 73:35 | don't always have that, but you usually have something and you can go |
|
| 73:39 | textbooks and there's even a reservoir characterization that have a lot of these these |
|
| 73:45 | of tables and uh and they'll give these empirical equations and they may even |
|
| 73:50 | you things that are localized like over and and geologists may collect this data |
|
| 73:57 | a field, for example, uh Yeshiva in um in on the coastal |
|
| 74:04 | of texas in Brazoria County or Someone has looked at all the channels |
|
| 74:11 | all the channels have this aspect ratio the wells they've seen, they've been |
|
| 74:15 | to figure it out from drilling a of rooms. Okay. Another issue |
|
| 74:28 | that's magic and geology and and rest organization. I like to tell and |
|
| 74:38 | told us for characterization. Selena kind , we didn't have a lot |
|
| 74:44 | Okay, so I was able to it as a geologist when uh taught |
|
| 74:48 | here in engineering. I thought it a guy. So one of the |
|
| 74:56 | and help I would tell him characterization a problem. We're really just trying |
|
| 75:11 | , no, it is noises. , it's an average for the direction |
|
| 75:17 | come up with and uh you we have a good well over |
|
| 75:23 | Well over here focus on trying to out what's going on. Technologies that |
|
| 75:34 | directional look at that in the think this. Yes. Um they're trying |
|
| 75:48 | show you as you drill a well you get this percentage of sand all |
|
| 75:54 | way across this much and you're trying figure out a vertical proportion. That's |
|
| 76:01 | you're trying to get other words. don't have much stand here, I |
|
| 76:05 | have much stand here, but I a lot of so they just forced |
|
| 76:09 | across and then in here they don't whether this is something you run into |
|
| 76:16 | now and then. But this is proportion of sand across here is the |
|
| 76:20 | as the proportion of sand here. is detective vertical four question And extending |
|
| 76:26 | towards the next one and uh this the same kind of thing. Here's |
|
| 76:33 | what I get in one. moving over that way. Yeah, |
|
| 76:39 | like this in other words, this kind of this just show you even |
|
| 76:47 | the constant, you had a I'm not a scene like this, |
|
| 76:51 | probably wouldn't see this. But what the math ends up doing is something |
|
| 76:56 | this by taking it and the proportion the same laterally is and it's called |
|
| 77:08 | but has the directions and so here's how you might do it with start |
|
| 77:17 | with with your well which is a and trying to figure out what sandwich |
|
| 77:22 | and uh and you do the same for over here and so yeah, |
|
| 77:28 | get something that looks like this and do we know about sand stones. |
|
| 77:36 | Get a well that looks like Get a well that looks like |
|
| 77:40 | What do we do automatically when we to hear we're honoring the weld |
|
| 77:44 | But what are we trying to You have honoring the declarations? This |
|
| 77:53 | where you're kind of honoring aspect So this was kind of its |
|
| 77:58 | Um These sands would go all the over the other. In other words |
|
| 78:04 | know from the aspect ratio. If have something that's on this amount of |
|
| 78:07 | can't be much longer than that implements . I also might know if I |
|
| 78:13 | 2 15 ft six sands. one be this big and another one might |
|
| 78:19 | . So I have to kind of what was in that other one to |
|
| 78:22 | of figure out what's going to happen if I see a little sand, |
|
| 78:25 | the possibility of being or something. you you come up with all these |
|
| 78:33 | miles. So this is conditioned, has the same amount of sand as |
|
| 78:40 | two. And then here we have figure out what what can we do |
|
| 78:46 | inter Well um thanks so inter well um here is let's see yeah they're |
|
| 78:57 | to figure out how to get the ratio in here and this is showing |
|
| 79:00 | that some of them have to so trying to map out in between |
|
| 79:09 | change the slide. Mhm. That of pattern right there. Okay. |
|
| 79:20 | it seems more complicated than it but it's it's actually fairly simple. |
|
| 79:26 | then here here you put all the bodies in. So here is what |
|
| 79:32 | in um held our thesis. One the unfortunate things you did in in |
|
| 79:40 | computers and all the data was You couldn't go back do this. |
|
| 79:49 | This is 232 m. 577 Which is pretty close by the |
|
| 79:54 | 700 76 m. They're not to they were to scale this was like |
|
| 80:00 | whole lot more understandable that in an but this is the way it was |
|
| 80:07 | by BP prior to his work. , just like that. And then |
|
| 80:19 | his work. Mhm. That whole was clearly and some of these things |
|
| 80:27 | like they're going over to another. , but you can't actually see how |
|
| 80:31 | apart they are stretched out because it have it to scale. In other |
|
| 80:37 | , these wells would be further apart some of the things that look like |
|
| 80:41 | going to end up in the Well, didn't actually and that's why |
|
| 80:46 | see some overlap on these things and ah if you had overlap like |
|
| 80:57 | you you have to get rid of of these things it shouldn't be there |
|
| 81:02 | didn't hit. But this would be one is wrong with the well sort |
|
| 81:08 | a good scale apart so you can it. But his diagram, that |
|
| 81:20 | this, this is just an equal between lines and suppression of the |
|
| 81:27 | Okay, so we're done with We'll take a break june so I'm |
|
| 81:42 | sharing and now we're going to look some issues with development production and |
|
| 81:56 | we've already discussed what frontier and exploration and what appraisal people are and here's |
|
| 82:03 | and but what I'm trying to show is that the frontier guys hand off |
|
| 82:08 | exploration and the expiration passes it on , appraisers and then the appraisal of |
|
| 82:16 | create these models that they can pass to the development people to further develop |
|
| 82:21 | field and and actually make a decision it's worth doing or not. So |
|
| 82:27 | you're in development though, you're setting stage for the maximum cache overflow or |
|
| 82:33 | flow over the reservoir lifecycle. In words, remember that probability thing in |
|
| 82:37 | beginning of the last lecture where I you, they started doing stuff and |
|
| 82:42 | were adding their adding assets, you , as you go through this in |
|
| 82:47 | ways you're depleting assets as you're trying define, to get closer and |
|
| 82:50 | But then then at the end, you're producing, you're trying to figure |
|
| 82:53 | stuff that we're missing and uh, that's what, that's where you get |
|
| 82:58 | with production. How can I capture of that stuff that I missed and |
|
| 83:04 | , so the neat thing about development production, you have lots of pressure |
|
| 83:10 | , you have drawdown data, all things to help you figure out if |
|
| 83:15 | have compartments or not. And if have compartments you may have one that's |
|
| 83:20 | drained properly and the other one's so you're leaving a lot of oil |
|
| 83:23 | it, it's not being drained. that dynamic data of course includes the |
|
| 83:29 | production profiles, which is one of most important things fluid pressure through time |
|
| 83:36 | then um fluid composition over the course the production. I can give you |
|
| 83:43 | handle on what you're doing with that leg that's you got permissible fluids. |
|
| 83:50 | here's an idealized reservoir production history where adding stuff to it, adding wells |
|
| 83:57 | , it builds up, you get plateau and then it starts to |
|
| 84:02 | And so you, as you add as you're producing more and more reaches |
|
| 84:07 | sort of absolute plateau and then as pressure drops, the fluid is being |
|
| 84:14 | , you start to lose production. with doing some of the production |
|
| 84:20 | you try to figure out ways to reserves. And one way is to |
|
| 84:25 | in Phil wells, another way is do a secondary for tertiary recover mints |
|
| 84:34 | all along you have this opec's operating and you want to try to get |
|
| 84:39 | down so that it doesn't cut off line. So if you if you |
|
| 84:43 | that line, um you're going you know, it's gonna lose its |
|
| 84:49 | value. And as you can see we come through time by adding these |
|
| 84:55 | , revised economic limit is out And of course at the same time |
|
| 85:00 | trying to reduce operating. Okay. , uh, There's uh five different |
|
| 85:12 | of reservoir drive and The 1st 3 the most common. And compaction drive |
|
| 85:23 | course would be something like the chalks I talked about, Oh, where |
|
| 85:29 | nano fossil plates were like this and kind of collapsed down like this and |
|
| 85:33 | just breathed in some chocolates and they down like that and it's being compacted |
|
| 85:42 | uh in fact in the North those well sink through time and I |
|
| 85:51 | think I have those in in my set anymore. But I used to |
|
| 85:55 | show the platforms would actually we're Did I show you that six the |
|
| 86:03 | draft? Okay. Because we're talking nano's nano nano. Okay, |
|
| 86:15 | So here here are the three main and uh, I know all of |
|
| 86:21 | guys want to be managers sometimes. any question has three answers to |
|
| 86:25 | It's just like a, you there's there's an adage that managers if |
|
| 86:29 | make a bullet slide, never put than three points up there because managers |
|
| 86:34 | understand more than three points. And if you put up more than three |
|
| 86:39 | , you're going to confuse them that them. And so they decide that |
|
| 86:42 | confused and can't get it down to points. So uh so it makes |
|
| 86:48 | test questions. So the gas x drive is just simply you've got associated |
|
| 86:56 | dissolved in the in the oil as pressure drops, the gas starts to |
|
| 87:00 | out of solution and it starts to and they'll actually start to create perhaps |
|
| 87:04 | little bit of a gas cap. I guess cap expansion drive, you |
|
| 87:10 | to produce the oil leg first. that wasn't good, Good thing, |
|
| 87:16 | have a face on it. But um you produced this again, |
|
| 87:24 | got associated guests, It's all It come out. Yeah, as |
|
| 87:29 | produce this and lower the pressure, gas cap expands and uh and push |
|
| 87:34 | stance. This kind of just goes one so you're going from gas and |
|
| 87:41 | . So you're getting some expansion, volume is increasing, so you're getting |
|
| 87:46 | . And then in this one you a water drive, you start sucking |
|
| 87:50 | oil out and the water moves hopefully grabs. This is the one |
|
| 87:54 | gonna show you most of the examples in terms of the strange things that |
|
| 87:58 | happen with whatever and uh the compaction , this is showing it different than |
|
| 88:04 | I was telling you about here, start to produce it and uh there |
|
| 88:10 | be rain support like this, but you produce it rains fall over the |
|
| 88:15 | of those chocolate things, full stack cards falls down, go from |
|
| 88:21 | It might be close to 80% ferocity almost no ferocity and the platforms that |
|
| 88:26 | built on top of them actually sick you have to go out and raise |
|
| 88:31 | from time to time. And the that they've repaired, um, have |
|
| 88:37 | telescoping things where you know, they how high they are above storm weather |
|
| 88:44 | in the North Sea, there's a , there's really bad waves and |
|
| 88:48 | have, have any of you ever pictures of standby boats in the North |
|
| 88:53 | ? There are these big things are almost 200 ft long. They're like |
|
| 88:57 | tugboats and they're doing this in the . And the Norwegians are buckled in |
|
| 89:07 | I've talked to him before and they're fearless. You know, they |
|
| 89:12 | we have a good boat, it's gonna sink. And I'm like, |
|
| 89:17 | , you don't get seasick maybe at beginning, but after a while to |
|
| 89:20 | used to it and I'm going, you know, you're doing this, |
|
| 89:25 | no problem. And uh, and , they're the kindest gentlest people at |
|
| 89:32 | of the time. There's some very door regions. But uh, I |
|
| 89:36 | shouldn't say this because I'm being but in general, you know, |
|
| 89:41 | very, they're very soft hearted carrying , it's really, it's really interesting |
|
| 89:46 | see when and where they get Okay. And um here is just |
|
| 89:54 | you um combination drive is something that Marsala 1 28 had quite a few |
|
| 90:01 | them, we had a gas cap and we had a water drive at |
|
| 90:05 | same time, so we were pumping oil out of that and uh this |
|
| 90:10 | a gravity drive where you've got the dip well and you have heavier oil |
|
| 90:15 | it, it does better to to this way and it actually is, |
|
| 90:19 | migrating down there. The stuff that migrate would probably be the lighter portion |
