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00:07 Alright. So here we are. again, thursday, it's almost the

00:12 . So you don't have friday It is the weekend after this one

00:15 hope. Um Just to give you brief overview of where we're going

00:19 we're gonna talk about the gland, gonna finish up what we talked about

00:22 Tuesday, that should be pretty quick glands are easy. Um Then what

00:26 gonna do is we're gonna talk about osteo genic tissues. Alright, so

00:30 tissue is simply what is bone, it's made of what it looks

00:35 so on and so forth. Um I think this is kind of a

00:39 lecture and then next week Tuesday and think thursday is like easy mode.

00:45 mean for for those who have been at the syllabus you're probably like there's

00:49 chapters and you probably really started reconsidering course right? Like I gotta read

00:56 much but the rest of, I Tuesday is literally the knee bone is

01:00 to the thighbone. Thank you. , you know that sort of

01:04 So it's literally learning the names of bones. And then the next lecture

01:08 that is uh what we call. I'm just going to say it's it's

01:13 but it's basically the different types of and how they work in the

01:18 And these are really easy lectures and you're gonna do and what you're gonna

01:22 about yourself. Is that the best to study this is sitting in front

01:25 a mirror and doing something like It sounds funny but you become your

01:35 cheat sheet on the exam if you your articulations right? It's like oh

01:42 see what this does. Oh yeah can be a cheat sheet in your

01:47 exam alright. But anyway and I encourage you when you do study like

01:53 to someone else so that you can and and and play the bones and

01:58 like that. But anyways that's kind gonna go. Um Like I

02:02 I think these next three lectures are straightforward. Uh So just finishing up

02:07 with the glands, there's three basic that we find in the integra

02:12 Alright is a sebaceous gland and this why I encourage you never to put

02:19 under the internet because I just find pictures. I do like searches for

02:23 greasy face and that's where I got picture. And then I said greasy

02:28 and that's where I got that So I don't know who they

02:31 They're just random people who yeah, just got their sad stuff right on

02:36 internet. All right. So when think of sebum or sebaceous glands secrete

02:40 material CBM that's the oily stuff. so you're probably most familiar with it

02:46 the greasy nous that you get on face or how your hair becomes

02:50 These are secretions that considered primarily There's quite quite fat in it but

02:59 there for a purpose and what it , we can like scrub it

03:03 I mean you guys wash your face night. Yeah, you wash your

03:07 at least once a day. Some you are just gonna know I do

03:09 every other day. But what those this contains a bunch of bacterial seidel

03:15 and your body decreases kind of protective assault thing out environment primarily bacteria.

03:25 we don't see a lot of young like you know, pre people uh

03:30 them produced them, but not not the extent when we hit puberty.

03:35 baby, that's when that's really I mean that first is it,

03:40 know, did you take a picture it and memorialized know anyone who ever

03:46 horrible right before that important day and Yeah, I don't I don't know

03:52 that happens. It just it just these are going to be stimulated primarily

03:56 the hormones. So they can we talked about the different types of

04:01 holocron, these are our type of glands. So this kind of shows

04:07 again where we were. So remember is the epidermis. The dermis hair

04:12 , sebaceous glands are typically associated with follicles. And so they serve there

04:17 protect and soften the hair as it's out also to fight against bacterial loss

04:24 because it's fatty, it basically also as another layer of waterproofing. So

04:29 water doesn't leave the body all that . That's one and then there's last

04:34 fall under this category of what we a sweat gland? All right.

04:39 you and I would refer to the glands, odiferous glands as the other

04:42 for them. These are all over whole body. There's two places you

04:45 find them. One is the genitals. I can explain nipples for

04:49 . Really, really easy nipples are modified sweat glands. Alright, so

04:53 are their own glands. So you're gonna find a gland on top of

04:56 gland genitals? It's a whole another a reason. And I'm I couldn't

05:01 why. Alright, but anyway, we have these secret glands which american

05:07 and we have a broken. So , going back to those definitions that

05:11 looked at, we're gonna divide them these two types. We're gonna look

05:14 african first, which why put it way? It should be probably looking

05:19 first. But again, you can of see here, african glands are

05:22 to typically be associated with hair So there's your sebaceous gland over

05:26 but there's an african american basically open up to the surface of the

05:32 So when we think of these, primarily located the epicurean are primarily located

05:37 your armpit and in your crotch. . Did that wake you up axillary

05:44 or the genital regions. Okay, are the glands that become active after

05:51 or during puberty? All right. so this one I think does a

05:55 job of demonstrating that picture the axillary . So we're again we're dumping into

06:00 hair follicle. The materials that you in this is primarily water, salt

06:05 other waste materials. But what we're do is we're gonna add something

06:09 We're gonna add fat to it. so these fats and some proteins are

06:16 to provide. Um I mean they odor. They provide signals. But

06:22 what they do is they are in warm areas of your body and this

06:27 where bacteria typically live and they typically the fats and the proteins and the

06:32 and the proteins nourish those bacteria and bacteria turn that into waste. And

06:36 you get the stink. So your odor is primarily not yours. Your

06:42 odor is primarily bacteria living on the that your body is producing. So

06:50 do we have them again? You look at pre puberty. All kids

06:54 don't have very active april glands. become active during puberty. So where

07:00 find them kind of suggest maybe that might be scent glands that we use

07:07 a form of sexual attraction or Like people are stinky. Yeah,

07:12 some people smell kind of nice to . You're looking at me like I

07:16 believe that. But it's true. . So basically it could be a

07:22 scent gland Last one. Anyone know that is. Well that one.

07:29 , that's that's not Matthew McConaughey. Matthew McConaughey, you wouldn't know that

07:32 is. I gotta get new All right. Think jennifer Lopez.

07:38 not sure. I'm terrible about I don't remember names. Anyway,

07:43 people, I don't know. It not be J Lo Mendez. I

07:49 remember her first name. Anyway, rom coms there in rom com together

07:54 . So, this is when when think about this wide and this is

07:57 you kind of think about as you about these crime glands. All

08:00 So, they're all over the place on your hands, you're on your

08:03 of your feet. They're all over body there, especially on your

08:07 Their primary job is to cool you . Alright. And so what's happening

08:13 these glands are secreting water plus some stuff. So, there's metabolic waste

08:17 there. There's some salt. There's other things that are there to kill

08:20 bacteria. Do you see what I'm ? When I say your body is

08:24 to fight off infection. Everything on surface is secreted things to kill things

08:29 are going to try to live on . Even your tears do that.

08:33 right. And so what we primarily this for is we put water on

08:37 surface and then as your body heats your blood vessels are gonna dilate.

08:42 you bring that that heat because water heat really well close to the surface

08:47 that heats up the water on the of the skin. Your sweat.

