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00:00 Back on track. All right, we're gonna finish up 13 and

00:06 um, usual stuff, right? have a lot of with this

00:11 uh, probably Monday. Um, next week, uh, the week

00:18 spring break, uh, on we finish up on the ninth and

00:25 the end of unit two. don't get two after, uh,

00:30 before we finish up next week. . Um So, uh,

00:37 you know, we covered this three , 3636, 13 and 14,

00:42 two. The essay is uh So a week from tomorrow, the

00:48 scheduler opens up for exam two. . So, uh 24. So

00:56 ways away, um, let's come . So we'll start unit three after

01:04 come back from spring break. uh, but none of that obviously

01:08 on the exam too. So, , uh, anyway, so that's

01:13 of what's coming up. Um, . So the, uh, let's

01:20 at a question to start with. . Uh Just kind of get

01:28 get our gears going, especially me uh look at this one.

01:32 So this diagram of a cell, cell, let's say, and this

01:37 kind of the Respi the processes in that we've been talking about. And

01:44 , uh let's see uh what we do here. So which one is

01:52 let me pause that briefly. what is this one? What's

01:58 All right. So this might be good uh self check uh To see

02:04 you remember about this. You you can put glucose on a piece

02:08 glucose and have co2 and water down . How much of it can you

02:14 in? Right? How much of do you know the process? Um

02:18 it might look something like this, ? So. Mhm So of

02:27 remember we're not, we're not having memorize all the reactions and all the

02:33 . It's more like stages of the , right? Um OK. Let's

02:40 count down here. Hm. And you see something like, although it's

02:47 applicable to this question. So the is like uh e whether, whether

02:51 the same, it's the same OK. Like the HS uh the

02:58 those are all represent each one represents same similar molecule. OK. So

03:10 cut out its 9876 21. So it is indeed uh Right.

03:25 , and you could, this is next one here is not a quicker

03:28 , but you can, you can on your own kind of this thing

03:33 move, you can figure out what's J G H F? All

03:37 other letters, right? So uh would be what P, right.

03:43 course, P uh what would the what might the ease be?

03:51 co2 carbon dioxide. OK. Um could be uh N A DH um

04:03 uh let's see. Uh H that's, that's an easy one.

04:06 are protons, right? Protons, proton gradients. Uh A is the

04:12 T P I, excuse me, A P A, right? This

04:18 uh this this would be AD P to A T P. So,

04:23 know, as a prep cycle. you know, just uh so knowing

04:27 stages of things as we went through time here, right? Uh And

04:33 I consider uh of course this 1234 terms of the stages in respiration,

04:42 ? Fermentation is kind of its uh separated on purpose because of course,

04:49 produces energy for those that use but it's separate in the context of

04:54 components that, that involve, We don't have uh ad P

05:01 we don't have a proton gradient that's with fermentation, right? Fermentation

05:08 right? Which we talked about last through this is the energy making part

05:13 fermentation is this right? Well, includes this, right. So

05:20 so that is, that's what pierces for, for nature, right?

05:25 so we gotta keep supplying uh of carbohydrate source or some other carbon source

05:34 N ad right, ad P and . So those three things. It

05:40 keep going on the again, And of course, we have to

05:44 keep resupplying that. Right? And that's what we do with Pate is

05:50 produce these small organic acids, alcohols that process is what it's, it's

05:56 re reduction of pyro bait that then the oxidation of N A DH to

06:02 reforming this. Right. So these of additional reactions occur, they are

06:08 are meant to resupply the N ad keep the whole thing running. In

06:14 . So um so you can just here from this diagram, I'm just

06:17 this in half, right? All the stuff if you will involved in

06:23 , like compared to fermentation, It's really a comparison. So um

06:30 again, knowing the state comes out , energy that's produced um the

06:37 right? This is what you should familiar with, OK with, with

06:40 process. And so today, um gonna go into, well, let's

06:47 go to the, let's complete this I mention it. Um OK.

06:52 we're gonna, so we ended with last time. So I remember P

06:57 back for so pyra bait is kind the fork in the row,

07:01 So depending on again, the capabilities the micro bacterium, uh what's available

07:07 for the conditions, right? Is , is there oh two present?

