| 00:01 | This is, yeah, I feel it. So, yeah. |
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| 00:30 | folks. Uh welcome. Yeah. Today we are to remember we uh |
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| 00:42 | you for last week, right? , uh we'll continue on um |
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| 00:53 | what we're doing now is not a three coming up for sure. |
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| 00:58 | um do you have any last minute ? You wanna stop by uh free |
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| 01:03 | do that? So, um but so we are a little bit ahead |
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| 01:09 | schedule and um I'll so remember, , I've taken it off of |
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| 01:15 | but it still shows up on the . So this was written as a |
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| 01:20 | class, but it's not OK. have it here for chapter 25 and |
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| 01:26 | put that video up on uh today you can have access to that if |
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| 01:33 | want that. Um And uh so uh will get, we'll finish 23 |
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| 01:41 | is the system, then we'll um at the beginning of 24 very early |
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| 01:47 | and then continue that through um next . Ok. The uh so this |
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| 01:54 | , aside from the exam three is weekly quiz, uh just covers the |
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| 02:00 | system stuff if there's that many But, uh, anyway, we'll |
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| 02:05 | through next, uh, um, through Monday as usual for that. |
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| 02:11 | , um, so let's talk a bit. Well, let's do a |
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| 02:18 | first. Ok. And then we'll of frame it around this question. |
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| 02:22 | kind of, uh, um, think we talked about last time |
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| 02:29 | Ok, so let me put uh, oh yeah, I |
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| 02:35 | Let's see. Mobile responses start. we go. Ok. You get |
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| 02:42 | . Yeah. So 4 33 Ok. So we talked about, |
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| 02:49 | , these last time. So we're at these are all so all innate |
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| 03:00 | system defenses. Oh, is types continue that. So they were kind |
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| 03:11 | start talking about cell type. So go in the middle of that and |
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| 03:14 | into some of the processes like, , uh, inflammatory response, |
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| 03:21 | complement activation, some of these other . Ok. All right. Let's |
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| 03:53 | this thing down here. Yeah. ticks left. Here we go. |
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| 04:30 | . Yeah. The false one is , ok. Um, so as |
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| 04:36 | said, these are all innate system . Let's kind of just recap a |
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| 04:41 | bit from last time. So we of set this up and this |
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| 04:46 | we'll talk about this, um, , certainly in chapter 25 next |
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| 04:52 | Uh, and, uh, so setting this up as a, our |
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| 04:58 | , right? Immune defenses we're focusing right now that the immune defenses. |
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| 05:05 | , what are they, for most fight off obviously potential paths, |
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| 05:10 | So there's a of the faction, ? They have a source, they |
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| 05:16 | it to us in some form of , um then convert various factors, |
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| 05:21 | ? Um In different parts of the from getting into you, staying around |
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| 05:26 | you multiplying, et cetera. So we have look at it, |
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| 05:34 | different lines of the fence if you . OK. So we have uh |
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| 05:39 | line, second line you just always about, OK. What are |
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| 05:42 | you know, here's a path coming the layers it has to get through |
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| 05:46 | , right? So obviously a a physical barrier in the skin |
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| 05:52 | right? Because not every the most that you um take in as far |
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| 05:57 | an infection, breathing, breathe in in foodborne illness, drinking, contaminated |
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| 06:03 | or other. Um These are all pass through mucus membrane or across along |
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| 06:09 | membranes, right? Um The what else? Probably either through natural |
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| 06:16 | in the skin, right? sweat glands or um or through a |
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| 06:22 | look, right? Um And so um but don't ever forget these guys |
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| 06:29 | , right? They're normal microbiota, ? So I remember that concept of |
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| 06:35 | uh microbial antagonism, right? So microbes are very well adapted to your |
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| 06:42 | and the various environments they inhabit in body and for something just to come |
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| 06:47 | and, and crowd them out and over. It's not gonna be an |
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| 06:50 | task, right. So it's a thing, you've got those there to |
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| 06:54 | you. And then, uh we a little bit about uh types of |
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| 06:59 | , not so much their functions right. These types here and we'll |
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| 07:04 | more into what I call, I , these kind of processes. |
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| 07:09 | but nonetheless, uh so one of main things here, we think of |
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| 07:14 | mas, they also sometimes called tamp they're the same thing. OK. |
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| 07:20 | the uh the fire, right, war going on here. And so |
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| 07:27 | recognize uh is um of molecules on pathogens, right? Be it a |
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| 07:36 | , be it a viral envelope protein what have you and then at least |
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| 07:42 | cytokine cytokine, we heard more about today, really the context of inflammation |
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| 07:47 | how that works. Uh But it's it's through chemicals, how you talk |
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| 07:51 | your cells and bo by bonding to and then producing an effect. Um |
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| 07:57 | so the these to like receptors, there's also the what they're called N |
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| 08:03 | R S. And so the differentiation these uh external, right, internal |
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| 08:10 | of these as uh external and internal . So they, they can buy |
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| 08:16 | something and it's in, in, a sense as being something, you |
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| 08:20 | that or something not good if you , but then it'll set the motion |
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| 08:26 | of cytokines which have varied effects. four written here and a lot |