08:51 you heat up water, it boils right molecule by molecule and eventually what

08:57 heat is doing is taking the or sweat is doing as it boils away

09:02 it takes the heat off with That's how you cool yourself down.

09:07 . We can or I should say is completely sympathetically regulated. Now when

09:12 hear that word sympathetic, what we're about here is the autonomic nervous

09:16 You can't control when you sweat, body responds to its environment and causes

09:23 to sweat. All right now, we say sympathetic, we can think

09:27 sometimes sympathetic primarily deals with fight or . So when you're nervous or scared

09:34 when you have to do something that energy. So when you exercise,

09:39 sweat. Okay, When you're do you sweat? Some people have

09:46 , if I got you up here the front of this classroom with 400

09:50 watching and asked you to teach the three slides. how would you feel

09:55 that? She just looked the other . I'm not, I'm not even

09:59 , Right? Would you get a nervous? Would your hands get a

10:02 bit sweaty? Right tongue would dry talking like this. Right. That

10:11 be an example of sympathetic response. That sweat can be alright, easy

10:19 . Since that was not when that you're attracted to comes up and

10:23 Hey, you know your heart starts that and you begin to sweat.

10:32 right. That would be an example an emotional response sympathetic response. Sweat

10:41 . Easy. Okay, let's get the skeleton, Get onto the

10:46 All right. And so what we're do is we're gonna look at what

10:50 the bones look like in general? are some of the characteristics that we

10:53 to be aware of And then what gonna do? We're gonna ask

10:55 How is it structured? Alright, is generically what is the tissue

11:00 So today is tissue day Tuesday is the bone day. Okay, I

11:06 to make that distinction here. when you think of the skeleton,

11:12 , this is a new system. really the musculoskeletal system. But we're

11:17 out just a skeleton portion. The is not just bones. The skeleton

11:22 of all sorts of different things, cartilage as well as bone, its

11:26 and there's other connective tissues involved in . All right. So when we're

11:31 about here is only a portion of entire skeleton. We're just focusing primarily

11:35 that osteo genic tissue. Alright, the bones are the primary organs.

11:40 why we think about it. Um serves as a framework for your

11:46 And what that means is is that shape is dictated by the shape of

11:50 bones that underlie the external structures. ? So you look the way you

11:56 because your bones are the way that they are. Okay. Now these

12:01 play multiple roles right? They play role in protection and they play a

12:07 in locomotion. So they're there to things inside you. But they're also

12:14 to help you move around. If look at the bones, the interior

12:19 of them there's a lot of them it said C. T. Means

12:22 tissue. So there's lots of T. And what you'll find in

12:26 connective tissue is marrow and american exists one of two types of red

12:31 Yellow marrow. We'll talk about that just a moment when you look at

12:36 you'll see as you take a cross through it there are two different characteristics

12:40 different types of bones or structural uh . We have what is called compact

12:46 and once that's called spongy bone they have other names that are associated with

12:50 . But we're going to focus here compact and and spongy. So when

12:54 look at a bone you pick up bone doesn't matter. Chicken bone,

12:57 bone whatever on the outside you're gonna it's a hard Hard white material that's

13:02 compact bone alright. It makes up 80% of the total mass of the

13:07 . So when you look at a and it's like okay it has this

13:10 80% of it is a function of presence of that compact bone. But

13:14 you're to break that bone in half look on the inside, what you

13:17 is you start seeing the spongy bone the spongy bone is named that because

13:22 looks kind of spongy, it looks what you'd see in a sponge.

13:25 so it's very very porous and it about 20% of the bone mass.

13:30 so when we look at these things can kind of see here. So

13:34 looking at two different bones and their . So we have like long bones

13:40 we're gonna have flat bones and there's couple other ones are short bones and

13:44 so on. But these two kind represent what we see here. So

13:47 can see in this picture right Alright, that would be compact

13:53 And then up here you can see spongy bone going back, sorry here

13:58 can see the compact bone and inside the spongy bone. Alright, so

14:05 bones have both kinds in them in in terms of their arrangements.

14:10 compact bone is on the outside. bone is on the inside. If

14:16 look at a bone out on the and on the internal side. So

14:21 be here in these little tiny spaces the spongy bone is we have living

14:27 bone is living tissue itself. But is the connective tissue that's associated with

14:31 bone. The part on the outside called perry austin. Perry means outside

14:37 or next to. So it's outside bone. The end Osti um is

14:41 the inside and it says the name the bone Indo osmium. All

14:46 And so with regard to the perry which you can see clearly here,

14:50 it would be on the outside here well. What we have is we

14:53 two layers on the outer layers. is this dense irregular connective tissue.

14:58 closely adhered to the bone. And reason it's adhered is because it has

15:02 fibers that penetrate into that compact bone hold it tight. We call these

15:08 fibers. Again, the names are generic. They'll tell you kind of

15:12 they do now if you've ever had , you guys eaten ribs, Good

15:17 , you get down and you get those pieces and you're actually pulling off

15:20 that that last little bit of meat it has that connective tissue attached to

15:25 . That is Perry Osti. Um it's there on the surface serving to

15:31 you know, kind of serving as cover to the bone. So the

15:35 layer of that is that that dense tissue and underlying it are series of

15:41 it like a layer of cells that living. It's whose job it is

15:46 to make and to break the outer bone. Alright, so that's that

15:51 layer that's the cellular layer. And we have there we have different types

15:55 osteogenesis cells which we're going to talk a little bit later. So when

16:01 think of the outside, I have protective layer of connective tissue called the

16:06 Osti um Outer layer is dense connective , the inner layer nearest the

16:10 Living cells responsible for building and breaking bone. The endoscopy um doesn't have

16:20 same outer fibers layer. Alright. if you go into this cavity or

16:24 look in this uh into the spongy or hear what you'll see is there's

16:29 layer that's very similar to that inner . Alright. It's not complete layer

16:34 . But what you have is you the osteogenesis cells, cells that will

16:39 make and break down the bone. . So on both surfaces inside and

16:46 we have living cells responsible for constructing breaking down bone and looking at a

16:54 bone. Long bone is when we about bones that's typically what we think

16:58 right, we have lots of long in our body. Long bones are

17:02 simple. They're basically longer than they . And so these are examples of

17:06 bones here. They have nomenclature that with them. All right, so

17:11 long portion, this portion right here you're looking at is called the dia

17:16 it's the shaft of the bone. the thing that makes it long

17:20 Typically within the shaft, what you're see is you'll see a empty

17:26 Alright. It's an open cavity. called the medullary cavity. Now this

17:30 is not simply just open their stuff . They're typically what it's going to

17:34 filled with some sort of marrow. Children. That marrow is gonna be

17:37 marrow on the in the adults, gonna be yellow marrow and if you

17:42 at this cavity it's not just smooth the inside, it's actually spongy

17:47 So what you have on the outside you have the compact bone and as

17:51 move inward it turns into spongy And then you have that cavity filled

17:55 marrow. And so that's the diagnosis the ends of the bones. We

18:02 the epic Assisi's. That's plural epiphany is singular. So the epic Asus

18:07 filled. It's again it's covered with compact bone but then it's filled completely

