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00:00 | Yeah. Welcome back. It's neuroscience 16. Where last? At the |
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00:06 | off. At the end of last , we introduced, uh, structures |
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00:13 | the central nervous system, and we discussing different planes and cuts in which |
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00:20 | is typically either termed after the structures after different locations. And in the |
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00:28 | you have interior rostrum on the You have posterior coddle dorsal we know |
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00:35 | the back and the ventral. We're . Quartile is more like a |
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00:40 | and eventual is the front medial is the midline is and lateral is, |
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00:46 | further away you are from the These cuts the Russell two caught all |
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00:53 | . This cut will generate a mid cut which you see here in see |
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00:57 | . And this is ah, cut the red brain. Horizontal costs will |
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01:02 | along the horizon, and coronal cost be transparent or for particular to the |
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01:10 | cuts or from particular thio to the brain structures. And so you can |
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01:15 | that animals like rodents the brain doesn't abandoned it would typically have in humans |
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01:22 | humans from the brainstem. This spinal would bend downwards because we're standing on |
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01:29 | legs, but nonetheless you would still the dorsal and in the dental anatomy |
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01:35 | well as the interior. Ross where the head is cardinal with the |
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01:41 | , is so cerebrum on, Sir Hemispheres process information from the contra |
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01:50 | Either censor coming in or out puts information counter laterally. Cerebellum, which |
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01:56 | involved in motor control, is influencing motor function. Ipsa laterally brains Town |
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02:04 | where major connections between cerebellum and cerebral cerebral and cerebellum and the spinal cord |
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02:12 | on. Brainstem is responsible for some vital body functions. Nuclei in the |
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02:19 | are involved for heart trained for control, consciousness, control of body |
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02:27 | and we'll learn. It's also decide most of the cranial nerves originate. |
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02:32 | 12 cranial nerves that will discuss We don't have much time to discuss |
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02:38 | peripheral nervous system, the somatic the visceral. But just so you |
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02:44 | that there is a whole peripheral nervous visceral, which is autumn gnomic and |
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02:51 | internal organs, blood vessels and glands autonomic nervous system is potentially ask complex |
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03:00 | the central nervous system and the interactions the C. N s and the |
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03:04 | . N s somatic and visceral This is really strong. However, |
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03:10 | don't have time in this course to discussing this on Ng's, on the |
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03:16 | hand, are very important because this protection off the soft tissue that plays |
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03:24 | the Serie broom. And so we three types of meninges, the dura |
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03:28 | . It stands for Hard Mother, Iraq noid like numb brain. |
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03:36 | that hovers from the dura dura matter extends downwards. And then the PM |
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03:43 | , which surrounds and is most closely id with underlying brain tissue. |
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03:51 | uh, if you were talking about the concept that we discussed at the |
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03:57 | off the brain trumpet nations, we that those were performed repeatedly to gain |
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04:04 | underneath the skull. And so it's possible that, for example, you |
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04:09 | an injury thio to the brain or have an injury to the blood vessel |
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04:15 | that injury could be internal or it be external. Internally, you could |
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04:20 | potentially as small leak or small, , aneurysm. That leaks out the |
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04:28 | and you form a subdural hematoma or would be essentially accumulation of blood and |
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04:37 | beginning off the coagulation off the fluid something harder on drying out the fluids |
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04:47 | coagulated blood turns it into kind ah, even harder substance, which |
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04:52 | can start and binging on the brain and could be causing a lot of |
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04:59 | . And so subdural hematomas, potentially blood, um, accumulation underneath the |
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05:08 | matters of dearly were potentially one of reasons why Brain Trumper nations were originally |
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05:15 | . Iraq Noid refers to spider like that extends from the dura matter subdural |
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05:22 | into this. What we call Iraq space and subarachnoid space and then p |
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05:29 | . Is the general matter. The that the dura matter is pretty hard |
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05:34 | it's pretty hard to penetrate on BPM much software. It's surrounding the surface |
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05:40 | the brain and between the meninges in cerebrospinal fluid, which is bathing the |
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05:48 | . You have a significant amount of on bond. This ventricular system that |
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05:54 | discussed early on was thought to be the main, most important part of |
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06:00 | brain, and it is in some because it provides the brain with cerebrospinal |
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06:07 | , so the fluid that bathes the on brain bathes the spinal cord. |
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06:12 | C N s is generated in these special places in the lateral ventricles in |
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06:19 | brain called the called the Cory And so there's new amount of CSF |
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06:26 | generated constantly, and it's constantly circulating the subarachnoid space and constantly bathing the |
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06:35 | . N s and the spinal and it is being drained out a |
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06:42 | levels throughout the day. So you again this very important ventricular system and |
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06:49 | will provide the nutrients and will provide lot of very important molecules, as |
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06:58 | as cushioning to the brain and in sense of fluid surrounding the brain. |
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07:05 | , what can happen if you have production off through respondent fluid is you |
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07:10 | have a NAB normal, typically developmental that's called hydrocephalus. I just sampled |
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07:19 | happens rarely in infants, and if early, it is typically treated by |
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07:29 | off a tube or needle through the the hole in the skull, insertion |
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07:36 | that needle with a drainage tube and drainage tube eyes introduced into the peritoneal |
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07:46 | . And here, um, basically the cavity into your abdominal cavity parent |
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07:55 | nearly with extra length So you wind the cord because if this is a |
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08:01 | hydrocephalus, which chronic hydrocephalus accumulates it has to be constantly drained. |
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08:07 | here It also says that these tubes be with extra length to allow for |