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| 08:33 | OK. But it's how you get body mobilized to start doing stuff. |
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| 08:38 | so cell types. So we went kind of the basics of cell |
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| 08:44 | We'll focus more on that today. particularly in the context of phagocytosis, |
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| 08:52 | ? That's one of the major infection is to them. OK? |
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| 09:03 | the main ones are neutrophils, And uh macrophages for sure. And |
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| 09:10 | a degree dendritic cells, those are three main ones, right? The |
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| 09:15 | do this as well, but you when you call. So, |
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| 09:28 | all right. So I think we off, we ended with these guys |
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| 09:32 | , natural killer cells. OK. one of the things to remember is |
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| 09:38 | pathogens come in various forms, You kind of break them down into |
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| 09:44 | camps. How does that carry out whole infection process while outside of your |
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| 09:52 | ? Right? Extra sata patterns, one in um they at some point |
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| 10:01 | their infection cycle, get inside Viruses obviously do this, that's what |
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| 10:07 | do. OK? But again, bactero types that do this too for |
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| 10:12 | purpose, not of replicating in but that's for the purpose of hiding |
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| 10:16 | and for penetrating deeper into your body you will see. OK. So |
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| 10:22 | have to have defenses that work on types and something is inside the |
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| 10:27 | It's someone invisible, right? That immune system cells can't see it. |
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| 10:33 | not, it's the sound of one your cells. So there, but |
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| 10:36 | ways to, to find those acts OK, what we call a defense |
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| 10:42 | infected cells? Ok. So that is the natural killer cells is |
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| 10:49 | of those? Ok. Um So do you find something that's infected? |
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| 10:56 | inside. How do you know it's ? How is your immune system |
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| 11:02 | Because in some, not in all , but in some cases, in |
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| 11:09 | cases, um, changes occurred in surface because of the infection due to |
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| 11:17 | infection changes occur and molecules on the or maybe some, some are missing |
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| 11:21 | are normally there. That's what these look for. OK. Those are |
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| 11:27 | , right? And that's something that , oh, this may be infected |
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| 11:30 | . Let's get rid of it. ? And so what natural kill cells |
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| 11:34 | for are the lack of the absence a reduction in these? OK. |
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| 11:44 | I didn't even wanna go into that the end last time because N H |
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| 11:48 | is A is a topic unto OK. So before we get into |
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| 11:54 | , what they do to the cells basically um here you see a natural |
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| 11:58 | cell um attacking an infected cell, ? Could be virus infected, it |
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| 12:04 | be some other infected uh infection. And so Perris think of these as |
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| 12:12 | little protein straws, right? Hollow the middle, they insert themselves into |
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| 12:18 | membrane contents, leak out, kills , right? They also can produce |
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| 12:23 | . Uh apoptosis is another way to rid of infected cells. Uh |
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| 12:28 | other cell types do this as Ok. Um And so apoptosis, |
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| 12:35 | typically, you hear it as a cell death, right? Your cells |
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| 12:39 | this naturally. Ok? When they're the end of their life cycle. |
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| 12:44 | . It can also be induced. sure many of us at sunburns. |
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| 12:50 | . And so you, your skin red, it peels and it peels |
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| 12:53 | , right? Those are your body rid of those, you know, |
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| 12:56 | been bombarded with U V light, potentially mutated, potentially dangerous, |
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| 13:02 | So your body kills them off right a poc through the. So |
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| 13:07 | it's a natural process but can be by certain chemicals, you know, |
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| 13:14 | certain circumstances. And one of them of course to get rid of the |
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| 13:17 | , right? So you kill get out of the population, we |
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| 13:21 | want you. Ok. So, to MC. So, um, |
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| 13:28 | , um, let's just go flip here. Ok. So this |
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| 13:34 | so if you have an immune system trying to, that's constantly on the |
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| 13:40 | , let's say for cells that shouldn't in your body, right? |
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| 13:47 | ok. Um, there has to a system that they can recognize, |
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| 13:53 | ? You belong here, you don't terms. OK? That's what MH |
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| 14:00 | molecules are all about. So you on your cells, these glyco |
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| 14:08 | OK? That think of it as bar code, right? It's a |
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| 14:14 | of amino acids, right? Um on your cells through sugar moles and |
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| 14:23 | . And so that identifies your cells yours. Um When one gets |
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| 14:31 | if one needs a organ transplant or transplant, what, what have you |
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| 14:37 | these kind of things? We have uh put together tissues from different |
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| 14:43 | Yeah. What one looks at are , what is the, what are |
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| 14:48 | MH C molecules? What's the profile that look like between donor and |
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| 14:53 | Right? Are they very similar? if they're not very similar, even |
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| 14:59 | they are quite similar, you may have a reaction, right? Your |
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| 15:03 | system will respond to it. I it's not yours. I'm gonna attack |
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| 15:08 | . That's what tissue typing matching is about is making sure it's as close |
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| 15:12 | possible. You don't want the, recipient to produce a response to, |
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| 15:18 | , to kill the, the incoming . So uh in a way |
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| 15:23 | so that's kind of what this is . OK. So again, you |