07:12 it, is there not 02 Uh is the proper terminal acceptor

07:18 OK. Um is it not? if you're in e coli you can

07:22 fermentation, restoration and her. So got three different ways you can

07:28 OK. Uh But, but regardless is kind of the, the,

07:33 , the decision point if you OK. And so we can go

07:38 respiration, aerobic or anaerobic going that or fermentation. OK. And

07:46 um so as we look, then now going to respiration route,

07:52 then goes into eventually goes into the T C A cycle, there's

07:56 three names, there's T C A , creb cycle, Citric acid

08:01 all referred to the exact same OK. And so the uh so

08:07 we go there, so stage two the pate oxidation to A OK.

08:14 so that begins with that. So the numbers here. So one

08:18 two P, ultimately two of these co A. OK. And so

08:26 do have some energy production here. A DH has formed a couple of

08:31 . Uh So, like I mentioned time that overall uh negative delta G

08:39 , which is what this is like respiration. But there are points at

08:46 figured as the, the at a point has to be energized to

08:51 get the ball rolling. So we're that, using that analogy,

08:56 And so we saw that in right? We had to put in

09:00 energy uh phosphorated glucose, right? so we, we, but we

09:05 that back plus more. Got a . Um So similarly, when we

09:10 down the prate rate, it's kind in a similar state, right?

09:13 now we have to energize that. so this, this is what the

09:18 A does, right? This molecule is derived from pantothenic acid. If

09:26 ever look on one of your cereal , if you'd like to eat

09:29 uh especially, or any kind of that they say are vitamin fortified,

09:34 typically your b vitamins, things involved respiration. And so panic acid is

09:39 of those. And so it's where A is synthesized from. And

09:44 but the point here is the squiggly , right? It's one of those

09:50 energy bumps that you see in a , OK. So if you,

09:55 can combine this code A to another , you're basically imparting that energy to

10:02 . OK. That's essentially what we're in forming. There's a high energy

10:06 there in forming the coal to do , right? So now we boost

10:10 up and now we can, we go into the creep cycle and we

10:13 some more energy back. OK? that's what happens. OK. The

10:19 cycle is one of those, they it central points in the town.

10:27 , but if you look at a chart, right, of all the

10:31 reactions going on in your body, ? You're gonna see arrows pointing to

10:38 and going away from it from the side, right? Because in involved

10:42 both metabolism. So things like uh , when one um uses proteins as

10:50 carbon source, an energy source, will funnel into the creb cycle.

10:55 you use fat as a carbon energy , it actually funnels into uh a

11:02 then goes into the creb. Um So, uh so of

11:09 glycolysis to uh goes into the crab . But so too, you have

11:16 building blocks, use things like oxo um su co A but these intermediates

11:24 are part of the crab cycle, are used to build stuff as

11:28 So it's both a part of anabolism catabolism. OK. Uh Very

11:34 And so um and so things like , different types of amino acids are

11:39 using crypto intermediates and other types of nucleotides, I think as well.

11:46 so, um and these kinds of I'm only telling you this just for

11:51 own information, but they call it amphibolic. It's an an amphibolic pathway

11:58 serve both anabolism and metabolism. And so uh so remembering the numbers

12:08 , right to A are formed for mole glucose. OK? Because you

12:15 look at it in, in two , right, in terms of energy

12:19 . OK. So here's your energy N A DH and this other carrier

12:24 the DH two, this one only up shows up here in the creb

12:28 . We don't see it elsewhere like do in a DH when it's

12:32 OK? You do have an A P form here. OK? And

12:37 that substrate level phosphorylation, right? it happens in a couple of

12:42 It happens here and it happens in glycolysis. OK? You form a

12:48 bit of A T P S this . OK. Uh So in terms

12:54 how you can look at this. per acetal, OK. So,

13:01 if you look at it per you're going through it twice because each

13:04 makes two acetal cos so when ace through one time, you're making

13:10 obviously twice, right? So you look at it as per glucose or

13:16 , and you're just doubling up the , right? So it's sort of

13:21 om 66 and ad 82 fa DH s and two A T P S

13:26 glucose. OK. And so remember and this is tallied up on the

13:31 slide, but you also have um an A DH from glycolysis and to

13:40 A DH from oxidation right here, up here. And so 6789,

13:48 , you're actually accumulate, you're accumulating things. 10 N A DH s

13:53 and you're gonna make some energy with , we'll talk about that next

13:58 But uh ultimately, these, these N A DH s and two fa

14:05 two s make a total of 30 A T P s altogether.