|
| 90:23 | it that you would probably want So this may be a good tactic |
|
| 90:27 | a heavy oil situation, but I worked on those things myself. So |
|
| 90:34 | what a typical water drive looks And uh here here you're getting a |
|
| 90:41 | up and this could be a well, here's the initial pressure and |
|
| 90:50 | across like this and it kind of out as you're, as you're filling |
|
| 90:53 | in with water and uh can see water cuts coming up in this |
|
| 91:00 | This buttercup may not be on your because I noticed it wasn't on the |
|
| 91:03 | , but that's what what it And here's the oil production rate just |
|
| 91:08 | off, here's the produced bor and goes up a little bit when you |
|
| 91:13 | to run down to to know oil and uh and that's that's it, |
|
| 91:20 | critical is this time across here can tens of years in a in a |
|
| 91:26 | wealth. This is another conventional well get typical gas cap drive here, |
|
| 91:33 | can see the oil rate is high you start to expand into the gas |
|
| 91:41 | and then you start producing more gas uh upper person might get more |
|
| 91:47 | lower prices are still getting oil and you come down to here. This |
|
| 91:52 | doesn't show you the recovery factor on , but here you have a recovery |
|
| 91:56 | of about 22 50%. When you to this point, a lot of |
|
| 92:03 | shut in wells and conventional wells when get close to this crossover, when |
|
| 92:08 | your production of uh actually put it here, when this happens is often |
|
| 92:18 | uh you stopped producing an oil when when you have mostly here, you |
|
| 92:25 | a little little natural gas, but start producing water versus that, you |
|
| 92:29 | nothing economic to pull out the water uh and then here um and it's |
|
| 92:35 | you have to get rid of and , you can see the water cut |
|
| 92:38 | up here, but they talked about being the recovery factor because even though |
|
| 92:43 | depleting all the oil in the you're still getting some benefit from the |
|
| 92:47 | gas good. And then here's another recovery factor of 5-30%. This is |
|
| 92:55 | gas x solution drive and you can you start out with quite a bit |
|
| 93:01 | of oil. There's a crossover point where you start producing more gas and |
|
| 93:07 | royal rate drops off dramatically and this probably going to be less years definitely |
|
| 93:14 | oil production. But same thing with the gas is going to produce pretty |
|
| 93:20 | . This again is it says time , it's actually tens of years a |
|
| 93:25 | of times. And um the lifetime conventional wells, I thought it was |
|
| 93:31 | to point this out since everybody thinks unconventional and we all think that unconventional |
|
| 93:38 | is really important forever. And it be for long term but I don't |
|
| 93:43 | . But in the short term a of the unconventional that we're producing are |
|
| 93:48 | being depleted. Then you have to drilling those wells over and over and |
|
| 93:51 | again because they deplete very quickly. the one thing that affects the lifetime |
|
| 93:57 | conventional wells which also ultimately is a why unconventional is don't last very |
|
| 94:03 | The permeability of the reservoir is extremely . Higher the permeability. The longer |
|
| 94:08 | gonna last. What do we have an unconventional, We have very low |
|
| 94:14 | , the viscosity of oil that's obvious that could happen in any in any |
|
| 94:19 | . And normally uh the source rocks were trying to drill in conventional unconventional |
|
| 94:27 | for the most part are not heavy . The degree of reservoir heterogeneity which |
|
| 94:33 | always going to be negative towards Low permeability is negative, high viscosity |
|
| 94:40 | negative, increased. Heterogeneity is Uh Well management, the pressure drawdown |
|
| 94:48 | , how fast you draw that pressure , the faster you draw it |
|
| 94:52 | the more likely you're gonna damage that and you're going to have water or |
|
| 94:56 | cutting through one of these drive One of the drive mechanisms like the |
|
| 95:01 | or the water cutting into your oil and reducing your oil output. Uh |
|
| 95:08 | that of course has to do with presence and absence of aquifers or gas |
|
| 95:13 | . And then of course, uh the wells designed well and it's put |
|
| 95:18 | well and it ah the right materials stuff that will last longer. It |
|
| 95:24 | produce longer and it'll have integrity during entire period of time. You have |
|
| 95:30 | work over a well a lot. going to cost you more OP X |
|
| 95:34 | so you're likely to shut that one . And some of these things. |
|
| 95:41 | of these had six work overs by way. These are just some examples |
|
| 95:45 | the book um of the productive history a lot of Wales can be measured |
|
| 95:53 | tens of years in the magnus field the UK delivered an average of 50 |
|
| 95:59 | barrels of what Uh the South Marshall 128 Wells produced over 250 1000 barrels |
|
| 96:06 | oil per year with a lifetime of years plus Uh the 1st 15 years |
|
| 96:12 | production for that field was 80 million of oil. And it's still going |
|
| 96:16 | far as I know The Helena one will, this is in the book |
|
| 96:22 | Trinidad and of course I worked offshore too. And I know some of |
|
| 96:27 | things Have produced for a long This one's delivering oil for 75 years |
|
| 96:34 | you're not gonna see that in an mission. In fact, I don't |
|
| 96:38 | you'll ever see that in an unconventional someone might drill a well next to |
|
| 96:44 | and get some more oil, but not that same well. And uh |
|
| 96:50 | of course, um ultimate life of productivity for conventional gas wells is a |
|
| 96:56 | long time because the relative permeability of in a effective porosity reservoir is going |
|
| 97:04 | last a long time. Okay, is a typical bacon curve decline and |
|
| 97:12 | looked at decline curves in other places they're quite similar, but in the |
|
| 97:16 | . But here you can see this uh, you know, they're |
|
| 97:21 | they're trying to get their oil out In one year, 69%% of the |
|
| 97:26 | is gone. And then um, you get down to about here and |
|
| 97:33 | producing almost nothing, it's not on trip, but but you start producing |
|
| 97:39 | the most part, a lot more than oils. Some of these wells |
|
| 97:44 | out at The water cut is In other words, half of the |
|
| 97:48 | is water. And that water can , do you know what A barrel |
|
| 97:53 | water costs The last time I checked was around it could get up $12-14 |
|
| 97:58 | barrel. And so that's an added operate. That's an added up topics |
|
| 98:03 | getting this out of the ground and conventional was going to cut in once |
|
| 98:11 | water gets it, A better cuts 50%. But a lot of the |
|
| 98:16 | start out at 50%. And this looking at the top chicken producers, |
|
| 98:26 | me, top eight bacon producers. know I said I can take in |
|
| 98:30 | Carolina is a really nice place. The top eight bacon producers and you |
|
| 98:37 | see here they, you know, out really big and they've been declining |
|
| 98:41 | declining ah All the way through. one from 2012, 1 from |
|
| 98:47 | 1 from 2014. So they they out of, this is starting in |
|
| 98:55 | years, man. And you can their initial production has gotten better, |
|
| 99:01 | at the end of the day, they're gone, they're gone in a |
|
| 99:05 | and uh these are months down Yeah, Some of the ones, |
|
| 99:12 | to you know, like some of better ones might have been in |
|
| 99:15 | but you can see um they're declining lot faster because they're getting a lot |
|
| 99:22 | the good reservoirs were already drilled and they're getting uh lower docs and that's |
|
| 99:28 | of the technology has gotten better I . And so they're getting higher plateaus |
|
| 99:36 | , that's about it. Another thing you do in um in the development |
|
| 99:44 | production is you you planned wells and execute those those well plans and I |
|
| 99:52 | a few times I had to uh F. E. As an application |
|
| 99:56 | expenditure is a big thing that you in with the government to and and |
|
| 99:59 | company and and uh sometimes the local , sometimes the U. S. |
|
| 100:06 | and you start to plan out usually it'll be production wells and later in |
|
| 100:12 | life of it injection wells, you also start putting in for some of |
|
| 100:20 | will be in Capex but a lot this will be op X. You'll |
|
| 100:24 | disposal wells. And uh you can if you have a blowout you might |
|
| 100:28 | to drill a relief well. So got to drill, I worked for |
|
| 100:32 | , I got to drill two relief . And then I also Kind of |
|
| 100:37 | on top of what was going on the Macondo #2 uh in the gulf |
|
| 100:41 | Mexico at the east Cameron 81 number and number one, we're uh uh |
|
| 100:52 | the news media calls them relief wells the oil industry, we call them |
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| 100:55 | wells because we kill a blowout ah things that they worry about is drilling |
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| 101:03 | and this would be mostly in the phase, uh when you're trying to |
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| 101:10 | out where to place these wells and to place them and how to design |
|
| 101:14 | jackets and in the risers and that of thing. And the wellheads themselves |
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| 101:20 | they happen to be subsidy or up the planet. And then uh you |
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| 101:26 | to plan to make sure that whatever do doesn't damage the formation. There's |
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| 101:31 | certain type of asset. Ization. really great if you have carbonate |
|
| 101:36 | But if you have felt spars in rock, it turns into gel and |
|
| 101:39 | destroys the destroys the formation. And of course all this well logging is |
|
| 101:47 | good hard data. I think even it's still logs, when you do |
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| 101:53 | , logging oftentimes you capture cuttings and you get a geologic log or a |
|
| 101:59 | log from that? And then the data is also very, very |
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| 102:04 | We have a data set that includes lot of stuff from a company called |
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| 102:10 | . And uh, I don't think of our students have ever used the |
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| 102:14 | data to figure anything out, but somebody wanted to do that, it |
|
| 102:17 | be worth looking at. But it's , it's very, it's a, |
|
| 102:24 | think Southwestern made a lot of money fit. It's there was there mother |
|
| 102:30 | for a while. Their bread and . Okay. And this is west |
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| 102:35 | Shetland and we talked about this already explorations, but as you can |
|
| 102:44 | you come up with these blob maps structures and stuff, but where do |
|
| 102:47 | want to produce? And uh and this is showing you gas cap, |
|
| 102:56 | is showing you where they know there's , but you have these these actually |
|
| 103:02 | platforms that are wells that are reaching into this is preparations all through |
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| 103:06 | So there's something down here. They mapped out on here or they wouldn't |
|
| 103:10 | drilling the wells out there. But of the things that you try to |
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| 103:13 | is figure out where to put the . And one of the things that |
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| 103:17 | of us don't think about until we're doing it in real life, is |
|
| 103:22 | ? There's shipping lanes out there in office, this is offshore uh on |
|
| 103:27 | shore planning wells where you're gonna put , has a lot to do with |
|
| 103:32 | um culture and stuff. You like where is a city, where |
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| 103:36 | a city, where is a field where could some oil activity damage |
|
| 103:42 | And you have lots of landowners. really hard. But when you're |
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| 103:46 | it's usually a government that owns So you get big acreages and you |
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| 103:50 | to figure out the best way to some of these, these fields and |
|
| 103:56 | one is shown you actually uh producing with preparation uh symbols on it. |
|
| 104:03 | then injection wells to try to help water injector to try to help the |
|
| 104:08 | drive push it towards the perforations. here you can see down dip and |
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| 104:13 | to the flank there coming in this and this direction, this kind of |
