| 00:10 | Oh good. I'm getting another, on my home computer right now, |
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| 00:19 | it's asked me to lodge the meeting I'm just gonna quickly try this. |
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| 00:24 | . Oh, there we go. just see here. Okay, Can |
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| 00:57 | see that guy? Yes. Okay, well you might not be |
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| 01:11 | . You probably had breakfast already, uh somehow it came across this a |
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| 01:19 | back. I thought it was kind funny to put it together. |
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| 01:27 | so we've been uh, we were about location and drilling and making measurements |
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| 01:34 | and core and a bit about making situ or some surface into the material |
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| 01:43 | . And just a reminder on us how cora's recovered. And here's, |
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| 01:48 | one technique uh recovery of core is common in the mining world, in |
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| 01:58 | hard rock world. So it's generally to the surface of course for |
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| 02:04 | but they often use slant rigs as , the ones shown here. And |
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| 02:09 | you can see the, the drill also, um the barrel in core |
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| 02:18 | then uh, that's recovered. And in the hard rock world, the |
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| 02:23 | , the full record of course is often recovered. And then you'll see |
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| 02:28 | often displayed um in, in the like this. Typically the, the |
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| 02:36 | is cut in half and half would to an archive or some kind of |
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| 02:44 | and then the other half is, tested and and maybe maybe destroyed in |
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| 02:50 | test. So invasive invasive testing You can see a couple of recovered |
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| 02:55 | from two of our very common shale the marcellus shale on the East coast |
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| 03:02 | the lower Eagle ford in south So now we've got, now we've |
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| 03:09 | some core and again how they, just showed the over barreling technique but |
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| 03:22 | also sidewall core and there are a of different ways that sidewall car can |
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| 03:26 | recovered. And here's the, the method or an impact method where actually |
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| 03:33 | tool is lowered into the well and tool just has steel cups that are |
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| 03:40 | actually are blasted right into the side . And so these are, these |
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| 03:45 | sort of cylindrical bullets and um, fired in and the cup or the |
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| 03:54 | itself is on a tether and so goes into the formation, grabs a |
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| 03:58 | of rock and then it's actually pulled into the end of the tool. |
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| 04:04 | this is a, this is another simple way to, to gather some |
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| 04:10 | rock. Then we could be a bit more sophisticated uh, rather than |
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| 04:20 | the bullets into the side of the , we could actually have a tool |
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| 04:26 | a coring tool called a sidewall coring . And you can see the |
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| 04:30 | the little bit that sticks out the of the tool. It's like a |
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| 04:36 | her wheel or some of the hubcaps cars that are around my neck of |
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| 04:42 | woods here so that it rotates a drill bit and recovers a recovers the |
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| 04:50 | . So that would drill into the of the borehole and you can see |
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| 05:02 | kind of course that would be recovered this case this is an over barrel |
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| 05:05 | of 3.5 inch quarter so and we've sliced off part of it then |
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| 05:10 | filled it in with plexiglas so that can do some more experiments with |
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| 05:15 | Um And here's another card. This to be from the Canadian oil sands |
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| 05:23 | it's a it's a chunk of But you can see as I mentioned |
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| 05:26 | , the sand is unconsolidated and it's fully saturated with bitumen. Actually, |
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| 05:33 | love the smell of it shouldn't smell much but it's got a great great |
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| 05:39 | . But what's done up there is is injected into the formation. So |
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| 05:44 | play is that well, only a 100 ft deep and then horizontal wells |
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| 05:53 | drilled in pairs. It's called sag . Steam assisted gravity drag drive. |
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| 06:02 | the steam is injected in the top , it melts all the victim and |
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| 06:06 | goes falls down into the bottom well then it's produced at the bottom |
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| 06:10 | So uh in this part of the , horizontal drilling has been used for |
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| 06:16 | decades and and mainly to get this . So you can see that after |
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| 06:23 | steam has been passed through the oil , the sand is completely clean and |
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| 06:31 | unconsolidated. So there's an example again an unconventional resource. The permeability is |
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| 06:37 | high but the viscosity is extremely high . So it needs to be treated |
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| 06:45 | , some people would say that this oil sand with almost 200 billion barrels |
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| 06:50 | oil. There is mother nature's biggest spill and it's just all sitting there |
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| 06:55 | to the surface and we're cleaning it steam and cleaning it and extracting the |
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| 07:02 | . So here's some other other some rock samples from drill core. |
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| 07:09 | we had done a lot of work um very assault. We're interested in |
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| 07:19 | for a few reasons. Number it's, it's used itself just sodium |
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| 07:24 | . There's a huge industry built around compounds. PVC polyvinyl chloride. So |
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| 07:33 | the plastics use chlorine, chlorine in . So we're interested in getting the |
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| 07:40 | , the chlorine out of the Uh also the salt domes make structural |
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| 07:48 | for great oil traps beside them, talked about spindletop a little bit and |
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| 07:54 | here, this has been the source a lot of the economy. And |
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| 07:57 | of course right now the assault is for storage. So we've got these |
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| 08:05 | salt domes that are thousands of feet . They're uh largely impermeable and so |
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| 08:12 | can be etched. And what you is you drill a hole into the |
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| 08:16 | and then start circulating fresh water. fresh water easily dissolves the salt in |
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| 08:21 | brine. Then you pump the brine and then you etch or dissolve a |
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| 08:27 | , making a cavern and you have do as the whole dissolves. Then |