14:10 Much more than what you get like presentation. OK? And so um

14:16 course, the oxidation of, of is complete, right? It's all

14:20 to co2 here here and finally OK? And we're done with

14:27 OK? So co2 and water the product here. So uh and so

14:32 just tally up the what we've OK. So again, so when

14:40 see this, right, this this is the process of oxidative

14:44 right? That involves all of these . So in so the stage is

14:49 , right? 123 and four, called that four. And so here

15:00 the energy output in blue, These are the N E DH S

15:03 produced. OK? And fa DH S and so that's, that's the

15:09 source, of course, is this our example here. So the source

15:15 whatever the molecule is, that's being up here. OK. And they

15:23 that's the source of electrons, But remember that the glucose itself is

15:28 interacting with the electron transport chain, oxidizing it, right? And we

15:33 those energies and steps right here here here. So and so the N

15:41 eight then are formed as a result these oxidation as is fa DH two

15:46 then that supplies the electrons to the . And then remember they use that

15:53 pump out protons, right. So so again, this oxidative phosphorylation and

16:00 of course, they come down the T P A to produce lots of

16:04 . OK. So by comparison, substrate level phosph relation, right?

16:11 difference, right? Um Excuse um more than 8 to 1,

16:17 , in terms of where lack state pho relation gives you fermentation only relies

16:22 this when, when it gets from . OK. So two versus

16:28 So that's a big difference. So um the uh so what we're

16:36 Talk about kind of today and 14 um mostly focusing at least today on

16:44 of what's going on here in the of OK, providing electrons, the

16:52 that do this, right? And molecules that accept and kind of looking

16:57 evaluating both those things. OK? trying to combine, make the make

17:02 optimal combination of the two, Because it's all about electron flow,

17:08 ? But then en energy right to pump out these protons,

17:13 So that's kind of what we're looking in, in 14, beginning

17:17 So we use the term reduction right? So we'll go through

17:20 but that's kind of what we're looking uh uh when, when we get

17:24 that point. OK. So let's any questions for me? All

17:32 So uh let's look at this question . OK. So let me pause

17:40 you can take a read of OK. So these are some of

17:44 things you know, that should be with you. I want they're kind

17:49 the, on ideas lingo of, this, this topic? OK.

17:56 which statement is true? OK. , um, uh, uh,

18:04 right, way off the bat. gonna tell you B is not a

18:06 statement. B is not true. . Because it's not the source.

18:12 source is what was oxidized to make N AD. OK. So N

18:18 A is not the source, it's was it glucose? Was it a

18:24 that was the the start of the or whatever was being the source being

18:30 ? Right? So it's not an DH, right? So you can

18:33 um B as being a true right? So, Oh, the

18:47 going all right now from 28, . 10 9 32, right?

19:21 . So, well, we know uh this one's false. OK.

19:29 OK. Um oxygen becomes oxidized now becomes reduced, right? It forms

19:35 water. OK. So that one . OK. Um Para becomes reduced

19:44 you look away formation, no it oxidized to a um the pyro

19:51 can become reduced during fermentation. I , we can, we can see

19:54 during fermentation but not uh in the are in this process. Um in

20:01 to work glucose, glucose. it's it happens in the absence of

20:06 in China. Um permutation is the as anaerobic respiration. No.

20:14 None of these are true, So uh yes, fermentation is a

20:21 . OK. But it's nothing like , right? As soon as you

20:26 respiration you go oh uh up from chain A T P A S uh

20:32 gradients, et cetera. None of is part of fermentation. OK.

20:39 OK. So let's look at uh question. OK. This is about

20:48 . OK. Let's go back Let's see. So which one of

20:58 applies to fermentation? Oh, no problem. I meant to do

21:07 . So, yeah. Which one applier applies to fermentation? OK.

21:39 slowly count down here. General All right. Let's proceed.

22:00 And Or 99, we here 100 went down 198. All right.

22:09 a good number. Oh 100 snuck . OK. Uh Yes. And

22:16 two are, what's one of the ? That's true. A and B

22:27 N C? Yeah, that's A and C. So, um

22:33 . So that's, that's fermentation. question about this or the previous?

22:40 right. So, all right. our last bit here here on,

22:46 uh Chapter 13 is metabolism of aromatic . So I'm sure, you

22:51 aromatic compounds contain aromatic ring rings, benzene ring multiples of them typical

22:59 Um They found wood. OK. And so in general, uh as

23:08 as I know, bacteria are the ones that can eat aromatic compounds.