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| 104:17 | direction they're hoping it's going to it's to flow. And then you're you're |
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| 104:21 | to get water push this thing up here. So that's that's getting to |
|
| 104:26 | we call secondary recovery that happens later you first set things these things |
|
| 104:30 | you want to make sure that they're in shipping links. And there's I |
|
| 104:38 | have a slide show I had this . Most most companies in helpful in |
|
| 104:50 | companies. Yes, you can have blog like this. This is company |
|
| 105:07 | company too. And there was a rate. This guy like so special |
|
| 105:25 | here, this guy. Likewise company here to my name. That's |
|
| 105:38 | Yeah, maybe some money changing him . A lot of times when you're |
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| 105:43 | situation like this, they have the problem in the first And so if |
|
| 105:47 | let us do this we like and that's kind of how you work in |
|
| 105:54 | . Just so you know, it be really complicated, even offshore |
|
| 105:59 | And if we ever start drilling off atlantic coast, there's gonna be a |
|
| 106:03 | of environmental studies. Certainly uh I you an example of mobile bay when |
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| 106:11 | first killed in there. It took nine years to get approval from the |
|
| 106:15 | to drill in Mobile Bay. And said that I don't think the |
|
| 106:20 | P. A. Was wrong. think they were right making sure that |
|
| 106:23 | were being careful. And this this a diagram from Lewis because he he |
|
| 106:31 | he talks about multi lateral wells that can get from from a platform. |
|
| 106:38 | but also some of the wells can side tracks and stuff that come out |
|
| 106:42 | them as well. You drill it it down SE 9000 ft and someone |
|
| 106:48 | to the east and went off to west and went off to the north |
|
| 106:51 | went off to the south you can all sorts of things. Technology has |
|
| 106:56 | really good. I don't know if commingle but a lot of the production |
|
| 107:03 | and liners ah different companies have different of doing if they like to. |
|
| 107:10 | it depends on who owns the oil the government for the state of |
|
| 107:16 | for the state of Alabama. Somebody have different rules but sometimes they won't |
|
| 107:22 | you commingle more than one formation or unit together with another one And other |
|
| 107:29 | they will there's practical reasons for Uh Sometimes the pressures are very different |
|
| 107:36 | so you don't you obviously don't want open them up to each other. |
|
| 107:39 | there's also things you can do at wellhead to to have multiple ah liners |
|
| 107:46 | down and doing dual production wells and oil and gas from two different levels |
|
| 107:52 | causing a problem and mobile did that in the gulf of Mexico Amoco. |
|
| 107:57 | did it in Mexico. I've never that out because if you have a |
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| 108:01 | that's producing Only 600 barrels of oil day, which is not bad and |
|
| 108:07 | have to uh So you have like in South Marshall in 128, |
|
| 108:12 | can produce two of them in one with two different productions liners. You |
|
| 108:19 | double the value of that wealth, know, 600 and 61,200 barrels a |
|
| 108:25 | from one will okay, so um lot of people for some reason when |
|
| 108:34 | , when I hear people talk and act like it wasn't until, I |
|
| 108:39 | think of the guy's name, it with an m ah Mitchell Mitchell. |
|
| 108:47 | next one, somebody in texas that a company in texas, I don't |
|
| 108:53 | he's from texas but He's the first to try to put two different technologies |
|
| 108:59 | . one of them was long reached and which became laterals and the other |
|
| 109:05 | was hydro fact Hydro fracking has been successfully since 1960 something are and it's |
|
| 109:16 | pretty prolific and but it was done vertical ones wells that were tight to |
|
| 109:22 | of open them up but not as as these unconventional but I think it |
|
| 109:28 | mr when he, when he pulled these two technologies, the hydrofracking created |
|
| 109:34 | zone of enhanced porosity and permeability around well. So when he decided to |
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| 109:41 | this in stages and at first they do it in stages, when he |
|
| 109:46 | to do it in these long mile laterals. Not only were you increasing |
|
| 109:54 | around the well bore, but you're it with length. So even if |
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| 110:00 | was just a conventional well and you put lateral like this in there, |
|
| 110:06 | surface area of your preparations dramatically increases because of the length of the |
|
| 110:13 | And uh we're the first one happened was really good where they started really |
|
| 110:18 | this in earnest and started developing the was in the early 19 nineties of |
|
| 110:23 | Witch Farm Field in the UK and had this peninsula, you know, |
|
| 110:31 | didn't, they didn't want these wells here offshore because, because there was |
|
| 110:35 | peninsula here in the bay here and they basically wanted him to drill five |
|
| 110:44 | to the target essentially. Okay, do know that um five km is |
|
| 110:53 | to three mods From running 15 yep. So just off the top |
|
| 111:01 | my head without a character. So things were pretty long and uh and |
|
| 111:05 | have some that were even longer than and a lot of the drilling that |
|
| 111:10 | done in the, the chalks in North sea Prior to the 1990s, |
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| 111:17 | talks were doing laterals ah in in area that I worked. Oh |
|
| 111:24 | I forgot to do this. I to bring the soil samples from the |
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| 111:31 | fields. We're gonna have our test , we're gonna do it online. |
|
| 111:41 | do you guys prefer? Yeah, , that's just me. If you |
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| 111:52 | want to do it online, I'll happy to do it on because they |
|
| 111:55 | an exam ready to go on. I have to change my power points |
|
| 112:00 | a piece of paper, which isn't hard. Okay. And here here's |
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| 112:06 | was going on there. You can that the first one was that the |
|
| 112:11 | Farm. And uh and so and had to get them way out |
|
| 112:18 | You know, people were drilling out and really irritating the locals because |
|
| 112:22 | it's apparently a beautiful place. the southern coast of England, of |
|
| 112:26 | if anybody's ever been there, it's incredible. And so they did that |
|
| 112:33 | , for environmental reasons, simple And of course when we do a |
|
| 112:38 | well uh and this kind of relates of course to unconventional a lot one |
|
| 112:46 | the first things we used to do do a pilot well, and then |
|
| 112:50 | have a kick stop thing, it just kind of different shapes to make |
|
| 112:57 | deviate a certain number of degrees and they would whip stock, I guess |
|
| 113:01 | call it and then they would put um different ones if it wasn't going |
|
| 113:05 | it wanted to and they'd have to turn it now, you can do |
|
| 113:10 | ah from controlling the drill bit, drill assembly is controllable these days early |
|
| 113:19 | . It wasn't so you drill a hole, I think they still drill |
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| 113:23 | holes so they know where they're Not anymore. Yeah, that's what |
|
| 113:28 | , that's what I figured back You had to do, you have |
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| 113:32 | know where that formation was. If the first one, you're gonna do |
|
| 113:36 | once, you know where the formation is, you want to now in |
|
| 113:40 | and the chalks because it wasn't as to do. They would draw these |
|
| 113:45 | pilot holes and they would they would fossil data through here and they figure |
|
| 113:52 | how to zone this so tight that would have zones in the pay and |
|
| 113:57 | pay interval. And they'd be able tell whether they were in the pay |
|
| 114:00 | in the middle of the top, bottom, all that kind of |
|
| 114:03 | And then once they got down they would thought they would actually be |
|
| 114:07 | driller would be asking them where are at, where we at real |
|
| 114:13 | And uh but these were sand which that wouldn't have been done in |
|
| 114:17 | , but it was done in the bio steering and you can see |
|
| 114:21 | it can get really complicated and again just trying to figure out how to |
|
| 114:25 | to steer it from something that looks um you know, we're used to |
|
| 114:32 | like this vertically, but now it's this, so we're just looking laterally |
|
| 114:35 | stuff and you know when you're, you're drilling like here and he's in |
|
| 114:41 | the confining shale, it's not going be much different than if he's in |
|
| 114:44 | shield, its inner, inner distribute channel share like that. So it's |
|
| 114:51 | that easy. Chair steering is not easy as people think it is. |
|
| 114:55 | think a lot of times we do good job just by trying to keep |
|
| 114:58 | close, keeping the thing as straight we think. In other words, |
|
| 115:02 | know what the dip is of the in general. We have a good |
|
| 115:05 | where things are going because these mythologies quickly. The other thing is early |
|
| 115:13 | , most of the drilling tools only basically side looking and you know, |
|
| 115:23 | was a matter of a few meters they could look sideways. So, |
|
| 115:31 | then you get to reservoir management after do this development stuff and if they |
|
| 115:37 | very heterogeneous, you would do reservoir and then reservoir simulation and we're reservoir |
|
| 115:44 | . It's called a static model. what geologists do. But we were |
|
| 115:50 | , we look at things that are place. Then the engineers coming into |
|
| 115:54 | dynamic model. So we tell yeah, that's not that I had |
|
| 115:59 | dream I had. We've got the of figured out how much oil and |
|
| 116:03 | is in it. There is now go in and start producing it from |
|
| 116:09 | it, you get a better handle but the flow characteristics are in that |
|
| 116:13 | . So you can put this dynamic into the reservoir characterization model and actually |
|
| 116:21 | explain why we're producing too much or little or the right amount of oil |
|
| 116:25 | gas and that's what stimulation is. . The seismic guys weren't left |
|
| 116:33 | They started coming up with four Seismic, which is time lapse |
|
| 116:37 | And they can actually see uh especially they have shear waves or O. |
|
| 116:42 | . S. Or shear waves Sorry. You know, I I |
|
| 116:53 | to never have my phone turned on I got a phone call every five |
|
| 116:57 | but these days nobody's calling okay. another thing is water flooding. And |
|
| 117:07 | remember I worked on a water flood with South Marsala 1 28 and the |
|
| 117:14 | , the regulated price of oil at time was $14 a barrel. And |
|
| 117:20 | of the engineers, I wish I it recorded on tape, he said |
|
| 117:25 | will be worth doing if the price oil ever gets to $20 a |
|
| 117:30 | And I guess what? Uh So sure it's been done now. And |
|
| 117:37 | another thing is infill wells are important these things like fracturing acid. |
|
| 117:42 | open up the process and the especially around the world. Well bored |
|
| 117:48 | there's a lot of enhanced oil recovery now with different chemicals. But again |
|
| 117:55 | primary production is usually natural flow and often choked. In other words we're |
|
| 118:00 | producing as much as we can because don't want to flow the oil so |
|
| 118:03 | that it pulls water or gas into oil leg. Secondary is water injection |
|
| 118:09 | gas injection. Say we're producing some with the oil or we have a |
|
| 118:13 | cap nearby. You might want to put that into a gas cap and |
|
| 118:18 | of push it down and have a of a gas drive And you can |
|
| 118:22 | the same kind of thing with co if you'd like to. And uh |
|
| 118:28 | then of course although have you done you done a ceo to drive? |
|
| 118:35 | because it's denser. I think it's less than it would be less dense |
|
| 118:40 | water. So it's probably gonna be cap injection. I've never worked. |
|
| 118:44 | then tertiary is chemical or thermal types methods. So we're going to kind |
|
| 118:49 | look at that. But here is d uh survey showing that you can |
|
| 118:56 | in this Time lapse here is 1999 this is I guess around 2000. |
|
| 119:03 | 19 1985. I'm sorry in 1999 you can see the oil water contact |
|