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| 15:26 | your MH C bar codes and all cells. OK. So if something |
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| 15:31 | coming in your body that's not it immediately knows. All right, |
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| 15:35 | gotta do something. OK? And different immune system cells that respond to |
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| 15:40 | . OK. Uh One of them talk about maybe, maybe later uh |
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| 15:46 | or one of those that respond to . OK. Um OK. So |
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| 15:52 | just like a very generic example of cell and it has it MH C |
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| 15:56 | on it. OK. Could be of your cells. Now, the |
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| 16:01 | , right? The easiest way is , to, to see what makes |
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| 16:05 | class two in class one and class . So if you're a MH C |
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| 16:09 | two cell, you're a B you're a macro, you're a dendritic |
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| 16:15 | . OK? Um Anything else a one? Right? So all of |
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| 16:23 | skin cells, your liver cells, brain cells, your intestinal cells, |
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| 16:29 | cells of a part of your, your tissues here. These are all |
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| 16:33 | one. OK. And so and we use the term nucleating, |
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| 16:39 | So we have this similar self system red blood cells, right? So |
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| 16:49 | B CS, right? When is antigen system? You know that what's |
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| 16:58 | blood type? I know who the time is? Oh, that's |
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| 17:04 | that's your blood, the A B system, that's for the red blood |
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| 17:08 | . Same principle. OK. You that because if you have a certain |
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| 17:12 | of blood, if you're a type and you get a type B, |
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| 17:17 | it be a problem? Right? you may attack it. Your immune |
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| 17:20 | thinks, oh, they don't have right antigens, right? They're not |
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| 17:24 | right ones. So the A B system is your blood red blood |
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| 17:28 | OK. This system is for everything . OK. So um OK. |
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| 17:36 | remember M ac class two macrophages, cells and B cells. OK. |
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| 17:44 | so that's what collectively we call these presenting cells. OK. Um We'll |
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| 17:51 | that some of that in the context innate immune system because macrophages and dic |
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| 17:58 | are, are a type that can in the immune system, they can |
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| 18:02 | out with the system. We see . OK. So, um so |
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| 18:11 | I mentioned, um the cell and men move into chapter 24 we'll talk |
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| 18:18 | cells and B cells, but we it here just to kind of begin |
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| 18:22 | about it. So, um and t cell interactions can create different T |
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| 18:28 | interactions, create different effects and we'll that for later. But for |
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| 18:33 | uh the thing here is that with an infected cell, so you see |
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| 18:38 | missing, right? Missing these, not present on this cell due to |
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| 18:44 | infection, right? So it it's or maybe there's only much fewer of |
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| 18:52 | or, or not at all, ? Due to the result of the |
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| 18:55 | , right? And that's what the killer cell would see and then go |
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| 18:59 | . So, so um and even cells can produce these kind of changes |
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| 19:06 | well. And so you can cancer . So again, it's not a |
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| 19:11 | , it's not everything but certain virus cells, certain cancer cells do produce |
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| 19:17 | effect and they can be attacked by killer cell. OK. So, |
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| 19:24 | so again, these are we call , right? They are your |
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| 19:28 | identify yourselves as yours, right? , of course, that can go |
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| 19:35 | that system when you have autoimmune right? Because now you, |
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| 19:41 | you're recognizing your own tissues as something , right? So there is time |
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| 19:46 | that, of course, can Ok. Um, any questions about |
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| 19:53 | C, we'll mention this again as should keep going through, but for |
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| 19:58 | we're OK. All right. um lymphatic system, so pathetic system |
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| 20:07 | is think of it as a secondary system. Although there's no hard pumping |
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| 20:14 | system, it's pretty much gravity and contractions that kind of and, |
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| 20:20 | and uh contractions of circle bugs because , they're close to each other. |
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| 20:26 | those movements, um plus muscle grabbing, they kind of help move |
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| 20:33 | food around. So what is What is this stuff? Well, |
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| 20:37 | just kind of start here at the . So, arteries and veins through |
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| 20:44 | . OK. And so of you know, very thin wall, |
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| 20:49 | narrow, right? That's for exchange material. So all your vital |
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| 20:55 | right? They, they collect, have the capillary bits in your vital |
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| 20:59 | how your cells get nutrients and things they waste much, right? |
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| 21:05 | obviously, fluids coming out, And so it's what we call interstitial |
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| 21:10 | . OK? And so you of , results in a in a drop |
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| 21:16 | blood volume. OK. So you of want to get that back, |
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| 21:20 | . And so as the lymphatic fluid back here on your collarbone, dumps |
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| 21:25 | into your circle, of course, maintain blood. Ok. So that's |
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| 21:31 | of one function of lymphatic, very . But the other thing is lymphatic |
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| 21:38 | . Ok. Vessels can concentrate fairly in certain parts of your body called |
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| 21:45 | nodes or very dense collections. Right pits, the growing tonsils or lymphatic |
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| 21:52 | . Uh Yes, there is under skin like that are very thick with |
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| 21:56 | tissue. In your intestines, you this as well. Um the uh |
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| 22:02 | in certain organs like your, your will have a intense concentration of |