23:17 them down, get energy from OK? Aromatic compounds in general are

23:24 , toxic in small amounts. They they're very stable and are not easy

23:33 break down. And mainly because of aromatic ranks is why OK. The

23:41 and so the key to being able break this down is to break the

23:50 . Oh, hold on is to the ring. And once you can

23:55 that, then it's relatively easy to it down to the uh the components

24:01 feed it into the creb cycle or one of 11 of the stages

24:06 of the process that we've been talking . OK. So breaking that ring

24:10 the hard part. OK? So have picker enzymes that do this.

24:15 ? And the key and it turns the, see this is to add

24:19 and oxygen to the ring and that it amenable to degradation. Ok?

24:26 what do you find these things? you find the compounds in all kinds

24:31 crude oil for your gasoline and, other crude oil products? Um paints

24:37 dyes. Um the uh uh and course, you know, many of

24:44 things are often times parts of streams are let out knowing or unknowing as

24:51 . And uh so bacteria that do have been developed to uh for bioremediation

24:57 and they put them out in the to clean up these kinds of,

25:00 areas where these spills occur. Uh common one, uh relatively common is

25:06 gasoline stations that typically are, are longer in operation but the, the

25:12 that hold the gasoline are underneath the and are just kind of left to

25:17 . And sometimes these things kind of and brick and leak gasoline, which

25:22 get in the ground water, of can affect you. So, um

25:27 it often times these are areas where bacteria are used to, to bireme

25:32 clean up these areas uh or at enhance the growth of those that are

25:38 there to, to help do OK. Um And so these pathways

25:43 been extensively studied. They're actually uh not that complicated. There's only like

25:48 or five genes involved and these often on plasma. So there can be

25:53 between these members of these species. So here's an example of some aromatic

26:00 . Um the uh the pets, they, they have a common kind

26:05 molecule they get to and that's the . OK. This one right

26:11 So takes a slightly different detour going benzoate but it does still get into

26:18 . OK. So you're adding OK. So dioxin a enzymes or

26:26 do this? OK. And so are specific for the various amino

26:33 I mean um hermetic compounds. Each a aromatic compound that can be

26:39 hands particularly by A is associated with . And it basically adds oxygen and

26:46 that allows for the, so this kind of the the main molecule in

26:51 of uh common and the second one this, this right here where

26:57 this is the product of the ring , the mutate. OK. So

27:02 you get to that bam, it fairly quickly that components of the um

27:08 into the crept cycle or at some in the glycolysis respiration pathway.

27:15 Um The bacteria that do this um have adaptations to be able to one

27:24 in the presence of the aromatic compound it is toxic. Uh But two

27:30 these are also not very uh water . OK. So they produce these

27:37 surfactants. So your familiarity with these probably like uh carpet cleaners, they

27:43 like this foaming action to kind of with fire. It's kind of what

27:48 will do. It kind of helps to somewhat solubilized the um the airman

27:55 , so we can take it So, uh so those that do

27:58 and this is the big group Pseudo Moroto Coccus, especially Pseudomonas.

28:04 . Um That's been extensively developed and to have uh you know, multiple

28:11 for these various aromatic compounds and has used in these bi remediation purposes.

28:19 . Um OK. So this is more of the same here. And

28:25 again, to show you how um these products are funneled into uh CRE

28:33 or in the pate and so forth eventually the creb cycle. Uh And

28:39 you can have uh the difference here these dioxin aes is where it is

28:44 , attacking what position on the ring the 12 position or the 23.

28:51 . Don't, don't worry so much that. But um, so really

28:55 takeaway here is breaking the ring requires , adding it to it. The

29:01 is a nice enzyme to do And then once you break it

29:05 then the, the and the it be funneled into uh these pathways we've

29:12 talking about in respiration. OK? Any questions That's 13, OK

29:22 a little bit and focus on as mentioned before. So I always write

29:28 little diagram here to represent respiration, ? Like transport chain membrane that we

29:36 electron diner, right? And then her very basic uh terms except where

29:46 gets reduced donor gets oxidized, And so in this really what we're

29:51 be talking about for most of the rest of lecture is this OK?