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08:11 | , and the child is the child developing early on and growing. What |
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08:17 | if you do not treat hydrocephalus and do not to drain the fluids? |
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08:27 | the fluids Start expanding The ventricles and ventricle start pushing on the cortical tissue |
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08:40 | , and the cortical tissue gets damaged typically shows some thinning and the cortical |
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08:50 | . Because during the development, the of soft the cortical tissues as this |
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08:56 | and the ventricles expands like a balloon the cortical tissue thins out and grows |
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09:03 | it. But it also starts pushing skull plates outside and deforming the skull |
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09:13 | causing this abnormal 11 was equated alien head, life looking shape. |
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09:25 | again, hydrocephalus. This is I have a question. Could brain |
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09:32 | nations have been used in hydrocephalus And that is also a likely |
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09:39 | especially if we detect some of these nations and in the young skulls and |
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09:46 | Children's skulls. Now, the other about, uh, once once there's |
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09:55 | much pressure and build up, it's really not good. So it has |
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10:00 | be constantly. Drain doesn't have and you have to know that damage |
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10:05 | the brain to infants brain from sometimes you would imagine a not a very |
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10:13 | trauma but could turn into Hi, shuffle us. And so I've experienced |
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10:21 | in the pediatric. I see you a parent was visiting and experienced nearby |
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10:32 | the room, a case off hydrocephalus was induced by a father who was |
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10:41 | his baby infant baby. And it's called the shaken baby syndrome. It |
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10:51 | often when parents are so frustrated or on babies crying uncontrollably, frustrating their |
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11:01 | human mawr, where that kind of , rapid shaking behavior of an infant |
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11:06 | actually result in the damage in the . In the case of hydrocephalus, |
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11:11 | that particular father was led away from hospital in handcuffs. Unfortunately, and |
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11:18 | child had a very severe form of and remained in the P I. |
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11:26 | u, at least for four days I was doing visitations so that's something |
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11:34 | consider again. That especially during the , could be some abnormal developmental disorder |
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11:42 | abnormal fluid production causing hydrocephalus. But is also obviously can be evoked and |
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11:50 | by physical traumas. Well, so the early development and you can see |
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11:57 | a lot of things happening. But now, we're looking at the |
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12:01 | very early development how the originally the . N s forms. We talk |
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12:07 | the neuro to wall, and we about the new relation process. Your |
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12:14 | process is a process, but which form. Neural tube would have three |
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12:21 | on the Durham, the Massoud ERM the actor Durm in this developing, |
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12:27 | um uh, fetus. And so the middle of it, you have |
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12:34 | there all played and so you can this cut sort of a through middle |
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12:39 | the neural plate, and you can at it here. Down below, |
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12:44 | can see the actor Durham. You see the neural played here in |
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12:48 | and you can see these in purple pink, these developing so minds. |
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12:56 | , uh, shortly after you have formation of this neuro played, this |
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13:01 | plate starts folding in and these air neural falls that are shown here, |
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13:08 | to form the neural groove and the do Durham, uh, becomes the |
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13:17 | of internal organs in the viscera, Messiah Durham becomes the skeleton, the |
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13:24 | and muscles, and the actor derm nervous system and skin. So from |
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13:32 | pleura potency perspective or stem cell uh, nervous system cells or somewhat |
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13:40 | simulant to skin cells, So just quite interesting. Um, this is |
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13:46 | to coddle. Once you have the proper Sameh information of the neural |
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13:51 | you have the formation of this neural here in green, and you have |
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13:56 | emergence off the Selma's. And on of that neural tube, you have |
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14:00 | neural crest. Um, neural crest the peripheral nervous system. Neural tube |
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14:10 | the central nervous system, and the mice around becomes vertebral column on the |
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14:18 | muscles surround the vertebral column on the . So this whole process of the |
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14:27 | major tissue layers under Durmus Kadir Muktar developmentally folding into neural tube Onda, |
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14:37 | CNN's from neural to PNS from neural vertebral columns and skeletal muscles from the |
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14:44 | mines these air the images off the relation neural tube formation. And in |
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14:53 | rare cases you can have a mis , which is again, it's very |
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15:00 | . It's one and thousands that you have a developmental brain disorder. So |
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15:07 | you think about this system of cells once the code is initiated, this |
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15:16 | the two formation and as you'll see sophisticated development of different brain structures happens |
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15:23 | its own, it's a code that you start to code, you start |
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15:29 | through the neural to information and in instances, rare instances. If you |
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15:36 | abnormal neural to information, you can up with anencephaly, where you will |
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15:43 | missing the raw stroll part the All part of the off the neural |
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15:48 | will somehow be damaged. There will form properly, causing in the lack |
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15:53 | the cerebral cortex and, um, Z impossible for for survival. And |
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16:02 | some other instances that you may have about, you can have an improper |
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16:09 | at the Ross that the codel at tail end of the cardinal and off |
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16:15 | neural tube, and you could potentially an abnormal formation of the spinal cord |
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16:23 | Asians out of the vertebral column that called spina bifida and spina bifida is |
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16:31 | treatable their disorder that can be treated on. Immediately, a zit is |
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16:41 | . So these primary these primary and calls his primary vesicles in the roster |
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16:48 | the cardinal part are present. The forebrain, Mesen, sufferer Membrane |
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16:54 | Robin Cephalon are hiding brain and and forebrain, these primary of bicycles, |
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17:02 | differentiate. So now it's the process differentiation. How these neural tube structure |
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17:12 | forming more sophisticated, anatomically more sophisticated . Four. Brain. You have |