18:12 spongy bone. And if you're some , if you're part of an

18:17 what you're going to see is you see cartilage at the end of that

18:22 . The name of this type of whenever you have a joint is called

18:27 cartilage. Why articular because a joint called an articulation. So it's a

18:34 of cartilage you find in a joint cartilage. So you can see it

18:39 down here, you see it, don't see well actually this head right

18:42 would be covered. Okay. And lastly in this picture doesn't show it

18:48 it's poorly described in the text. you have something called the metamorphosis metamorphosis

18:54 simply the point where the diagnosis becomes epic Asus. So it kind of

18:59 as that generic region between the All right. And so this is

19:04 bone. And so you can see this particular case, you see this

19:08 here. Alright, the band up . Those are called the epiphany zeal

19:14 . We see them in long bones they become I mean while you're

19:18 they're made up of cartilage. But you grow eventually, what they'll do

19:22 they'll classify and they become solid That's when you finished your growth

19:29 Alright, so very young, you still grow tall because your bones haven't

19:35 matured. But when that region becomes , then you have stopped growing that

19:42 where this little little region. Is epithelial growth plate? Alright. That

19:47 line, that is the metamorphosis. , so diagnosis shaft epiphany Asus or

19:57 ends metamorphosis. Is that transition point the two where the epithelial line is

20:06 so far? Not too too Right, Okay. All right.

20:12 the rest of the bones look like . Alright, now. Not in

20:17 of their shape, but in terms their organization. So, we saw

20:21 diagnosis. Was it hollow on the or was it filled on the

20:26 Hollow emphasis. What do they have the inside? Spongy bone.

20:31 all the bones in your body that not long bones that don't have those

20:35 features are basically a layer of compact and a layer of compact bone on

20:40 side or surrounding the entire outside. then the entire inside is filled with

20:45 bone. When we see that type spongy bone, we give it a

20:49 name, we call it diplomacy. still spongy bone, but you

20:54 scientists having to name stuff make it . Have another question on the exam

20:59 of thing. All right, so is deployed. All right, so

21:03 external surface is always going to be bone. The internal surface is gonna

21:07 the spongy bone and there is no cavity. Alright, now that doesn't

21:13 that there isn't stuff in those Right? We still have those cells

21:17 are living there and we will find see that there is marrow actually in

21:22 place is Alright, so every other is not like the long bone.

21:31 bones are unique, that's why it down slide, everything else falls under

21:35 type of organization. So there are four types of categories for bones.

21:45 you look at a bone, if had a bunch of boxes, you'd

21:48 going, okay, what do I this bone in? Which box do

21:52 put it in? Alright, so have the long bones and if you

21:56 a long bone there must be a bone and then we have a flat

22:02 and then we're gonna have the one just doesn't fall in any of those

22:04 categories we call it the irregular bone it's neither short nor flat nor

22:10 Alright. It's a weird shape. , so long bones have these features

22:15 them, right? Flat bones. guess I had long but I thought

22:20 was because I guess we're starting the bones. Flat bones are flat.

22:25 that hard? Okay. No, hard by definition. But when you

22:30 some of these flat bones you can a second. Why don't that a

22:32 bone? All right. It has do with the shape and remember the

22:37 bone has within it. It has medullary cavity. And so these longer

22:42 that don't have medullary cavities. If look at them from the right angle

22:45 like oh I see now it's a bone. An example of a flat

22:49 . That doesn't seem like it would a flat bone would be a

22:52 All right. When you think about rib it kind of long because right

22:58 my body kind of long. but when we look at ribs you'll

23:01 okay. Yeah, I see what mean. Alright, so they're

23:05 they're thin some of them are The bones of the cranium are

23:14 All right, but look at your , your skull flat, curves

23:20 Okay. The scapula scapula shoulder All right. Great shoulder blades,

23:29 or less flat called the flat All right. And then the

23:33 You guys know what your sternum is your heart and then the ribs.

23:39 right. Now, there's a class of bones that we call Sesamoid.

23:45 fall into all sorts of different And I'm just gonna put them aside

23:49 because sometimes they fall into the flat category. Most often they look like

23:54 tiny peas. All right. And we you have hundreds of these through

23:58 bodies and they don't have names with exception of one. Alright, the

24:03 is one that is a sesamoid but sometimes it's called a flat bone

24:10 , you know, your Patel is . All right. That is a

24:15 bone. But it's not actually a bone because it falls into the definition

24:20 what a sesamoid bone is. these are typically found within your

24:24 They develop independent. They're small. flat, usually oval shaped. They

24:29 a role in muscle leverage. You them all over the place. All

24:35 . But they don't fall into the one of the special categories that

24:39 So, we have flat bones. bones, short bones, irregular

24:43 and then sesamoid are just kind of , well, they're over on the

24:51 . Long bones. We've already seen easier there. Long right. When

24:57 think of bones, this is what think about their primarily shafts with two

25:03 . So, they are the diagnosis two epiphanies most common bone shape.

25:08 is why we think about them. ones you can think about. Where

25:11 we find them? We find them in the upper and the lower

25:15 All right. So, what are upper limbs where your lower limbs

25:24 What are your feet in your That's a good Well, that would

25:29 close. That would be your But your hands All right. Think

25:34 a skeleton. We're getting close to . We got a couple of

25:37 Alright, y'all picked up your costumes . It's gonna be like a trash

25:42 with a sign on it and said blank. Yeah, Yeah. You've

25:48 that before. I'm in debt. you go. Oh yeah. So

25:56 you guys. Yeah. No, just thinking about all the dead stuff

26:01 you guys are gonna have to put with for the rest of your life

26:03 just sad anyway. Yeah, quit money anyway. So, think about

26:14 hands of when you look at a , right? You'll see the wrist

26:18 . But the wrist is up right? That's where that flexes.

26:23 you have a long bone here, long bone there, a long bone

26:27 , a long bone there and then fingers are long bones. So your

26:35 and your fingers are long bones, your wrists. But you have two

26:40 bones in your forearms. And you a long bone up here. You

26:45 a long bone here, two down and in your feet and in your

26:50 . All long bones. So, kind of easy to identify,

26:54 I mean they are in your upper your lower limbs. And there's an

26:58 because we have the short bones. short bones, as we said,

27:03 sorry, are going to be the pulls in the tar cells and they're

27:07 the same length as they are the . Now, if you actually look

27:10 them and measure them out, are exactly are perfect squares? No,

27:14 if you look at them, you , okay, they're definitely not long

27:18 they're roughly the same length as they the width. So, if you

27:22 know what carpools and the tar cells . The carpools. Easy to remember

27:26 your wrist bones if you're on your too long and typing, what do

27:29 get? Carpal tunnel syndrome? it's just telling you where it's

27:33 Right. And then your tar sal's ankle bones. All right. They're

27:39 ones that make up your ankles. , wrists and ankles. And then

27:45 I said in the last group and sometimes sesamoid bones fall into this

27:50 Again, it's depending on the author who who's doing what? So that's

27:56 we just kind of say sesamoid bones there. And lastly we have a

28:00 bones, irregular bones. These are that have these really strange shapes to

28:04 . All right. They're not just . They're not just short, they

28:07 all sorts of things, literally, don't know where to put this.