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| 22:06 | OK. So the other thing about where these areas are really dense and |
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| 22:11 | , they're full of B cells and cells and macros and dendritic cell. |
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| 22:17 | kind of there where they hang OK. And so because of |
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| 22:22 | for example, in your spleen where have this dense Yeah. Yeah, |
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| 22:25 | have this and fat tissue, you kind of some help filter the |
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| 22:30 | right? You can bind to like antigens, bind potential patterns in your |
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| 22:37 | your your T cells, for that are in there, you can |
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| 22:42 | shown antigen, they can respond to . OK. So similar in your |
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| 22:48 | , I think you can just um in uh you can kind of filter |
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| 22:54 | your saliva and and and these cells affect that way. Uh uh inhaled |
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| 23:01 | as well. Um So you here's an example of um a couple |
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| 23:07 | areas of salt and salt sounds kind weird. But these are again dense |
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| 23:12 | of lymphatic tissue, OK? All types of immune system cells. And |
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| 23:17 | in your intestines, you have what called these pyres patches, OK? |
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| 23:23 | purple, these purple blobs are these dense areas of um this lymphatic |
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| 23:30 | OK. And so here is kind a and part of that structure is |
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| 23:36 | thing called the M cell that you right here. OK. So here |
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| 23:40 | your normal um uh intestinal cells that like these micro, right? That |
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| 23:48 | saw a pen, it's gone So this right here. OK. |
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| 23:51 | here's an M cell in the So it can trap, trap microbe |
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| 23:57 | then you have macrophages on the other , for example, that can |
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| 24:02 | And or show an to your other system cells. And so um the |
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| 24:09 | here is kind of a like from bat as well where they collect and |
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| 24:15 | got it also, it's actually also a certain type of pathogens. It's |
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| 24:20 | way for them to actually survive inside microphage and go further into your |
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| 24:25 | right? So that's how an intestinal can make its way out for their |
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| 24:31 | because they had a factor to do . So we'll see some examples of |
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| 24:35 | later. But uh certain food borne can do this salmonella, they can |
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| 24:40 | get into your blood supply, then the worst effects. Of course. |
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| 24:45 | . So the thing to remember, of things kind of put the back |
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| 24:47 | your head is the intestines in right? Are highly vasal, lots |
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| 24:53 | capillary, right? Because that's how intestines, that's where you food, |
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| 24:57 | how it gets to the rest of body and your cell tissues, |
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| 25:01 | So lots of capillaries in that And so they carry nutrients and things |
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| 25:07 | rest of your body. But it's a way that pathogens can travel |
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| 25:12 | right? So again, those for immune system defense, there's could be |
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| 25:19 | that has a way to bypass it , or use it for its own |
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| 25:23 | , which I and so similarly, in the skin, you have similar |
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| 25:30 | of dense areas um under your skin have very dense with fat tissue. |
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| 25:37 | these B cells, t cells as as well, similar function. |
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| 25:43 | So, um all the goal of to, if something is in your |
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| 25:46 | is trying to find it and get of it. Ok. Um So |
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| 25:53 | , so cytosis. So, so put these little letters kind of |
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| 26:01 | I don't know, maybe I'll help remember the, the four step process |
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| 26:05 | . So one is, so your macrophages typically. Um And so the |
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| 26:15 | is OK, let's let's get them where they're supposed to be this is |
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| 26:19 | they, there with CS for right? That once they're there, |
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| 26:25 | should adhere to the pathogen. as a, then take it in |
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| 26:32 | . Right? I, and then is to digest it. All |
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| 26:37 | And here ingest digest. Ok. , and so this process, as |
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| 26:44 | look at um, inflammatory response here a second, there's several side kinds |
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| 26:50 | are released to attract them to the of infection. OK? Uh Even |
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| 26:55 | damage, tissues themselves release these chemicals bring them to the site. Um |
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| 27:02 | adherent. So I remember in this Diran here, here is a close |
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| 27:07 | of one of those um mps, ? T L Rages can do this |
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| 27:13 | well. So not only ingest it the bin thing sends off the alarm |
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| 27:18 | , right? The signal to to more cells involved. Um And so |
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| 27:25 | . So here is a Lyo and vesical ingestion leads to formation of a |
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| 27:33 | call it, OK. So they'll and digestive enzymes, radical form, |
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| 27:41 | kill, kill the uh infectious agent then uh digest um basically just hydrolyze |
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| 27:48 | , right? Break it down to parts, right? And so some |
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| 27:51 | those can be recycled. Uh Others expelled. OK? Now, the |
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| 27:56 | part of this that's, that's not this four letter abbreviation if you will |
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| 28:04 | Agen presentation. OK? So here be so as it's crunching it |
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| 28:11 | so to speak like that, you'll formation of MH C molecules occurring that |
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| 28:18 | bind to these crunched up parts of virus or, or bacteria. |
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| 28:27 | And we'll bind to it. here's an MH C two, |
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| 28:30 | And there's a two because it's a , right. Macrophage is dendritic |
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| 28:35 | And um B cells are your type . You may see type two. |
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| 28:41 | . So it will show this Now, now that's now other immune |