30:00 of this getting the right combination of acceptor. OK. Our optimal

30:06 right? You wanna have molecules that good at giving up electrons, then

30:13 wanna have molecules that are good accepting and you can put that together,

30:17 you get energy production from that. ? And that energy is used of

30:22 to pump out protons to sustain that gradient. OK. And so of

30:29 , we as humans are somewhat limited what these can be for us,

30:36 ? So a a DH a a two oxygen except, right, the

30:43 can have a number of different options . They can have, of

30:46 all depends on the type of bacterium what you can do, uh,

30:51 the conditions and what's available to Ok. But they have options of

30:55 different donors and acceptor. OK. which ones you put together? It's

31:01 about the energetics, right? What's favorable? That's what, that's what

31:07 win. Ok? And that combination produce energy, right? Depending on

31:13 they are. Some, in some , not as much as other

31:17 OK. That's really in a What we're looking at here in as

31:22 start 14. OK. And so is just an example of, Of

31:28 so of course, we're talking about reactions, electron transfer and respiration and

31:33 of 14. And so here shows bacterium that I think we've been aware

31:39 for about 20 years or so. lately, it seems like um it's

31:46 more attention to it, agreement. navies are working on this as a

31:51 different aspects as have other biotech But what it is is a bacterium

31:57 backer that can actually conduct electricity OK. So we can use in

32:03 cases, same source right, acetate becomes oxidized. So that's the electron

32:09 donor. OK. There's electrons uh takes those uses some of it for

32:15 , but also shuttles them off to species, right? This is like

32:20 material here. OK. Uh And there are some like this guy here

32:29 has these appendages that actually is the materials like wires almost OK. And

32:36 will contact another species and then you'll transfer. So it's interspecies electron

32:43 OK. This is an example of we call Syn OK. Kind of

32:52 means feeding together, right? They're of eating together and uh geometric helps

32:59 electrons to the other species. And uses those to in this case,

33:04 co2 to methane or nitrate to And so you see these kind of

33:11 in nature, this is one kind sharing electrons, so to speak.

33:15 very interesting has some, there's a of different uh potential applications, everything

33:21 uh what you use here. So you can use as a way to

33:24 rid of waste, use that as source. And then uh so there's

33:29 lot of work on these things. I like this diagram here where it's

33:33 of just plugging into the wall, ? Um Anyway, so the point

33:38 is about electron transfer, right? so it's really about evaluating which molecules

33:44 good at giving them up, but are good at receiving them.

33:47 And so this is what reduction potential all about. OK. So just

33:52 recap, so we're kind of we're looking focusing really on this OK,

33:58 respiration, right? We talked about . OK. So both of these

34:02 using complex organic compounds and sources, ? So these are in the heterotrophic

34:07 or chemo organic troth group, same and in respiration, of course,

34:12 can have different acceptor aerobic anaerobic Um And then of course, all

34:18 parts associated with that, right, crab cycle and transport chain, et

34:24 . OK. So, uh and , so what we're focusing on is

34:31 this, all right. So these e which is reduction potential and there's

34:37 relationship between that and delta G, ? And so we're really looking at

34:42 of these here, OK? Because energy, right, what you use

34:48 , what you use on this side what you're using on this side,

34:52 ? It makes a big difference in of how much energy you'll get,

34:56 the flow and the energy translates directly how much of this you get,

35:03 ? And that proton motor force and ultimately how many of these you

35:09 right? So it all, it ties together, right? It all

35:12 together. OK. And so uh number one, this table confuses

35:21 It confused me my first thought. . So we're gonna try to break

35:26 down. OK. So number it's a, it's what we're doing

35:33 we're evaluating the ability of a molecule be a electronic sector evaluating in terms

35:44 um how well it does that, equates to um then it does,

35:50 function is it does it require energy do it or does it give off

35:55 ? Right. So it's, it's ranking really? So focus on number

36:01 , focus on the pink column. ? Number one, focus on the

36:06 colum only right now. And so a ranking of worst to best.

36:17 . Best, right? And so The Best. OK. Co2 the

36:30 . OK. Um Now the, now looking at it in the context

36:39 the actual value of reduction potential, . What does the, what does

36:43 worst have? Well, the the worst has is a negative,

36:47 A negative number. The best has positive number. OK. And that

36:53 to also to delta G. So you can see negative value of

37:01 potential, positive delta G right? energy input to use CO2 as a

37:08 . OK? And it is used an acceptor. What is it used

37:12 an acceptor? Due to what as by this group? Plants Algae,

37:21 ? Co2. fixation, right? electric, that's co2 being accepted,

37:27 reduced. All right, two glucose other organic quants. OK. So

37:34 can't even though it's the worst, ? That means you gotta put a

37:37 of energy input. Where's the energy from? Not that but the

37:43 right? So uh so even the can it can work, right?