| 119:09 | 1985. The oil water contact in is way up here. So this |
|
| 119:15 | what the model, um, when doing water wells, you can do |
|
| 119:22 | of these fancy patterns and this was your book. Every time I see |
|
| 119:27 | real thing trying to be more strategic just a, an open pattern. |
|
| 119:33 | don't know if they do this. , one of the, probably a |
|
| 119:41 | years. Mm hmm. My husband found Christine was, she wasn't the |
|
| 120:03 | thanks for calling engineers. They got National Academy. It's just a really |
|
| 120:12 | she came up to decide kidney just here first. Yeah. Mm |
|
| 120:33 | And I think this was because, when you do that, sure, |
|
| 120:42 | , sending such a probably, you , you want to, this is |
|
| 120:51 | . Things like that like this. it was like I got here in |
|
| 121:04 | morning, 30 blocks to support how bodies have done this, You |
|
| 121:13 | she patented, but she's done a of other great things too. |
|
| 121:22 | And when I was working with we actually started something like this program |
|
| 121:27 | was delivered to Mexico and Venezuela and . What are the mX And |
|
| 121:41 | here is showing you some of the you have with sweet dr, |
|
| 121:49 | here's like a strike section showing you is the same thing. Here's |
|
| 121:53 | here's dip and here's matt. So your, you actually have For those |
|
| 122:01 | have trouble visualizing three dimensions. Um is a cross section and strike. |
|
| 122:08 | is a cross section and dip and is mapped. And what it's showing |
|
| 122:12 | is you can get koning. And know, if I just showed you |
|
| 122:15 | diagram, you might not understand What's happening is the sweater is climbing |
|
| 122:19 | the bottom and if it hits the , it shuts off the oil. |
|
| 122:25 | ? And you know, the water , is denser, but if it's |
|
| 122:29 | relative permeability will move faster past the . It is very porous down here |
|
| 122:35 | the bottom part of that particularly this, this is called cusp ng |
|
| 122:41 | is called koning when you look at in this direction. But but either |
|
| 122:46 | this is casting and it can come and just cone around the wellbore. |
|
| 122:58 | here's another thing that happens, You like a well here and here's a |
|
| 123:02 | section and you can see the initial water contact ear. There's a shell |
|
| 123:09 | it there. And uh here you're a nice sweater job drive, but |
|
| 123:16 | happening over here and the, the uh down here have produced a lot |
|
| 123:24 | oil water. Excuse me, I started producing water and this gets |
|
| 123:28 | This can't be produced now and this can still be produced up here all |
|
| 123:33 | way to that little thing there. do you think we call this little |
|
| 123:37 | ? Bit of oil and this, is kind of a natural flow. |
|
| 123:45 | can see that as you, as produce it, the water tries to |
|
| 123:50 | around the edge and it's a little slower. This is a pretty even |
|
| 123:58 | and you put water in here too try to move that and that's what |
|
| 124:02 | water flood is. You have the there and you're pushing that in like |
|
| 124:07 | , but you're not going to get more production over here. That what |
|
| 124:12 | so what are the water drive is to help this one from this point |
|
| 124:18 | that point? And this one all way up to this point, we |
|
| 124:23 | this adequately. Let's strap up, of that. Here's something to consider |
|
| 124:29 | we're talking about. Um This is shepherd. I'm gonna show you some |
|
| 124:35 | diagrams to kind of show you the thing, but in a different |
|
| 124:39 | this is kind of big, so think people can see it, you |
|
| 124:43 | and this could even be a test , this diagram. Um but what |
|
| 124:49 | want you to look at, just at what's going on in this |
|
| 124:56 | And this one has higher permeability down . This one has higher permeability up |
|
| 125:06 | , which one of these little logic is working better Which one is likely |
|
| 125:14 | maintain production long one. Okay, me ask you, let me, |
|
| 125:23 | anybody else have as an idea, can see why you came up with |
|
| 125:40 | answer. It's almost six. Here's what's happening, nobody wants to |
|
| 125:47 | me okay here, the permeability is here, so the water's gonna flow |
|
| 125:54 | here really fast here. The permeability higher here, so the water is |
|
| 125:59 | to flow really fast when the water down here, what's going to make |
|
| 126:08 | go up here? Can the water up there to help sweep? See |
|
| 126:15 | you're not sweeping this whole interval. I think another way to look at |
|
| 126:20 | is um this is the best This is still effective permeability. This |
|
| 126:29 | the best permeability. But I had really high permeability here when I pushed |
|
| 126:35 | water this way the weight of the falls down and you get a more |
|
| 126:40 | sweep of the oil when you do , it shoots down and there's nothing |
|
| 126:46 | help it sweep up here, not this part, you can see here |
|
| 126:53 | the way this is going, it's to sweep most of this, you |
|
| 126:57 | see the way this is going, going to sweep only that and once |
|
| 127:01 | gets down there you can't do anything damage the well more and and so |
|
| 127:08 | is a more even sweep. So you have all things the same |
|
| 127:16 | if you have permeability at the top , like a distributor very mouth |
|
| 127:22 | like a pro grading barrier bar, well, and then an example of |
|
| 127:31 | opposite of that is a distributor terry for a channel channel sales which |
|
| 127:38 | which finds upwards this would be finding this one would be of course winning |
|
| 127:46 | . And the coursing upwards one typically a better sweet when, when it's |
|
| 127:51 | straight, simple conventional. Well, another way of looking at it |
|
| 127:58 | you can see we've got, you , the permeability is like this and |
|
| 128:05 | trying to produce over here and you can see that gravity is making |
|
| 128:12 | kind of fall down and because of it increases the evens out. You |
|
| 128:19 | see it here, this is evening the front, this is making the |
|
| 128:23 | thinner, the bottom one in that thins the waterfront. This one evens |
|
| 128:30 | waterfront out here. It's a little more clear because it's just looking at |
|
| 128:35 | permeable section and you can see it starts out fast here. But |
|
| 128:40 | it pushes up, dip, its helps pull the water into here. |
|
| 128:46 | you're going here, gravity is not help pull the water up, gravity's |
|
| 128:49 | pull the water down and so you more and more all right displacement of |
|
| 128:55 | oil by what are more quickly across surface area to those preparations. And |
|
| 129:02 | here's another way of looking at it . Here's something where you start pushing |
|
| 129:10 | in this direction because of gravity, going to come along the bottom here |
|
| 129:14 | by itself and you and you see and um ah something like this where |
|
| 129:26 | things may not all shoot up but they'll shoot up his fingers and |
|
| 129:31 | to try to even that out. would use a unmissable fluid flow. |
|
| 129:37 | other words, you put some kind compound in there to help mix mix |
|
| 129:40 | water with with the oil at this so that it would get a more |
|
| 129:46 | sweep like that. Okay, here's diagram that's good for test questions. |
|
| 129:52 | is initial secondary enhanced oil recovery and is basically what you would expect to |
|
| 130:02 | using these different methods. This is the primary wells that you drill um |
|
| 130:10 | here um is bypassed oil that you've by Sweet and this is oil |
|
| 130:23 | It's unpredictable with the wells you it's not it's not what are |
|
| 130:31 | It's not oil that's associated with grain . And this is oil remaining due |
|
| 130:41 | a weakening or lack of an energy . Secondary recovery would be again the |
|
| 130:46 | injection or the water injection. And is bypassed oil. Um This is |
|
| 130:54 | you've you've left a lot of stuff behind. And again, the reason |
|
| 131:01 | is mega Skopje, this is microscopic they call it macroscopic. It's probably |
|
| 131:08 | better word. He is. That's it's on there. And so these |
|
| 131:12 | the different things that you used to that. So here's here's what it |
|
| 131:17 | like all of what I just said this diagram, um this is microscopic |
|
| 131:24 | . You've got some oil in there so what it's saying is that um |
|
| 131:30 | want to use one of these enhanced things that uses mystical injection or surfactant |
|
| 131:36 | to help sweep through here and get the droplets that are left behind. |
|
| 131:42 | Then the Macroscopic one, this is oil like the fingers went around it |
|
| 131:49 | it left oil back here. So you have to have a different type |
|
| 131:54 | , I think this is bypassed oil you do uh polymer flooding or of |
|
| 132:00 | bypass pods are significant. You might another well in here. You |
|
| 132:07 | like if this is a big big and mixed missed, then you'd want |
|
| 132:11 | drill in another infill. Well and just a section. This turns out |
|
| 132:16 | be something like like attic oil and got past bypassed. It couldn't be |
|
| 132:21 | any further. And you have to another well for that too. |
|
| 132:27 | so this is this is a barrel showing you how important it is. |
|
| 132:32 | is showing you what it is. these different types of, you |
|
| 132:38 | recovered oil, residual oil bypassed oil remaining due to lack of energy drive |
|
| 132:43 | unpredictable remaining. This would also include oil and well in a fault block |
|
| 132:52 | you didn't know was there and you to drill another, Well this is |
|
| 133:01 | diagram and I'm not going to go it in a lot of detail, |
|
| 133:05 | um it shows again, uh sometimes get sweep that just goes just past |
|
| 133:14 | and and somehow it gets here and off your this kind of goes against |
|
| 133:20 | gravity model that we were just showing . But this is from shepherd, |
|
| 133:24 | showing that you can get some damage way. And here's here's a well |
|
| 133:28 | the sweep was better and here's add a coil in here from a |
|
| 133:34 | graphic trap. And this is oil insweb. So this is like one |
|
| 133:38 | those pods that got left behind. you have to drill a possible in |
|
| 133:45 | which could get that attic oil in . And here again is another example |
|
| 133:50 | attic oil. Uh this was your well and here they drill a |
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| 133:55 | Sometimes those are easy to do. they're impossible, but there you're missing |
|
| 134:01 | oil. Another thing that you can now that we do um horizontal |
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| 134:06 | You can get something that looks like too where you have adequate oil. |
|
| 134:10 | was missed because you don't have a there, here's attic oil and map |
|
| 134:15 | . Here's adequate land mass. But horizontal wells and easily deviated wells with |
|
| 134:25 | technology we have. Now you can along and get added oil out of |
|
| 134:29 | if you had a well that was here and well, that was down |
|
| 134:32 | and it left all that oil up . You could have one well come |
|
| 134:35 | And capture the oil from two separate oil pots also, you can do |
|
| 134:40 | vertically like this. Have any of ever heard of hill corp? |
|
| 134:45 | One of the, one of their things to do is to get these |
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| 134:49 | wells to go in and get a of adequate pods vertically. Ah They |
|
| 134:55 | might have started doing this because you , I've discussed it with him but |
|
| 135:00 | and and and and I think everybody's of thought about it but they it's |
|
| 135:03 | really because I discussed it and discussed with them and found out that they |
|
| 135:06 | thinking about it. And uh and they also could do it this way |
|
| 135:13 | a horizontal. Mhm. And this for unconventional, this is a really |
|
| 135:23 | um uh think about telling you about production rate and how it goes up |
|
| 135:31 | the length of the will and of you're increasing your producing more surface area |
|
| 135:35 | doing this lateral and this this produces surface area by hydro fracking. And |
|
| 135:43 | here's something where you could also just how you could drill a horizontal in |
|
| 135:48 | ways like this diagram right here and multiple compartments but adding surface area, |
|
| 135:56 | fracturing does surface area. But if start the hydro fracture with this |
|
| 136:01 | you put those two technologies together and increase the the production race dramatically. |
|
| 136:09 | this is just showing you an example turning on a uh collateral. And |
|
| 136:18 | a lot of the laterals that that we're familiar with are either in |
|