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| 28:49 | cells can see this and respond to , right? And um typically it's |
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| 28:55 | a T cell that will see right? And it has a certain |
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| 29:01 | , it will do, right? , um so multifaceted, right? |
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| 29:08 | A uh A can do the T R sensitives out the one body |
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| 29:14 | right? And digest the the the and then it can show antigen to |
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| 29:19 | immunes cell. So kind of 33 going on here. OK. |
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| 29:25 | and this is the nature of this here. It's the nature of what |
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| 29:29 | what we abbreviate A P see antigen cells. That's what they do. |
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| 29:36 | show antigen through D molecule. Um OK. So uh let's just |
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| 29:47 | look at this next. OK. a an additional feature the cytosis is |
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| 29:56 | but not all things are easily So you have to have a backup |
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| 29:59 | for that. OK. Um So caption, right? Meningitis spectrum, |
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| 30:08 | capsule, streptococcus pneumonia thick. So how can you get at |
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| 30:15 | Because the capsule is kind of covering cell surface, just kind of how |
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| 30:21 | macrophage, for example, a neutrophil to it and takes it in. |
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| 30:24 | that's not as easily done when you that capsule. So how can you |
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| 30:30 | this option? Right. So this basically think of it as an enhanced |
|
| 30:39 | . Ok. You're using chemicals, we call opsonin, OK, to |
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| 30:45 | with the um taking in the binding taking in the micro. And so |
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| 30:53 | example, so two things can do antibodies and compliment you can coat the |
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| 30:58 | or the and then that makes it to take. OK. And so |
|
| 31:03 | that process is optimization. OK. uh so here's an example, this |
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| 31:09 | be a a by term of the that is easily and here are |
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| 31:15 | right? That are formed to the . And now the uh and so |
|
| 31:25 | learn probably by the end of the that you know the Y shape um |
|
| 31:30 | a body that we draw um one to the. So let me just |
|
| 31:35 | it like this, these ends by antigen. OK. A G is |
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| 31:41 | for antigen, right? This OK. A cell combined one of |
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| 31:47 | cells combined. All right, we'll , we call this the what's called |
|
| 31:51 | F C region. OK. Down . And if you, if a |
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| 31:57 | has an F C receptor like this does, right? These yellow |
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| 32:03 | then it combined the antibody at that . So it takes a whole thing |
|
| 32:08 | , right? The whole complex as see here. So here's the F |
|
| 32:12 | receptors, right. Here's the antibody complex. So the whole thing gets |
|
| 32:18 | . We didn't have this, And it was just in this |
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| 32:22 | it would be much, much lesser being, but having that process, |
|
| 32:28 | whole thing gets taken in. So that uh uh that facilitates basically |
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| 32:35 | otherwise they wouldn't be easily favor. , you know, and of |
|
| 32:40 | the same thing can happen uh with , we'll talk about that shortly. |
|
| 32:46 | . These are protein factors, the coats the cell and these cells can |
|
| 32:51 | them in. OK. So, let's look at real quick. |
|
| 33:00 | So let me just look at this . So here is the engine presentation |
|
| 33:06 | . OK? So we've got a , for example, uh microbes, |
|
| 33:15 | ? And in the process of that digestion, some of those uh molecules |
|
| 33:22 | to emit c molecules being made goes the surface and the helper cell. |
|
| 33:29 | one of the effects of that again, chemicals released, right? |
|
| 33:34 | cytokine is released as a result. one of the functions is to activate |
|
| 33:40 | macrophage and other macrophages in the OK. So what that means is |
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| 33:47 | a macrophage does its thing ize it of these, these pseudopods, it |
|
| 33:55 | all right. So the more of forming, right? The that's how |
|
| 34:02 | combined and take things in. So you look at the micrograph over |
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| 34:07 | all right, you see this guy the corner that's an inactive one, |
|
| 34:13 | ? You see how it's like basically a round ball, right? But |
|
| 34:17 | it gets activated, you see how word is fluffs up, there's one |
|
| 34:22 | , maybe I think about it. these represent lots of membrane folding, |
|
| 34:27 | super pods being formed, right? an active macrophage kind of like got |
|
| 34:32 | flower bloom on the petal right coming . And so more of those means |
|
| 34:39 | of lot more binding taking in making big city cell. So much more |
|
| 34:46 | obviously, that active form is one can really compared to the in active |
|
| 34:51 | . So if they're activated in this by T cell, OK. And |
|
| 34:59 | , that's one effect, there's other that occur. But that's, that's |
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| 35:02 | big one more presumably this is all because showing an engine it's potentially uh |
|
| 35:13 | may be occurring. Let's get rid it. OK. So um so |
|
| 35:19 | uh how this might look, I something like this here. Um So |
|
| 35:31 | is our bacterium up here, here our the macrophage. So I'm just |
|
| 35:36 | of fast forward to here a little . And so we're gonna get the |
|
| 35:41 | right? The adherence ingestion right here a um So this is the |
|
| 35:47 | of course, when it comes to binding form a lysosome, then and |
|
| 35:58 | we go speed this up a little . So we get digestion and then |
|
| 36:04 | comes MH C molecules being synthesized. Right here. Yeah, here comes |
|
| 36:16 | C molecule and then it will bind with fuse and then bin some of |
|
| 36:26 | nitrogen. OK. Then go to surface and that's how it can interact |
|
| 36:34 | A, no, I like a cell or something. OK. So |
|
| 36:42 | all right, let's look at this here. So we're gonna go into |
|
| 36:46 | response. OK. And uh so gonna be a sequence to this. |
|
| 36:54 | . So we're answering this. So of the things about what do you |
|
| 36:59 | to encapsulate the inflammatory response? A we're talking about the acute ac U |
|
| 37:07 | E acute inflammatory response, which we've gone through at one time or |
|
| 37:12 | Um The purpose is to confine it's regional process. It occurs in a |
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| 37:21 | part of the body where this infection been introduced. So to keep that |
|
| 37:28 | a local, they'll let it right. That's what the inflammatory response |
|
| 37:32 | about. Keep it contained. And um there's steps that happen, |
|
| 37:40 | course, after that to, to that happen. OK. And of |
|
| 37:48 | involves a lot of different cytokines to different, to do different things. |
|
| 37:57 | . All right. Let's count All right. From 32. That |
|
| 38:41 | . Yeah. So what would this this occurs? Nothing else will |
|
| 38:46 | right. So this has to occur . Right. That's one. |
|
| 38:54 | number two, I'd say it be . Ok. Baso dilation. I'd |
|
| 39:04 | then probably stick above us a wall exit. Then uh, swelling is |
|
| 39:14 | occur and then repair. That'd be guess. Ok, we're gonna go |
|
| 39:21 | steps. Ok. So, so with the acute inflammatory response, |
|
| 39:34 | response, um, keep it contain the effect. Yeah. |
|
| 39:42 | extravasation is the process of because the kills system and that's where you need |
|
| 39:50 | the crime prevention fighters. Um you got to get him out to |
|
| 39:57 | into the area where the offensive And so extra is that process |
|
| 40:03 | OK, to extract, extract them the blood vessels to figure the |
|