28:11 I'm gonna create my own category. your vertebrae, for example, bones

28:15 the face are gonna be in that hip bones are basically you look at

28:22 way, aren't they flat? but they have this irregularity to them

28:28 puts them into this unique category. , so those are the irregular

28:32 Yes ma'am. The which region No. So the only one that

28:47 the medullary cavity is the lung So let me just say with

28:53 so that's how I pronounce it, can be uh Well, I don't

28:57 I've never even heard it said medal or anything like that, but you

29:03 refer to it as the medulla, you might hear some people say

29:08 Alright, so medullary cavity, medulla. Alright, but no long

29:15 are the only ones that have the cavity. Alright, let's get back

29:20 fun pictures, pictures, pictures, things easier. How many guys are

29:24 the lab couple of you. All , this is so whenever you are

29:30 bones, the easiest way to learn bone is to hold it in your

29:34 , touch it, feel it, the bumps, feel the holes,

29:38 all that stuff. The hardest part learning this is staring at a flat

29:42 in the classroom going okay, I'm to memorize this. Alright, so

29:47 tried to help you guys out a bit by adding a little bit more

29:51 the ask and answer the questions with digital software that we have. But

29:56 real way to learn bones is to hold them in your hand, play

30:02 them. All right? So what want to look at is what are

30:07 of the features of bones? Anonymous spent a lot of time trying to

30:11 how bones and muscles work together. so they created or noted different sorts

30:16 features that are helped them identify functionality those bones. Alright, so these

30:24 what we refer to as the bone . We have three different types.

30:27 have depressions, openings and projections. not gonna have you memorize these,

30:32 as we come along them, you be able to you know what they

30:37 they refer to. I think on test, I think if I'm asking

30:41 I'll ask you like, you know of the following is a depression and

30:45 might have like, like that, ? But I'm not gonna ask you

30:49 is a fossa as as it That kind of makes sense.

30:53 so depressions are simply cliffs where either meets another bone or a blood vessel

31:00 nerve moves along the bones or where bones articulate. Alright. And so

31:05 upon what you're looking at, you're to see different types of these types

31:08 cliffs. So for example, this right here a facet is where another

31:14 comes into contact with another bone. a groove for example would be where

31:19 have a blood vessel or nerve traveling the length of the bone.

31:24 So basically serves as a site of indentation where that can actually occur.

31:32 see fosse's here's femur, for the phobia and the femur. Alright

31:38 we have openings. Alright. There's think two easy ones here.

31:45 we have the foramen the framing is a hole at literally what that's what

31:51 word means, framing means whole. right. And so for example,

31:55 the skull we have the magnus or me the frame and magnus. What

32:00 you think? Freeman magnus means the hole. See this is not like

32:06 science. Right? This is biology . All right. And then we

32:13 this a me a tous say that . It's not notice me a

32:19 Yeah, I'm just gonna let you you're gonna pronounce these things wrong all

32:25 time. It's okay. I go a member of the human anatomy and

32:30 society. There's a professor who is considered like one of the world experts

32:36 all this all the all the right? And he offers a session

32:40 time at our conference to see It's how do we pronounce the words

32:45 And he'll throw up a word and how do you pronounce it? And

32:48 you like four different pronunciations and you quarter the class will be one quarter

32:52 the you know, these are faculty , right? These are people who

32:56 the course and invariably, you it's like, nope, you're all

33:00 it wrong. It's this one. okay. All right. But I'm

33:05 try to help you me a It's not me this Alright, so

33:10 framing you're gonna see those all the fishers kind of the same sort of

33:13 holes in bones. This is going tell you where something travels through.

33:17 these holes are gonna be for blood or nerves, but like the frame

33:21 magnus, that's actually for the spinal . So the big hole through which

33:26 spinal cord goes down. Then we projections. And there's lots of different

33:33 of projections. Uh So here are some examples, projections are these extensions

33:40 have all these different shapes is where muscle tendon or ligament is gonna

33:44 Alright, so condos, you'll see lot epic condo means above the con

33:49 . So that's just a projection as . You'll see two vehicles and two

33:53 as you'll see heads. Here's an of the crest spines process,

34:01 trot, canter. That's a weird . And lines again, simply think

34:06 I see something sticking up on a , something has to be attaching to

34:10 and then what we do is we whether it's a muscle, whether it's

34:14 ligament or a tendon. All So that's the purpose of a

34:24 So far you with me. We're memorizing that list just yet. We're

34:28 kind of saying which things fall into kind of categories. All right,

34:36 move inside the bone. Red Yellow marrow. All right. Red

34:43 is hematopoietic. That's a scary What do you think I'm out of

34:51 ? It has to it. But kind of what do you think it

34:55 stay up there? It doesn't What do you think? What do

34:58 think it has to do with Makes blood? There you go.

35:03 . That's a good answer. when you see poetic at the end

35:05 a word, it has to refer the origins of. So this is

35:10 your body makes blood cells. So marrow is where blood cells come

35:15 It's not just red blood cells, all The blood cells. You're the

35:20 of red blood cells to the white cells is like 98-2. I

35:24 it's just the ratios are heavily skewed original pieces and original sites. So

35:32 why red marrow looks like red, know, because there's um sites there

35:40 in adults and your adult. This gonna be found within that spongy bone

35:46 the long bones and or the dip of the flat bones. So,

35:51 , you think about where my flat are, I have to go if

35:55 am becoming a blood donor or a bone marrow donor, I have

35:59 go into some of the hardest and difficult places to reach to in order

36:03 get bone marrow. Alright, so would be your sternum. You don't

36:08 to go digging into a sternum, too close to the heart. We're

36:11 gonna do that. All right, where's another flat bone? I can

36:14 after I go after my scapula. don't know if I want to do

36:18 . So, typically what I do I go drilling into the top end

36:23 the long bones, primarily into the is right there. That's not a

36:29 of fun. Okay, now, I'm a kid instead, every medullary

36:35 have is filled up with red bone and that's because you're just constantly producing