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| 08:34 | do repeat sonar surveys to see how it is and then keep on etching |
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| 08:39 | dissolving the well to make these enormous and those can be used for petroleum |
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| 08:47 | natural gas liquids. Some people have talked making them into sort of a |
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| 08:52 | that you inject high pressure air when is cheap. And then this high |
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| 09:00 | air can be blown back out through to generate electricity when electricity is |
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| 09:06 | So it's a that can be used all kinds of different purposes. So |
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| 09:11 | some beautiful salts. Um These are where we've operated Hockley at match before |
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| 09:17 | I'll show you Stephanie, I'll show some of the, some of the |
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| 09:22 | that I just got a couple of ago. That might be another interesting |
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| 09:26 | for you. As I mentioned, guys are putting together a story where |
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| 09:31 | want to raise some money and drill side of Hockley by premium of them |
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| 09:38 | got the riches of mine. I down into a long time ago in |
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| 09:41 | just not too far from Detroit, to cross the river from Detroit. |
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| 09:46 | it was the big one of the salt mines in the world. And |
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| 09:50 | Akira is one of the classic minds um Columbia, coarse salt was used |
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| 10:00 | . It was the basis of You probably know that the word salary |
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| 10:04 | from Sao or salt and roman soldiers paid in salt was so expensive, |
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| 10:10 | valuable, salacious salud. All of words come from salt which means |
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| 10:17 | healthy. Oh so so it's been for a long time. We regard |
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| 10:23 | as just cheap and abundant. But most of history salt was very expensive |
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| 10:27 | really valuable and we need it. some salt samples once again once we've |
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| 10:35 | the sample this is not so much world, but in the in the |
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| 10:39 | world, in the thin section the mineralogy world, they would take |
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| 10:44 | samples and do a lot of stuff is ancillary. So as you know |
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| 10:49 | X rays are shown on a on crystal we can shine x rays in |
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| 10:53 | crystal. And if we had pure . A C. L. There's |
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| 10:57 | diffraction patterns with angle that that So pure salt, the X ray |
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| 11:07 | with result of angle looks like So that's kind of our template |
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| 11:14 | I would like this. So if wanted to do machine learning this, |
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| 11:18 | would be your template. The beautiful that you're looking for. Um We |
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| 11:27 | at different salts out. Here's the sample from Hockley and you can see |
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| 11:31 | it's almost pure beautiful salt N. . C. L. When we |
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| 11:37 | down to Godrich the the Detroit It's pretty close to just pure |
|
| 11:45 | Then we go into zip Akira in and you can see that it has |
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| 11:50 | lot of other stuff in there. you can imagine an algorithm that's what's |
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| 11:56 | an algorithm that goes in and tries match templates to all this and then |
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| 12:01 | out how much of each component is there. And when you re match |
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| 12:05 | templates and there we find that it's it's probably about 90% N A C |
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| 12:10 | . Salt. But you can see there's calcium sulfate, a bit of |
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| 12:14 | courts and also some limestone calcium Anyway that's that's uh there'd be all |
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| 12:23 | of geologic analysis done like this with core now that we've got the |
|
| 12:30 | So we also were involved this is bit ancillary just for interest. But |
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| 12:38 | were also early on in presenting So creating our own core out of |
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| 12:46 | D. Printing materials. And the D. Printing materials can be plastic |
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| 12:51 | even even metals. And so there's lot there's a lot of interest of |
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| 12:56 | now in the last 10 years on a design and not having to millet |
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| 13:01 | manufacture it or put it into a . But just to print it. |
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| 13:11 | we were doing a bunch of that here's one of our favorite guys getting |
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| 13:17 | D. Printed. So we were were actually making rocks making our own |
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| 13:26 | so we could give it certain velocities structure and everything. And then we |
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| 13:30 | testing that. So here's an example making making our own core With three |
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| 13:36 | . models, you can put porosity it And you can see on a |
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| 13:41 | scale actually how these how 3D printing . It just lays down a little |
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| 13:48 | in orthogonal directions. And then when , when you tell it to |
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| 13:52 | it doesn't put the fiber down that a hole. And so you can |
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| 13:55 | any shape by just programming the machine different shapes. And then it'll just |
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| 14:02 | down the shape with these little little . So we were putting various cracks |
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| 14:10 | porosity and making all kinds of different of rock that we're going to investigate |
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| 14:16 | different pore saturates and then find the acoustic properties. So you can make |
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| 14:23 | kinds of cool um kinds of pseudo or like rocks. And that's what |
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| 14:29 | did. And then um and then can propagate seismic waves through them to |
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| 14:33 | at their properties. So once what side, what's done with the |
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| 14:39 | that comes out of the uh this And you can see that a lot |
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| 14:44 | it stored for example in in Austin over half a million boxes of |
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| 14:53 | So if you were working on a anywhere, um that's one of the |
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| 14:59 | that the state has. So you go into and examine this this corner |
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| 15:07 | just actually look at the rocks So the stories there, uh and |
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| 15:13 | what kind of, what can you with that car? Well, as |
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| 15:16 | geologist, you go in and just at it and describe it the the |
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| 15:21 | of the shape, the length, grain size, all that kind of |
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| 15:26 | . And then you can actually run various kind of harry potter wands over |
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| 15:31 | top of this um to measure the Gamarra and make some of these other |