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17:20 | into the tele NSA. Folic vesicles become Helen Cephalon cerebral cortex, and |
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17:27 | have dying Cephalon Dance. Cephalon will columnists and high pathology MERS. You |
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17:33 | four grand. You have optics vesicles out here. This will be up |
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17:39 | , and you have the optic stock an optic cup protruding out of the |
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17:47 | , which will essentially formed the retina the eye. And that's why |
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17:53 | as I mentioned in the optometry is also a neuroscientist because retina it's |
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18:00 | a part of the central nervous and it is one of the major |
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18:05 | organs. Of course. In the and below, you have midbrain and |
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18:10 | downtown with coral regions. You have hind brain, the secondary Vasa |
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18:16 | Then keep differentiating even further. The stuff along you can see below telling |
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18:23 | along. Now, these bulbs that telling stuff along bulbs sin out and |
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18:29 | have the ventricles in below. And have the dying cephalon and start separating |
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18:37 | starts forming two bombs. One of , uh uh, bumps. And |
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18:43 | air the two lateral ventricle. So is the third ventricle, and then |
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18:47 | fourth ventricle will be going into the canal into the spinal cord. And |
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18:53 | you have from the talent stuff along of cerebral cortex and information of six |
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18:59 | of cerebral cortex and further differentiation, dying south along into thala. Most |
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19:06 | the hypothalamus hypothalamus is hypo is underneath , and it shows a very significant |
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19:15 | that connects the two hemispheres Corpus This is how the information between the |
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19:21 | hemispheres process by two hemispheres is being between the two hemispheres as well as |
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19:28 | shows massive structures coral, the internal and these air. The major um |
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19:37 | and processes that connect the columnist to cortex and from cortex back into the |
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19:43 | us through this internal capsule. This where you would have a lot of |
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19:47 | white matter cortical white matter that is surrounded by a cortical gray matter. |
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19:53 | all of these projections from the sub regions from the columnist from the cortex |
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19:59 | the column is, um, from foul. Most of the cortex, |
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20:02 | , I eliminated accents. That's why referred to as cortical white matter that |
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20:07 | through this major bundle of fibers called internal capsule. So if you look |
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20:14 | the brain ship enterprise, you have talent cephalon that stuff along medicine stuff |
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20:21 | , which is midbrain than you have differentiation to rum and stuff on hind |
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20:26 | and spinal cord. If you look the everything here is coded in |
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20:32 | so telling Cephalon becomes cortex, Basil, telling Cephalon, which is |
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20:38 | ganglia and also factory bulbs, part the olfactory smell system that Diane Cephalon |
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20:48 | and the follow MSM hypothalamus, the Cephalon on Mitt Brian further differentiates and |
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20:55 | him. Text him is the and underneath you have taken mountain. |
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21:01 | , so this is this is now looking at the door silly, or |
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21:04 | roof is detect. Um, to is located eventually. We're looking at |
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21:08 | brain stem on the back of the stem. You have further differentiation of |
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21:13 | brain into cerebellum and pawns and medulla gotta. Okay, so this this |
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21:24 | are now differentials into cerebellum. Robin palms on the dual oblong gotta |
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21:31 | Then the cielo is extension of the cord that will be running into the |
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21:37 | . You have the two lateral ventricles and right, One and two, |
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21:42 | third ventricle. That was illustrated going into the dance of Fillon IQ |
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21:48 | . And you have the fourth ventricle into brainstem. And finally, the |
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21:53 | canal, which will supply CSF to spinal cord. Now, if you |
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22:00 | at the brain ship Enterprise brain ship man versus rat, there is, |
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22:06 | , very interesting similarities. But there's significant differences and similarities. Are that |
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22:14 | major brain structures? So they're the . So there served Allen. Is |
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22:20 | the spinal cord? Uh, the brainstem regions. All of these |
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22:26 | in there, The major major major . How big? A certain |
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22:32 | So you don't see these massive olfactory you see in rodents in humans, |
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22:37 | olfactory bulbs are right here. These little dots over here. Carol Factory |
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22:44 | . So this is how much space our brain is directed toward direct sensory |
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22:51 | of smell. Girl factor brains. is how much of the total brain |
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22:56 | and this is how much of the brain space and rats is located for |
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22:59 | factories. Huge. All right, , also, we have a lot |
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23:06 | salsa and a lot of gyre I so we have these edges and groups |
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23:11 | we have increased surface area and increased and layering. Um, that's compared |
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23:19 | more primitive species we have. Of , you will have the same in |
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23:24 | , but in humans, it's the lobe that is separated from parietal lobe |
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23:29 | a central sulcus exhibit a load in back of the brain temporal lobe by |
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23:33 | temple, the cerebellum in the back the brain, and these air. |
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23:37 | have been tra ventricle shown in three . The lateral ventricles, the third |
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23:43 | the fourth ventricles, the third ventricle the Don Cephalon, the fourth |
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23:49 | the brainstem and the spinal canal, , extension into the spine, supplying |
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23:58 | spinal cord. Corn taxes, the of reasoning and cognition on DSO. |
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24:06 | brain stem would be supplying most of vital body functions. Of course, |
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24:10 | them you cannot be alive. You be conscious, conscious, but evolutionarily |
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24:17 | stone developed first and only later. complex structures such as cortical structures and |
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24:26 | with the latest structures have developed. in this primordial human somehow brainstem |
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24:34 | potentially sufficient in love with some very structure off the brain, Thio let |
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24:41 | survive and neocortex. The talents of new cortical six layers is the latest |
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24:48 | in the human evolution, and it still ah, part of the ongoing |
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24:54 | experiment. Uh, see, in , cerebral cortex. If you look |