| 136:22 | or oil, not in in in that has a gas cap because it's |
|
| 136:25 | a source rock, originally a source . And so you don't normally see |
|
| 136:31 | . But if you, when they these, uh, like in this |
|
| 136:39 | of well that was more or less conventional well with sand stones, you |
|
| 136:43 | have gas caps, uh, and run into that issue. You're not |
|
| 136:51 | with any oil wells that really have caps in the morning like that. |
|
| 136:56 | , yeah. Yes. Yeah. you go all the way backwards, |
|
| 137:06 | don't get to the end. If about that. And then here is |
|
| 137:15 | you very quickly some of the problems trying to land a well and |
|
| 137:22 | you know, you have to kind know the vertical section. And if |
|
| 137:24 | you, if you're drilling in an that you've been drilling and you've probably |
|
| 137:27 | a pretty well handled on how far it's going to be from the |
|
| 137:32 | When you're at this point, you're to be watching the strategic fee and |
|
| 137:35 | know exactly what you need to Uh, especially the third or |
|
| 137:41 | well that you're drilling in the same in the same direction. You can |
|
| 137:46 | problems with faults, You can have with things going deeper more steeply dip |
|
| 137:52 | you thought. again, if you've , if you're laying out a plan |
|
| 137:57 | of like the this thing instead of injections service kind of know where it |
|
| 138:07 | . I used to have develop some of standard pilot analog. What? |
|
| 138:18 | cool. It's not too much. , that's that gets easier the more |
|
| 138:28 | for the first month I have a bit thanks to better. There is |
|
| 138:36 | lot of variability in the world. remember these are oftentimes fine grained shells |
|
| 138:43 | have these long aspect rations which is reason why they're good for lateral |
|
| 138:51 | Okay. And and I won't go these but you can I would recommend |
|
| 138:55 | read this but but a lot of things, you know the problem with |
|
| 139:03 | a well and also well that's a Yeah, You gotta get a seven |
|
| 139:21 | thousands. How did you, you're looking like this sister, this is |
|
| 139:30 | line of sight. You know, can drop this used to be able |
|
| 139:36 | do a survey. Peter has a of he also had a magnetometer. |
|
| 139:51 | , yes. Just really close myself distance. You have probably get closer |
|
| 140:00 | the magnetometers basically this is a metal . As long as you have problem |
|
| 140:08 | the I know they had so they going to Yeah, thank you for |
|
| 140:19 | . It's going yes. Yes. still you have seen it, they |
|
| 140:26 | see part of mhm. So they a better um problem that's spanish when |
|
| 140:43 | grilling the station maybe the process better here, and the problem is so |
|
| 141:02 | they do uh there's there's like secret services and stuff, you started coming |
|
| 141:10 | like this, like Yeah, the tools to reach out. He has |
|
| 141:17 | although you're here, you're actually you're seeing that service, so, |
|
| 141:23 | know, you were going to get now part of their way into Are |
|
| 141:32 | serious? Actually? Yeah, so what helps them actually steer doubts because |
|
| 141:39 | made a lot of tools that can further out, they kind of say |
|
| 141:44 | they look they see ahead of them one reason they're staying ahead of the |
|
| 141:48 | business, because because essentially, in way that man can actually see the |
|
| 141:56 | up against just like came up against of the hear your Secret it's a |
|
| 142:07 | . Did you see that ahead of this direction? I'm gonna hit that |
|
| 142:12 | I see it, you get what saying? We like to do a |
|
| 142:20 | well, how well further you can how you don't really look inside, |
|
| 142:29 | looks down seven, Okay, get verses, they have an infinite see |
|
| 142:47 | like this, but in the horizontal , it's the same kind of |
|
| 142:50 | Simple, Yeah, going sideways and . So if you have tools, |
|
| 142:58 | example billion percent. Oh, this , that's Yeah, way back. |
|
| 143:23 | all about the three dimensional world we in and so I won't read through |
|
| 143:30 | but just know that there are tools that. And this was from another |
|
| 143:35 | project fella do it was in this that worked for Schlumberger. And uh |
|
| 143:41 | so you know the history of this There was probably around 200, He |
|
| 143:49 | found found out that his um bus being fired because he didn't know as |
|
| 143:54 | geology as he did because he went this program and then and then his |
|
| 143:59 | boss got fired. He still had job and I think he managed to |
|
| 144:05 | it until COVID-19 but I'm not I'm sure what he's doing right now. |
|
| 144:10 | a bright guy. So I'm sure doing okay. But this is showing |
|
| 144:12 | that you see ahead of the drill by seeing something that's that's at a |
|
| 144:17 | and it's not really shown here. you have you have these tools that |
|
| 144:23 | sideways farther in a horizontal. Well like spotting a well going vertical for |
|
| 144:28 | kill will 17. She was Yeah, they could be useful but |
|
| 145:05 | this is kind of like real you know and you have to really |
|
| 145:07 | exactly where you're at. And this is how they did uh in the |
|
| 145:13 | in the north sea way before they started doing geo steering because they had |
|
| 145:19 | in here that were local things and come up with these bio zones and |
|
| 145:25 | would drill a well through it and could see where they were actually in |
|
| 145:29 | bio zones. I just thought I'd you that. Okay, let's take |
|
| 145:34 | break and we have one more Oh no through this class. And |
|
| 145:45 | tell me again, when the, does the correlation exercise do? |
|
| 145:54 | And when is the? That's It is money, the valentine's |
|
| 146:04 | You know, if you don't, you want to go party on valentine's |
|
| 146:06 | , get it done sunday and don't sweat over too much. But |
|
| 146:14 | also over the weekend it's gonna not me a long time and I could |
|
| 146:16 | done it have been asked to do lot of less important things for other |
|
| 146:21 | . I haven't been able to get it, but I'll have your, |
|
| 146:24 | logging exercises created over the weekend. you can, I feel a little |
|
| 146:30 | better. Usually students do well in exercises, I don't know why, |
|
| 146:34 | they usually do well. And if you have any questions about either |
|
| 146:39 | of them send me something. And it's like when Mac Dennis sent me |
|
| 146:43 | email, I thought I'd share it everybody. My answer with everybody in |
|
| 146:47 | you had the same question and it's fair that way and it's more |
|
| 146:52 | we're in class the whole time. , now we're going to do a |
|
| 146:59 | sweep of the, this whole class been a brief sweet. This is |
|
| 147:07 | what I would call a survey course we're surveying a lot of the different |
|
| 147:11 | of petroleum geology and you know, , every time I teach this |
|
| 147:19 | I feel like I'm teaching too much I also feel like I'm not teaching |
|
| 147:24 | and uh you probably think it's way much and because I get through a |
|
| 147:29 | of slides and uh basically what this says is that in the past, |
|
| 147:39 | know, we've really focused on one a type ah very porous sedimentary rocks |
|
| 147:48 | might either be solicitous or originates in particles or these things that are from |
|
| 147:55 | the basin that make carbonates. And now we have this technology that can |
|
| 148:01 | us drill into the shales that were the source rocks original. And I |
|
| 148:07 | I already showed you this, but Years of exploration focused on this |
|
| 148:14 | The 21st Century Boom is this And um even though we're draining a |
|
| 148:22 | of the ones that we know about US, this technology can be transferred |
|
| 148:27 | other countries. And my gut feeling the way the oil industry handled some |
|
| 148:33 | the disposal issues become more of a in, in some poorer countries. |
|
| 148:41 | . You know, they, who they might just dump waste water on |
|
| 148:45 | surface. Okay. Um now when look at unconventional sources, we can't |
|
| 148:51 | at all of, there's not enough in this class. And, and |
|
| 148:58 | think, you know, if you did something on unconventional as you might |
|
| 149:02 | missing a lot of the other petroleum issues and but anyway, shale plays |
|
| 149:09 | are oil and gas. Our big , tar sands are big ones. |
|
| 149:13 | shells are big ones tight. Gas are pretty big. And so I'm |
|
| 149:18 | go through those and this, I'm gonna say much about gas hydrates or |
|
| 149:23 | traits because we're not doing that. methane is something we're doing. Um |
|
| 149:31 | been doing a lot of this but seem to be doing in a lot |
|
| 149:33 | ways, a lot less of But I think I mentioned, I |
|
| 149:38 | a student that actually they're actually poking in the coal mines that were filling |
|
| 149:43 | with methane that was seeping to the and to try to keep that from |
|
| 149:48 | into the atmosphere. They were they they did a pilot study of drilling |
|
| 149:53 | hole, venting it and turning it and flaring it two To mitigate the |
|
| 149:59 | times the damage that the methane does the okay, The environment as opposed |
|
| 150:06 | co two itself. And it's a off. And it's not always a |
|
| 150:14 | trade off because methane is going to in the atmosphere and oxidized pretty |
|
| 150:20 | You guys might have. Did you about that in posadas plants. |
|
| 150:24 | that's something that can happen. Um, other unconventional resources could be |
|
| 150:34 | storage, gas storage sheet, lithium and other salutes and helium |
|
| 150:42 | But here, here are the lower states with shale plays. This map |
|
| 150:48 | out from the ei about a while . This is the Energy Information Administration |
|
| 150:57 | you take those same letters and turn around and it's International Energy Agency. |
|
| 151:03 | it's a, it's taken a long for me to remember which one is |
|
| 151:09 | , but the easy way is i international. So that comes out front |
|
| 151:14 | course they're going to say it's Okay. And this is just showing |
|
| 151:19 | where a lot of these things are and they've, they've actually expanded a |
|
| 151:22 | bit since then. And I did a student do a capstone project up |
|
| 151:26 | in the box and early on in program. And he was able, |
|
| 151:33 | , from the Geological Survey to get like 250 wells and he correlated 250 |
|
| 151:40 | and I strongly recommend no one does . It's too much of a thing |
|
| 151:45 | a capstone project. But after he it, I said, that's |
|
| 151:50 | I still can't give you a but, but my point is is |
|
| 151:56 | gate is available. Um, and really like it when students own this |
|
| 152:01 | try to figure out where those data might be. And uh, |
|
| 152:07 | Mac Dennis is going to be working his soon And you plan on finishing |
|
| 152:12 | the summer right in the fall, gonna go all the way to the |
|
| 152:17 | by the way I talked to, got a response from friends. Have |
|
| 152:20 | talked to him? You talked to already? Okay. I just I |
|
| 152:27 | remember whether we have made that communication not. So I sent I had |
|
| 152:31 | draft that was just hanging there and was like, did I not send |
|
| 152:38 | ? Okay, awesome. Okay, see that's really good. That that'll |
|
| 152:48 | out great. And we can also sure he gets paid a statement for |
|
| 152:52 | . Okay. A lot of times hard figuring out who gets a stipend |
|
| 152:56 | in time for them to get to get it for helping. Okay. |
|
| 153:01 | these are all the, all the in um some of these are a |
|
| 153:05 | bit older slides but I think it of shows you the evolution of of |
|
| 153:10 | these things were going along and here's this isolated thing started multistage, hydraulic |
|
| 153:21 | . And this is when things really to open up. And this is |
|
| 153:26 | quarter 2007 or fourth quarter. Somewhere Somewhere around January 2007. Where were |
|
| 153:34 | in 2007. Thank you. I was here still trying to figure |
|
| 153:42 | what everybody needed to know and I have this slide then you so you |
|
| 153:47 | see the Haynesville, the fat building , The Eagle ford. This, |
|
| 153:51 | came out in 2013, This came in 2012 This taxi was probably |
|
| 153:59 | Um This probably was 20 12, 2012. Trying to say how much |
|
| 154:05 | thought was going to be spent in areas, which In this thing you |
|
| 154:11 | see here, he's up to 2011 I didn't get published, you |
|
| 154:16 | you don't know how much has been until it's been produced last year. |
|
| 154:22 | uh and this was showing you the expenditures to show that this was really |
|
| 154:27 | . And of course we all know the Permian turned out to be a |
|
| 154:32 | . Uh early on the Permian was big, but a lot of people |