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| 15:39 | too. All of these guys can done with the largely uh nondestructive |
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| 15:47 | So we'll make all kinds of measurements the court to get its rock properties |
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| 15:51 | how saturates would would behave in Ok, Another, another classic thing |
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| 16:02 | gonna do with core is just try get another value. This is a |
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| 16:08 | simple one. This is just a measurement. And in fact, I'm |
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| 16:12 | show you mike Myers and Laurie Hawkins , did did you get over to |
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| 16:16 | Stephanie in petroleum engineering? Did we you there? Um No, I |
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| 16:24 | think so. I don't think Either. I took my class there |
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| 16:28 | week but yeah, we might, put that on the schedule one of |
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| 16:35 | days or I'm gonna actually say this another project. I'll give you three |
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| 16:40 | four ideas for projects that may interest and then depending which one you want |
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| 16:46 | select or somebody else is. But of the projects were just starting a |
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| 16:51 | physics project with petroleum engineering in in this lab and I'm gonna show |
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| 16:56 | . But here's one of the instruments they have. And it's a really |
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| 16:59 | and it just measures the hardness of rock and how it works is there's |
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| 17:05 | an inventor that goes down hits the and then just measures the diameter of |
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| 17:14 | indentation. And then you can plot that diameter. That diameter relates to |
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| 17:22 | an index or a number you can from it. And that number of |
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| 17:26 | would plot against depth and properties and a log out of it. And |
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| 17:34 | this number or strength is related to pressure at which the material breaks. |
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| 17:43 | it's a hardness number but it relates how the material breaks. Why do |
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| 17:48 | care well, because we're going to fracture the material, we need to |
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| 17:53 | it's the forest or the pressure is to break it. So here's a |
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| 17:58 | a number that gives us an idea what kind of pressure is going to |
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| 18:01 | required to hydraulically fracture or break this . So just one example of what |
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| 18:07 | can do with current. Now we also non invasively put an ultrasonic transducer |
|
| 18:16 | the top of the corner, one the bottom. And then just measure |
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| 18:18 | transit time. So the upper transducer a little vibration and then we have |
|
| 18:27 | transducer that records the vibration. Sometimes can do the reflection measurement or the |
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| 18:34 | measurement. So with with this ultrasonic , we do both in this case |
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| 18:39 | can do a transmission just one way through the right through the material and |
|
| 18:46 | that's just measure the distance that the of flight picked the train travel time |
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| 18:51 | . So we get maybe five centimeters by 20 microseconds. And that gives |
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| 18:58 | the velocity of 2000 m per second something like that. So we can |
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| 19:02 | that with a P wave, the vibrates up and down. Or we |
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| 19:07 | have the transducer vibrate back and And that gives us a shear |
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| 19:12 | We can pick the sheer weight of , Thickness L over the share wave |
|
| 19:16 | . 40 microseconds gives us say 1100 per second. Then in the classic |
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| 19:30 | we always do in petro physics or logging or anything. We're gonna do |
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| 19:35 | plots. And so for example we take that hardness number, the ball |
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| 19:41 | number and plot that through against shear velocity and find that there's a direct |
|
| 19:52 | . So that's interesting. And then course the shear wave rigidity. We |
|
| 19:58 | that that's directly related to break ability the rigidity is a big number in |
|
| 20:05 | hydraulic fracturing equation. So um this again two measurements. We can make |
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| 20:09 | ultrasonic velocity of material and the hardness platform. That can tell us something |
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| 20:15 | how how hard we have to whack rock to break it. Okay now |
|
| 20:30 | again, just as an example, rocks are not pure. It's nice |
|
| 20:34 | we do get pure rock. So all the times we talk about rock |
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| 20:38 | and logs and everything. Usually the are mixed and so everything we talk |
|
| 20:43 | is gonna be for mixed rock. even the simple salts typically have some |
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| 20:47 | of mixture and here's some of the of the salts that other people have |
|
| 20:53 | on. You can see primarily salt lots of different beautiful character. So |
|
| 21:04 | Stephanie with dr Castano's course you probably a bunch of rock physics. |
|
| 21:12 | Yes sir. Yeah. Okay so show a few things but we won't |
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| 21:16 | much time on on rock physics but would have showed also the the mixing |
|
| 21:23 | . If we take um Say two rocks maybe and then hydrate and and |
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| 21:32 | carbonate or something else. Then we them in this case they salt, |
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| 21:36 | hydrate, so we take 100% salt then introduce more and more and hydrate |
|
| 21:42 | it. Then the rock properties start vary and there are two numbers that |
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| 21:52 | use for rock properties. One is the void and that is the rice |
|
| 21:58 | and that's just whether we're dealing with geometric or a harmonic average of the |
|
| 22:03 | . So do we deal with to the final velocity is the final velocity |
|
| 22:07 | one over B. Is equal to times one over B. A. |
|
| 22:11 | one B. One over B. . And the likewise the rice is |
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| 22:16 | standard average. So and people generally that those two numbers reflect an assemblage |
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| 22:30 | the of the material, whether it's stiff material or a softer material. |
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| 22:36 | then those provide the bounds for how two materials would be put together. |
|
| 22:45 | just just to remember to about our types, of course we make a |
|
| 22:49 | and this is an elastic wave And uh if one of the ways |
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| 22:56 | will propagate in virtually any material, wave is just our compression all wave |
|
| 23:03 | that particle motion is in line with direction of propagation. So this is |
|
| 23:07 | sound and air like right now or fluids or solids. We get this |
|
| 23:14 | of wave, we have to have the compressibility and a rigidity this guy |
|
| 23:21 | . And then as you know, can we can disturb the material |
|
| 23:26 | And then a wave just like shaking slinky up and down. The particle |
|
| 23:31 | up and down with the waves propagating the slinky as opposed to whacking the |
|
| 23:35 | on the end and the wave is in the direction of propagation. So |
|
| 23:41 | get our share waves and R. waves. And in the in the |
|
| 23:44 | or in the more hall we can these make these waves and measure them |
|
| 23:50 | they tell us about the rock Now as you know the when we |
|
| 23:58 | at the compression wave, that disturbance the material squishes the material. And |
|
| 24:06 | the uh the wave propagates with the depending on how hard it is to |
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| 24:11 | the material. And so because we're the volume of the material, the |
|