| 40:11 | The that the primary one is doing and later on take over. |
|
| 40:17 | So um the example here is sort a basic example but it's just showing |
|
| 40:28 | puncture wound, introducing uh microbes into body, right? So, um |
|
| 40:38 | of course, you're gonna have nearby and wandering around typically. Um the |
|
| 40:45 | and the, and the, and tissues themselves, the damaged tissues here |
|
| 40:50 | can chemicals, right? But certainly in the area can as well. |
|
| 40:55 | so um these have varied functions. what do you, what are, |
|
| 40:59 | are you gonna get other cells to site to help you out? Attracts |
|
| 41:05 | big thing? Ok. Um You then to affect this blood vessel, |
|
| 41:11 | get to manipulate it. Right. get cells out of there, you're |
|
| 41:15 | have to make it more porous. ? Um You've also got to, |
|
| 41:20 | know, your blood flow is going a pretty good speed, right? |
|
| 41:24 | it's not just floating along, I think a cell, it's just |
|
| 41:28 | You know, they're, they're rushing through blood, blood's pumping. |
|
| 41:33 | So, if you're gonna get this out, you gotta slow down blood |
|
| 41:39 | a little bit in, in in the area, in that |
|
| 41:44 | you wanna slow down blood flow and them out, Jack. So, |
|
| 41:51 | so there's gonna be chemicals, that will bring about the different steps |
|
| 41:55 | this process, ok? But first foremost, it's about containing this infection |
|
| 42:02 | there and not letting it spread. basically what the acute inflammatory response is |
|
| 42:07 | . Ok. So how do we down blood flow and actually get more |
|
| 42:12 | to the air, right? More gets more, right? Well, |
|
| 42:16 | manipulate blood vessels. So this is vasoactive factors come in. Ok. |
|
| 42:22 | remember uh dilation of blood vessels, ? They're making them bigger, |
|
| 42:28 | Increasing diameter. OK. So in that, the blood vessels of |
|
| 42:33 | are getting closer to the surface, ? That's, that's what creates the |
|
| 42:39 | in the area of inflammation, Um So making bigger. So now |
|
| 42:45 | slowing down. So we're increasing volume the, in that area. It's |
|
| 42:49 | of the redness blocking and we're also it down, ok? If you |
|
| 42:57 | , um, if you're increasing the of area in the uh diameter of |
|
| 43:03 | vessel in the area, it's going slow it down in that area. |
|
| 43:07 | . So you're getting the two you want lots of blood to the |
|
| 43:11 | and slowing it down, ok? now you can begin to grab onto |
|
| 43:15 | neutrophils and get them out. And so, uh here, this |
|
| 43:21 | here is when they squeeze out like , right? Like this guy right |
|
| 43:28 | , right there. It's happening because kind of in the make up the |
|
| 43:35 | vessel. So these right here lining bug vessel, these are cells, |
|
| 43:43 | ? These are what we call endothelial . And so they're stuck together to |
|
| 43:48 | of loosen them up a little bit allows cells to come in. |
|
| 43:52 | And this, when you see this , that's that thing process called margination |
|
| 43:59 | it kind of squeeze out between the , OK? Um And so as |
|
| 44:06 | result, this area fills up with that help bring about the control of |
|
| 44:13 | infection, basically. OK. So look at some of these steps |
|
| 44:18 | OK. So again, lots of chemicals, right? Uh different |
|
| 44:24 | vasoactive factors, leins, histamine raine you need to memorize all these |
|
| 44:29 | OK? There's a couple that we'll , OK? And so the uh |
|
| 44:37 | , and many of these have multiple functions, OK. So uh |
|
| 44:43 | neos factor is one of those that uh stimulates uh these other subs to |
|
| 44:51 | in and uh Brady Ken helps to of pull apart the connections. |
|
| 44:57 | There are um different molecules that makes stick together. And there's other ones |
|
| 45:05 | you promote. So you can kind grab onto the neutrophils, kind of |
|
| 45:08 | of it as so the neutros can to it and slow down and then |
|
| 45:15 | it. OK? Also this is , right? But these are prostate |
|
| 45:21 | . This is what asper actually the lands bring about pain, right? |
|
| 45:27 | enhance the pain reception in the You you wanna be aware of |
|
| 45:31 | you have something going on here, ? Inflammation wounds and whatnot. But |
|
| 45:36 | know, it makes you aware that have something going on there, but |
|
| 45:39 | can be too much. That's why might take aspirin to kind of it |
|
| 45:43 | shuts down the synthesis of prostate Um uh other things Brady kind of |
|
| 45:49 | . So, degranulation, they work things called mass cells and these have |
|
| 45:55 | you have vesicles inside them and the of makes them get rid of |
|
| 46:02 | And so they release chemicals like ok? Histamine also works on the |
|
| 46:08 | vessel keeps making it more porous, ? Um Dilates it. So um |
|
| 46:15 | you, you kind of keep that going on so you can keep getting |
|
| 46:20 | controls out and keep fighting infection because want want to control infection contain |
|
| 46:25 | Ok. Not let it spread. so, um the um, |
|
| 46:32 | so Turo factor, that's one of that kind of promotes the formation of |
|
| 46:38 | other pros landings. So lots of going on and um the uh these |
|
| 46:43 | are kind of involved in, don't to worry so much about it, |
|
| 46:47 | creator protein has to compliment and so , you may get that involved later |
|
| 46:52 | . But um so let's look at example of this here. Um |
|
| 47:03 | Right. OK. Oops. Now happened? OK. One more |
|
| 47:22 | Oh, goodness. All right. just keep here. All right. |
|
| 47:26 | kind of the same example of kind a splinter wound happening here and let |
|
| 47:32 | shut him up. There we Damn it there. OK. So |
|
| 47:39 | comes our bacteria. You see mast over here, they will can take |
|
| 47:51 | in, they surprise at least set as a result. All right. |
|
| 47:57 | then uh create these other effects. basic act of factors that form. |
|
| 48:03 | so uh close up. And uh , so the blood vessels. So |
|
| 48:14 | is end cells. We're gonna kind first uh produce these molecules that will |
|
| 48:20 | to slow down bind to neutrophils, ? We call them. So |
|
| 48:26 | slow, slow down. Yeah. you'll get some of these other molecules |
|
| 48:37 | but also serves to bind. So kind of slow them down and get |
|
| 48:41 | , more tighter binding going on. these different ICA molecules. Uh but |
|
| 48:46 | all about kind of slowing it down buying it to so it can slow |
|
| 48:50 | and out of the blood system. then uh then we'll loosen up the |
|
| 48:57 | between cells. You very time event and they pop out and then um |
|
| 49:19 | , are something like 70% of of the cells in your blood that |
|
| 49:23 | neutros? OK. And so um , of course, if we just |
|
| 49:29 | how a cell came out, of , other fluid comes out as |
|
| 49:32 | OK. Not just, not just cells. So, you know, |
|
| 49:36 | of been that comes so blood and kind of getting a little bit more |
|
| 49:44 | there. So we have swelling occurring , of course, uh as these |
|
| 49:47 | are fighting infection, uh you're it's gonna, it, it could |
|
| 49:51 | just a mass of dead cells and dead neutrophils that have done their |
|
| 49:56 | And that's what we refer to as so you kind of have that in |
|
| 50:00 | for a while. So, um so scientific information, right? The |
|
| 50:06 | from the div of blood vessels for going to the surface, makes it |
|
| 50:10 | in the area, then uh for and swelling again, a natural process |
|
| 50:16 | you're trying to continue faction out this . OK? Of course, you're |
|
| 50:20 | that in a few days. So um let's see any questions about |
|
| 50:30 | . So, inflammatory response contained the . Now, chronic inflamma inflammation, |
|
| 50:37 | ? So this is something where this kind of gets triggered again and again |
|
| 50:42 | again, that last months and right. So it can be, |
|
| 50:48 | doesn't, doesn't have to be a , you know, it can be |
|
| 50:52 | that you eat, right? Some those things can be antigens that inflame |
|
| 50:57 | , ok? And every time you that particular thing, it can cause |
|
| 51:02 | particularly in your intestines, right? um that's why, you know, |
|
| 51:07 | could be a chronic thing. You these things unknowingly, it'll happen over |
|
| 51:11 | over again, right? So for certain types of things, you |
|
| 51:14 | try to restrict what you eat if the kind of process here. But |
|
| 51:17 | can also be a a chronic infection doesn't really ever go away and then |
|
| 51:23 | kind of triggers periodically over time. can cause that kind of effect, |
|
| 51:27 | example. OK. So uh you , the contrast between these two acute |
|
| 51:33 | is time, right? Chronic um chronic inflammation occurs repeatedly. It |
|
| 51:39 | takes a toll on uh acute inflammatory a few days and you're over |