37:50 provide enough energy for it. Um it does work, right? Because

37:54 didn't have plants doing our things. , it wouldn't be much good for

37:59 . OK. So anyway, back the best. All right. So

38:05 , the pink column, we're looking molecule ability to be a good

38:09 We we're calling good donor. I'm , good accepter, good accepter.

38:16 coming good acceptor. The one that typically just release energy. OK?

38:20 that's what you want. You want maximize that. So I kind of

38:25 in the head of the text I here but let's just look at

38:28 Uh So you can have strong you got weak donors, strong

38:33 weak except OK, so a strong is you're gonna be a weak accepter

38:40 vice versa, right? So there's ways to think about this. Um

38:45 gonna give you two or three uh whatever one works for you.

38:50 So um so the other thing to to, to think about is it's

38:58 pairs, we call these redox OK. So if we look uh

39:03 just highlighting this one here, And that's bracketed or boxed.

39:10 So we have, that's this one here. Of course, this one

39:14 here. So we have two right? We have the H

39:18 We have the age two. They're a part of that part, a

39:23 of that. So H plus the , I'm sorry, acceptor H plus

39:28 acceptor, right? You see that here, acceptor see electrons becomes H

39:35 , right? Horrible in that right? Horrible because it's a positive

39:41 G, right? You gotta put into it. But OK, what

39:45 if we look at it from a perspective, what about not as a

39:50 but as a donor? OK, we have to look at this

39:54 OK? Here's the door. So I'm gonna do that.

40:00 we have to go in this You got to reverse it. The

40:07 rich H two oxidizes to protons and . OK? And when we do

40:15 , your first reaction, then you're slip the signs. OK? The

40:21 4 20 becomes plus four, the plus 81 delta U becomes the minus

40:28 right? So you can see why would call that a strong donor then

40:36 , compared to H plus Member of pair as an acceptor. Thumbs down

40:43 H two part, the boer thumbs . OK. So, and that's

40:49 for all of these pairs, In one roll, it's good in

40:53 role, it's bad typically or you , somewhere in the middle.

40:58 So uh eight oh two strong right? Very high negative delta

41:06 OK? Oh Two would be a , the 02 H2O pair,

41:12 Let me see it. So here , acceptor donor. OK. And

41:19 um so if we look at, we already mentioned about the delta

41:27 right? So F is, I the fa constant E is the reduction

41:34 and N is the number of OK. So there's that correlation.

41:40 generally positive reduction potential, negative delta OK. So what we try to

41:47 is to combine strong delta strong OK. And generally, it's not

41:54 two of these things because the electronic chain has multiple components. So you

41:58 of line them up, strong strong acceptor. OK, or to

42:04 stronger acceptor. And so here there's gonna be a bit of repetition

42:11 . So again, the way to about this, right? So if

42:13 look at a more positive reduction potential that reducing the acceptor. OK.

42:24 and that's in other words, more reduce that right? Gets more

42:32 OK? A more negative value of , right? This one on the

42:38 , right. It means if you the donor, this guy,

42:45 So H two that's gonna be and negative delta G OK. So oxidizing

43:00 donor uses more energy. So for given pair, basically what it's saying

43:07 one is a better donor, one's better accepter and evaluated in the context

43:13 negative delta G giving off energy. ? Because ultimately, when you think

43:18 it, that's what you've got to back to this again. So donor

43:27 her, this the choice of these things has to produce energy because you

43:35 that energy to maintain the proton right? So you gotta have energy

43:41 produced, right? So you wanna as best one can have favorable combinations

43:47 donor acceptor to make that happen. . Um And so again, as

43:54 , as I mentioned here, Uh redox couples, right? There's

43:59 donor and except form there. And this this happens to be this process

44:09 here. Aerobic oxidation of hydro is , is a very common among bacteria

44:15 good reason using a lot of right? E coli can do

44:20 right? Um Other types of bacteria do this. It's a way to

44:24 energy. Um but lots of it H two is not an uncommon raw

44:32 to get a hold of because it's a a product of fermentation. So

44:37 bacteria of course, all live amongst other and whatnot. And so of

44:41 , there may be some fermentation going , more likely a two will be

44:44 and it can put that to OK. So um it's actually something

44:49 talk about next week, it's called . So lots of it, it's

44:54 it's in different forms and see this different forms. And so we'll talk

44:58 that more next week. But regardless now it's combining strong donor and strong