|
| 154:36 | all this acreage like Chevron and some ones had um legacy acreage that they |
|
| 154:44 | of the bigger oil companies got rid it and Chevron for some reason didn't |
|
| 154:48 | around to get rid of it, still had it and so they they |
|
| 154:53 | greatly from this and uh this is you the oil and gas resources are |
|
| 155:02 | showing you an Exxon mobil acreage, sorry. Um and this is sort |
|
| 155:07 | the whole perspective area. So Exxon is in there, but Exxonmobil bought |
|
| 155:12 | lot of property uh, so that could happen, they didn't have as |
|
| 155:19 | legacy data is Chevron and they they overpaid to get to get more of |
|
| 155:26 | , BHP of course down in the ford, but, but that acreage |
|
| 155:31 | Floyd, C. Wilson and Petro and uh Petrov paid $400 an acre |
|
| 155:38 | uh, BHP Broken Hill Properties, company that's here in Houston um, |
|
| 155:46 | um Over 10,000 an acre from $400 10,000 Here. You can see as |
|
| 155:53 | December 2016, uh, What the were going to be into 2021 and |
|
| 156:03 | can see here the premium basin is insignificant here and then it gets bigger |
|
| 156:09 | it's bigger and it's bigger and it's . So they still think that it |
|
| 156:12 | be growing, but now we, think we're reaching a limit to what |
|
| 156:17 | going to be able to do and of the things in this category and |
|
| 156:21 | worked out to be pretty close to these numbers are. But again, |
|
| 156:25 | doesn't show you the decline that's going be happening soon. Probably this kind |
|
| 156:32 | projects a peak. But then a . And this, this is, |
|
| 156:39 | was released in February of 2021. um, for them to do something |
|
| 156:48 | this suggests that they think there's going be a lot of, lot of |
|
| 156:56 | for now. They also had one they have a projection of how much |
|
| 157:00 | is if we're able to replace it with solar and wind for the most |
|
| 157:06 | and biofuels and based on what you one of your first lecture, you |
|
| 157:10 | , this is going to be hard do for them to do anything different |
|
| 157:13 | this to replace all that. And is something that came out in the |
|
| 157:20 | book. And this is from a got this data from, I don't |
|
| 157:25 | where they got this data from the report. It comes from, I |
|
| 157:33 | it was 2016 or 2017 from BP's . And uh, and this is |
|
| 157:43 | is what the unconventional are going to to do to fill in uh the |
|
| 157:51 | that that we're going to see in conventional. But my gut feeling is |
|
| 157:56 | it's it's going to be different from . This is in your book |
|
| 158:03 | These are these are gonna start dropping E six. I don't know if |
|
| 158:14 | realize this and maybe you've heard it for work. I don't know. |
|
| 158:18 | all this technology that we used to in some convention. All of this |
|
| 158:26 | . Mm hmm. Singapore. That's . And uh, just like I |
|
| 158:33 | you the long reach and in the wealth which farm and then some other |
|
| 158:44 | a similar area. They're going to able to capture more of these isolated |
|
| 158:51 | . These, you know, usually think of a reservoir as a part |
|
| 158:55 | like a barrier island pod. And used to show lots of pictures |
|
| 159:00 | of how people would pull apart like barrier island complex. And they have |
|
| 159:04 | pod business, the barrier island with an average porosity and permeability. The |
|
| 159:10 | to the subtitle delta and the subtitle and the secondary barriers. And and |
|
| 159:15 | wash over fans, all that kind stuff. But you know, we |
|
| 159:20 | had to deal invention als with dealing one pot at a time for a |
|
| 159:25 | . But now with these laterals we probably pick up Several channels at one |
|
| 159:31 | And you know, 1, 1 rich channel in another life. So |
|
| 159:36 | the rate of drilling will be less the um and the number of targets |
|
| 159:42 | be less, but the amount of will be higher per well and they |
|
| 159:47 | last longer too. Okay. And is uh some estimates that this came |
|
| 159:59 | in 2013 and it's also from the . I. A. But I |
|
| 160:05 | changed it because you know, these big blob maps don't change a |
|
| 160:11 | Um for example, this map that made a long time ago still looks |
|
| 160:16 | same for the most part. And but I wanted you to see that |
|
| 160:25 | not just in the United States that have shale oil, it's all over |
|
| 160:30 | world. It's just there's a good it's going to be very difficult to |
|
| 160:37 | producers just because of the economy and trying to switch to alternate energy |
|
| 160:48 | But here you can see uh shale basins massive in china massive in south |
|
| 160:57 | course massive in the U. And Mexico South africa probably has this |
|
| 161:04 | uh I did get involved in some down there and it's really hard to |
|
| 161:08 | good sources of, of hydrocarbons down in spite of the incredible plastic sediments |
|
| 161:15 | have and Australia, the northwest I worked in that area too. |
|
| 161:20 | that's that's really something that could be perspective in the future too. And |
|
| 161:26 | is just a cartoon of the hydro . And again, you know, |
|
| 161:30 | kind of talked about this, but , two things make this work better |
|
| 161:34 | that is the length and the fracturing . This increases the surface area uh |
|
| 161:43 | length, this increases the surface area height and of of the area that |
|
| 161:51 | can drain. And it just shows how they put the prop it in |
|
| 161:54 | and hold it up and so you produce stuff. And do you |
|
| 161:59 | do you guys, do you ever much about people having to dispose of |
|
| 162:03 | that comes up? Yeah, I think that people would, it's supposed |
|
| 162:10 | the stand um a lot of Yeah, well it's, well they |
|
| 162:20 | experimenting and they and they were trying these different chemicals and usually it was |
|
| 162:25 | a small percentage of what was in chemicals were trying to help the sand |
|
| 162:30 | better probably. And uh and of a lot of people think made it |
|
| 162:36 | Like all this stuff is going to coming back out on the well. |
|
| 162:39 | and and and it's not never really . Thank you. Dr mm |
|
| 162:51 | It's up. Mm hmm. I guess whoever by the topic shift |
|
| 162:58 | something. But it was actually it's like a prophet. Oh |
|
| 163:06 | And it was like a little plastic grains. Oh boy. You lost |
|
| 163:15 | oh yeah, things like that can . And the Yeah. Yeah. |
|
| 163:23 | the real sin of lateral drilling and , hydrofracking is is the amount of |
|
| 163:30 | water that's been used. And people starting to come up with alternatives to |
|
| 163:34 | final three years ago. That's right . Yes, Exactly. Yeah. |
|
| 163:44 | it And see. And that's the point is if there's a problem an |
|
| 163:49 | can figure it out. You just to define it. And sometimes if |
|
| 163:53 | create a regulation like you can't just this on the on the ground, |
|
| 163:58 | probably more efficient to do it that in the long run than by it |
|
| 164:02 | dump it. Buy it and dump . It's probably a lot cheaper to |
|
| 164:05 | and figure out how to research. right. Well, and so invaded |
|
| 164:11 | . So. Exactly. But it believe you don't like it. I |
|
| 164:18 | think six years to get approved. there's not great appropriations to reject it |
|
| 164:25 | . So they looked at like they at all and and injecting fluids into |
|
| 164:33 | subsurface is the primary way that humans cause earthquakes to happen. It's less |
|
| 164:39 | to happen from sucking oil out of . But things can happen if you |
|
| 164:45 | like they drilled into assault bed out west texas and the place is |
|
| 164:52 | It's terrible. Okay, well there , there is a logging method. |
|
| 164:56 | the passing method. This again, from one of my students thomas crow |
|
| 165:00 | and I mentioned that uh, the passing method was kind of the |
|
| 165:05 | way to do it. And some will go, well, the |
|
| 165:08 | The method doesn't work here because we have those kind of logs with pathologies |
|
| 165:11 | little bit off. But you can , it's basically plotting um, resistive |
|
| 165:20 | vs. Um the velocity and and you can see basically here's here's the |
|
| 165:31 | log is the blue. And when sonic law goes over in this |
|
| 165:35 | what's happened Over here vs that But as you can see, it's |
|
| 165:40 | coming over this one. Mm What's happening to the density of the |
|
| 165:47 | . But Okay, But but on scale, but here's the scale. |
|
| 165:56 | is this is two way travel I would guess. Or no, |
|
| 166:01 | microseconds. Microseconds per feet. So is, you know, this is |
|
| 166:06 | like two waitresses travel time and not . So this, this takes |
|
| 166:14 | which is slower. Okay, so over here. This is showing you |
|
| 166:21 | low density and there's high resistive itty and that means lots of toc. |
|
| 166:28 | uh but one of the things with tool is it works great where it |
|
| 166:33 | but if the lethality and the fluids a little bit it might be better |
|
| 166:36 | use a different density log, like neutron, the density log and you |
|
| 166:41 | also use all three of these things come up with real real good cross |
|
| 166:45 | to figure that out. And here's gamma ray show and you were the |
|
| 166:49 | and shale are of course here it in the shale this is a high |
|
| 166:53 | . This this is like a This looks like a maximum flooding surface |
|
| 166:57 | is often going to be a really the sorcerer and here he's he's got |
|
| 167:04 | data and he's comparing ah calculated Two S. And total organic carbon |
|
| 167:12 | the passing method. Um and how it matches the core data and you |
|
| 167:18 | see this has kind of gone like For the s. two and here's |
|
| 167:23 | T. O. C. But you can see that that the |
|
| 167:26 | , our system was working really well a lot of places and none of |
|
| 167:31 | tools is perfect but when it works works really well. Okay this is |
|
| 167:37 | looking at one of the better plays Eagle ford play and uh It's up |
|
| 167:43 | 400 ft thick, averages about 250 the most prolific areas Carbonate content can |
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| 167:50 | as high as 70%. So it a low v shale. So the |
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| 167:54 | grain stuff is, is carbonate, which makes it brittle. Ah generally |
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| 168:01 | though natural fracturing not is not but it's a good candidate rock for |
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| 168:06 | which it did which it was and become um and the most prolific areas |
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| 168:13 | the Stuart city and Sligo reef which I'll show you the map and |
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| 168:17 | producing interval is often found in depths 4000 and 14,000 ft. As you |
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| 168:24 | up shallow on it though, you're more and more out of the oil |
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| 168:27 | and into the gas windows. We up on the coastal and here you |
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| 168:34 | see the Austin chalk here is the ford. In here, here is |
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| 168:42 | texas, and this is north And you can see in north |
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| 168:47 | you got the woodbine which comes in uh a lot of plastic sandstone was |
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| 168:56 | of like the hostile goes down And so you've got something that includes |
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| 169:02 | lot of the organic material, but also dilutes the organic material In the |
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| 169:07 | of the Eagle four that are surrounding . And here's those two reef trends |
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| 169:16 | , that's the Sligo shelf margin. is the Stuart city shelf margin as |
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| 169:23 | go from uh this direction up we're getting cooler and cooler and and |
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| 169:32 | heat flow. So you're going from oil rich to more gas prone only |
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| 169:40 | from, from not having matured And here you can see the lower |
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| 169:47 | four looks like this. The the upper Eagle ford looks like this. |
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| 169:55 | can't see it in this very So I kind of this shell |