|
| 51:45 | Ok. So, and you just to complete this. So another |
|
| 51:49 | that can happen at the end So the repair and healing over the |
|
| 51:56 | , that's to be the end of in inflammation process. You're you're healing |
|
| 52:00 | and getting over it. Ok. um so compliment, so compliment if |
|
| 52:08 | look at this in the book, gonna be very complicated. Lots of |
|
| 52:12 | , so that step and that's up that step, OK? I'm only |
|
| 52:16 | really with these right here when this that typically initiate the bulk of the |
|
| 52:24 | of compliment. OK? So number compliment is not a cell, |
|
| 52:30 | Complement are protein factors that are in blood. OK? They're in the |
|
| 52:36 | form, OK? That become activated three different processes. OK? And |
|
| 52:44 | , and so when you see like example, C three, OK? |
|
| 52:48 | or C five. So basically a without a letter after it, |
|
| 52:53 | These are the inactive forms. And the c when it gets activated, |
|
| 53:00 | the active form can then activate the step and then so on and so |
|
| 53:04 | . That's what's like a cascade of like 20 different factors. And |
|
| 53:09 | but again, it's when these C C five get activated where you get |
|
| 53:14 | main effects occur. OK. So way to activate it through antibody, |
|
| 53:22 | something called lectin and through binding to cells, OK. So uh |
|
| 53:31 | antibodies can activate compliment, OK. the effects you see here, |
|
| 53:36 | This is the same no matter how activating, right? So that doesn't |
|
| 53:41 | , it's how you activate that, differentiates these three things, right? |
|
| 53:45 | anybody can activate it um binding to bacterial surface, right? So um |
|
| 53:54 | bacteria, of course, they have types of cell surface molecules very different |
|
| 53:59 | ours. And uh they can uh recognized by compliment and that recognition in |
|
| 54:05 | can activate it. OK. And lastly, is these things called |
|
| 54:11 | OK. Particularly what they call Manno is very common to see on |
|
| 54:18 | surfaces. OK. So, lectin produced in the liver floating out of |
|
| 54:25 | blood and then can bind to bacterial like this and activate component. |
|
| 54:33 | So, however, it's formed. . And so just one point |
|
| 54:39 | So I mentioned a couple of times how adaptive immune system and innate immune |
|
| 54:45 | may, may kind of overlap some and presentation. So too can this |
|
| 54:52 | of activation antibody? Right. antibody is a productive adaptive immune system |
|
| 54:58 | innate. So it's kind of another crossover here. OK. So, |
|
| 55:03 | right. So, however, it activated. What are the effects? |
|
| 55:07 | , the effects are the, so talked about that before, like coating |
|
| 55:14 | pathogen with, with compliment. Uh your cells can have receptors for |
|
| 55:21 | and take the whole thing in Um cytolysis. All right. So |
|
| 55:26 | is the formation of what they call membrane attack complex. OK. So |
|
| 55:32 | different co factors coming together, inserting in the membrane and then causing leakage |
|
| 55:42 | . OK. Because of that um negatives or more successful, right? |
|
| 55:49 | the outer member, right? Membrane positives are less susceptible because they have |
|
| 55:56 | and these and these, these concept form in pepper. They are compatible |
|
| 56:03 | a membrane, not pepper. I . Ok. So ram negatives aren't |
|
| 56:09 | I'm sorry, ram positives aren't as by this. Ok. Uh Then |
|
| 56:14 | can, it can be uh Um pug inflammation, the presence of |
|
| 56:21 | cells combined compliments or remember, mast or types of these different side of |
|
| 56:26 | involved in inflammation. Um the uh cells are also involved in allergic |
|
| 56:33 | hay fever, other types of It's often these guys and they kind |
|
| 56:39 | over. Um but they do have role in, in um in um |
|
| 56:45 | . Ok. So again, all effects can occur no matter how you |
|
| 56:50 | it. Um But again, remember , compliment, not a cell, |
|
| 56:55 | proteins that become activated. OK. Interference. So this is a, |
|
| 57:04 | , there's two types, we talk this in the context of, of |
|
| 57:10 | have against viral. OK. So so two types of interferon. The |
|
| 57:17 | one is the antiviral. OK. And so how it works is by |
|
| 57:24 | virus infected cell will synthesize the OK? And that then becomes |
|
| 57:36 | secreted and others in the area can to it. So, here's the |
|
| 57:44 | . Uh this cell is likely gonna , but the release of interferon can |
|
| 57:50 | all neighboring cells. OK. And the effect is to basically induce gene |
|
| 57:58 | . OK. Being a being an of gene expression, particularly for specifically |
|
| 58:05 | these antiviral proteins. So the noninfected produces these antiviral proteins. Virus tends |
|
| 58:12 | be infected our proteins, basically destroy viral genome. Ok. So basically |
|
| 58:20 | stopping the infection. Ok. Um cells, these cells that are |
|
| 58:26 | Ok. So any, any cell receptors for the interferon contacts it, |
|
| 58:31 | will be protected right through these antiviral . OK. And um it interfering |
|
| 58:38 | . Um This is one of the biotechnology products. It was mass |
|
| 58:45 | thinking it would be a um wonder against all viral infections that turned out |
|
| 58:50 | to be uh but it's, it more an issue of uh bad shelf |
|
| 58:56 | though. You couldn't put it on shelf and, you know, have |
|
| 58:58 | very short duration of it was active . It turned out to be a |
|
| 59:05 | issue. Didn't too much of it was toxic. Ok? But |
|
| 59:09 | is still used, it's used um with severe viral infections, they'll get |
|
| 59:13 | of Interferon as part of the part their treatment. So it is effective |
|
| 59:18 | when it's controlled. Um um but not, it's not something you take |
|
| 59:22 | a pill, you know, form viral infection. Nonetheless, it's still |
|
| 59:27 | in those kind of um as a , your own innate immune defense, |
|
| 59:31 | also as a treatment. Um the two is one that's we talked about |
|
| 59:38 | acidic cell, right? So that's they can do. OK? Um |
|
| 59:45 | them more phagocyte. Uh through this two infer uh increasing MH C |
|
| 59:51 | Ok. So that means they can with more. Uh There's, there's |
|
| 59:57 | be, we'll talk about this but there's T cells that recognize certain |
|
| 60:00 | C A. So if you have of these on you, then you |
|
| 60:04 | can be found out by T cells easily and that will help your immune |
|
| 60:11 | . So, um, the last the innate immune system defenses is |
|
| 60:17 | Ok. So fever, uh although pretty miserable by ha, it |
|
| 60:25 | it is useful for sure. In three ways, it's useful for |
|
| 60:30 | . So, um so this all to the adjusting the body's thermostat. |
|
| 60:38 | , the hypothalamus is your basic, thermostat. OK? And it operates |
|
| 60:43 | a set temperature. Ok. Um temperature much like if you're a bit |
|
| 60:52 | a cold spell, I mean, got too cold and you want to |
|
| 60:54 | home and you want to warm Obviously, you hit the thermostat, |
|
| 60:59 | ? Increase temperature. Ok. um your body responds to pyrogen in |
|
| 61:06 | similar way. Ok. So basically pyrogen are those microbes outside the |
|
| 61:14 | When they get into you, they endogenous pyrogen. OK. And so |
|
| 61:20 | 01 is short for uh and so is the actual agent that turns the |
|
| 61:30 | in. OK. So it works the hypothalamus. And so here, |
|
| 61:33 | example, all of us are about C plus or minus half a |
|
| 61:40 | maybe a degree. Ok. Um so preops will increase that, |
|
| 61:47 | So much like you're cold and you to get inside your apartment and crank |
|
| 61:51 | heat up. That's not gonna happen , right? It's still gonna be |
|
| 61:59 | until you, until that apartment temperature warm inside there. Right? So |
|
| 62:05 | , very similarly your body right? you're at that new set point, |
|
| 62:12 | ? You feel cold, it right? So your, your paros |
|
| 62:17 | cracked up. Where's that? But still not there yet, right? |
|
| 62:23 | still feel cold? Ok. um, so what happens? |
|
| 62:28 | as we all know, you get temperature, of course, you're not |
|
| 62:33 | car, right? Because you your body is not meant to be |
|
| 62:36 | at 30 8, 39 40 OK. Of course, you don't |
|
| 62:41 | good. But uh and typically what is you kind of oscillate a little |
|
| 62:46 | , you get the chill, you hot, cold, hot, |
|
| 62:49 | but you're kind of kind of went and forth. Ok. So as |
|
| 62:52 | go up and down, right, slightly elevating that you're slightly lowering it |
|
| 62:57 | little bit, maybe going from 39 maybe 40 to then be 38 a |
|
| 63:01 | or whatever kind of fluctuate. You're time between chills and cold, |
|
| 63:06 | Ok. So what's going on Ok. In terms of your |
|