45:05 . And again, these things are , right? You can add these

45:09 up and of course, you're gonna a very nice negative delta G

45:15 And so again, more of the , right? N A N A

45:20 D eight. So even N ad an acceptor, right? Takes energy

45:26 now. You have to remember, know how we can manipulate delta

45:31 right? You can manipulate product uh ratios. Um uh you can uh

45:39 also remember that these are parts of A DS involved with other enzymes.

45:43 so that, that too can uh though it's slightly not great in terms

45:49 energy input, that can balance it by having an enzyme be involved,

45:55 or reactive product ratios can affect So obviously, we do um we

46:00 reduce N ad and make N A S as we've seen in respiration.

46:05 But certainly N A DH as a is very good. OK. And

46:11 we couple that with aerobic, Aerobic respiration. Again, you get

46:16 lot of this is what usually happens us, right? This is what

46:20 in our mitochondria. So we have lot of energy and that's used to

46:24 that proton gradient. OK. all right. So let's, so

46:31 see if how if you can make evaluation, OK. Based on being

46:36 data and then we'll, we'll go it. OK. So here's the

46:43 . So c could bacterium obtain energy uh ate as a donor, electron

46:53 and nitrate, you know, three as electronic acceptor. OK. So

46:59 kind of goes through the same logic been going through here. We that

47:06 and so again, uh we're, not, we're somewhat limited in what

47:11 can use in terms of donor et . But bacteria have a lot of

47:15 typically. And so, um this certainly be a scenario right, where

47:20 may find itself and, and what's and trying to combine, right?

47:26 obviously it doesn't have a brain making decisions. It's all about bioenergetics,

47:30 ? What's energetically favorable? OK. so it may not always be the

47:37 optimal combination, but as long as get a negative delta G out of

47:44 , that's what you get, that's you do. OK? So let's

47:51 down. OK. 3 2 OK. So if we take

48:12 so I kinda like to do it more basic than what you like to

48:19 . But uh let's just kind of piece by piece here. So I

48:22 kind of set the thing problem So we are uh evaluating sate as

48:28 donor, right? So it's gonna uh oxidized, giving up electrons um

48:37 then nitrate at the end received OK. So that's our combination.

48:43 we didn't have to do the reverse , right? So we're evaluating SU

48:46 a donor. So we're gonna reverse , which means the sign gonna change

48:54 ? Here in here. So of , now it becomes a negative,

49:00 positive delta G. You go Wait, is this really gonna work

49:03 not? Right? So remembering that is all additive, right? I

49:07 add it all up. So our which is actually pretty good. All

49:11 . So that's gonna give us still net positive delta I I, I'm

49:16 , reduction potential. And according to negative delta G, so theoretically,

49:21 , it can happen. OK? again, you know, you

49:26 in the, in the, in the environment where the back here

49:29 faced with, you know, you, it may not be

49:33 so suck wouldn't be the optimal but that's all you got and you

49:37 respond with nitrate but then you make work. OK. So it just

49:42 on what it can do. And obviously these are all, I

49:45 this is all uh enzyme media. the nitrate has to have the enzyme

49:50 do this obviously. But the E for example, can utilize a number

49:55 different donors and acceptor. OK. it just all depends. Is there

50:01 question about this? So yeah, answer is yes, which but overwhelmingly

50:05 answered correctly. OK. But is any question? OK. So,

50:11 you'll see a question like that on quiz. So here's another one this

50:16 kind of about it's more so about terms, make sure you understand the

50:21 stronger donor versus stronger acceptor, this of thing. So take a

51:16 OK. OK. T 54. . So um the two of these

51:46 probably should be fairly straightforward just by directly off the table right, without

51:51 anything which is a right requires energy reduce N E D, well,

51:56 pretty obvious. Right. So that's true. OK. The nitrate is

52:02 better terminal acceptor than N E D you can kind of read that as

52:08 . Right. Uh, it's a positive reduction potential, right.

52:14 that's a good trait in acceptor, ? Much better than this.

