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00:00 Yeah. Welcome back. It's neuroscience 16. Where last? At the

00:06 off. At the end of last , we introduced, uh, structures

00:13 the central nervous system, and we discussing different planes and cuts in which

00:20 is typically either termed after the structures after different locations. And in the

00:28 you have interior rostrum on the You have posterior coddle dorsal we know

00:35 the back and the ventral. We're . Quartile is more like a

00:40 and eventual is the front medial is the midline is and lateral is,

00:46 further away you are from the These cuts the Russell two caught all

00:53 . This cut will generate a mid cut which you see here in see

00:57 . And this is ah, cut the red brain. Horizontal costs will

01:02 along the horizon, and coronal cost be transparent or for particular to the

01:10 cuts or from particular thio to the brain structures. And so you can

01:15 that animals like rodents the brain doesn't abandoned it would typically have in humans

01:22 humans from the brainstem. This spinal would bend downwards because we're standing on

01:29 legs, but nonetheless you would still the dorsal and in the dental anatomy

01:35 well as the interior. Ross where the head is cardinal with the

01:41 , is so cerebrum on, Sir Hemispheres process information from the contra

01:50 Either censor coming in or out puts information counter laterally. Cerebellum, which

01:56 involved in motor control, is influencing motor function. Ipsa laterally brains Town

02:04 where major connections between cerebellum and cerebral cerebral and cerebellum and the spinal cord

02:12 on. Brainstem is responsible for some vital body functions. Nuclei in the

02:19 are involved for heart trained for control, consciousness, control of body

02:27 and we'll learn. It's also decide most of the cranial nerves originate.

02:32 12 cranial nerves that will discuss We don't have much time to discuss

02:38 peripheral nervous system, the somatic the visceral. But just so you

02:44 that there is a whole peripheral nervous visceral, which is autumn gnomic and

02:51 internal organs, blood vessels and glands autonomic nervous system is potentially ask complex

03:00 the central nervous system and the interactions the C. N s and the

03:04 . N s somatic and visceral This is really strong. However,

03:10 don't have time in this course to discussing this on Ng's, on the

03:16 hand, are very important because this protection off the soft tissue that plays

03:24 the Serie broom. And so we three types of meninges, the dura

03:28 . It stands for Hard Mother, Iraq noid like numb brain.

03:36 that hovers from the dura dura matter extends downwards. And then the PM

03:43 , which surrounds and is most closely id with underlying brain tissue.

03:51 uh, if you were talking about the concept that we discussed at the

03:57 off the brain trumpet nations, we that those were performed repeatedly to gain

04:04 underneath the skull. And so it's possible that, for example, you

04:09 an injury thio to the brain or have an injury to the blood vessel

04:15 that injury could be internal or it be external. Internally, you could

04:20 potentially as small leak or small, , aneurysm. That leaks out the

04:28 and you form a subdural hematoma or would be essentially accumulation of blood and

04:37 beginning off the coagulation off the fluid something harder on drying out the fluids

04:47 coagulated blood turns it into kind ah, even harder substance, which

04:52 can start and binging on the brain and could be causing a lot of

04:59 . And so subdural hematomas, potentially blood, um, accumulation underneath the

05:08 matters of dearly were potentially one of reasons why Brain Trumper nations were originally

05:15 . Iraq Noid refers to spider like that extends from the dura matter subdural

05:22 into this. What we call Iraq space and subarachnoid space and then p

05:29 . Is the general matter. The that the dura matter is pretty hard

05:34 it's pretty hard to penetrate on BPM much software. It's surrounding the surface

05:40 the brain and between the meninges in cerebrospinal fluid, which is bathing the

05:48 . You have a significant amount of on bond. This ventricular system that

05:54 discussed early on was thought to be the main, most important part of

06:00 brain, and it is in some because it provides the brain with cerebrospinal

06:07 , so the fluid that bathes the on brain bathes the spinal cord.

06:12 C N s is generated in these special places in the lateral ventricles in

06:19 brain called the called the Cory And so there's new amount of CSF

06:26 generated constantly, and it's constantly circulating the subarachnoid space and constantly bathing the

06:35 . N s and the spinal and it is being drained out a

06:42 levels throughout the day. So you again this very important ventricular system and

06:49 will provide the nutrients and will provide lot of very important molecules, as

06:58 as cushioning to the brain and in sense of fluid surrounding the brain.

07:05 , what can happen if you have production off through respondent fluid is you

07:10 have a NAB normal, typically developmental that's called hydrocephalus. I just sampled

07:19 happens rarely in infants, and if early, it is typically treated by

07:29 off a tube or needle through the the hole in the skull, insertion

07:36 that needle with a drainage tube and drainage tube eyes introduced into the peritoneal

07:46 . And here, um, basically the cavity into your abdominal cavity parent

07:55 nearly with extra length So you wind the cord because if this is a

08:01 hydrocephalus, which chronic hydrocephalus accumulates it has to be constantly drained.

08:07 here It also says that these tubes be with extra length to allow for

08:11 , and the child is the child developing early on and growing. What

08:17 if you do not treat hydrocephalus and do not to drain the fluids?