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25:00 | , it has a lot of and it is quite developed. Here's |
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25:05 | favorite parameter, all cells with their , ical den drives projecting their optical |
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25:10 | into the surface off the cerebral And you can even look at the |
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25:16 | brain here. Whoa, there's a olfactory balls. All gators do is |
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25:22 | around for food eso Most of the tissue here is dedicated to this sensor |
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25:30 | thio smell, but it will have cells and similar even structures and maybe |
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25:37 | similar layers. Two rats, And this is a missile stain that |
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25:43 | the, uh um overall cross section , um sorry, Corona Lee section |
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26:01 | Corona section. A lot of times call cross section. So this is |
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26:06 | the coronal section off the brain and will start learning more and more about |
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26:13 | parts of this brain and how to them. So you have the New |
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26:17 | cortex here that has six layers that the hippocampus here that has one prominent |
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26:22 | , and this is missile stain. if you recall, missile stain will |
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26:26 | , all neuron is and all of , all cells, but it will |
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26:30 | necessarily highlight. Their process is very so it is very good for the |
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26:36 | side of architectural er and organization, , to reveal the anatomical organization of |
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26:44 | parts of the brain. And we now look into what this hour brain |
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26:53 | here, which are labeled ascribe Indian areas. And we're gonna take a |
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26:59 | pillock of the cortex from the frontal from the motor cortex parietal of temporal |
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27:07 | from the primary visual cortex. And we're seeing here is, in every |
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27:15 | we take a little plug of this . We have six layers, so |
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27:19 | Stain allows us to distinguish this 66 . And then if we have a |
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27:26 | of missile stain, which is shown the middle of which you will stay |
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27:29 | all of the cells, and the with the Golgi stain, which will |
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27:33 | the process, is now we can more precisely the anatomy and the connectivity |
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27:40 | these different neuronal components. You can that the thickness of the New York |
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27:46 | is different between the prefrontal association area versus the parietal association cortex shown |
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27:54 | But there's still six layers, and still similar types of cells and connectivity |
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28:00 | exists there. Then, finally, reveal the axonal connectivity. We have |
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28:06 | third type of stain, and that's Weigert stain and Weigert stain stains |
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28:11 | so missile stain stains all of the here in the middle, on the |
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28:17 | , globally stained picks up on the fraction. A few percentages of all |
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28:22 | the neuron. Zand stains them throughout of their processes. Weigert staying on |
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28:28 | a hand stands only accents, and can see these example bundles running both |
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28:35 | a columnar fashion and running horizontally across layers and the laminar or layer like |
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28:44 | , isn't it? So neocortex is found in mammals. It has a |
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28:51 | specific organizations of inputs and outputs because the specific six layer organization 123456 layer |
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29:05 | . You have certain function, and have certain predisposition to how we process |
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29:15 | information based on anatomy structure and the off these networks, which in the |
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29:23 | determined the function processing capabilities of sensor . Finally, the motor out but |
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29:30 | language of the physical form of activity or writing or anything else and column |
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29:40 | structure so laminar structures that we have six distinct new cortical layers column there |
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29:46 | that we have columns that we have that is very specific to columns and |
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29:52 | these columns. We have what we micro columns. So these small areas |
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29:57 | these columns off neurons that will process responses that will have similar response properties |
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30:04 | may be responsible for processing. The are very similar sensory information, these |
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30:11 | or these micro columns that will be throughout local processing networks that are interconnected |
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30:20 | other networks. And so you can that you have these bundles of fibers |
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30:26 | different cells within this column and that have parallel these fibers air running in |
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30:32 | . So if all of a sudden is a connection loss between one out |
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30:36 | these three bundles or communication, the bundles can take over the communication and |
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30:42 | over the part of the brain that now being inactive. They have parallel |
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30:48 | pathways here and these local networks of information local in the columns air, |
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30:55 | interconnected with other networks through these much lateral connections that will connect the layers |
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31:03 | these columns of process information will be in between with within. The column |
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31:09 | be connected between the columns through that connections thes horizontal running connections, communicating |
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31:17 | information from one micro column to the , and eventually from one part of |
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31:22 | brain. Other parts of your brain . Our hero for billion broad |
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31:30 | The side architect tonic methods, the one questions and again, the fact |
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31:35 | he used missile stain to build the architecture of the brain. Now this |
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31:41 | the theme that keeps repeating in today's is that this diagram shows how much |
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31:48 | our total brain area is dedicated to primary sensor information processing. So on |
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31:59 | right, you have a rat on rat has this big red blob. |
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32:08 | big red area indicates the amount of area. The process is just the |
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32:17 | primary sensor information. That means it's primordial visual information that finally forms into |
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32:25 | final picture. Occupies the issue of . This is for auditor information is |
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32:31 | blue blob and sensory amount of This is Green Wall if you look |
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32:37 | the higher order species and cats and have more sophisticated brain structures and you |
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32:43 | the salsa gyra that are more sophisticated in their brains. Now, if |
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32:53 | look at that visual area compared relatively the rest of the size of the |
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33:00 | the cortex, it's not nearly as . The one that isn't rat rat |
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33:05 | not even a visual animal. Auditory is also relatively speaking smaller to the |