36:39 cells as you're growing. So your is just like let's just keep pumping

36:44 , pumping out, pumping out cells much easier to go find bone marrow

36:49 a child than it is to find in an adult. So, moving

36:53 a child to an adult, what is is that that red marrow gets

36:57 with yellow marrow, Alright. And we have here in yellow is primarily

37:02 . So just another thing to make feel good about yourself is that you

37:07 fat in the middle of your bones you get older. Yeah. All

37:15 now, should the need arise and become anemic? Alright. In other

37:21 , your body needs red blood It will multiply up those retro sites

37:26 it will start taking over the medullary again and start filling up that those

37:32 cavities with the red bone marrow. it's only under anemic conditions, Moving

37:42 to the cellular level. four different of cells that we're interested in in

37:50 . We have a group of cells are related. We call those the

37:55 cells and then we have the OsteO . So this picture just kind of

37:59 um So these three are related to other. This one is not guys

38:05 watch Sesame Street. Yeah, one these things is not like the

38:11 Okay, so the other three are . The one that's not like the

38:16 is the one we kind of focus making it easier to understand this

38:19 All right. We're gonna start with three that are related and really what

38:23 looking at here is different stages of in these cells. So all three

38:29 them exist. All of them are right now, sitting on your

38:32 we have the Osteogenesis or the Osteo cells. This serves as a stem

38:37 to this population of cells. So basically they're multiplying themselves to make sure

38:43 you have enough of these cells to what they need to be done.

38:47 other words to build up bone. osteo progenitor cells or the stem cells

38:51 give rise to the cells that build bones. All right, Where do

38:57 find them? We find them in peri Osti um We find them in

39:00 end Osti. Um Alright. So we're looking at here this right down

39:06 , it's probably easier to look at right here. Alright, so let's

39:10 focus here. So here you can the bone up here, that's that

39:14 tissue of the perry osteo. And these right here would be the cells

39:19 were giving rise to those osteoblasts They're trying to show you that they're

39:24 up but they would be on the level. Alright. The idea is

39:29 you have Osteo progenitor cells a divide give rise to osteoblasts. And one

39:34 behind as an Osteopath Senator. The is the cell that is responsible for

39:42 bone. All right. You're constantly bone, you're constantly breaking down

39:47 It's a very active tissue. And so what they're doing is they're

39:52 matrix out and they're building up the and as the bone gets built

39:57 their secreted in all different directions. so what ends up happening is that

40:01 osteoblasts surrounds itself with a bone matrix so you can see that's what's happened

40:06 is that we've had a cell that itself with the bone matrix and when

40:10 gets trapped inside that its own What happens is that cell differentiates one

40:16 time. So whenever you remember what said, whenever you see blast at

40:19 end of a word that means it's immature cell. When you see site

40:24 in its mature form. So that after it's secreted matrix matrix entrapped

40:30 it matures and becomes this osteo The Osteo site is responsible for maintaining

40:38 structure and the arrangement of that So you can see in this little

40:43 right here it has these extensions that around it. So it's actually living

40:50 the bone itself. It's surrounded by . It's actually in contact with other

40:55 sites. This picture doesn't show that it's through these little tiny branches that

40:59 be in contact. So it's receiving from other cells. It's very much

41:04 . And what it's doing is it's the stress or detecting the amount of

41:09 that's being applied to that bone matrix it. And so if the stress

41:16 inappropriate, what it will do is will help to rebuild the bone in

41:21 for it to deal with the And really that's where the osteoblasts come

41:25 in. So build the bone, the bone is how we think about

41:32 . This gives rise to the Osteoclasts matures into the Osteo site.

41:37 building matrix, I'm maintaining matrix so so good, the Osteoclasts osteoclasts is

41:49 cell that breaks down the bone. you can imagine if all I'm ever

41:53 is building bone and building bone, just keep growing and growing and

41:56 But you don't, there's a point you stop growing but your bone is

42:00 being remodeled. Alright. And so osteoclasts is it is a different type

42:06 cell, it has a different type of origin and what it does is

42:11 is responsible for looking at bone that's being used and it breaks that bone

42:18 and destroys it. And that's what is trying to show you. I'm

42:21 it down and so I'm creating this . So this is a process called

42:27 . So osteoblasts make bone osteo sites the bone osteoclasts, a different type

42:33 cell is responsible for breaking down the . And so we go through this

42:40 of basically resumption and rebuilding over and again. And so this is kind

42:45 , we're gonna start here with formation we're just gonna kind of work our

42:48 around. Alright, I love this because it looks like inky blinky and

42:55 . Thank you for recognizing that. But what you have here is so

43:00 can see here here are my three , they're coming along, they're coming

43:04 and they say, oh there's a that's here in this bone and this

43:08 not good because if the stress is here, the bone is gonna break

43:13 it's no longer doing what it needs do, remember this at the microscopic

43:16 . Alright. So every time you , every time you lift something,

43:21 time you use your musculoskeletal system, creating stressors on the bones. And

43:28 as you create those stressors, those are detecting and say how do we

43:33 this stuff up? How do we it stronger? So that's its job

43:38 to make the bones stronger where you're it. So the Oscar blast come

43:43 , they find that point stress. what they do is they remodel the

43:47 and rebuild bone so that it can with that particular stress that would be

43:54 . And then let's just pretend this point is not dealing with stress.

44:00 it's basically it's overcompensated. You don't bone in this particular location, This

44:04 where the osteoclasts comes in. And it's doing is it's sitting there going

44:09 right, let me break this And the whole purpose is not just

44:13 the rebuilding and the breaking down of . It's also you can think of

44:18 as a place where I store up for later use. So when I'm

44:22 bone, I'm actually putting calcium into calcium bank. And when I'm breaking

44:27 bone I'm releasing calcium from the calcium . And so that's what the osteoclasts

44:32 , it's looking for places where it break down bone so it can release

44:35 out into the environment. So you see here's the osteoclasts come along and

44:39 basically uh dug a hole. And let's say it's it's dug too far

44:46 that part of the bone now is overstressed and then we have osteoblasts that

44:51 in, rebuild the bone and you see the process just recycles itself over

44:55 over again. Now, to put in perspective, I think this is

44:59 really interesting number. Our bone mass recycled roughly. 5% of our bone

45:06 is recycled every week. That means 20 weeks we've recycled the equivalent of

45:14 skeletal mass. So, I think entire skeleton has been recycled now,

45:20 it your entire skeleton? No, the quantity, the the volume that's

45:27 . All right, So is this dead tissue? What do you

45:31 Dead now? Very much alive, determining what you're doing? This is

45:36 importance of exercise, right? When move around. Alright. I'm not

45:40 make fun of your grandma's because you grandma, I think your great grandma's

45:45 , they're a little older, a frailer, right? They have a

45:49 time moving around, Is that My grandmother is 96 years old,

45:54 she was like two years ago, like shoveling sidewalks, so she's like

46:00 crazy woman. Alright, but she's , right? You push her

46:05 She's gonna snap into right? You're gonna push her over. She won't

46:11 you. I tried. No, I'm just teasing just trying to see

46:16 you're awake. Alright. Right? part of that is is that grandma

46:21 move around quite as well as she to 40 years ago she played tennis

46:26 , right? You know, 10 ago she was you know, still

46:32 around and getting her friends places. bowled. My grandmother bold up into

46:37 late eighties, you know Now not much and that lack of activity results

46:43 weaker bones. Weaker bones means less which leads to weaker bones, which

46:49 to less activity to put in your , sitting at home watching youtube in

46:54 chair and not moving results in weaker , which means more youtube or weaker

47:01 , more youtube, yada yada. see that? So exercising, getting

47:06 , just walking and moving around, stress on your bones that causes your

47:12 to naturally want to counter that Okay. All through this process

47:23 So how many spells 4? Which the Weird 1? Still class.