08:27 the fluids Start expanding The ventricles and ventricle start pushing on the cortical tissue

08:40 , and the cortical tissue gets damaged typically shows some thinning and the cortical

08:50 . Because during the development, the of soft the cortical tissues as this

08:56 and the ventricles expands like a balloon the cortical tissue thins out and grows

09:03 it. But it also starts pushing skull plates outside and deforming the skull

09:13 causing this abnormal 11 was equated alien head, life looking shape.

09:25 again, hydrocephalus. This is I have a question. Could brain

09:32 nations have been used in hydrocephalus And that is also a likely

09:39 especially if we detect some of these nations and in the young skulls and

09:46 Children's skulls. Now, the other about, uh, once once there's

09:55 much pressure and build up, it's really not good. So it has

10:00 be constantly. Drain doesn't have and you have to know that damage

10:05 the brain to infants brain from sometimes you would imagine a not a very

10:13 trauma but could turn into Hi, shuffle us. And so I've experienced

10:21 in the pediatric. I see you a parent was visiting and experienced nearby

10:32 the room, a case off hydrocephalus was induced by a father who was

10:41 his baby infant baby. And it's called the shaken baby syndrome. It

10:51 often when parents are so frustrated or on babies crying uncontrollably, frustrating their

11:01 human mawr, where that kind of , rapid shaking behavior of an infant

11:06 actually result in the damage in the . In the case of hydrocephalus,

11:11 that particular father was led away from hospital in handcuffs. Unfortunately, and

11:18 child had a very severe form of and remained in the P I.

11:26 u, at least for four days I was doing visitations so that's something

11:34 consider again. That especially during the , could be some abnormal developmental disorder

11:42 abnormal fluid production causing hydrocephalus. But is also obviously can be evoked and

11:50 by physical traumas. Well, so the early development and you can see

11:57 a lot of things happening. But now, we're looking at the

12:01 very early development how the originally the . N s forms. We talk

12:07 the neuro to wall, and we about the new relation process. Your

12:14 process is a process, but which form. Neural tube would have three

12:21 on the Durham, the Massoud ERM the actor Durm in this developing,

12:27 um uh, fetus. And so the middle of it, you have

12:34 there all played and so you can this cut sort of a through middle

12:39 the neural plate, and you can at it here. Down below,

12:44 can see the actor Durham. You see the neural played here in

12:48 and you can see these in purple pink, these developing so minds.

12:56 , uh, shortly after you have formation of this neuro played, this

13:01 plate starts folding in and these air neural falls that are shown here,

13:08 to form the neural groove and the do Durham, uh, becomes the

13:17 of internal organs in the viscera, Messiah Durham becomes the skeleton, the

13:24 and muscles, and the actor derm nervous system and skin. So from

13:32 pleura potency perspective or stem cell uh, nervous system cells or somewhat

13:40 simulant to skin cells, So just quite interesting. Um, this is

13:46 to coddle. Once you have the proper Sameh information of the neural

13:51 you have the formation of this neural here in green, and you have

13:56 emergence off the Selma's. And on of that neural tube, you have

14:00 neural crest. Um, neural crest the peripheral nervous system. Neural tube

14:10 the central nervous system, and the mice around becomes vertebral column on the

14:18 muscles surround the vertebral column on the . So this whole process of the

14:27 major tissue layers under Durmus Kadir Muktar developmentally folding into neural tube Onda,

14:37 CNN's from neural to PNS from neural vertebral columns and skeletal muscles from the

14:44 mines these air the images off the relation neural tube formation. And in

14:53 rare cases you can have a mis , which is again, it's very

15:00 . It's one and thousands that you have a developmental brain disorder. So

15:07 you think about this system of cells once the code is initiated, this

15:16 the two formation and as you'll see sophisticated development of different brain structures happens

15:23 its own, it's a code that you start to code, you start

15:29 through the neural to information and in instances, rare instances. If you

15:36 abnormal neural to information, you can up with anencephaly, where you will

15:43 missing the raw stroll part the All part of the off the neural

15:48 will somehow be damaged. There will form properly, causing in the lack

15:53 the cerebral cortex and, um, Z impossible for for survival. And

16:02 some other instances that you may have about, you can have an improper

16:09 at the Ross that the codel at tail end of the cardinal and off

16:15 neural tube, and you could potentially an abnormal formation of the spinal cord

16:23 Asians out of the vertebral column that called spina bifida and spina bifida is

16:31 treatable their disorder that can be treated on. Immediately, a zit is

16:41 . So these primary these primary and calls his primary vesicles in the roster

16:48 the cardinal part are present. The forebrain, Mesen, sufferer Membrane

16:54 Robin Cephalon are hiding brain and and forebrain, these primary of bicycles,

17:02 differentiate. So now it's the process differentiation. How these neural tube structure

17:12 forming more sophisticated, anatomically more sophisticated . Four. Brain. You have

17:20 into the tele NSA. Folic vesicles become Helen Cephalon cerebral cortex, and

17:27 have dying Cephalon Dance. Cephalon will columnists and high pathology MERS. You