| 24:18 | wave is a delta V. Over . It's a it's a change in |
|
| 24:21 | volume. It changes the shape. you can imagine that the that what's |
|
| 24:27 | the porosity or inside this network of matrix makes a big difference. So |
|
| 24:38 | I had a gas in this a gas in the porosity, how |
|
| 24:45 | is it to compress gas gasses? hard to compress gas. Right? |
|
| 25:06 | , uh it's not not relative. mean, think of compressing. Think |
|
| 25:15 | trying to compress water water, but you actually try to to put that |
|
| 25:21 | in a box and compress its It's extremely in compressible. Yeah. |
|
| 25:27 | always like kind of thinking in my , Yeah, like rock. If |
|
| 25:32 | if you try to squeeze a that's pretty hard to change its hit |
|
| 25:38 | . But if you have a you could take the balloon and squeeze |
|
| 25:43 | if you could do it without, squishing out. But gasses are pretty |
|
| 25:48 | to compress. So, because they're to compress, they don't provide much |
|
| 25:59 | to compression. And so the sound the wave itself is kind of sloppy |
|
| 26:04 | it propagates through. And typically it's slow. So the the the classic |
|
| 26:14 | for sound propagation? Just sound and is you remember that just how fast |
|
| 26:26 | p waves, how fast the sound in the air. Um I was |
|
| 26:38 | , like one point, I don't , I want to say like |
|
| 26:43 | but I don't think that's right. it's uh the number. And you'll |
|
| 26:49 | to again remember numbers in both of units, but it's 3 32 m |
|
| 26:54 | second, so just over 300 m second. So it's around 1100 ft |
|
| 27:00 | second. Okay. No, But that's a practical number, you can |
|
| 27:10 | . I I use it all the sitting up here in the 22nd floor |
|
| 27:15 | the city because especially when there's bad that comes in, there's lightning all |
|
| 27:20 | time. And so I'm always trying compute how far away the lightning |
|
| 27:27 | So again, when lightning strikes, see it, we see the the |
|
| 27:35 | immediately right. And then sometime later hear the thunder. So the thunder |
|
| 27:44 | from the lightning, ionizing the blowing up the air basically and creating |
|
| 27:49 | shockwave. And then the sound from lightning propagates. But of course the |
|
| 28:00 | propagating at three times 10 to the km/s. sound is propagating at .3 |
|
| 28:14 | . So the lightning arrives, the arrives instantaneously the sound takes, um |
|
| 28:21 | going at 1000 ft per second. if you see the lightning and then |
|
| 28:27 | thunder arrives three seconds later, how away is the lightning? 3000 |
|
| 28:35 | That's it. So I think that a good little number. So all |
|
| 28:40 | time when I'm sitting here and should we go play golf or when |
|
| 28:44 | are playing golf and you uh see lightning, just count how long it |
|
| 28:52 | the sound to arrive. And if Under 10 seconds then the lightning |
|
| 29:01 | You know, a couple of miles at 10 seconds. So that means |
|
| 29:05 | gonna have to get out of So lightning then the thunder under 10 |
|
| 29:13 | . You better go a lot of if it's really close, you actually |
|
| 29:18 | it's pretty close cause it's loud, It might be, it might be |
|
| 29:25 | ft away, five seconds. Boom . Then we hear it. Or |
|
| 29:34 | Alameda Road, just up the A few years ago, two Bar |
|
| 29:39 | were having a dispute by the turkey hut. The two owners were having |
|
| 29:47 | dispute. And then one morning, is, I think five years ago |
|
| 29:51 | so, four or five years it was four o'clock in the morning |
|
| 29:55 | there was an enormous explosion, enormous that woke me up and everybody around |
|
| 30:04 | so I was actually testing one of seismometers here in, in my condo |
|
| 30:12 | the explosion, you could see it on the seismometer, which was |
|
| 30:18 | But it turned out that one bar was mad at the other bar |
|
| 30:21 | So the person got a bunch of to go in and pour gasoline on |
|
| 30:26 | guy's bar and blow it up. just, it's shocking that nobody |
|
| 30:33 | well, maybe somebody did die, knows the video saw the show people |
|
| 30:39 | away. But the problem was when poured gasoline all over this guy's bar |
|
| 30:44 | detonated it, they weren't too smart they didn't realize that their gasoline fumes |
|
| 30:51 | . And so the guys who did were probably burned anyway. It was |
|
| 30:56 | crazy thing. But it shut down whole, shut down the whole |
|
| 31:00 | There was wooden buildings all over the . We don't know of anybody who |
|
| 31:03 | hurt, but I'm sure people did . On my seismometer, I recorded |
|
| 31:10 | air blast, But before the air there was actually a ground way arrival |
|
| 31:17 | even on the 22nd floor, I in the seismometer. So the blast |
|
| 31:22 | a refraction in the ground that propagated Alameda Road hit the building and shook |
|
| 31:31 | building and it's slightly before the air . So it's kind of interesting. |
|
| 31:36 | must have been really mad at the guy. I'll tell you what, |
|
| 31:45 | really mad and really dumb. that was quite a thing. |
|
| 31:55 | that's really not the way that you to resolve disputes. But nonetheless, |
|
| 32:00 | some interesting seismology. Okay, so just talked about sound propagating through air |
|
| 32:08 | 332 m/s. That's how I remember . But you could convert that two |
|
| 32:12 | per second somewhere around 1100. and immediately useful. I use it |
|
| 32:18 | the time when outdoors, if we're field camps or doing field work or |
|
| 32:22 | , there actually are laws when you to really shut down people working in |
|
| 32:26 | outdoors if there's lightning and typically it's about five miles away. So I |
|
| 32:34 | need to shut down crews and everything there's lightning in the area. And |
|
| 32:39 | find there's probably some golf courses up the woodlands. If there's a storm |
|
| 32:43 | a storm coming, you'll likely hear golf courses blow a horn. I |
|
| 32:48 | know whether there any golf course is around where you are, but some |
|
| 32:52 | . No, there was one, they closed it down, but we're |
|
| 32:58 | close enough to hear it. I think. Okay because normally they've got |
|
| 33:03 | big horn that blows. It says the golfers you get off the golf |
|
| 33:08 | . It turns out that the believe it or not, there are |
|
| 33:11 | lot of people who hit by lightning year in the US. And |
|
| 33:17 | The statistics, I saw some time that 30% of the fatalities of lightning |
|
| 33:23 | were actually men on the golf So it, you know, the |
|
| 33:31 | courses are often flat, There's nothing on the fairway. You're the highest |
|
| 33:37 | . What the lightning wants to do just connect the easiest way. So |
|
| 33:40 | got a huge battery up here on ground and it's trying to connect to |
|
| 33:46 | so it's gonna discharge in the easiest possible. And if you are carrying |
|
| 33:50 | bunch of lightning rod golf clubs in middle of the fairway, that that |
|
| 33:57 | un good. So, um, , that's one of the big |
|
| 34:05 | the record. There's a guy who's struck by lightning seven times that's in |
|
| 34:09 | Guinness Book records, I think he's most struck guy in the world who's |
|
| 34:13 | around. He's a he's a ranger the up in colorado, one of |
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| 34:20 | mountain ranges. And of course he's there all the time. He's lightning |
|
| 34:24 | the time. And he gets caught myself as with some guys scrambling in |
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| 34:30 | Iraqis and we're close to the Beautiful day. But we could see |
|
| 34:34 | weather coming in and we started to funny, Your skin starts to feel |
|
| 34:39 | of funny and then the hair starts kind of stand up and then we |
|
| 34:46 | , oh we wanted to get to summit but it's getting kind of funky |
|
| 34:52 | then we could hear things clicking, could hear our packs kind of |
|
| 34:56 | Well maybe it's just the, the melting in the rocks. But then |
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| 35:00 | would go like this and little sparks go between your fingers. Seriously. |
|
| 35:06 | when that started to happen, we , you know what we're gonna have |
|
| 35:09 | bail and get out of here. , so because there's been a professor |
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| 35:15 | electrical engineering that had actually been unfortunately from the university University of Calgary. |
|
| 35:20 | I thought you know, I teach safety and if I get killed it |
|
| 35:25 | be really embarrassing. That would be , really embarrassing and hypocritical. So |
|
| 35:32 | very very hypocritical. So I better die this way or try not |
|
| 35:37 | So we bailed off the mountain and enough, a big storm did come |
|
| 35:41 | but that is this battery inducing a . And if that field gets strong |
|
| 35:48 | , of course lightning connects. There's spark. You want to be in |
|
| 35:52 | way. So back to our a . Um If there's fluid in the |
|
| 36:00 | then it's hard to compress the If there's gas in the rock, |
|
| 36:03 | easy to compress the rock and that the velocity. So you can see |
|
| 36:09 | that just our standard parameters. This kind of the compressibility of the rock |
|
| 36:14 | here's the rigidity of the rock, was shear wave as the shear waves |
|