52:18 So that's true. So the one we have to do a little more

52:22 on is B, right? And DH is a stronger donor than

52:27 OK? So that requires doing OK. So again, we're looking

52:33 this as a, as a right? I don't wanna, you

52:37 the heading here, I just don't you to get that confused here.

52:40 looking here as a donor. So so N A DH as a donor

52:48 versus nitrate as a donor, So we've flipped the signs,

52:52 And so we see that um the night right here, right? A

53:07 N is, I'm sorry, looking this one, read the wrong

53:09 OK. And N is a stronger , right? So you can see

53:13 um and the difference in uh delta , right? That this would be

53:22 as well. OK. So um uh and another way to think of

53:31 is, is um well, I'm , that's gonna be too confusing.

53:37 I think if you, if it's right, I hope it's not

53:41 I mean, it's uh the whole thing, right? It boils down

53:47 which gives you the, which gives a good negative delta G.

53:51 And in some cases, it's it's the donor form that does that

53:56 that's better. In some cases it's acceptor form. OK? So generally

54:00 good acceptor are gonna have positive reduction . OK? So any questions about

54:08 ? All right. So the correct here is actually they're all true.

54:13 . So um there's a couple of of this in homework, a couple

54:19 different examples on black work crews. uh you should feel comfortable with

54:26 I hope. OK. So do have any questions? Let me

54:29 All right, but as you're doing on your own, you have

54:33 Certainly email will come by right. uh let's look at kind of the

54:40 of the process um referring to electron for chain. So the kind of

54:47 that are in these um uh systems um mine is containing metals, the

54:59 , the metal atom is what kind brings about the uh electron transfer and

55:07 . So iron is very common. zinc, copper, OK, are

55:12 in these. And so these tend be very big complexes. So a

55:17 group with the aromatic uh rings here well. But then always typically a

55:24 nonpolar part because these things are stuffed membranes, remember. OK. And

55:30 these cytochrome have just such a OK. Very large multi protein component

55:37 structures. Um also very common are we call iron sulfur proteins are often

55:43 in these transfers as well. Um uh small organic co factors. So

55:50 are kind of the shuttle molecules that electrons back and forth between these larger

55:56 , which I and so again, arrangement of these right is um strong

56:02 . So we're increasing reduction potential. we're going more positive going this

56:11 OK. So progressively stronger and stronger that are better at grabbing electrons.

56:19 ? And of course, that's what want because that's what maintains flow.

56:23 . And of course, remember that energy, right, the delta negative

56:28 G here that's used to pump the up. OK. So that's what

56:36 feeling. So this is aerobic respiration could be anaerobic respiration, the same

56:40 it's gonna be occurring. OK? um here it kind of shows you

56:46 graphic of E coli right on the condition. So the thing to remember

56:52 is that uh they can, they change the components that are in this

56:56 are in the uh electron transfer system on environmental conditions, what's available to

57:03 . So we can switch different. But of course, you know,

57:08 a restoration, our preparation period that gonna have um the the processes that

57:17 the uh electronic carry molecules that go the site, right? So you're

57:21 oxidize the source, right? Carry F H two as well. The

57:28 component is the N A DH D . It's very large multi protein

57:34 Uh you because obviously it's a a protein, you can uh receive electrons

57:39 also has that dual capability that can protons. Right. So the electron

57:45 and pumping proteins, right, these the small organic molecules quinones that between

57:53 large components. And this is the oxidase, right. Again, large

57:59 multi protein complex. The uh the so depending on the conditions of this

58:08 oxidase can change whether it's this is one that interacts with oxygen for aerobic

58:14 . There will be others that it uh utilize for other internal acceptor and

58:19 coli and R can, can can ferment can be respired. So

58:25 will have a variety of different enzymes do to do this with and it

58:29 change pretty much on the fly depending what's going on now. OK.

58:35 um so uh of course not, you can see it here. So

58:40 that, you know these transfers, transfers energy, these this proton.

58:48 it was left to kind of fill out and is the nature of the

58:54 mode of force, right? We discussed, you know, the energy

58:57 provided the energy for that these electron and then the A T P A

59:03 and a little bit about how that . Uh the other. So

59:10 I actually am going to uh do stop right. Uh And that's what

59:18 saying. Please stop. All And I will, I'll, I'll

59:22 . So I, my 1130 we finished a little early as

59:27 So that's all right. We got , we'll save it for next time

59:31 have a good weekend. Folks. you, Tuesday

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