17:33 four grand. You have optics vesicles out here. This will be up

17:39 , and you have the optic stock an optic cup protruding out of the

17:47 , which will essentially formed the retina the eye. And that's why

17:53 as I mentioned in the optometry is also a neuroscientist because retina it's

18:00 a part of the central nervous and it is one of the major

18:05 organs. Of course. In the and below, you have midbrain and

18:10 downtown with coral regions. You have hind brain, the secondary Vasa

18:16 Then keep differentiating even further. The stuff along you can see below telling

18:23 along. Now, these bulbs that telling stuff along bulbs sin out and

18:29 have the ventricles in below. And have the dying cephalon and start separating

18:37 starts forming two bombs. One of , uh uh, bumps. And

18:43 air the two lateral ventricle. So is the third ventricle, and then

18:47 fourth ventricle will be going into the canal into the spinal cord. And

18:53 you have from the talent stuff along of cerebral cortex and information of six

18:59 of cerebral cortex and further differentiation, dying south along into thala. Most

19:06 the hypothalamus hypothalamus is hypo is underneath , and it shows a very significant

19:15 that connects the two hemispheres Corpus This is how the information between the

19:21 hemispheres process by two hemispheres is being between the two hemispheres as well as

19:28 shows massive structures coral, the internal and these air. The major um

19:37 and processes that connect the columnist to cortex and from cortex back into the

19:43 us through this internal capsule. This where you would have a lot of

19:47 white matter cortical white matter that is surrounded by a cortical gray matter.

19:53 all of these projections from the sub regions from the columnist from the cortex

19:59 the column is, um, from foul. Most of the cortex,

20:02 , I eliminated accents. That's why referred to as cortical white matter that

20:07 through this major bundle of fibers called internal capsule. So if you look

20:14 the brain ship enterprise, you have talent cephalon that stuff along medicine stuff

20:21 , which is midbrain than you have differentiation to rum and stuff on hind

20:26 and spinal cord. If you look the everything here is coded in

20:32 so telling Cephalon becomes cortex, Basil, telling Cephalon, which is

20:38 ganglia and also factory bulbs, part the olfactory smell system that Diane Cephalon

20:48 and the follow MSM hypothalamus, the Cephalon on Mitt Brian further differentiates and

20:55 him. Text him is the and underneath you have taken mountain.

21:01 , so this is this is now looking at the door silly, or

21:04 roof is detect. Um, to is located eventually. We're looking at

21:08 brain stem on the back of the stem. You have further differentiation of

21:13 brain into cerebellum and pawns and medulla gotta. Okay, so this this

21:24 are now differentials into cerebellum. Robin palms on the dual oblong gotta

21:31 Then the cielo is extension of the cord that will be running into the

21:37 . You have the two lateral ventricles and right, One and two,

21:42 third ventricle. That was illustrated going into the dance of Fillon IQ

21:48 . And you have the fourth ventricle into brainstem. And finally, the

21:53 canal, which will supply CSF to spinal cord. Now, if you

22:00 at the brain ship Enterprise brain ship man versus rat, there is,

22:06 , very interesting similarities. But there's significant differences and similarities. Are that

22:14 major brain structures? So they're the . So there served Allen. Is

22:20 the spinal cord? Uh, the brainstem regions. All of these

22:26 in there, The major major major . How big? A certain

22:32 So you don't see these massive olfactory you see in rodents in humans,

22:37 olfactory bulbs are right here. These little dots over here. Carol Factory

22:44 . So this is how much space our brain is directed toward direct sensory

22:51 of smell. Girl factor brains. is how much of the total brain

22:56 and this is how much of the brain space and rats is located for

22:59 factories. Huge. All right, , also, we have a lot

23:06 salsa and a lot of gyre I so we have these edges and groups

23:11 we have increased surface area and increased and layering. Um, that's compared

23:19 more primitive species we have. Of , you will have the same in

23:24 , but in humans, it's the lobe that is separated from parietal lobe

23:29 a central sulcus exhibit a load in back of the brain temporal lobe by

23:33 temple, the cerebellum in the back the brain, and these air.

23:37 have been tra ventricle shown in three . The lateral ventricles, the third

23:43 the fourth ventricles, the third ventricle the Don Cephalon, the fourth

23:49 the brainstem and the spinal canal, , extension into the spine, supplying

23:58 spinal cord. Corn taxes, the of reasoning and cognition on DSO.

24:06 brain stem would be supplying most of vital body functions. Of course,

24:10 them you cannot be alive. You be conscious, conscious, but evolutionarily

24:17 stone developed first and only later. complex structures such as cortical structures and

24:26 with the latest structures have developed. in this primordial human somehow brainstem

24:34 potentially sufficient in love with some very structure off the brain, Thio let

24:41 survive and neocortex. The talents of new cortical six layers is the latest

24:48 in the human evolution, and it still ah, part of the ongoing

24:54 experiment. Uh, see, in , cerebral cortex. If you look

25:00 , it has a lot of and it is quite developed. Here's

25:05 favorite parameter, all cells with their , ical den drives projecting their optical