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33:15 | of the brain is compared as it in rats and so sensory motor |
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33:20 | Although cats are more sophisticated, so primary information processing areas are shrinking. |
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33:27 | much off the brain areas dedicated to information processing area? So in |
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33:38 | look at how much of the primary . This is the primary visual cortex |
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33:43 | the occipital lobe. It's a small area, and it's small, compared |
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33:48 | to the rest of the size of brain. Auditory cortex is a small |
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33:53 | here in blue motor cortex. Is ridge here in the yellow somatic sensory |
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34:00 | ? Is this ridge here in very small areas off the total amount |
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34:05 | the brain that are dedicated to primary processing. Now, once the information |
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34:13 | the primary area Primary Visual Area primary area, it travels to the secondary |
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34:20 | areas. It travels to the secondary areas and then guess what? At |
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34:27 | point, your visual information, your information, your motor functions that you |
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34:33 | doing your emotional state of mind, memories, your stress for performance and |
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34:42 | . They all have to come together formed the entire whole picture off |
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34:49 | sensor perceptions and motor output. And this multi modal processing processing that comes |
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34:57 | processing multiple modalities such a somatic information , information of touch and visual |
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35:05 | It's called joined together in the areas are called association areas and in primary |
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35:12 | primate brains and human and non human brains. Association areas occupy much, |
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35:20 | larger space is off the brain than primary processing areas and the lower order |
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35:27 | , the processing areas that are dedicated the primary sensor information processing a dominating |
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35:34 | surface in the areas of the brain association areas is this is where the |
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35:42 | happens. This is where the fusion all of the senses, sense of |
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35:49 | , hearing music, listening, looking something, emotions is you're looking at |
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35:56 | . It all comes together and combines different parts off association areas that air |
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36:03 | through these critical columns and the lateral that connect these cortical columns, Micro |
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36:10 | and Mike Michael columns. Major parts the brain again are illustrated here. |
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36:16 | this case, we're going from spinal . Spinal cord is divided in |
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36:20 | Sacred lumber, thoracic and cervical units receives and processes sensor information from skin |
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36:28 | , muscles of limbs and trunk through dorsal root ganglion cells coming onto the |
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36:34 | part. All right, controls movement limbs and trunk by putting the outputs |
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36:42 | the motor neuron on the ventral side the spinal cord. Releasing a single |
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36:49 | to move the Slims and Trump Activate the muscles. Brain stem is |
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36:57 | side where you have a lot of information from muscles and heads or censor |
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37:02 | from muscles of the head. Motor of ahead muscles so spinal cord |
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37:09 | Just brainstem controls everything essentially from the down, and the brain stem controls |
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37:17 | at the level of the next. and the face. Okay, so |
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37:23 | control of hand muscles. A movement the facial muscles, but it also |
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37:28 | levels of arousal and awareness. It cranial nerve nuclear, 12 of them |
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37:35 | are both sensory and motor and they used for special senses and some special |
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37:44 | fibers processing, hearing balance and tastes also traversing through this brain stem |
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37:51 | The brainstem is divided into medulla belong , which is mostly vital economic functions |
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37:58 | as breathing high heart rate digestion which is motor information that is traveling |
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38:06 | cerebellum. So a lot of the and ponds is Sarah Bella, Serie |
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38:11 | . Serve. Gross, Arabella fibers uh that are attached to the ponds |
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38:20 | than other travelers and through the area the ponds cerebellum, which is attached |
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38:25 | the back of the brain stem. it controls the force and range of |
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38:31 | , and it controls the commands. commands and get initiated by the motor |
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38:37 | in the cerebral cortex gets sent back in the spinal cord. And so |
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38:42 | cerebellum has ability to adjust some of motor commands and justifying motor movement as |
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38:50 | . The force, the range of and it is responsible for procedural |
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38:56 | so it is responsible for learning motor . When you learn how to ride |
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39:01 | bicycle, this procedural memory you will forget how to ride a bicycle is |
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39:07 | strong form of plasticity, motor motor skills that is encoded by the |
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39:14 | . You may forget this story or name that you when biking with, |
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39:18 | you'll never forget how to bike That is very strongly ingrained within the |
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39:24 | says their balance is responsible for procedural . Procedural. How to ride a |
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39:31 | motor procedural memory on the pyd the connectivity, the pyd uncles to |
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39:39 | the cerebellum to the brainstem Midbrain. here is where you have sensory and |
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39:46 | functions, the including eye movement, zwelling coordination of visual and auditory reflexes |
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39:54 | is happening in the midbrain through some the very important nuclei that we will |
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40:01 | that are dedicated to vision and Moving up. We have Dianne |
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40:06 | which is subdivided into thala, mus hypothalamus into thalamus. You have information |
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40:12 | all over from the periphery, from spinal cord from the eyes from the |
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40:20 | coming into the Diane Cephalon coming into Solomon's first and then from Solomon's. |
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40:26 | information gets sent out to different parts the cerebral cortex. So all of |
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40:32 | sensor information hearing taste, smell visual with, say, visual information coming |
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40:40 | the eyes will travel into the and then it will travel into the |
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40:44 | . It'll Loeb into the primary visual underneath the Alba hypothalamus, which is |
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40:51 | in autumn gnomic or involuntary bodily function . It's also part of neuro endocrine |
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40:58 | , which releases and influences to release hormones or hormone, releasing hormones on |
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41:09 | acts and a para crime like function the way and controls visceral functions as |
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41:16 | . Seven. The cerebral cortex Cerebral have cerebral cortex, and most of |