| 36:25 | through the material. It's just changing shape of the material, not the |
|
| 36:34 | . So in some ways the shear is easier. It's just starting the |
|
| 36:41 | now because it's starting to shape as can see uh if I start the |
|
| 36:47 | . So I get this triangle and the triangle over there. The shape |
|
| 36:51 | different but the volume is not. the shear wave doesn't distort the volume |
|
| 36:58 | it doesn't distort the volume. It largely feels the matrix. It doesn't |
|
| 37:05 | feel what's inside the porosity. Unless in the porosity is extremely viscous, |
|
| 37:13 | which case shearing it is felt. you can imagine if there's fluid in |
|
| 37:18 | and I change the shape just like talking about if I've got fluid in |
|
| 37:21 | balloon I can easily change the shape the balloon. I can't change its |
|
| 37:25 | size but I can change the shape . So it offers no resistance to |
|
| 37:30 | change. So the fluid and the do very very little to the rigidity |
|
| 37:37 | the matrix. So the shear wave really feel what's in the pores because |
|
| 37:44 | has no rigidity. So there's the wave velocity just depends on the rigidity |
|
| 37:51 | the whole material. And because the and gas, if they're in a |
|
| 37:57 | have any rigidity, they don't make change now, where they do change |
|
| 38:03 | a little bit is you can imagine the density of the material. So |
|
| 38:11 | back to Tanya's fluid substitution, if put gas in the rock that will |
|
| 38:20 | the density fluid of course makes it dense gas makes it less sense. |
|
| 38:26 | surprisingly, you can see here if put gas in the rock according to |
|
| 38:31 | density. Do you expect the shear velocity to go up or down? |
|
| 38:37 | we replace fluid with gas, would expect the shear wave velocity to go |
|
| 38:42 | or down? Just from the equation , I'm like thinking um it would |
|
| 38:53 | down. No go up. So if we're replacing fluid with |
|
| 39:05 | we're making the material less dense. surprisingly, it puts less dense in |
|
| 39:14 | terms, the shear wave velocity goes . So if we go back |
|
| 39:34 | we might say that the p wave should behave in the same way. |
|
| 39:39 | if we replace fluid with gas and density goes down, the p wave |
|
| 39:44 | should go up, but it Why is that? Um Just for |
|
| 40:08 | equation, we said, this is smaller, density is getting smaller. |
|
| 40:12 | in principle you'd say, well that make this get bigger. We said |
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| 40:17 | the rigidity doesn't really depend on the because it has no rigidity. |
|
| 40:25 | our observation is that when we put in Iraq, he goes down, |
|
| 40:31 | said this term should be driving it . So the only thing that can |
|
| 40:35 | is this term sort of the compressibility the rock. So when we put |
|
| 40:44 | in, we said, gas is to compress. So if I squeeze |
|
| 40:51 | rock, it's actually easy to squeeze rock with gas in it. That |
|
| 40:56 | that Lamaze goes way down. So is getting smaller and is driving the |
|
| 41:06 | up, but only a little little compressibility is going way down. Lamaze |
|
| 41:14 | . The primers going way down because easier to compress the rock of gas |
|
| 41:19 | it. This is going way down the velocity drops so this guy is |
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| 41:25 | smaller but this guy is getting way so it wins. Okay. |
|
| 41:35 | something that I've struggled with so far this program being by myself, I'm |
|
| 41:40 | bad in the spot and I am spot. So it's been it's been |
|
| 41:47 | hard for me because I'm not I'm dumb. It just takes me a |
|
| 41:54 | . No, it's really easy when asking the questions, it's way harder |
|
| 41:57 | you have to answer the questions. , very much so. Yeah. |
|
| 42:06 | Yeah, well no, there were any enormous hurry so take your |
|
| 42:11 | It's really just to um to interact make sure that you're not getting overwhelmed |
|
| 42:17 | the stuff that you've got some time think about it and um yeah, |
|
| 42:23 | hard to be flat on all the too. No, I find it's |
|
| 42:35 | same thing. Even when lecturing or , if you are being asked questions |
|
| 42:40 | , you're kind of in the same that you've got to think fast as |
|
| 42:45 | as you can on your feet but it comes to doing calculations um I'll |
|
| 42:50 | right to the board and do the simple basic calculations because most of us |
|
| 42:55 | do calculations on our feet fast and . So I'm gonna write down distance |
|
| 43:02 | time distances. Do do it seems , but I'm trying to do this |
|
| 43:07 | real time and I don't want to it up for sure. Good. |
|
| 43:15 | , so that's just some again, mental aerobics for the morning. Just |
|
| 43:20 | remember a little bit about the rock and when we do log analysis and |
|
| 43:27 | talked about saturation. Of course this all the story. So once |
|
| 43:32 | just to to think about the simple of the ultra sonics that we can |
|
| 43:37 | on these core, whether they are core or actual core, we're just |
|
| 43:44 | the ultrasonic transducers. The let me if I can put this on a |
|
| 43:52 | different screen. Love me. You what? I'm gonna maybe do that |
|
| 43:59 | the break. Um So once you can see that there's just a |
|
| 44:07 | created transmits. Now if we measure kind of material, the vertical or |
|
| 44:14 | P wave arrives pretty fast, but can polarize or if I'm generating a |
|
| 44:19 | wave, I can have it in direction or another direction. And it |
|
| 44:23 | out with these materials, if they're ice, a tropic are not the |
|
| 44:27 | in every direction, then the arrivals slightly different. So if I'm shaking |
|
| 44:33 | material up across the betting or parallel betting the waves travel in a different |
|
| 44:43 | . So the shear wave velocity is dependent on how we vibrate the material |
|
| 44:49 | that's called anisotropy the very simple way think about that is imagine a set |
|
| 44:56 | bad springs. And for every node one bed spring that's like the springs |
|
| 45:06 | a car that's very stiff. And in the other direction I have another |
|
| 45:10 | spring, that's kind of a soft . Then the other direction they have |
|
| 45:13 | bed spring that's kind of intermediate So you can imagine those bad springs |
|
| 45:18 | a node altogether have different values. when I whack it this way and |
|
| 45:25 | wave goes through, you can imagine different springs it travels faster the softer |
|
| 45:33 | when I whack it, the wave through but it's traveling a bit slower |
|
| 45:37 | this is really the basic concept of Satrapi in Iraq that it's we imagine |
|
| 45:46 | rocks just all these nodes and springs put together and you whack it and |
|
| 45:49 | just waves that go through it. the P wave depending on the |
|
| 45:53 | will go one speed depending on the strength. The sheer wave same |
|
| 45:58 | it's going to depend on the strength the spring as the wave propagates |
|
| 46:01 | And so that is what we find real materials rocks. So if we |
|
| 46:06 | a P wave through this way or way or this way um the velocity |
|
| 46:15 | a little bit because in fact the or the mechanical properties of the rock |
|
| 46:20 | slightly different. So that that's the it did to understand and I Saki |
|
| 46:24 | me, it's just different spring strength that's easy to think about. And |
|
| 46:29 | the wave going through those different spring travels a slightly different velocity. So |
|
| 46:39 | again in a in a real lab , we've got the transducers and we've |
|
| 46:45 | a rock sample. I'm just gonna the transit time through it. It's |
|
| 46:49 | pretty basic measurement, but it's the . We need to calibrate our sonic |
|
| 46:55 | and our seismic because that's what our waves do. So this is just |
|
| 47:03 | up a core barrel transducer, one transducer, another rock sample, and |
|
| 47:09 | this is going to be put inside tube that can be pressurized. That's |
|
| 47:16 | all the seals are here for. that we can put fluid into the |
|
| 47:21 | and we can also put pressure on rock to simulate the reservoir conditions. |
|
| 47:29 | , here's an ancient photo. we've put the rock inside this pressure |
|
| 47:37 | or pressure bomb this vessel, we introduce fluid into the corner to saturate |
|
| 47:43 | core and then we can pressurize outside core to simulate the depth of the |
|
| 47:51 | reservoir. So, in the what you're typically trying to do is |
|
| 47:55 | something fairly simple, but then try make it perform at its actual reservoir |
|
| 48:05 | . So we talked about temperature if down 10,000 ft 3000 m, that |
|
| 48:11 | the rock is gonna be boiling So if we want to find out |
|
| 48:18 | the rock is like reservoir conditions in lab, I have to be able |
|
| 48:23 | boil this the inside of this pressure which we do and then we have |
|
| 48:29 | pressurize it up to thousands of S. I. Pounds per square |
|
| 48:37 | . And we said that Down at ft if the fluids at a. |
|
| 48:46 | . S. I. Per foot were up and around £10,000 per square |
|
| 48:52 | . 10,000 P. S. Well what does that mean? Have |
|
| 49:00 | ever put air in your car I mean I make my husband do |
|
| 49:05 | . But yes I'm sorry I'm not all sexist. But that's a guy |
|
| 49:13 | . I do things for him. does things for me. Um So |
|