25:10 into the surface off the cerebral And you can even look at the

25:16 brain here. Whoa, there's a olfactory balls. All gators do is

25:22 around for food eso Most of the tissue here is dedicated to this sensor

25:30 thio smell, but it will have cells and similar even structures and maybe

25:37 similar layers. Two rats, And this is a missile stain that

25:43 the, uh um overall cross section , um sorry, Corona Lee section

26:01 Corona section. A lot of times call cross section. So this is

26:06 the coronal section off the brain and will start learning more and more about

26:13 parts of this brain and how to them. So you have the New

26:17 cortex here that has six layers that the hippocampus here that has one prominent

26:22 , and this is missile stain. if you recall, missile stain will

26:26 , all neuron is and all of , all cells, but it will

26:30 necessarily highlight. Their process is very so it is very good for the

26:36 side of architectural er and organization, , to reveal the anatomical organization of

26:44 parts of the brain. And we now look into what this hour brain

26:53 here, which are labeled ascribe Indian areas. And we're gonna take a

26:59 pillock of the cortex from the frontal from the motor cortex parietal of temporal

27:07 from the primary visual cortex. And we're seeing here is, in every

27:15 we take a little plug of this . We have six layers, so

27:19 Stain allows us to distinguish this 66 . And then if we have a

27:26 of missile stain, which is shown the middle of which you will stay

27:29 all of the cells, and the with the Golgi stain, which will

27:33 the process, is now we can more precisely the anatomy and the connectivity

27:40 these different neuronal components. You can that the thickness of the New York

27:46 is different between the prefrontal association area versus the parietal association cortex shown

27:54 But there's still six layers, and still similar types of cells and connectivity

28:00 exists there. Then, finally, reveal the axonal connectivity. We have

28:06 third type of stain, and that's Weigert stain and Weigert stain stains

28:11 so missile stain stains all of the here in the middle, on the

28:17 , globally stained picks up on the fraction. A few percentages of all

28:22 the neuron. Zand stains them throughout of their processes. Weigert staying on

28:28 a hand stands only accents, and can see these example bundles running both

28:35 a columnar fashion and running horizontally across layers and the laminar or layer like

28:44 , isn't it? So neocortex is found in mammals. It has a

28:51 specific organizations of inputs and outputs because the specific six layer organization 123456 layer

29:05 . You have certain function, and have certain predisposition to how we process

29:15 information based on anatomy structure and the off these networks, which in the

29:23 determined the function processing capabilities of sensor . Finally, the motor out but

29:30 language of the physical form of activity or writing or anything else and column

29:40 structure so laminar structures that we have six distinct new cortical layers column there

29:46 that we have columns that we have that is very specific to columns and

29:52 these columns. We have what we micro columns. So these small areas

29:57 these columns off neurons that will process responses that will have similar response properties

30:04 may be responsible for processing. The are very similar sensory information, these

30:11 or these micro columns that will be throughout local processing networks that are interconnected

30:20 other networks. And so you can that you have these bundles of fibers

30:26 different cells within this column and that have parallel these fibers air running in

30:32 . So if all of a sudden is a connection loss between one out

30:36 these three bundles or communication, the bundles can take over the communication and

30:42 over the part of the brain that now being inactive. They have parallel

30:48 pathways here and these local networks of information local in the columns air,

30:55 interconnected with other networks through these much lateral connections that will connect the layers

31:03 these columns of process information will be in between with within. The column

31:09 be connected between the columns through that connections thes horizontal running connections, communicating

31:17 information from one micro column to the , and eventually from one part of

31:22 brain. Other parts of your brain . Our hero for billion broad

31:30 The side architect tonic methods, the one questions and again, the fact

31:35 he used missile stain to build the architecture of the brain. Now this

31:41 the theme that keeps repeating in today's is that this diagram shows how much

31:48 our total brain area is dedicated to primary sensor information processing. So on

31:59 right, you have a rat on rat has this big red blob.

32:08 big red area indicates the amount of area. The process is just the

32:17 primary sensor information. That means it's primordial visual information that finally forms into

32:25 final picture. Occupies the issue of . This is for auditor information is

32:31 blue blob and sensory amount of This is Green Wall if you look

32:37 the higher order species and cats and have more sophisticated brain structures and you

32:43 the salsa gyra that are more sophisticated in their brains. Now, if

32:53 look at that visual area compared relatively the rest of the size of the

33:00 the cortex, it's not nearly as . The one that isn't rat rat

33:05 not even a visual animal. Auditory is also relatively speaking smaller to the

33:15 of the brain is compared as it in rats and so sensory motor

33:20 Although cats are more sophisticated, so primary information processing areas are shrinking.