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41:23 | time you have highlighted three major nuclei the cerebral hemispheres the Basil Ganglia, |
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41:30 | Campus and Magdala. People already and we'll discuss more of their functions |
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41:36 | basal ganglia is also involved in the command initiation in recall. Hippocampus is |
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41:45 | in memory and emotional processing. A is involved in emotional processing as well |
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41:52 | feelings of fear and anxiety. So lot of these different interesting brain structures |
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41:58 | these air the major brain structures that should really know their locations should be |
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42:02 | to identify them and know there their . So this is a scenario where |
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42:09 | playing a ball on. You have description here off. How should I |
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42:14 | and hit the ball that is coming way? Your visual cortex is watching |
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42:20 | ball, and you're Magdala is controlling emotions. And in part, your |
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42:26 | , you know, Stasis and hypothalamus motivating you to hit a good |
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42:31 | So all of these brain structures have come and work in unison and very |
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42:37 | tasks. And then you have toe the ball. And if the ball |
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42:41 | the direction your cerebellum kicks in which justifying motor movement of your hand or |
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42:48 | wrist is, you're hitting the It's fallen inter plan, including the |
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42:53 | of satisfaction or reward. If you a point, all plays into the |
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43:00 | and all of these different brain processing emotions and memories and recalling how |
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43:06 | it felt if you, when you the game from the story side and |
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43:11 | by hippocampus and recalling how to hit ball with your cerebellum from the procedural |
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43:18 | of memory. So again, just some of the major parts of the |
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43:25 | here have the primary motor cortex, technically is a part of the frontal |
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43:31 | amount of sensory cortex, which is part of the parietal lobe visual |
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43:36 | auditory cortex. And you can see primary visual cortex is area 17 which |
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43:43 | be this small area secondary is Tertiary is 14 so you have primary |
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43:50 | tertiary coordinator And then finally you come the association areas in the posterior parietal |
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43:56 | . These areas will combine information, say, from somatic sensations, visual |
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44:03 | , auditory information into one now producing full on the off the gestalt of |
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44:12 | happening in the surrounding environment. This a gustatory cortex, So if you |
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44:18 | a little piece of, ah, cerebral cortex here underneath there is a |
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44:23 | taste cortex as its own primary area buried underneath the surface of the cerebral |
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44:30 | . Diane Cephalon or the Kalamazoo. , it was thought that information traveling |
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44:36 | the thalamus was just in rooted in is just processed, um, s |
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44:43 | to speak, in a very, , inactive way. But now we |
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44:50 | that Solomon is very much controls. much sensor information gets into the cortical |
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44:58 | . So there you have an illustration Thala most is actually a collection of |
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45:04 | nuclei. And as you can you have some nuclear. They're called |
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45:08 | dorsal. Why they located, they're laterally. Endorse early. I'm glad |
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45:14 | learned my anatomy lateral and posterior. , so it's lateral, but it's |
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45:19 | . It's stored detail ventral interior Where would that be located off must |
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45:24 | on the natural size and interior. . Ventral lateral, Uh, ventral |
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45:30 | laterally on the most side, ventral lateral Must be posterior to the one |
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45:35 | is just lateral. So it's toward back. Okay, so these are |
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45:39 | names of the nuclear, But they nuclear. This is a lot or |
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45:43 | Gee, nucular nuclear's. Okay, is lateral Jew Nicollet nuclear. So |
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45:50 | that comes from the retina in the goes into a part of the columns |
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45:56 | is responsible for processing visual information, of ridiculous new clues. And |
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46:00 | last lecture, I showed you a of Gabba and Gabbert be response. |
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46:05 | then gamma and gabby response was recorded relay cells in the lateral Jean Nicolas |
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46:12 | or L G m. Okay, cells. And so ah, lot |
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46:17 | the nucleus nucleus will then process some this visual information and after we'll send |
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46:25 | to the visual cortex and that visual will enter into the very back into |
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46:30 | primary visual area the one area 17 the very back of the occipital |
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46:37 | Now, the reason why it's my nuclear is because This is where I |
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46:43 | my five years of life doing. PhD is trying to understand, with |
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46:49 | retina no Jinich Hewlett connectivity and physiology the early development retina to Ju Nicholas |
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46:57 | , right? Originally cure. So doll, unless you have information coming |
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47:03 | , this is visual information. But may have sensor information coming in and |
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47:07 | information from dorsal. Call of nuclei spinal cord will be entering into different |
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47:14 | and the colonists before it goes into somatic sensory cortex that will enter into |
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47:20 | ventral posterior lateral nuclear. So there's to be a bundle of south there |
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47:25 | the pl ventral posterior lateral nucleus that process so matters sensor information and then |
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47:33 | are in the primary somatic sensory If your auditory information entering your enter |
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47:42 | the thalamus through media lja nuclear nuclear lja nucular nucleus, which is looked |
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47:48 | immediately collateral nucleus, nucleus media LJA nucleus will process the auditor information and |
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47:56 | and we'll send that auditor information from columns onto the primary auditory cortex and |
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48:04 | temporal. Um, this function here these nuclear is not passive, but |
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48:12 | is a gating function and its modulation the signal function. It can highlight |
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48:18 | sensor information, visual or auditory, so matter sensor coming into the |
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48:24 | Or it can ignore and shut down of it information. It can amplify |
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48:30 | . They can amplified, modulated and the modulated. Amplify the information to |
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48:35 | cortex to get final response to this structure. Columns that sits here and |
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48:42 | of the sensor information. All of senses, including some matter, sensor |