| 49:19 | he's probably and you probably helped him first time to make sure that the |
|
| 49:23 | could do the work. You're pressurizing tires somewhere around 30 or 32 40 |
|
| 49:33 | . S. I. Pounds per inch. That's sort of a |
|
| 49:37 | like women's within a bicycle. Uh is gonna want their bicycle tires pumped |
|
| 49:43 | one of these days. And so gonna pump that tire up to around |
|
| 49:46 | or 60 P. S. A scuba tank. If you're gonna |
|
| 49:52 | diving underwater, might be 1500 high air. And then as we |
|
| 49:57 | the reservoir deeper reservoir is gonna be . So you can imagine that that's |
|
| 50:06 | hundreds of times higher pressure than your your car tire. So the the |
|
| 50:17 | are really really high. Here's another modern setup so we can have the |
|
| 50:24 | the core under reservoir conditions, high high pressure and then be measuring the |
|
| 50:31 | of the core permeability. Um Maybe of the magnetic properties. Dielectric |
|
| 50:37 | So all these things than in our . You know we can measure just |
|
| 50:45 | the bench top what's called if we're doing everything at at standard atmospheric conditions |
|
| 50:52 | called bench top bench top measurements. we're just under atmospheric pressure atmospheric temperatures |
|
| 50:59 | we can do that. Or if go over to the petroleum engineering they |
|
| 51:02 | this huge lab where again we can reservoir conditions. And this was us |
|
| 51:14 | days ago visiting the petroleum engineering lab they've got a bunch of these pressure |
|
| 51:22 | . You can see the pressure vessels here where they put rock samples, |
|
| 51:27 | them to reservoir conditions, temperature pressure then they can saturate those with fluids |
|
| 51:32 | gasses and then measure the acoustic The P. And S. Wave |
|
| 51:41 | . So they're they're actively doing that now. What are interested in is |
|
| 51:46 | current experiment is to put CO two dioxide in the rocks to simulate um |
|
| 51:53 | which a lot of the companies are in. Of course there's uh for |
|
| 51:57 | last 20 years we've been hearing a about C. 02. So we |
|
| 52:01 | want to store it in rocks and best way to do that is probably |
|
| 52:09 | depleted reservoirs or saline deeper formations. people have been talking about storing co |
|
| 52:20 | in in salt domes too and that's of what we want to look |
|
| 52:27 | Uh The volumes have to be really but it's conceivable in some of the |
|
| 52:34 | domes you could store C. 02 pretty high pressures and store a lot |
|
| 52:39 | it. So that's that's one of ideas. Uh We'll be lucky at |
|
| 52:44 | . So here's Mike Myers and Laurie and his wife, they both they |
|
| 52:49 | have various instruments there. So what we do? We've uh we're gonna |
|
| 52:57 | the rock in. This happens just be some of the happens to be |
|
| 53:00 | of the core. We're working on core and then most of the time |
|
| 53:04 | put it in you put higher pressure can see we're going up to 4000 |
|
| 53:08 | . S. I hear and then look at how the velocities change. |
|
| 53:14 | that's a classic measure. Oh Well we've been almost an hour so |
|
| 53:21 | don't we take 10 give it a break and then come back at around |
|
| 53:26 | , 10 or so. Okay great . We'll see you shortly. See |
|
| 53:32 | tie we'll see you in a Okay we were going over some of |
|
| 54:28 | tests which are really just personally for how the how the measurements were made |
|
| 54:36 | what they give us and for with salt, you can see we're |
|
| 54:42 | the salt under pressure in the lab measuring the transit time of waves across |
|
| 54:48 | , knowing the length of that transit , we get the velocity. So |
|
| 54:52 | we've got the velocity of salt in lab as a function of pressure, |
|
| 54:58 | . And again, once uh we do the same thing with temperature in |
|
| 55:03 | case, we're heating up the rock and measuring the shear wave transit time |
|
| 55:11 | it. And you can see as get the material hotter and hotter. |
|
| 55:14 | takes the waves longer and longer to through it and then we pick those |
|
| 55:18 | then look at the velocity as a of temperature. Now in these oil |
|
| 55:28 | , the reason we want to know is because we're going to be injecting |
|
| 55:32 | into them in the field and we to get the oil sands up to |
|
| 55:39 | pretty high temperature to melt the bitumen to produce it. So we'd like |
|
| 55:44 | know when we inject the steam, hot is all the settlements. So |
|
| 55:48 | going to be doing surveys on top to extract the velocity and from the |
|
| 55:54 | if we get a velocity of the , then we're going to say that |
|
| 55:57 | corresponds to a certain temperature and then gonna create a temperature map of the |
|
| 56:04 | . So you can see that all is really based on lab measurements and |
|
| 56:08 | how does this material behave that sitting and temperatures in this case temperature and |
|
| 56:14 | we're going to make a seismic measurements the surface um which ideally is is |
|
| 56:20 | . We can't drill the hole We're gonna measure from the surface and |
|
| 56:23 | where the steam has gone and then how to produce the vitamin. So |
|
| 56:29 | an example of where these measurements would useful. Then we measure the p |
|
| 56:36 | velocity, the shear wave velocity. it turns out that that maps two |
|
| 56:43 | rock types. So now we can a measurement and then map that to |
|
| 56:49 | that we want, which is typically type. So in other words, |
|
| 56:54 | world doesn't really care that much what shear wave velocity of and hydrate |
|
| 56:59 | But we do care about making a that's inexpensive. That gives me a |
|
| 57:04 | . That is useful. So I a velocity number that's got a value |
|
| 57:12 | that value means something about Iraq. that's good. Um We're mapping our |
|
| 57:18 | to a property of interest and you see that for example, there are |
|
| 57:31 | of all kinds of different rocks and properties as a function of temporary |
|
| 57:36 | But here's an example, say just salt. It it has a velocity |
|
| 57:42 | 4600 m per second. So 13 ft per second for the people the |
|
| 57:48 | , it's very light. For you probably remember that most courts the |
|
| 57:58 | zero porosity courts just pure silicon dioxide 2.65. So if we've got a |
|
| 58:08 | primarily courts, it's gonna be 2.65 per cc. When we introduced ferocity |
|
| 58:18 | that granite. So break it make it into a sandstone and then |
|
| 58:25 | with gas or water. The or , the velocity decreases a lot and |
|
| 58:32 | density too. Okay, you can that just down the road of |
|
| 58:43 | oil is generally less dense than water . So it's like if you if |
|
| 59:00 | have a solid and you wash the and the lettuce still has a bit |
|
| 59:05 | water on it and then you put oil and vinegar dressing on it. |
|
| 59:11 | your favorite dressing Stephanie actually do like balsamic, like oil and vinegar. |
|
| 59:18 | you go. So I don't want ruin it for you, but I |
|
| 59:22 | help. But when the, when lettuce has been wet, you just |
|
| 59:25 | it or you're making the salad, you boil, pour your balsamic vinegar |
|
| 59:30 | top. Does it go to the or does it float on the |
|
| 59:35 | I mean usually the lettuce just doesn't like balsamic because it's too wet so |
|
| 59:39 | just lets go of everything. It's at the bottom, it's at the |
|
| 59:44 | . But if you look at the on the bottom of the plate is |
|
| 59:48 | is the dressing underneath the water? it float on top of the |
|
| 59:52 | Can you see that? Yeah. that, to me is the first |
|
| 59:58 | , you always know that oil floats water. It's from salad and pouring |
|
| 60:03 | favorite dressing on it. So you , you can maybe try and put |
|
| 60:08 | water on a plate and then pour balsamic vinaigrette and just watch it float |
|
| 60:13 | then you'll never have trouble remembering what density is. So generally are 32 |
|
| 60:22 | A. P. I will talk the smart generally the oils that is |
|
| 60:26 | oil, 30 40 degree api nice light crude floats. Its density |
|
| 60:33 | 1.85 g per CC. And so , the oil floats on water. |
|
| 60:43 | oils can actually sink some of some of them are more dense than |
|
| 60:51 | . But those are, again, are the vitamins in Canada or Venezuela |
|
| 60:56 | some other kind of degraded soils. they are, they're tari, they |
|
| 61:01 | are thick heavy oils in this, this case it's more like the oil |
|
| 61:08 | you'll see on tarmacs when, when roads are being paved, there's sticky |
|
| 61:18 | that's in the, in the asphalt the asphalt themselves. The asphalt teens |
|
| 61:23 | actually very heavy. So the mix that asphalt is probably slightly heavier than |
|
| 61:32 | . So asphalt would would sink. Okay, so just again, getting |
|
| 61:45 | rock properties in mind. Now, we, what we think about the |
|
| 61:50 | , a very simple way we think the rocks, especially geophysicist. Um |
|
| 61:56 | depending on your background, you probably a fair amount of geology. Many |
|
| 62:00 | have not had that much geology and also Petrakis is the, well loggers |
|
| 62:08 | of the rock in some ways, fairly simple terms because if we think |
|
| 62:12 | it in the way the reel rock in a thin section, then it's |
|
| 62:17 | to get anywhere to describe it. we're gonna simplify it and the simplifications |