33:27 much off the brain areas dedicated to information processing area? So in

33:38 look at how much of the primary . This is the primary visual cortex

33:43 the occipital lobe. It's a small area, and it's small, compared

33:48 to the rest of the size of brain. Auditory cortex is a small

33:53 here in blue motor cortex. Is ridge here in the yellow somatic sensory

34:00 ? Is this ridge here in very small areas off the total amount

34:05 the brain that are dedicated to primary processing. Now, once the information

34:13 the primary area Primary Visual Area primary area, it travels to the secondary

34:20 areas. It travels to the secondary areas and then guess what? At

34:27 point, your visual information, your information, your motor functions that you

34:33 doing your emotional state of mind, memories, your stress for performance and

34:42 . They all have to come together formed the entire whole picture off

34:49 sensor perceptions and motor output. And this multi modal processing processing that comes

34:57 processing multiple modalities such a somatic information , information of touch and visual

35:05 It's called joined together in the areas are called association areas and in primary

35:12 primate brains and human and non human brains. Association areas occupy much,

35:20 larger space is off the brain than primary processing areas and the lower order

35:27 , the processing areas that are dedicated the primary sensor information processing a dominating

35:34 surface in the areas of the brain association areas is this is where the

35:42 happens. This is where the fusion all of the senses, sense of

35:49 , hearing music, listening, looking something, emotions is you're looking at

35:56 . It all comes together and combines different parts off association areas that air

36:03 through these critical columns and the lateral that connect these cortical columns, Micro

36:10 and Mike Michael columns. Major parts the brain again are illustrated here.

36:16 this case, we're going from spinal . Spinal cord is divided in

36:20 Sacred lumber, thoracic and cervical units receives and processes sensor information from skin

36:28 , muscles of limbs and trunk through dorsal root ganglion cells coming onto the

36:34 part. All right, controls movement limbs and trunk by putting the outputs

36:42 the motor neuron on the ventral side the spinal cord. Releasing a single

36:49 to move the Slims and Trump Activate the muscles. Brain stem is

36:57 side where you have a lot of information from muscles and heads or censor

37:02 from muscles of the head. Motor of ahead muscles so spinal cord

37:09 Just brainstem controls everything essentially from the down, and the brain stem controls

37:17 at the level of the next. and the face. Okay, so

37:23 control of hand muscles. A movement the facial muscles, but it also

37:28 levels of arousal and awareness. It cranial nerve nuclear, 12 of them

37:35 are both sensory and motor and they used for special senses and some special

37:44 fibers processing, hearing balance and tastes also traversing through this brain stem

37:51 The brainstem is divided into medulla belong , which is mostly vital economic functions

37:58 as breathing high heart rate digestion which is motor information that is traveling

38:06 cerebellum. So a lot of the and ponds is Sarah Bella, Serie

38:11 . Serve. Gross, Arabella fibers uh that are attached to the ponds

38:20 than other travelers and through the area the ponds cerebellum, which is attached

38:25 the back of the brain stem. it controls the force and range of

38:31 , and it controls the commands. commands and get initiated by the motor

38:37 in the cerebral cortex gets sent back in the spinal cord. And so

38:42 cerebellum has ability to adjust some of motor commands and justifying motor movement as

38:50 . The force, the range of and it is responsible for procedural

38:56 so it is responsible for learning motor . When you learn how to ride

39:01 bicycle, this procedural memory you will forget how to ride a bicycle is

39:07 strong form of plasticity, motor motor skills that is encoded by the

39:14 . You may forget this story or name that you when biking with,

39:18 you'll never forget how to bike That is very strongly ingrained within the

39:24 says their balance is responsible for procedural . Procedural. How to ride a

39:31 motor procedural memory on the pyd the connectivity, the pyd uncles to

39:39 the cerebellum to the brainstem Midbrain. here is where you have sensory and

39:46 functions, the including eye movement, zwelling coordination of visual and auditory reflexes

39:54 is happening in the midbrain through some the very important nuclei that we will

40:01 that are dedicated to vision and Moving up. We have Dianne

40:06 which is subdivided into thala, mus hypothalamus into thalamus. You have information

40:12 all over from the periphery, from spinal cord from the eyes from the

40:20 coming into the Diane Cephalon coming into Solomon's first and then from Solomon's.

40:26 information gets sent out to different parts the cerebral cortex. So all of

40:32 sensor information hearing taste, smell visual with, say, visual information coming

40:40 the eyes will travel into the and then it will travel into the

40:44 . It'll Loeb into the primary visual underneath the Alba hypothalamus, which is

40:51 in autumn gnomic or involuntary bodily function . It's also part of neuro endocrine

40:58 , which releases and influences to release hormones or hormone, releasing hormones on

41:09 acts and a para crime like function the way and controls visceral functions as

41:16 . Seven. The cerebral cortex Cerebral have cerebral cortex, and most of

41:23 time you have highlighted three major nuclei the cerebral hemispheres the Basil Ganglia,

41:30 Campus and Magdala. People already and we'll discuss more of their functions

41:36 basal ganglia is also involved in the command initiation in recall. Hippocampus is

41:45 in memory and emotional processing. A is involved in emotional processing as well

41:52 feelings of fear and anxiety. So lot of these different interesting brain structures

41:58 these air the major brain structures that should really know their locations should be

42:02 to identify them and know there their . So this is a scenario where

42:09 playing a ball on. You have description here off. How should I

42:14 and hit the ball that is coming way? Your visual cortex is watching

42:20 ball, and you're Magdala is controlling emotions. And in part, your

42:26 , you know, Stasis and hypothalamus motivating you to hit a good

42:31 So all of these brain structures have come and work in unison and very

42:37 tasks. And then you have toe the ball. And if the ball

42:41 the direction your cerebellum kicks in which justifying motor movement of your hand or