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48:47 | , traveling and the decides, basically is gonna amplified how it's going to |
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48:52 | and modulated before it lets the primary of the cortex process before the second |
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48:58 | coordinate areas. Processes before it all could join back in association areas linking |
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49:05 | everything smell, taste, visual. on? Not a passive nuclear's. |
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49:12 | on top of that, it contains very interesting sheet. It's called Islamic |
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49:18 | Formation or Ridiculous Formation, or thalamic nucleus. It's this inhibitory match. |
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49:23 | a mesh of these inhibitory cells and part of this module, a Torrey |
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49:28 | , uh, enhancing. The signal dampening the signal comes from the inhibitory |
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49:35 | and inhibitory south that connect onto the to really cells of living to these |
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49:42 | eyes. Islamic particulars This sheet of self surrounding the whole Thala mus that |
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49:50 | has ability to dampen and control the of information by the thalamic Nuclei |
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49:58 | which is located underneath. It's mostly with autumn gnomic body functions. It's |
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50:05 | of the neuro and the Korean It can influence visceral functions. It |
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50:10 | also has a very loose blood brain . So blood brain barrier between the |
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50:18 | and the hypothalamus is very thin, one of the things that it does |
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50:26 | detects. Body temperature regulates body so it's like a really good gauge |
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50:31 | the temperature is also a really good for any toxic things that might be |
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50:35 | in through the blood. It um, parte appetite and water |
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50:41 | sexual activity, lactation and slow growth it releases some of the hormones and |
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|
50:48 | that are hormone hormone. Releasing hormones influence of slow growth and development are |
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|
50:56 | human physiology you also have underneath the charismatic nucleus, which is involved in |
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|
51:04 | rhythm control. So we'll come back talk more about super charismatic nucleus. |
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|
51:08 | circadian rhythms are your day night and there is a super charismatic nucleus |
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51:14 | gets a very small visual input. a part of the dying Cephalon. |
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51:18 | is located by the chi as, of the optic nerves of the super |
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51:23 | nucleus is through the release and the of the transcription factors controls your day |
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|
51:31 | night cycle. So your circadian cycles are very, very important for normal |
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|
51:36 | or normal cognitive and physical performance. , uh, what are the other |
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|
51:44 | that have shown here? Those are great for exam questions. We have |
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51:50 | optic eye as, um So the charismatic nucleus is gonna be located in |
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51:55 | area right here next to the chi , um, super charismatic nucleus. |
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|
52:00 | callosum. This is a mid sagittal showing corpus callosum, the fiber bundle |
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|
52:05 | will be connecting the two atmospheres, singular gyrus, this massive gyros in |
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|
52:11 | shown here. That's very important. we'll have the basil structures and structures |
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52:18 | in motor commands. Factor involved. how small olfactory bulb is here. |
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|
52:24 | timing, huh? If a campus in blue, pretty large structure and |
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|
52:30 | adjacent to the amygdala. Mhm. hippocampus and the amygdala actually communicating. |
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|
52:38 | so emotional perceptions and things like that semantic memory. So hippocampus is responsible |
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|
52:45 | semantic memory, storytelling memory. Cerebellum for procedural. I'll ride the |
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52:52 | I'll move my legs. Input Remember that day when we met with |
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52:58 | and so And we did this story then this happened and so on and |
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53:02 | forth. And what was his name ? And her name. And |
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53:07 | Cerebellum. Cerebellum is a spine motor . It has its own structures. |
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|
53:13 | has the Verma's in the middle and to Sarah Bella Hemisphere so left and |
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|
53:18 | right hemisphere. It has this fantastic on its own internally with the poor |
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|
53:23 | cells and the parallel fibers but in climbing fibers. But we won't have |
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53:29 | to delve into these circuits. But we went to build the served island |
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53:34 | and take it off, the first that we would expose here we take |
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53:38 | cerebellum. We're looking in the back the brain Now, with cerebellum |
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53:42 | we're seeing thalamus and we're seeing the brain and we're seeing four nuclear |
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|
53:51 | The two nuclei on top year around called superior curricula superior curricula above |
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|
53:58 | You have the pineal body. You what pineal body comes? I think |
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|
54:05 | I am I learned. Therefore, remember the day cart had something to |
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|
54:11 | with the pineal body. It doesn't a replication is a singular structure. |
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|
54:16 | when you lived in the anatomy was that's very important Because superior calculus has |
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54:21 | and right. Inferior calculus has left right. This is alone. This |
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|
54:24 | a Sentra. This is important. body. He was able to observe |
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54:29 | too. Now the superior Caligula, to the left and right. Superior |
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54:34 | asses responsible for visual information processing. these air this special senses that we |
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54:40 | about special sensor information processing so part the superior curricular would be responsible for |
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|
54:47 | of the visual information processing will be for what we call psychotic eye |
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54:53 | The very fast I movement that we because we don't actually do a slow |
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54:58 | when we follow something. But we our eyes jumping and refocusing as we |
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|
55:05 | some movement in the field of view field of view. The cats have |
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55:10 | seacat acai movement so have great great superior curricula and very collectible. I |
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55:16 | be processing auditory information. So this is part of the midbrain. |
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|
55:24 | are located here on the back of ponds. You have this Arab |
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55:28 | Dunkel. So now you cut off top image You cut off the cerebellum |
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55:33 | . Now you've exposed the Serb Dunkel, sit. Connect a lot |
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55:36 | the fibers that are running through the ponds up into the cerebral cortex and |
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|
55:42 | cerebral cortex back into the cerebellum. right, now you're gonna learn the |
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|
55:51 | cranial nerves. And to do I'm actually gonna give you a really |
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55:59 | , um, way off remembering So the 12 cranial nerves that are |