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| 170:01 | is extremely limited. This one has little specks of knots and things that |
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| 170:07 | probably more of a bio by observation oxidation going on in those settlements than |
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| 170:13 | ones in the lower Eagle ford. the lower Eagle ford is the part |
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| 170:16 | highly productive. And this is, is the type log which is kind |
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| 170:23 | up dip and not overcooked or And this is during the deposition of |
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| 170:30 | Eagle ford across the texas coastline and the way into Louisiana up here. |
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| 170:39 | uh it gets into Mexico as but it's not mapped here. But |
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| 170:44 | this this arch here and san Marcus which comes through here on this |
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| 170:54 | There's sort of an impediment to plastic coming out of here from the Woodbine |
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| 171:00 | real fans and access, it's a system and these are deltas out |
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| 171:08 | So you're getting a lot of classic here during the entire deposition of the |
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| 171:13 | ford. And here this is isolated reef trends and of course if you're |
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| 171:19 | to have these reef trends. they're built up already and so they've |
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| 171:23 | of created many basins that have trapped area right here. So there's more |
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| 171:31 | oxy occurring in here, particularly during lower lower evil for And this is |
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| 171:39 | you um Nice. A pack of of the Eagle ford sands itself. |
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| 171:45 | as I said before, this is richer part down here. Up |
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| 171:49 | it gets thicker up in the Maverick . But in some of this |
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| 171:54 | you're gonna you're gonna start seeing uh gas coming in in the shallower parts |
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| 172:00 | we come up the dip and have heat flow over the de positional history |
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| 172:05 | this basement. But this part of down here is one of the richest |
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| 172:13 | . And here's the this is showing the Stuart city shelf margin. And |
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| 172:20 | go back here. There it So that's that's kind of trapping area |
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| 172:25 | here too. But this is a rich area there. And here's the |
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| 172:31 | stones that were there. And and you you again had as you can |
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| 172:36 | in the type log, which is here, the lower Eagle ford had |
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| 172:40 | definitely it was very dark and he an anoxic shells being deposited there for |
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| 172:46 | , very low oxygen levels and limited altercation. And so with the low |
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| 172:52 | levels, there's less bacterial activity going with less bio termination. There's less |
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| 172:58 | macro organisms actually ingesting and digesting and otherwise the hydrocarbons that are possible for |
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| 173:08 | turned into what And uh here's here's eagle ford map and of course be |
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| 173:17 | bought this acreage that that was right here and they paid a lot for |
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| 173:28 | . And uh there's a little numbers there. Um yeah, I went |
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| 173:36 | a couple of the, well I with one of the vice chancellors and |
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| 173:43 | of the board of directors of the of Houston to talk to Floyd |
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| 173:47 | Wilson and his new office after he this. And I thought we were |
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| 173:52 | to get a nice meal or something we're gonna have lunch. He had |
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| 173:56 | to talk to us during lunch and just had sandwiches. It's just box |
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| 174:02 | and things. God, I didn't the rich lives over. But he's |
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| 174:08 | really interesting guy and he's really, think he's a really great he uh |
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| 174:14 | kind of stays ahead of the but he's had a lot of trouble |
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| 174:16 | his, his second company. here's the san Marcus arch here. |
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| 174:22 | when you go north of this, got the lower Eagle ford, the |
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| 174:26 | legal Eagle four. But over here got this would bind being deposited at |
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| 174:31 | same time as the Eagle ford group here and there's something down here called |
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| 174:37 | Menace, which is kind of equivalent the lower Eagle ford. But they're |
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| 174:41 | you this this sort of inter fingering the classics with this. So it's |
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| 174:47 | to be now, maybe you're not woodbine sandstone, but you are getting |
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| 174:53 | clay particles which are bringing uh salacious rather than then carbonate place. So |
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| 175:00 | , so the brittleness of these rocks less the the productivity of the algae |
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| 175:09 | whatnot. And the preservation of the is going to be less than than |
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| 175:15 | salacious clays are going to dilute the material on top of that. So |
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| 175:19 | a lot of things against having a source rock over here, but a |
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| 175:24 | bunch of things over here that make really worthwhile. Okay, then the |
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| 175:31 | topic we're going to look at is gas sands. Uh, They're usually |
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| 175:37 | than one million darcy. Um, tend to think that natural fracturing and |
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| 175:45 | lot of these is prevalent and they do have significant gas reserves, |
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| 175:51 | they're often difficult to identify having said the take our sins that make up |
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| 176:01 | Northland are doing just fine. And , and that's one of the more |
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| 176:05 | ones. But some of the tight reservoirs are in this thing called the |
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| 176:10 | center type of system and it has do a lot with something like a |
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| 176:19 | zone, which makes it difficult for oil and gas to escape. And |
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| 176:26 | , normally guests would be out of , but, but you get a |
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| 176:30 | of things that go on and here's of the where you have these up |
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| 176:36 | things, you have conventional resources that get out of there, but you've |
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| 176:41 | this water drive here and it's the of the gas window and it can't |
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| 176:46 | displace the water as easily as as might think through the because it's in |
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| 176:52 | rocks. And you've got, you've that upside down capillary situation here, |
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| 176:59 | which kind of keeps it stuck in . So these aren't always um there's |
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| 177:05 | lot of hypotheses as to why this , but there's, there's a lot |
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| 177:10 | pressure boundaries going on here and other of seals that make it very difficult |
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| 177:16 | the natural gas to to escape from , but it does escape a little |
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| 177:20 | and forms some of these things, they they have sweet spots down below |
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| 177:27 | that transition zone is that they can also drill and have drills like this |
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| 177:31 | , right here, and it's uh kind of like this, you've got |
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| 177:41 | the processing and permeability is decreasing in direction. So the the water is |
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| 177:47 | trying to get into this into this . So it's kind of pushing in |
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| 177:51 | direction. We have a transition zone kind of upside down. And uh |
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| 177:55 | so that's probably probably what's traffic. wouldn't swear to it because I've never |
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| 178:00 | one of these. And and it looks a little bit like this |
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| 178:05 | you get those low permeability, conventional , it's uh some of the gas |
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| 178:10 | out and it gets up above of , but then you have these large |
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| 178:15 | and, and, and this is to show you below that continuous |
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| 178:24 | you don't have much water. But up here above that, you get |
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| 178:31 | of these kinds of things going on , where you have these large transition |
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| 178:36 | , large transition zones and and some of gas that have made it made |
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| 178:44 | through the, the only thing I think of is like an upside |
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| 178:52 | uh, permeability profile. And um, and of course the permeability |
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| 179:01 | worse in this direction. It reaches point where it's really tight and, |
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| 179:05 | it's actually hard for the gas to the water. That's, that's squeezing |
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| 179:12 | into the capillaries that are finer in other direction. And uh, two |
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| 179:21 | ago I thought it was something And maybe a year from now, |
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| 179:24 | think it's something that, have any you ever worked in any of |
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| 179:30 | It's really strange, but there's people spend their whole career in tight gas |
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| 179:34 | this is completely different from the north and uh, and the stuff that |
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| 179:38 | found in the mobile bay in in those areas. Okay, so |