47:34 , now let's get down dirty and inside. What is bone made

47:42 Alright, there's two parts Alright, . It's very similar to cartilage.

47:48 lot of collagen in it. All . But the difference between cartilage and

47:55 is that we have added in an material to it. Alright, so

48:01 organic portion is called the osteo is collagen. There's some glycoprotein in there

48:07 well. There's the cells that we've talked about. All right. And

48:13 we do is we arranged it in a way. So we end up

48:15 these columns of collagen and this resists stretching and twisting. All right.

48:24 cartilage doesn't twist all that much. just it just kind of fights it

48:29 this arrangement but to make it this is when we add in the

48:34 salts, mineral salts is primarily calcium . All right. And so what

48:39 do is we're gonna take these It's called hydroxy appetite. And what

48:43 do is you line it up on on the cartilage or sorry, on

48:47 on the collagen. And then that's to make these nice tough bone

48:53 Alright? So basically it's just hardened is the way to kind of think

48:58 it. So this makes it very rigid and very inflexible. And also

49:04 it compression strength. Um I like use my kids as an example.

49:09 one of things I like about collagen cartilage in general is that it's it's

49:14 malleable. So you don't break collagen cartilage all that much. One of

49:19 kids when he was like four or fell out of a tree. Um

49:24 that far is like six ft. he comes in he said daddy,

49:30 wrists hurt. You know, my physical therapist, I look at

49:33 I said I I don't feel anything . My wife. Yeah, I

49:36 feel anything broken. Okay, go and play, you know, three

49:40 later he's still kind of protecting his . It's like I bet I bet

49:45 broke something. So we took him there and it was a compression fracture

49:49 cartilage can squish, right, you squeeze it. And that's where that

49:53 came from. My other son was school and they're running in circles right

49:59 around the gym because that was what coach thought was exercise. And then

50:05 kid, you know, you remember games where you like knocked the feet

50:08 from somebody, you know, remember . So, if someone did that

50:12 him while he was running around and landed on his arm and broke both

50:16 old and the radius. Yeah. know, and then you go to

50:20 in his arms, like you and like all right. So what happened

50:25 is like, you know that that of his body and landing on his

50:30 basically caused it to snap, Because it doesn't compress and it doesn't

50:36 or twist all that. Well, right. So, it had no

50:39 based on the forces applied to it break it. All right,

50:45 structurally tough stuff, right? It's there to prevent that kind of movement

50:54 cartilage allows. So, I want to focus up here at this

50:59 Alright, this picture is a long . You see the medullary cavity right

51:04 ? I see that you see this all compact bone Yes or no.

51:10 , okay. Alright. So, we're doing now is we're going to

51:14 in. You can see So right here this would be the spongy

51:19 That's the medullary cavity. This right would be the compact bone.

51:24 so you can look at the compact , you can see the arrangement of

51:28 fibers. So this structure right if you look at it from the

51:31 looks kind of like a bull's That's called an austin and this is

51:36 structural unit of of of bone. right. So you can imagine these

51:40 fibers that are all traveling in the direction. Well not all in the

51:44 direction. You can kind of see range kind of in these unique

51:47 But there are these pillars that are in kind of in close proximity to

51:52 other, that gives the bone its . And because of the arrangement of

51:56 fibers within the Asean, you can here each of those different rings is

52:01 movement of fibers in one direction and fibers in the next ring go the

52:06 direction and so on. So you're the strength of the fibers in these

52:11 and then together they are what creates that resistance to twisting and spinning Or

52:20 or stretching. Now I like to a lot of movie references. So

52:25 you don't watch movies you're gonna have start making a list. All

52:29 Um actually, I did this another . There are students out in the

52:33 row and she had had before and she started writing down I think at

52:36 end of the semester had like 50 odd movies that I've mentioned. But

52:40 you all seen the blind sides? know the blind side? Alright.

52:44 the blind side, the opening scene the blind side is a football game

52:47 the new york giants and the Washington who are no longer the Redskins.

52:52 . And so the quarterback for the was joe Theismann, his real name

52:57 these men. But because when he in college he was hopeful for

52:59 he's gonna get a Heisman, they him, you know, so the

53:03 , I know he makes a he gets the ball and he's going

53:08 throw a pass and he makes an round run and chasing after him as

53:12 of the strongest most dangerous linebackers in game. Lawrence Taylor, Lawrence Taylor

53:18 along, jumps at joe. Theismann his foot on the ground and then

53:23 to make him fall to the But because his foot was planted when

53:27 rolled, what did the bone It? Had a twist your bone

53:35 do that because of this. And the opening of that movie talks about

53:39 happens when the blinds, you know you don't aren't guarding your blind

53:43 And of course L t who is this? Like I said he was

53:47 monster of a blind backer. He the bone snap and he felt

53:52 I was I was watching the game . It was I mean just watching

53:55 movie. I cringe every time I it because he gets up and the

53:59 is like this right? And he's at the side at the sideline coming

54:04 coming out. I know what happened . You know it was just a

54:08 thing. But that structure those austrians there to prevent that from happening.

54:14 it just shows you the kind of that he did. Alright now this

54:18 picture right here is showing you what Austrian looks like under a microscope.

54:23 so you can see that there is open area on the inside and then

54:26 can see the rings as you kind move outward. And so we're going

54:30 focus here on the rings for a . And what's in one of those

54:34 in the Austrian? So the central is called the central canal in that

54:40 . That's where you're gonna find blood and nerves. If it's dead

54:43 you wouldn't need blood vessels and you need nerves. Have you ever been

54:47 in the shin? Does it Yes. Why? Because there's

54:53 Right so the blood vessels are there provide nutrients for the cells that are

55:02 inside. That Austin each. Excuse . Each of those rings are called

55:07 mela. Alright so you have them concentric arrangement. So you have

55:14 bigger, bigger, bigger. And the boundary of these concentric lamelo.