42:48 wrist is, you're hitting the It's fallen inter plan, including the

42:53 of satisfaction or reward. If you a point, all plays into the

43:00 and all of these different brain processing emotions and memories and recalling how

43:06 it felt if you, when you the game from the story side and

43:11 by hippocampus and recalling how to hit ball with your cerebellum from the procedural

43:18 of memory. So again, just some of the major parts of the

43:25 here have the primary motor cortex, technically is a part of the frontal

43:31 amount of sensory cortex, which is part of the parietal lobe visual

43:36 auditory cortex. And you can see primary visual cortex is area 17 which

43:43 be this small area secondary is Tertiary is 14 so you have primary

43:50 tertiary coordinator And then finally you come the association areas in the posterior parietal

43:56 . These areas will combine information, say, from somatic sensations, visual

44:03 , auditory information into one now producing full on the off the gestalt of

44:12 happening in the surrounding environment. This a gustatory cortex, So if you

44:18 a little piece of, ah, cerebral cortex here underneath there is a

44:23 taste cortex as its own primary area buried underneath the surface of the cerebral

44:30 . Diane Cephalon or the Kalamazoo. , it was thought that information traveling

44:36 the thalamus was just in rooted in is just processed, um, s

44:43 to speak, in a very, , inactive way. But now we

44:50 that Solomon is very much controls. much sensor information gets into the cortical

44:58 . So there you have an illustration Thala most is actually a collection of

45:04 nuclei. And as you can you have some nuclear. They're called

45:08 dorsal. Why they located, they're laterally. Endorse early. I'm glad

45:14 learned my anatomy lateral and posterior. , so it's lateral, but it's

45:19 . It's stored detail ventral interior Where would that be located off must

45:24 on the natural size and interior. . Ventral lateral, Uh, ventral

45:30 laterally on the most side, ventral lateral Must be posterior to the one

45:35 is just lateral. So it's toward back. Okay, so these are

45:39 names of the nuclear, But they nuclear. This is a lot or

45:43 Gee, nucular nuclear's. Okay, is lateral Jew Nicollet nuclear. So

45:50 that comes from the retina in the goes into a part of the columns

45:56 is responsible for processing visual information, of ridiculous new clues. And

46:00 last lecture, I showed you a of Gabba and Gabbert be response.

46:05 then gamma and gabby response was recorded relay cells in the lateral Jean Nicolas

46:12 or L G m. Okay, cells. And so ah, lot

46:17 the nucleus nucleus will then process some this visual information and after we'll send

46:25 to the visual cortex and that visual will enter into the very back into

46:30 primary visual area the one area 17 the very back of the occipital

46:37 Now, the reason why it's my nuclear is because This is where I

46:43 my five years of life doing. PhD is trying to understand, with

46:49 retina no Jinich Hewlett connectivity and physiology the early development retina to Ju Nicholas

46:57 , right? Originally cure. So doll, unless you have information coming

47:03 , this is visual information. But may have sensor information coming in and

47:07 information from dorsal. Call of nuclei spinal cord will be entering into different

47:14 and the colonists before it goes into somatic sensory cortex that will enter into

47:20 ventral posterior lateral nuclear. So there's to be a bundle of south there

47:25 the pl ventral posterior lateral nucleus that process so matters sensor information and then

47:33 are in the primary somatic sensory If your auditory information entering your enter

47:42 the thalamus through media lja nuclear nuclear lja nucular nucleus, which is looked

47:48 immediately collateral nucleus, nucleus media LJA nucleus will process the auditor information and

47:56 and we'll send that auditor information from columns onto the primary auditory cortex and

48:04 temporal. Um, this function here these nuclear is not passive, but

48:12 is a gating function and its modulation the signal function. It can highlight

48:18 sensor information, visual or auditory, so matter sensor coming into the

48:24 Or it can ignore and shut down of it information. It can amplify

48:30 . They can amplified, modulated and the modulated. Amplify the information to

48:35 cortex to get final response to this structure. Columns that sits here and

48:42 of the sensor information. All of senses, including some matter, sensor

48:47 , traveling and the decides, basically is gonna amplified how it's going to

48:52 and modulated before it lets the primary of the cortex process before the second

48:58 coordinate areas. Processes before it all could join back in association areas linking

49:05 everything smell, taste, visual. on? Not a passive nuclear's.

49:12 on top of that, it contains very interesting sheet. It's called Islamic

49:18 Formation or Ridiculous Formation, or thalamic nucleus. It's this inhibitory match.