|
| 62:24 | correspond to our measurements. So we're going to make the rock as complicated |
|
| 62:29 | really we can measure it. So thinking kind of from the way of |
|
| 62:34 | got to make a measurement in this . What's the model that can explain |
|
| 62:38 | measurements? And those models are often simple. They're not as complicated as |
|
| 62:42 | real rock but for our purposes they it to a degree. I don't |
|
| 62:50 | care what the rocks like. I want to get something from it. |
|
| 62:54 | that's the economic you. So um the here's the standard rock model that |
|
| 63:02 | a geophysicist or a Petro physicist or well longer you'd be thinking of. |
|
| 63:07 | imagine that was of course the matrix and that can be composed of a |
|
| 63:10 | of stuff and a lot of different types. We've got porosity inside that |
|
| 63:17 | got or space that has no matrix and in that poor space we imagine |
|
| 63:25 | there are fluids or gas and then you might remember what's the most in |
|
| 63:37 | whole sedimentary column. We've got rock , we've got carbonates, we've got |
|
| 63:44 | and we've got clay materials, mud in the whole world, in the |
|
| 63:49 | column. More or less. What's composition of the of all of our |
|
| 63:56 | ? Do you happen to remember um just of the sedimentary rocks like do |
|
| 64:07 | mean like sandstone, sand stones or or mud stones shells, which is |
|
| 64:13 | most popular? What's what's the percentage the of the sedimentary column? What |
|
| 64:21 | ? Carbonate sands or shale play I I don't remember but I want |
|
| 64:29 | say it was more more of the . I'm not mistaken. You |
|
| 64:35 | in terms of in terms of a lot of the reservoirs are actually |
|
| 64:41 | , reservoirs, petroleum. But it out that about two thirds of all |
|
| 64:47 | sedimentary rocks on earth are mud their sales or something she'll like. |
|
| 65:01 | it turns out that 60 65% somewhere there, all of the sediments on |
|
| 65:11 | , our mud stones, so And we've got a lot of Sandstone, |
|
| 65:18 | another 20% or so. And then a little bit of salt and then |
|
| 65:22 | carbonates. So mud stones, sands carbonates and then some salt, some |
|
| 65:37 | , but because there's so much clay mud stone that we kind of assume |
|
| 65:46 | there's a little bit of clay, stone shell in all rocks and so |
|
| 65:53 | it's kind of part of the, imagined simplified rock, we've got a |
|
| 66:00 | carbon age, sandstone or whatever, we've got a little bit of shale |
|
| 66:04 | there someplace or play and then we've the ferocity. So that that's kind |
|
| 66:14 | the thinking the simple model of the most rocks are expected to be. |
|
| 66:21 | that's our little model. Um It's straightforward, but it also leads us |
|
| 66:26 | all the log analysis because now when imagine the models that way we make |
|
| 66:31 | these measurements and we try to understand measurements, we're gonna understand the measurements |
|
| 66:36 | that kind of thinking, with that of model in mind. So once |
|
| 66:42 | we imagine that we've got the rock the matrix, carbonate and hydrate, |
|
| 66:48 | , whatever it is and then I've some holes in it, I've got |
|
| 66:51 | ferocity, some voids, Those voids going to be full of clay or |
|
| 66:58 | , gas, food. So that's simple idea. Um then in the |
|
| 67:08 | itself or in the porosity it could connected or not connected. And so |
|
| 67:14 | are a lot of different definitions, you're a Petro physicist, a geologist |
|
| 67:18 | about what's effective for our purposes, effective porosity is connected or floatable |
|
| 67:30 | You know, if it's got clay it and the water or the fluid |
|
| 67:34 | attached to the matrix then in a , I I'm not interested in it |
|
| 67:40 | I can't get it. So two . That's that's our that's our rock |
|
| 67:52 | . This is kind of the basis almost everything we do in in applied |
|
| 67:57 | . It's this idea. And then remember that when we're trying to calculate |
|
| 68:06 | , we can have an even simpler . We can just imagine that all |
|
| 68:10 | matrix material is, say spheres and we put all those spheres together and |
|
| 68:17 | the least contact that we can have all the spheres if they're in contact |
|
| 68:24 | to just have have them touching this , not to be packed, but |
|
| 68:29 | is the most ferocity we could have spheres that are touching. And if |
|
| 68:33 | do the calculation just with the sphere being 4/3 pi r cubed. And |
|
| 68:40 | the porosity is what's left. You see that the the void or the |
|
| 68:47 | the volume between the spheres in a cube Turns out to be about |
|
| 68:55 | So with this really simple, extremely sphere pack, we can have that |
|
| 69:03 | voids are almost half of the total . And we imagine that with with |
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| 69:11 | matrix that's actually continuous or in contact about as porous as it gets. |
|
| 69:17 | we tried to make it more for , then we'd have a suspension. |
|
| 69:21 | spheres would be in a fluid hanging the fluid and not in contact with |
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| 69:25 | other, which is a suspension. that could, in a sense, |
|
| 69:30 | greater ferocity. But now we're really a fluid with floating spheres or with |
|
| 69:35 | spheres. So that's not really a . So once again, the with |
|
| 69:42 | very, very simple material with a that's continuous. It could have up |
|
| 69:47 | something like 48% porosity. That's the highest we can imagine. So, |
|
| 70:01 | again, real rocks, a Sandstone have 30% porosity carbonate, which is |
|
| 70:06 | going to be less, maybe 10% . And once again, in the |
|
| 70:13 | schematics here, we can imagine that got sand grains, some kind of |
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| 70:19 | carbonate of some kinds of holding the together and then we have the interconnected |
|
| 70:25 | the floatable connected porosity, which we'll effective in this case. And then |
|
| 70:32 | or clay stuck ferocity that we can't the fluids in and out. So |
|
| 70:37 | can see the total porosity is 30% this case Usable interconnected or effective porosity |
|
| 70:44 | save 25%. The, the isolated the non connected or the clay bound |
|
| 70:56 | stuff might be a few percent. reason that we separate these is that |
|
| 71:04 | of the measurements are gonna give us porosity and some are gonna give us |
|
| 71:08 | effective porosity and when we're calculating we want to know what's our usable |
|
| 71:14 | effective porosity mm, they're not gonna too different. This is a bit |
|
| 71:20 | a detail. So imagine we're just with ferocity in general, but there's |
|
| 71:25 | different characteristics of that ferocity. And we can have really, really serious |
|
| 71:34 | uh in carbonates. The one the of the left happens to be in |
|
| 71:40 | carbonate that has had some glacial And so they're they're rivers that have |
|
| 71:47 | through the carbonate, they dissolve This is kind of car stick, |
|
| 71:50 | called karst topography where fresh water dissolves the carbonate. And the uh the |
|
| 71:59 | in red was our guide actually, had been formally one of our geology |
|
| 72:04 | , but then she went full time a as a spill geologist, as |
|
| 72:10 | as a caving tour guide instructor. we were down and repelling into one |
|
| 72:18 | these caves. Incidentally was kind of , it was a mixed group with |
|
| 72:22 | . There was half guys and girls in, but it was fairly challenging |
|
| 72:27 | . You had to repel down some and then there were tubes to go |
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| 72:30 | one called the birth canal, which , you're probably familiar with the poor |
|
| 72:35 | babies trying to get through that. this is actually uh actually a rock |
|
| 72:40 | you got through. So we were a cavern having gone through this and |
|
| 72:47 | were about four guys who came in different group after us and they were |
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| 72:51 | freaked out. They were not happy being in that cave and going through |
|
| 72:54 | canal because they were they were pretty guys. And it turned out that |
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| 73:00 | were s a s they were british forces guys and they were training to |
|
| 73:07 | shipped off at the time to And these guys were all brits. |
|
| 73:12 | never been in caves before and they learning how to get through caves and |
|
| 73:18 | able to operate in caves and they freaked out. But they did |
|
| 73:26 | So we I think we Liven them because when they got through this canal |
|
| 73:29 | were there was a mixed group there we were all having fun and they |
|
| 73:35 | felt better to be not so freaked because uh if we could do it |
|
| 73:39 | could do it. They were supposed be tough guys. So that was |
|
| 73:43 | . There are lots of caves, might have been in some of the |
|
| 73:46 | in texas. Have you Stephanie? Yeah actually for my honeymoon me and |
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| 73:52 | husband we did like a whole like of like the hill country. So |
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| 73:56 | took him to Long Horn cavern and stayed at the what is the Eagles |
|