55:18 where So you can imagine I'm laying matrix this way I was laying out

55:23 that way. And so that's how cell got trapped. So that osteo

55:27 is trapped in a structure called the . Which is just a fancy word

55:31 saying little tiny lake or a little lagoon. And so it's sitting in

55:34 watery environment trapped on either side by of these concentric lamelo with the fibers

55:41 in opposite directions. So here you see here's our Osteo site, there's

55:46 osteo site sitting up in there and can see that they have these little

55:50 extensions and those extensions are going off the next little osteo site. So

55:54 communicating with each other. And so are being delivered by these blood vessels

55:59 those cells. And those cells are nutrients between each other and telling the

56:03 osteo sites what's going on around The little tiny canals between each of

56:09 Osco sites. So this little structure here, that would be a

56:14 So it means a little tiny Alright, so again, here is

56:19 micro microscopic view, you can see little black dots represent where the Osteo

56:25 are located within their lacuna. And in this electron micro graph you can

56:29 the central canal and you can see pits, that would be the

56:34 So that's where those Osco sites would residing. Now if you took a

56:44 bunch of round things and put them , there would be space in between

56:49 . Cynthia osteo sites are around. can see the little tiny spaces here

56:53 between them, right? And this just been pulled out. So you

56:56 see the the concentric arrangement. All . The blood vessels that are going

57:03 and down are connected to each other canals that are called perforating canals.

57:08 , so a blood vessel has to in there somehow. And that's what

57:11 way that they do. So this space is filled in between are going

57:16 be called interstitial. Lomeli. Interstitial in between. So whenever you see

57:22 word interstitial in between. So what's is is one of two things.

57:27 I, the the osteoblasts and osteoclasts built this stuff or they've torn down

57:34 osteo site and rebuilt or an Austrian rebuilt an Austrian. And in doing

57:39 , the remaining bone that was there was left behind is interstitial. So

57:47 basically they're one of two ways. either building it by filling in between

57:52 it's a remnant of one that was and rebuilt. And then finally we

57:57 on the outside of the bone being by those osteoblasts on the outside in

58:05 perry Osti um is you're gonna have that are called circumferential. So they

58:10 up the circumference circumference. So we that on the inside. So that

58:15 be internal circumferential. And on the that's external circumferential. And it also

58:20 to resist that torsion. That twisting that easy or you know? So

58:33 just kind of identifying where these things built from. Spongy bones a lot

58:38 because it doesn't have all those different to it. Alright, what we

58:44 is this lattice work, I saw hand now. So we have lattice

58:49 . So you can see the spongy , you can see the space in

58:51 there and what these lattices are referred as is traditionally alright. And these

58:58 looks like Austin's, they aren't austrians they're kind of a range like

59:02 There is no central canal because you marrow and other stuff out here in

59:06 environment. So material can actually pass the curriculum to the osteo sites but

59:12 still have these uh these layers, ? These different types of Lomeli.

59:18 refer to them as parallel mellie because referring to them in this direction,

59:23 ? So they grow along that length it's still structurally very similar. You

59:30 rings of them with Osteo sites stuck between. It looks haphazard but it's

59:38 true particularly are built on stress So the strength of your bone is

59:45 on the stressors it detects. And that spongy bone is there to

59:49 oh I feel there's a stress line , I'm gonna build up a bone

59:54 and support it. It's kind of when you were building tents in your

59:57 , you remember doing that as a , right? And what you do

60:01 you'd like to take a poll and put up your blanket and then other

60:05 falling over here. So you go a pillow and put it here and

60:09 the tent was kind of falling you kind of restructured. That's kind

60:12 what bone is doing. Except it's using pillows and your mom's broom.

60:24 , we're getting ready to land the . Questions about this so far arrangement

60:34 ? No, I said on the and I'll start thinking he's gonna be

60:37 here quickly. I was like, , if we just get him to

60:40 talk through this, we're out of now, that's gonna be Tuesday,

60:44 . It's like me bone, thigh out of here, how does your

60:49 actually form? Alright. There's one two ways. It's through a process

60:54 ossification or what we can do. , there's the whole process is

61:01 but it's one of two ways either be through a process that's intra member

61:04 or indo control. All right, I even go into it, what

61:10 you think? Intra membrane? This inside membranes. Alright, Indo contra

61:15 do you think it means? Indo what Kandra cartilage. Alright,

61:23 Alright. So immediately when you look a word that you're sitting there

61:27 I don't know what this you know you get confused, look at the

61:30 and ask yourself what does it Okay, so those are the two

61:35 that we're gonna do it. There's gonna be some sort of membrane or

61:39 gonna use some sort of template made of cartilage to do this. Now

61:43 inter membrane, this is the way we make flat bones in the control

61:46 how we deal with the rest of bones. So, basically long bones

61:49 well as some of these strange shaped . All right now, this begins

61:54 embryo genesis and this will continue on your childhood through adolescence and even up

62:00 about the age of 25 for some Alright, some of you have stopped

62:05 and actually even in adulthood, so gonna look at a bone a little

62:09 later part of the sternum, That's void process. That's that little bone

62:13 sits at the bottom of your If you've been punched their, you

62:16 , like you lose your you horrible feeling right right now for you

62:22 , it's all cartilage for me Is to turn the bone so about the

62:27 of 40-50 is when it starts turning bone. So the process of ossification

62:34 an ongoing thing throughout your entire life most of it takes place very early

62:41 . So we're gonna look at intra nous. So what do we say

62:44 remembering this was inside membranes? All . So the way this works is

62:51 early on development. You your body divided into different regions as a result

62:57 I'm trying to stay away from the too much. But there's a region

63:01 called Mesen keen. Alright. The gives rise to all sorts of different

63:06 . But the mesen kind, what happen is that there are cells that

63:10 going to differentiate within this material and gonna become osteogenesis. Alright. Give

63:16 to the cartilage. So that would Condra genic and then we have a

63:20 that gives rise to the bone. so what will happen is these cells

63:26 differentiate. And what they'll do is start laying down matrix. And as

63:31 doing that they're gonna be dividing along well. So remember we have different

63:36 of, we have the osteo We have the osteoblasts and then we

63:39 the Osteo site. Right? So osteo progenitors are dividing and becoming

63:45 Osteoblasts are laying down matrix. And here you can see I'm laying down

63:49 matrix that's that Osteo Oid. And what will happen is that then that

63:54 becomes calcified. Right? We're adding the calcium phosphate crystals. And so

64:00 trapping cells within that and as I'm cells those cells are becoming osteo

64:07 But notice where the osteoblasts are on the outside, right? And they're

64:11 matrix. And what they're doing is pushing that mesen kind into a tighter

64:16 tighter and tighter structure. In other , what I'm doing is I'm compressing

64:21 tissue. So you can see look how loose the mezzanine is in

64:26 area. But look here that mezzanine is being compressed downward and becoming that

64:35 connective tissue that we refer to as osteo. And then those cells that

64:39 on the outside laying um laying they become that inside layer of cells

64:47 that perry Osti. Um Here, can see the the compact bone

64:53 Or I'm sorry, this is this called woven bone. But you can

64:56 here here's compact bone, there's that bone. And what's happening is is

65:01 as I'm laying down, the compact is being laid by this layer

65:07 the spongy bone is what is left from what we started with? So

65:11 get this woven material that looks kind like sponge, but it doesn't have

65:16 sort of strength. When is it to build up its strength when I

65:20 using it? Right. And so the time we get to this point

65:25 actually now in that place where we're test and try the bone. And

65:31 the woven bone becomes the spongy We have cells that are trapped inside

65:37 have cells that got trapped in the . So what would that be called

65:43 this is perry asking what are the that are trapped in here called?