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| 179:45 | sands and oil shales, um the sands, we're gonna end up with |
|
| 179:53 | lot of bitumen and globally there's there's really big ones. The biggest one |
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| 180:00 | that we know of as Canada. of course, because of that, |
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| 180:04 | Sin fuel that we were getting from and the heavy oils from Venezuela were |
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| 180:08 | , we're the number one and number imports that we were getting for a |
|
| 180:12 | time into our refineries here in the of Mexico and this is just showing |
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| 180:18 | um, this is in billions of . Um, This does remind me |
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| 180:25 | a project a student did for a where I think he ended up with |
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| 180:28 | barrels in his prospect. Mhm Without billion. But we did have another |
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| 180:35 | over here. Um, not not in bitumen or tar sands but |
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| 180:44 | somewhere close to Dallas actually, where that right over these arrows are not |
|
| 180:50 | going in the right direction, but did have a capstone project that actually |
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| 180:56 | multi billion barrel fields which were sold a huge problem. Venezuela has a |
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| 181:04 | of this type of stuff. And I can say is the best place |
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| 181:11 | asphalt is on the road. Have guys noticed where, how many of |
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| 181:15 | have driven on beltway? Okay. the, have you Now, if |
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| 181:22 | drive on Beltway 8? Yes, on the west side heading north. |
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| 181:30 | , coming south towards the airport from say highways. Yeah, From |
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| 181:37 | 10 of the beltway you reach a where anyway, you're driving on concrete |
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| 181:43 | flop flop flop flop flop and then hit the asphalt and it's smooth and |
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| 181:47 | no sound. Oh, it's wonderful that was waters. So they hired |
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| 181:58 | , well, um, certain certain of asphalt will absorb some of the |
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| 182:03 | , just like certain concrete will, , you put the grooves in there |
|
| 182:09 | displaces the water, but if you too much water, it's worse because |
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| 182:12 | less contact. And uh, and might be the only rec I causes |
|
| 182:19 | my life was because of that. was really scary because it wasn't, |
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| 182:25 | had a, I had an Audi all wheel drive and all these, |
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| 182:30 | can't slide these cars and if any breaks everything and it's just, it |
|
| 182:35 | started spinning and tried to hop over wall mike. What do I |
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| 182:41 | I've driven on ice creams, just ice and uh, I've driven on |
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| 182:45 | , but when you hit the it stops and this stuff, it |
|
| 182:49 | work, especially with that type of on the brakes. So anyway, |
|
| 182:58 | , there's a lot of this out and, and the biggest area is |
|
| 183:02 | Alberta Canada. And uh, one the things that I like to get |
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| 183:07 | of here is that there's different ways getting it. There's strip mining and |
|
| 183:12 | kind of messy and nasty. But rates are really high. one of |
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| 183:17 | things that most environmentalists don't realize is this stuff is exposed an outcrop right |
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| 183:25 | and I, I don't know anything sure. But I would suspect that |
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| 183:30 | toxins and maybe even methane coming off this stuff since it is heavy, |
|
| 183:36 | may not be much, much, volatiles at all. But normally when |
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| 183:42 | but you can smell volatiles when you over an asphalt roller. So there |
|
| 183:45 | be something unless it's part of the . They used to create it to |
|
| 183:49 | it Yeah, move like that. . Uh The best way, one |
|
| 183:56 | the cleanest and most Efficient ways of get up to 60% rate of recovery |
|
| 184:04 | this thing called steam assisted gravity There's also a thing with cyclic steam |
|
| 184:10 | but it's very expensive and then there's flow which produces so little, it's |
|
| 184:18 | you end up with waste sand but can use that waste sand with for |
|
| 184:24 | . And uh and then um there's that they're developing to try to improve |
|
| 184:30 | efficiency and reduce the environmental footprint. that stuff out of there and doing |
|
| 184:34 | with it would probably be a better than leaving it behind because it's it's |
|
| 184:38 | . Anyway. But here is the steam assisted gravity drainage which is which |
|
| 184:44 | probably the the best method they have now. And uh they this is |
|
| 184:50 | grave gravity drive reservoir, you steam above it. And that produces the |
|
| 184:57 | of bitumen is that can then be and they show you a pump |
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| 185:03 | check you have to pull it out that works for you go ahead, |
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| 185:11 | too much. No, what did steam comes in and heats it, |
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| 185:17 | heats it and it flows and it of sinks because it's heavy and it |
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| 185:21 | , It stinks down to the, the production will okay, so |
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| 185:26 | it's heating it above. So it's of like a gravity drive. You |
|
| 185:29 | this thicker, thicker fluid in this that would go through the water |
|
| 185:39 | There are things, there are, are two cars that are heavier than |
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| 185:46 | seen. Tarver balls on the They will drop anyway. Um and |
|
| 185:52 | course if you get a little bit sand and whatnot in it or uh |
|
| 185:56 | particles can make it every two Okay. Um then there's another thing |
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| 186:02 | um oil shell. So what's the between shale oil and oil shale? |
|
| 186:19 | me. Okay. Yeah, that's true, but but there's a reason |
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| 186:28 | that. A the first thing that came up with since we never used |
|
| 186:34 | produce well out of shells was oil and well shell. It's not really |
|
| 186:43 | shale, it's, it's shale that's of carriages. It can be cooked |
|
| 186:48 | heated and turned into and turned and into oil or another even volatile, |
|
| 186:59 | oil shale is is the rich source in the green river formation and both |
|
| 187:06 | the Uinta basin and the the Green basin actually, if it's in the |
|
| 187:12 | river formation and it's delaney member is think the rich one in the green |
|
| 187:18 | base and then in the name of mahogany ledges is the main one in |
|
| 187:23 | Uinta basin. But these are these oil shells that when when they're buried |
|
| 187:31 | actually generated oil and gas. But of the oil shales are just just |
|
| 187:36 | . There's uncooked with un matured Karajan uh And it actually will burn you |
|
| 187:44 | you can get a piece of oil and burning have T. O. |
|
| 187:47 | . s. up to 26%. so to to really get to get |
|
| 187:54 | in here. You have to you to heat it and have the Karajan's |
|
| 187:58 | altered into a liquid. And then course just like the tar sands you |
|
| 188:03 | to mix it with volatiles to turn into a sin fuel which then can |
|
| 188:08 | further, yeah it's a heavier compounds the point where you can take them |
|
| 188:14 | a refinery and process them and crack . But the but here that the |
|
| 188:21 | actually encouraging and I'm pitching it and from the western sales. Yes it's |
|
| 188:31 | it's um it's basically immature is what shale is but it's it's immature source |
|
| 188:38 | that has really high T. Seats. And then shale oil is |
|
| 188:44 | oil we get out of shells just just a regular source not a green |
|
| 188:51 | not an oil Sheldon hi. O. C. S. Height |
|
| 188:55 | in. But but a typical a source, right? And here is |
|
| 189:03 | Green River basin, here's the Uinta uh somewhere in here is a salt |
|
| 189:09 | that I went down to the south mine where you get baking soda. |
|
| 189:14 | . And uh when I was in with a geochemist, nervous guy kind |
|
| 189:18 | like a great Masada and in the he took a big pickaxe, He's |
|
| 189:25 | big guy who's like 6 3, about £900 of solid muscle in the |
|
| 189:32 | we're in this mind and china cleaves and sheets of anticipated about twice the |
|
| 189:40 | of this. He was banging on the mining engineer, the standards, |
|
| 189:45 | in God's name were you thinking? anyway, I thought I'd tell you |
|
| 189:49 | . So if you ever go into mind with a geochemist watch what he's |
|
| 189:54 | , it's got anything bigger than a rock hammer, don't go down there |
|
| 189:58 | okay and they're, they're nervous, don't know what it is about to |
|
| 190:01 | kind of nervous people. Um and facade. He has a lot of |
|
| 190:08 | testing, does he still have a of energy when he was doing |
|
| 190:12 | Uh yeah, you're still, that's too bad that he's starting to |
|
| 190:15 | down because when he was older than am now, you know, you |
|
| 190:21 | , you couldn't tie him down. was just and craft, very |
|
| 190:26 | he's brilliant, he's brilliant mm we're lucky to have, he knows |
|
| 190:34 | he does. If I remember it's probably been that long. It's probably |
|
| 190:45 | at least 15 years Maybe 18 years I first thought, of course like |
|
| 190:51 | . And I had him come in teach the geochemistry party. And the |
|
| 190:54 | thing he did was he, you didn't have them in the playoffs, |
|
| 190:59 | you? Yeah, that's the only he's gonna teach us. So he |
|
| 191:05 | in and he has, um, has a one of those, |
|
| 191:07 | wouldn't pointers. And if you, you started to nod off, you |
|
| 191:13 | , did you ever do that Thank God. Thank God. So |
|
| 191:23 | telling you, they always got to something big. Don't, yeah, |
|
| 191:30 | go into mine with one unless you're they're not carrying anything big, they |
|
| 191:33 | hit, hit you or something And I, and I'm just making |
|
| 191:38 | of him. But it's, it's a good, good human. |
|
| 191:42 | And here's, here's just an example it. This dark things are obviously |
|
| 191:46 | oil shales and you literally can earn things. And uh, I used |
|
| 191:52 | probably breaking some rules, but I them on fire and classes so the |
|
| 191:57 | could see that they were flammable, blow them out right away. We'll |
|
| 192:01 | a little bit longer than match. , this is showing you kind of |
|
| 192:07 | shell came up with a method of refrigeration around it. So you have |
|
| 192:12 | have it surrounded by refrigeration units and you heat it on the inside. |
|
| 192:17 | of course referring to the these cold would be really good insulators, so |
|
| 192:21 | heat couldn't get out of it, it's it's like creating an oven in |
|
| 192:26 | ground and they would have these heating and then of course, ah kind |
|
| 192:33 | like the tar sands to sag the tar sands, it would keep |
|
| 192:37 | stuff up and it would migrate to producing ones and that's still too |
|
| 192:44 | Oil and gas will have to get expensive for that, and then we'd |
|
| 192:47 | to lose our imagination and finding stuff was easier to get out. But |
|
| 192:52 | said that there are places that live Pete and uh this stuff burns almost |
|
| 192:58 | well as Pete, That's in terms BTUs and stuff. Yeah, and |
|
| 193:04 | that's the end of our class, I thought we were gonna be here |
|
| 193:12 | . Do you guys have any questions the exercises or anything like that? |
|
| 193:31 | questions. Mhm. There were the , this would be probably a good |
|
| 193:40 | |
|