49:23 a mesh of these inhibitory cells and part of this module, a Torrey

49:28 , uh, enhancing. The signal dampening the signal comes from the inhibitory

49:35 and inhibitory south that connect onto the to really cells of living to these

49:42 eyes. Islamic particulars This sheet of self surrounding the whole Thala mus that

49:50 has ability to dampen and control the of information by the thalamic Nuclei

49:58 which is located underneath. It's mostly with autumn gnomic body functions. It's

50:05 of the neuro and the Korean It can influence visceral functions. It

50:10 also has a very loose blood brain . So blood brain barrier between the

50:18 and the hypothalamus is very thin, one of the things that it does

50:26 detects. Body temperature regulates body so it's like a really good gauge

50:31 the temperature is also a really good for any toxic things that might be

50:35 in through the blood. It um, parte appetite and water

50:41 sexual activity, lactation and slow growth it releases some of the hormones and

50:48 that are hormone hormone. Releasing hormones influence of slow growth and development are

50:56 human physiology you also have underneath the charismatic nucleus, which is involved in

51:04 rhythm control. So we'll come back talk more about super charismatic nucleus.

51:08 circadian rhythms are your day night and there is a super charismatic nucleus

51:14 gets a very small visual input. a part of the dying Cephalon.

51:18 is located by the chi as, of the optic nerves of the super

51:23 nucleus is through the release and the of the transcription factors controls your day

51:31 night cycle. So your circadian cycles are very, very important for normal

51:36 or normal cognitive and physical performance. , uh, what are the other

51:44 that have shown here? Those are great for exam questions. We have

51:50 optic eye as, um So the charismatic nucleus is gonna be located in

51:55 area right here next to the chi , um, super charismatic nucleus.

52:00 callosum. This is a mid sagittal showing corpus callosum, the fiber bundle

52:05 will be connecting the two atmospheres, singular gyrus, this massive gyros in

52:11 shown here. That's very important. we'll have the basil structures and structures

52:18 in motor commands. Factor involved. how small olfactory bulb is here.

52:24 timing, huh? If a campus in blue, pretty large structure and

52:30 adjacent to the amygdala. Mhm. hippocampus and the amygdala actually communicating.

52:38 so emotional perceptions and things like that semantic memory. So hippocampus is responsible

52:45 semantic memory, storytelling memory. Cerebellum for procedural. I'll ride the

52:52 I'll move my legs. Input Remember that day when we met with

52:58 and so And we did this story then this happened and so on and

53:02 forth. And what was his name ? And her name. And

53:07 Cerebellum. Cerebellum is a spine motor . It has its own structures.

53:13 has the Verma's in the middle and to Sarah Bella Hemisphere so left and

53:18 right hemisphere. It has this fantastic on its own internally with the poor

53:23 cells and the parallel fibers but in climbing fibers. But we won't have

53:29 to delve into these circuits. But we went to build the served island

53:34 and take it off, the first that we would expose here we take

53:38 cerebellum. We're looking in the back the brain Now, with cerebellum

53:42 we're seeing thalamus and we're seeing the brain and we're seeing four nuclear

53:51 The two nuclei on top year around called superior curricula superior curricula above

53:58 You have the pineal body. You what pineal body comes? I think

54:05 I am I learned. Therefore, remember the day cart had something to

54:11 with the pineal body. It doesn't a replication is a singular structure.

54:16 when you lived in the anatomy was that's very important Because superior calculus has

54:21 and right. Inferior calculus has left right. This is alone. This

54:24 a Sentra. This is important. body. He was able to observe

54:29 too. Now the superior Caligula, to the left and right. Superior

54:34 asses responsible for visual information processing. these air this special senses that we

54:40 about special sensor information processing so part the superior curricular would be responsible for

54:47 of the visual information processing will be for what we call psychotic eye

54:53 The very fast I movement that we because we don't actually do a slow

54:58 when we follow something. But we our eyes jumping and refocusing as we

55:05 some movement in the field of view field of view. The cats have

55:10 seacat acai movement so have great great superior curricula and very collectible. I

55:16 be processing auditory information. So this is part of the midbrain.

55:24 are located here on the back of ponds. You have this Arab

55:28 Dunkel. So now you cut off top image You cut off the cerebellum

55:33 . Now you've exposed the Serb Dunkel, sit. Connect a lot

55:36 the fibers that are running through the ponds up into the cerebral cortex and

55:42 cerebral cortex back into the cerebellum. right, now you're gonna learn the

55:51 cranial nerves. And to do I'm actually gonna give you a really

55:59 , um, way off remembering So the 12 cranial nerves that are

56:09 in this area we're talking about the , and I have an abbreviation for

56:16 12 cranial nerves that will share with . And you're welcome. Thio,

56:22 this abbreviation, but it goes something the lines off. Oh,

56:46 Touch on the field. Very green in tow. Bulls What?

57:15 So the first olfactory nerve is the nerve is all factory. That's the

57:25 call. The second man is up , okay? And that's the

57:35 Oh, the third nerve here you see and you can see these large

57:43 nerves. Ok, traveling down toward lateral Jinich Hewlett body is. So

57:49 is the ventral side, and this the dorsal side. And on the

57:53 side, you have these brainstem I'd admit by a nuclear that we

57:58 discussed inferior and a superior curricula So this is the eventual side.

58:03 see the optic nerve, Then you in mid brain level the ocular motor

58:10 . Okay, that's the That's the nervous ocular motor. If you do

58:19 with me, you might actually be it as a dio ocular motor.

58:25 we have the fourth cranial nerve. , which is the Troccoli unnerve?