65:48 austin, correct? So that's how inside of membrane gets formed. There's

65:55 template. We're just messing team. what we're doing is we're growing in

66:00 and we're pressing them as in kind create those flat bones and that's what

66:05 looks like. It looks like a bone spongy on the inside, compact

66:10 the outside, parry Osti um cells on the inside. That would be

66:14 Dostie. Um And then here's our tissue. That one seemed hard.

66:23 finally this one very early on in , this is you very early on

66:29 . You can see we have a skeleton. Alright. That cartilage skeleton

66:35 gonna serve as the structure on which gonna build bone. So the first

66:41 this is about 8-12 weeks of First step after that we're gonna have

66:45 vessels penetrate in. And what they're do is they're penetrating through this calcified

66:52 . So on the outside, what doing is we're laying calcium on this

66:57 . Alright and when I put if I put this calcium, what

67:00 doing is I'm depriving the material on inside of nutrients. In other

67:07 what I'm doing is remember with cartilage have this matrix that has water in

67:11 so nutrients can travel anywhere it wants , it just moved down their concentration

67:16 . But if I put a seal bone around it then those cells on

67:20 inside no longer can receive their So they begin to die. Blood

67:24 penetrate in there and bring in our progenitor cells. And so we start

67:30 this ossification center. All right. then the inside has basically died

67:35 And so we end up with this space and then what we're gonna do

67:38 we're gonna start building bone so that that dia thesis actually starts creating that

67:44 . So we end up with a that now has blood vessels in

67:47 So you can imagine why would I red marrow there? Because I have

67:51 source to hide these cells and so can multiply and divide and now join

67:56 with down here at the bottom of epiphany sees and at the top of

68:01 epiphanies again, blood vessels go in ossification centers. The cartilage basically dies

68:08 and it gets replaced with these osteo cells and it gets replaced so that

68:12 inside becomes like that spongy bone and where this is. You know where

68:18 trying to demonstrate this. This is very early on. You're already out

68:22 the world testing your body around right up and down stairs downstairs a little

68:30 more dynamic here you can see we have cartilage, see that car lives

68:42 . So that would be in that , that region where you still have

68:46 , you're still able to grow the is in this because we can still

68:53 down bone where there's cartilage and the is still multiplying and dividing. So

68:57 actually laying down new cartilage that's slowly replaced by that bone. By the

69:03 you reach the end of what we puberty, maybe a little bit

69:07 Is that the cartilage or the bone has is growing faster than the cartilage

69:12 and it replaces it and eventually catches and it removes all the cartilage at

69:17 point, your bone can't grow lengthwise you've reached your height, your maximum

69:24 . So I have the ages It can happen between the age of

69:27 . Anyone here basically stopped growing around age of 10. No one,

69:31 one's gonna admit that. Huh? , but it wasn't that much

69:35 right? I mean, some of grow, stop our growth spurt very

69:40 on. Some of us keep I worked for the basketball program at

69:44 when I was about, y'all's age little bit after college and I was

69:49 an elevator with four freshman players and shouldn't sound anything. Two of them

69:55 over seven ft one was just under or just under seven ft and they

70:00 still growing, right? They were , I mean, look at

70:05 I'm like 5-10 if I'm if I on my tiptoes, maybe, you

70:09 , it was like this in an . It felt like I was in

70:11 forest, right? But you those type of players, you

70:17 are sought after because they know they're stopping at seven, they're gonna keep

70:21 right because their official place haven't closed . All right. I think I

70:29 a picture now. Yeah, I have a couple of pictures that show

70:32 . Alright, so when you're growing length, this is what's happening is

70:38 can imagine this portion here is living that's trying to grow in this

70:46 So what I'm doing is I'm laying here in the light blue so that

70:49 pushing the dark blue further away, you can see the cartilage is moving

70:54 direction. The bone, on the hand is growing that way too.

70:59 basically saying uh that area just above is being deprived materials, those cells

71:04 dying and so I'm replacing those dying with bone tissue. So the cartilage

71:10 growing that way, the bone is after it and the rate of cartilage

71:15 versus bone growth. Bone is so it eventually catches up.

71:20 so this is what is referred to , sorry, interstitial bone growth,

71:27 is kind of what it looks So you can see up here,

71:30 is the stuff that is laying down cartilage and so it's basically pushing this

71:36 up by laying cartilage down here. that's moving this direction and down

71:41 you can see the bone, it's up as these areas are dying

71:46 So this would be the living This would be the dying area.

71:49 I'm pushing the dying area away from living area or where I'm pushing the

71:53 area up away and the dying areas behind it. And this is slowly

71:58 up. I'm not going to ask what these different sections I never

72:01 I just want you to see the . But if all your bones did

72:06 grow this direction, you'd be this , tiny thing with little tiny pencil

72:11 . Think about how big you were you're two years old. How big

72:14 your mounts? Right, Maybe that ? How big are you now?

72:21 that big? How big are your inside you now? About like this

72:25 right, So, we also have outward and that's called oppositional growth.

72:31 growth is where that curiosity. Um laying more layers on that compact bone

72:37 , right? So I'm growing outward direction and on the inside in the

72:43 um I'm breaking down bone because I want it to be too thick because

72:48 my bones are really, really they become very heavy and then I

72:50 to work harder and we're all against hard. Right? So oppositional growth

72:56 I'm growing fast out this way and breaking out that way, but the

73:01 is slower. So as I grow my bones get thicker but relatively

73:08 I'm not as thick as when I . So you can kind of see

73:12 this is done the way you can about this. The rate of adding

73:16 on the outside is faster than the of which I reabsorb bone. So

73:21 end up with a thicker, stronger to support my structure as I am

73:25 relative to when I was younger but not relatively the same thickness. Are

73:34 done? What do you think? we done? You sure? Are

73:40 Are you really sure is the Yeah. Okay, we're done.

73:46 . I will see you on Tuesday we'll go through the bones, The

73:49 bone's connected to the thigh bone, yada

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