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56:09 | in this area we're talking about the , and I have an abbreviation for |
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56:16 | 12 cranial nerves that will share with . And you're welcome. Thio, |
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56:22 | this abbreviation, but it goes something the lines off. Oh, |
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56:46 | Touch on the field. Very green in tow. Bulls What? |
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57:15 | So the first olfactory nerve is the nerve is all factory. That's the |
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|
57:25 | call. The second man is up , okay? And that's the |
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|
57:35 | Oh, the third nerve here you see and you can see these large |
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57:43 | nerves. Ok, traveling down toward lateral Jinich Hewlett body is. So |
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57:49 | is the ventral side, and this the dorsal side. And on the |
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|
57:53 | side, you have these brainstem I'd admit by a nuclear that we |
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|
57:58 | discussed inferior and a superior curricula So this is the eventual side. |
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58:03 | see the optic nerve, Then you in mid brain level the ocular motor |
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58:10 | . Okay, that's the That's the nervous ocular motor. If you do |
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58:19 | with me, you might actually be it as a dio ocular motor. |
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58:25 | we have the fourth cranial nerve. , which is the Troccoli unnerve? |
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|
58:33 | , So clear. And we have fifth claiming out cranial nerve, which |
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|
58:46 | trigeminal nerve. And so you should this. Remember this for the |
|
|
58:51 | because trigeminal, it has three parts stocks coming on. It's shown here |
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|
58:57 | this is the frontal views showing it the from the from the ventral side |
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|
59:03 | trigeminal nervous, The most prominent cranial . The largest, uh, |
|
|
59:10 | the optic nerves. They're easy to the optic nerves. There's two nerves |
|
|
59:15 | then there is an optic eye um with the two nerves Crossover. |
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|
59:20 | if you remember the optic eye um the super charismatic nucleus chi |
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|
59:24 | um is across so the left and right part of the optic nerve fibers |
|
|
59:31 | and from then on it becomes an tract. The optic nerve is a |
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|
59:36 | nerve. Three eyes, the cranial two. And then you have the |
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|
59:44 | nerve, which is the largest. . And so this what this with |
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|
59:51 | saying Oh, to touch and feel green vegetables and essentially stands for different |
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|
60:03 | that some years ago, when I an undergraduate, we were studying and |
|
|
60:10 | were tired when we decided Thio come with our own pneumonic and we came |
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|
60:16 | with our own pneumonic and that's our demonic. Turned out to be this |
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60:23 | , to touch and feel very green . Oh, okay. Oh, |
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60:31 | clear to touch and we can And what is that? Is Abdu |
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60:37 | right of do since nerve, we get more separation here. Uh, |
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60:53 | we have additions and after a distance have 12 nerves. That's another way |
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61:08 | doing it. Roman neural Want to or I've six. Stubborn. |
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61:42 | eight. Yeah. Um, these are buried together. 11. |
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61:53 | Uh huh. They buried together in word. Uh, separated. So |
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62:00 | we have a BDU since have Abdu f stands for facial the This too |
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|
62:18 | coat, Cochlear. What's after What's our nine? Nerve. So |
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|
62:39 | called for you? Glass of foreign . Okay, Town Vegas. What |
|
|
62:59 | with vagus nerve stays with Vegas and number 10. What happens with vagus |
|
|
63:07 | ? It didn't stay with vagus but let the whole world know that |
|
|
63:10 | transmission is chemical. Right? Vagus . What am I talking about? |
|
|
63:16 | do you guys need to know? number one Need to know that Optic |
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|
63:20 | two. Why? Because you can two optic nerves on the kayaks. |
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|
63:25 | ! Ocular motor. Why should you ocular motor? You should know what |
|
|
63:29 | does. What does it do? que lo motor. Let me |
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|
63:33 | What does it do? Motor must something to do with motor function. |
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|
63:37 | , Oculus, Oculus I it moves eye. All right, I know |
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|
63:42 | trigeminal needs to know the biggest stock out here, and it controls the |
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|
63:48 | of the face. And, it's and it's very, very important |
|
|
63:54 | regard, uh, sensory and motor . Uh, see? And |
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|
64:06 | This is a glass of foreign This is vagus nerve. Do we |
|
|
64:12 | to know the are the A's It was 12. Hi, |
|
|
64:30 | Go. So right. So now have all the 12 nerves. Cranial |
|
|
64:39 | . That's awesome. Oh, to and feel very green vegetables are olfactory |
|
|
64:44 | , ocular motor Troccoli, trigeminal inducements . Mr Vo Coakley, Glass |
|
|
64:49 | Vegas Successor and hyper glass. All of these. Like I say, |
|
|
64:53 | tell you what they do, the we need to know. 1235 and |
|
|
65:00 | . And you know what? You know. It also. Why this |
|
|
65:03 | cochlear? What do you think of stimulant? Cochlear nerve do. Let's |
|
|
65:08 | . Let's tubular cochlear. It must my feet. Now that's the duel |
|
|
65:14 | cochlea balance. Hearing glass of foreign Once glass of foreign Joe pharynx everything |
|
|
65:27 | anatomy and neural anatomy. You have break up the words and you'll know |
|
|
65:31 | meetings. Glass of French glass. , pharynx lasso tongue lost soul When |
|
|
65:39 | have hyper Glassell something to do with hypo underneath the tongue. So muscles |
|
|
65:45 | underneath the tongue This is some something tongue and pharynx. Okay, Some |
|
|
65:51 | these are motor, and some of are sensory. So we wanted to |
|
|
65:58 | which ones were motor. Which one's sensory. And we came up with |
|
|
66:07 | ? Yeah, by the way, forgot to tell you who the character |
|
|
66:12 | . That's doing this. Bugs Bugs Bunny says, Oh, Thio |
|
|
66:22 | and feel very great vegetables. Uh bunnies. All right. Now how |
|
|
66:31 | we know which one is motor? one is not? So we just |
|
|
66:34 | Okay, Bonnie, would you say do you say? Bugs Bunny? |
|
|
66:40 | Bunny says this so, So much , But all right, brother says |
|
|
67:16 | Bunny. Thanks more s stands for . I'm stands for motor. He |
|
|
67:47 | for both sensory and motor. So of these cranial nerves can be |
|
|
67:52 | Some of them are motor and some them are both. And in this |
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67:57 | , you're looking again. This is nerve, Juan to three core |
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68:11 | six, seven eight. I'm Lover 12. All right, so |
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68:32 | you have two new Monix one which you identify, which is sensory, |
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68:41 | is motor and the other one that you identify. Well, this just |
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68:48 | it all. But give me one and the other ones that identifies helps |
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69:00 | boobs. That helps to remember the off these nerves by helping you remember |
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69:08 | first name off the alphabet off the nerves. OK, so do you |
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69:21 | those new Monix? You may remember nerves. You can use different |
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69:25 | but you will be responsible again for AIDS in 10 and you will be |
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69:34 | for knowing what they are and what they perform, such as vagus nerve |
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69:43 | ocular motor nerve. And you should able to identify the optic nerve optical |
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69:49 | , um trigeminal nerve as well as other brain functions that we were reviewing |
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69:57 | in the images. And this will today's |
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