| 63:12 | well, you are doing these three , right? So a temperature pathogens |
|
| 63:21 | your body like 37 degrees. So you're increasing temperature, slow down the |
|
| 63:26 | . Ok. So remember this thing talked about last time about buying, |
|
| 63:33 | fine. That, that idea, ? Buying time, right? By |
|
| 63:40 | time to do stuff, OK. do it. Pathogens do it. |
|
| 63:45 | ? A pathogen inside a cell is from the immune system. It's buying |
|
| 63:51 | . You slowing pattern and growth through , that's buying you time. So |
|
| 63:56 | immune system can recognize and and your immune system can respond, find |
|
| 64:01 | find the gen, do a right? Buying you time. And |
|
| 64:05 | increasing T cell activity will learn that types of T cells that kind of |
|
| 64:12 | the whole adaptive movement. So activating guys, uh those ones will bring |
|
| 64:19 | activate your whole adaptive immune system. then the other thing here kind of |
|
| 64:23 | to growth again, growth, This does of course, but so |
|
| 64:27 | that we talked about in chapter iron is a baby. In terms |
|
| 64:33 | things trying to grow in your you use it for multiple things, |
|
| 64:38 | love it. I it's all your blood cells, OK? It's how |
|
| 64:41 | find oxygen, but you also use in another way, right? Various |
|
| 64:46 | uh in your respiratory pathway, you ? So you have different uses for |
|
| 64:51 | . Uh So too does the infecting want that stuff? OK. And |
|
| 64:57 | they actually have and so uh lowering causing fever actually lowers the uh you |
|
| 65:06 | put a clamp on the iron And so it makes it very hard |
|
| 65:11 | confidence to get, get at but they actually have chemicals as well |
|
| 65:16 | bind iron. So it's kind of again, uh us versus them and |
|
| 65:21 | to get rid of uh get a of iron. And so in doing |
|
| 65:25 | doing this, of course, will growth as well. So temperature plus |
|
| 65:30 | them of the availability of nutrient. those will help slow the growth |
|
| 65:34 | Ok. So, um anyway, some point, you know, of |
|
| 65:38 | , you, you uh overcome the body but as that gets back to |
|
| 65:45 | and of course you're feeling better. . So, um any question about |
|
| 65:51 | fever or? Yeah. Yeah. , yeah, well, the temperature |
|
| 66:13 | that from is gonna be your habitat I never talk about even you can |
|
| 66:26 | high temperature fuels right now. I it's, it's all you going to |
|
| 66:33 | right. But you have that little that you talking about that could be |
|
| 66:38 | , it's all about, it's all as well. So maybe not really |
|
| 66:47 | football, maybe, maybe, not a lot of sense, but |
|
| 66:57 | into the nineties effectively. You What she did, I hope |
|
| 67:13 | Um let's say you activated cough. , yeah, you, I would |
|
| 67:21 | you can be in the wrong Um But yeah, I um like |
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| 67:34 | sure is, but you're gonna get All right. So I think we |
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| 67:52 | a question kind of wrap this up we'll talk. Um I'm only just |
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| 68:00 | do like a um overview. The slide of chapter 24 basically an |
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| 68:08 | So I'll just do that one far that. OK. Let me count |
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| 68:58 | here. All right. 43. . If you answered B you're |
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| 69:29 | OK. So uh that's either antibody compliment, right? They're not self |
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| 69:35 | , right? Um It's formed by complement, not mh C molecules, |
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| 69:46 | , anti antiviral, right? Not a cell. OK. All |
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| 69:52 | . So don't go anywhere it So here's a summary of the innate |
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| 69:59 | system defenses. OK? Um So talk a little bit about third line |
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| 70:10 | . OK. So here, of you're talking about. So you can |
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| 70:18 | that immune system in the two OK. Hum Vus. Some, |
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| 70:23 | think of those as extracellular pathogens, pathogens. OK. So uh B |
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| 70:32 | types, humor, immunity antibody OK. So we have B cells |
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| 70:40 | type uh that uh develop into. the whole vaccination thing is about forming |
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| 70:52 | but also forming memory cells. So don't produce antibodies, but they, |
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| 70:57 | basically a record of what they've responded before hand. So we see it |
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| 71:03 | , then these cells forming antibodies. . So you do both of these |
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| 71:11 | it's first time exposure, whether it's vaccination or dispute infection. Um And |
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| 71:18 | course, you find antibodies can't get of a cell and deal with the |
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| 71:22 | that they're gonna deal with that virus it's outside the cell. So it's |
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| 71:26 | pathogens. Ok? Now your um cells and let me just say |
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| 71:33 | when you start reading this in chapter it goes way more than and not |
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| 71:39 | give you the whole story here because know, you, I'm only talking |
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| 71:44 | most of the times you'll, that part of the process, but there's |
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| 71:48 | . OK? Um You can we offer immunology course if you really |
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| 71:52 | get into all of it. Uh I'm trying to just keep it, |
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| 71:56 | know, just keep kind of Let's go on. OK? But |
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| 71:59 | just another, there's more to it you get the basics, OK? |
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| 72:06 | that deal with like a different but a natural killer cell deals with infected |
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| 72:12 | . OK? That result is to get rid of the killer, basically |
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| 72:16 | the affected cell but it's still You call those to key cells, |
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| 72:24 | ? And then other T cells like we call T helper cells, |
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| 72:30 | And that's differentiating and some of these work with um um OK. B |
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| 72:41 | which is a type of an presenting , but they have their own specific |
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| 72:44 | helper cell type. OK? Um macrophages and dendritic cells work with T |
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| 72:51 | type ones and then you see differentiation the class type Mh C two. |
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| 72:58 | C one. So to T cells the body cells, right? Liver |
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| 73:03 | , skin cells, brain cells, tissue type cells that are affected, |
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| 73:10 | ? That's what these guys do. so uh so it's division of, |
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| 73:14 | labor, what's going on here with extra patterns in patterns and then activating |
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| 73:21 | cells of your immune system. So, uh so that's why T |
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| 73:27 | are really, we have their hands a lot of different aspects of the |
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| 73:33 | . OK. Very important. And , uh, and, and, |
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| 73:37 | , HIV, right, uh uh a specific type of these T helper |
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| 73:45 | and cell really devastates the immune system a result. So, um, |
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| 73:51 | right, that's it, folks. we'll pick it up |
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