58:33 , So clear. And we have fifth claiming out cranial nerve, which

58:46 trigeminal nerve. And so you should this. Remember this for the

58:51 because trigeminal, it has three parts stocks coming on. It's shown here

58:57 this is the frontal views showing it the from the from the ventral side

59:03 trigeminal nervous, The most prominent cranial . The largest, uh,

59:10 the optic nerves. They're easy to the optic nerves. There's two nerves

59:15 then there is an optic eye um with the two nerves Crossover.

59:20 if you remember the optic eye um the super charismatic nucleus chi

59:24 um is across so the left and right part of the optic nerve fibers

59:31 and from then on it becomes an tract. The optic nerve is a

59:36 nerve. Three eyes, the cranial two. And then you have the

59:44 nerve, which is the largest. . And so this what this with

59:51 saying Oh, to touch and feel green vegetables and essentially stands for different

60:03 that some years ago, when I an undergraduate, we were studying and

60:10 were tired when we decided Thio come with our own pneumonic and we came

60:16 with our own pneumonic and that's our demonic. Turned out to be this

60:23 , to touch and feel very green . Oh, okay. Oh,

60:31 clear to touch and we can And what is that? Is Abdu

60:37 right of do since nerve, we get more separation here. Uh,

60:53 we have additions and after a distance have 12 nerves. That's another way

61:08 doing it. Roman neural Want to or I've six. Stubborn.

61:42 eight. Yeah. Um, these are buried together. 11.

61:53 Uh huh. They buried together in word. Uh, separated. So

62:00 we have a BDU since have Abdu f stands for facial the This too

62:18 coat, Cochlear. What's after What's our nine? Nerve. So

62:39 called for you? Glass of foreign . Okay, Town Vegas. What

62:59 with vagus nerve stays with Vegas and number 10. What happens with vagus

63:07 ? It didn't stay with vagus but let the whole world know that

63:10 transmission is chemical. Right? Vagus . What am I talking about?

63:16 do you guys need to know? number one Need to know that Optic

63:20 two. Why? Because you can two optic nerves on the kayaks.

63:25 ! Ocular motor. Why should you ocular motor? You should know what

63:29 does. What does it do? que lo motor. Let me

63:33 What does it do? Motor must something to do with motor function.

63:37 , Oculus, Oculus I it moves eye. All right, I know

63:42 trigeminal needs to know the biggest stock out here, and it controls the

63:48 of the face. And, it's and it's very, very important

63:54 regard, uh, sensory and motor . Uh, see? And

64:06 This is a glass of foreign This is vagus nerve. Do we

64:12 to know the are the A's It was 12. Hi,

64:30 Go. So right. So now have all the 12 nerves. Cranial

64:39 . That's awesome. Oh, to and feel very green vegetables are olfactory

64:44 , ocular motor Troccoli, trigeminal inducements . Mr Vo Coakley, Glass

64:49 Vegas Successor and hyper glass. All of these. Like I say,

64:53 tell you what they do, the we need to know. 1235 and

65:00 . And you know what? You know. It also. Why this

65:03 cochlear? What do you think of stimulant? Cochlear nerve do. Let's

65:08 . Let's tubular cochlear. It must my feet. Now that's the duel

65:14 cochlea balance. Hearing glass of foreign Once glass of foreign Joe pharynx everything

65:27 anatomy and neural anatomy. You have break up the words and you'll know

65:31 meetings. Glass of French glass. , pharynx lasso tongue lost soul When

65:39 have hyper Glassell something to do with hypo underneath the tongue. So muscles

65:45 underneath the tongue This is some something tongue and pharynx. Okay, Some

65:51 these are motor, and some of are sensory. So we wanted to

65:58 which ones were motor. Which one's sensory. And we came up with

66:07 ? Yeah, by the way, forgot to tell you who the character

66:12 . That's doing this. Bugs Bugs Bunny says, Oh, Thio

66:22 and feel very great vegetables. Uh bunnies. All right. Now how

66:31 we know which one is motor? one is not? So we just

66:34 Okay, Bonnie, would you say do you say? Bugs Bunny?

66:40 Bunny says this so, So much , But all right, brother says

67:16 Bunny. Thanks more s stands for . I'm stands for motor. He

67:47 for both sensory and motor. So of these cranial nerves can be

67:52 Some of them are motor and some them are both. And in this

67:57 , you're looking again. This is nerve, Juan to three core

68:11 six, seven eight. I'm Lover 12. All right, so

68:32 you have two new Monix one which you identify, which is sensory,

68:41 is motor and the other one that you identify. Well, this just

68:48 it all. But give me one and the other ones that identifies helps

69:00 boobs. That helps to remember the off these nerves by helping you remember

69:08 first name off the alphabet off the nerves. OK, so do you

69:21 those new Monix? You may remember nerves. You can use different

69:25 but you will be responsible again for AIDS in 10 and you will be

69:34 for knowing what they are and what they perform, such as vagus nerve

69:43 ocular motor nerve. And you should able to identify the optic nerve optical

69:49 , um trigeminal nerve as well as other brain functions that we were reviewing

69:57 in the images. And this will today's

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