| 74:03 | of the Eagles or whatever. Um Burnett. So it was really |
|
| 74:06 | But yes I've been a longhorn like or six times at this point I |
|
| 74:11 | . Yeah. Nice. Have you to, there are a couple other |
|
| 74:15 | that are pretty nice with the natural caverns. It's near, yes I |
|
| 74:20 | it's been years but my grandfather would me when I was a kid. |
|
| 74:25 | it's a it's a beauty um where we recently? Oh yeah we just |
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| 74:35 | down to, we're down just south Cancun near to loom and of course |
|
| 74:40 | the yucatan peninsula is a big limestone . We went into one of the |
|
| 74:47 | , we've been in some of those before. But this cenote, you |
|
| 74:51 | go in and it was half full water and you could wade swim inside |
|
| 75:00 | , inside the cavern. It was was really beautiful and especially when you've |
|
| 75:04 | just flashlights and the water was just clear and you could you could see |
|
| 75:08 | was really pretty. So. Oh . Yeah so you've been in some |
|
| 75:12 | these caverns, Major porosity. Yeah longer is nice because they're they're really |
|
| 75:22 | friendly there and they we did one the field camps there too and they |
|
| 75:28 | us make measurements, we scanned inside cavern and uh did all kinds of |
|
| 75:34 | , we simulated the tie kids You remember were those, that was |
|
| 75:40 | soccer team, the kids were in cave in Thailand and they were trying |
|
| 75:49 | figure out how to get these poor out of there that had flooded? |
|
| 75:53 | they went in and then it flooded couldn't get the kids out. It |
|
| 75:58 | interesting on a couple of counts. been over there many years ago and |
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| 76:01 | up the geophysics program in the university Chiang mai up in northern Thailand so |
|
| 76:05 | were kind of familiar with some of areas and and then it became a |
|
| 76:12 | of a geophysical thing. Where do do you, how do you locate |
|
| 76:15 | they were? So when we were this longer and cavern, we tried |
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| 76:20 | same things, we tried setting a seismic array on top of the cavern |
|
| 76:26 | then we had people thump the side the cavern to see if we could |
|
| 76:30 | them and we could we could see to a degree. But it's a |
|
| 76:37 | a pretty challenging problem to locate people the subsurface. So anyway, but |
|
| 76:45 | a ferocity. So we imagine that porosity for our purposes in the rock |
|
| 76:53 | full of some fluid and gas. again very simply we imagine that there's |
|
| 76:59 | or water, gas and oil and sums up to 100% or 1.0 depending |
|
| 77:06 | using fractions or percentages. So that's simple model. Now again with the |
|
| 77:16 | the water itself, freshwater or drinkable has a lower amount of dissolved solids |
|
| 77:26 | or salt brackish water is typically a of saltwater, marine water and fresh |
|
| 77:33 | . So in estuaries and other river that are going into the ocean or |
|
| 77:38 | gulf and then saline water is really type water and then we get into |
|
| 77:47 | that are in the subsurface. And imagine that everything in the subsurface is |
|
| 77:52 | saturated in general, maybe not in top couple the top little bit, |
|
| 77:58 | everything deeper is full of water or special cases. What? So we |
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| 78:08 | those special cases, but this is the, the saturation And you can |
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| 78:22 | when you get brines that have 100,000 per million. That means if uh |
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| 78:29 | I had this cup, which I don't know, maybe 200 I'd |
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| 78:38 | putting in um a bunch of cubes salt, like two or three cubes |
|
| 78:46 | salt into this cup. And that be brian, extremely salty. It's |
|
| 78:57 | if you're a wine drinker, there's , there's a number that's a little |
|
| 79:01 | associated wines are generally given a number a very, very dry wine or |
|
| 79:07 | , very unsweetened wine is a there's effectively no sweetness or no |
|
| 79:12 | a very sweet wine that you might had like Moscato or some something would |
|
| 79:20 | be a five. So five is pretty sweet wine or some some of |
|
| 79:31 | really, really sweet red wines, a four or five, that's a |
|
| 79:36 | sweet wine. But what does that mean? Um we've had ice |
|
| 79:41 | I was in an ice wine vineyard and ice wines come from when the |
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| 79:45 | freezes and when it freezes it it kind of becomes like a raisin |
|
| 79:50 | then after three nights of a full . The rule is you get to |
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| 79:55 | the grape and then you ferment those , but the sugar gets really, |
|
| 80:00 | concentrated when the grape freezes. So pick those, you ferment them and |
|
| 80:06 | becomes a very very sweet wine. wine. I love it called ice |
|
| 80:12 | . Ice wines are really delicious before have to try that. Yeah, |
|
| 80:19 | some ice wine, others. So you like wine there's it's really really |
|
| 80:24 | . You know, they sometimes go the name of dessert wines. A |
|
| 80:30 | ice wine has to have had the frozen hard for three days. Dessert |
|
| 80:34 | can just be really sweet. But true ice wine, there's a kind |
|
| 80:38 | quality control like champagne or V. or different control. So you have |
|
| 80:44 | hard freeze it for three days and it's picked and fermented but it's so |
|
| 80:51 | . Uh So from upper new york , lower Ontario also. Um far |
|
| 80:59 | , maybe California, California doesn't do many because it doesn't freeze that |
|
| 81:02 | But there might be some ice wine California, british Columbia. And Canada |
|
| 81:06 | the has a lot of ice wines . But there Their rating is around |
|
| 81:16 | . So they are so sweet, just you just want a little little |
|
| 81:21 | almost like a shot glass of ice . It's so sweet and it's so |
|
| 81:25 | , so good. But it's rated 25. And what does that |
|
| 81:30 | That means that there are 25 g sugar per 100. Oh wow. |
|
| 81:39 | you think that a normal and typically wine comes in a smaller bottle, |
|
| 81:43 | in a thin bottle. So our bottle of wine is 750 mils, |
|
| 81:51 | . Ice wine usually comes in a about a third that size around 200 |
|
| 81:56 | because you don't drink very much, it's just so sweet. But what |
|
| 82:00 | number means is the number of grams sugar per 100 millimeters. So you're |
|
| 82:08 | dry red wine of one or two two g of sugar per 100 |
|
| 82:14 | So you've got something like 10 or g and a full bottle, a |
|
| 82:20 | bottle of ice wine, you've got g of sugar. So 25 cubes |
|
| 82:25 | sugar per 100 millimeters. And this cup is maybe 200 millimeters. |
|
| 82:31 | this would have 40 40 sugar cubes it. So, but it is |
|
| 82:40 | delicious, you just want a little of it and it's very satisfying. |
|
| 82:44 | , but for us, it's one of those measurements, like groundwater |
|
| 82:50 | , it's the number of grams of mint in a certain amount of |
|
| 82:57 | So ice wine would be 25 250 g/l. So yeah, ice |
|
| 83:14 | is to wine and sugar and wine the same as brine is to |
|
| 83:21 | So ah, if there was a and there is a brightness rating. |
|
| 83:29 | not sure what it is, but would be something like the sweetness for |
|
| 83:33 | . But you can see that brian 100 g per liter. So that |
|
| 83:41 | 10 g per 100 ml. so in a sense, ice wine |
|
| 83:49 | twice as sweet as brine is We'll have to remember that. I've |
|
| 83:58 | done that before. So that's um bright is very, very salty and |
|
| 84:10 | we, we've been through this before you just want to remember all |
|
| 84:14 | all these conversions just so that you kind of banding these around um when |
|
| 84:19 | working in the, in the industry I'm sure in your chemistry there are |
|
| 84:23 | lot of different numbers that get bandied . But in the oil world these |
|
| 84:28 | go back and forth. Um An friend of mine was actually a natural |
|
| 84:35 | trader. And ah in a sense might think, well that's, that's |
|
| 84:43 | of the marketing fluffy end of, the oil industry. But I think |
|
| 84:49 | made more money than all of us together. So I don't know where |
|
| 84:55 | fluff is. But because what happens of course people are, we're finding |
|
| 85:02 | oil and gas then of course it cleaned up a bit and put in |
|
| 85:10 | and then sold. But often like , it's the actual person who makes |
|
| 85:15 | transaction, the seller who makes the money. It's a little bit like |
|
| 85:23 | realtor, you know, in in a sense, you may have |
|
| 85:30 | your place up in the Woodlands. you end up renting or buying a |
|
| 85:34 | up there, Stefan, we actually in with my parents to get help |
|
| 85:39 | the baby while I'm in this But we'll say I'm renting. |
|
| 85:45 | Well your parents would have bought the . How long have they lived |
|
| 85:50 | They've lived in this house for about years. Okay, well they may |
|
| 85:56 | bought it in which case they may bought it from a friend or something |
|
| 86:01 | they knew. But if they bought through a realtor, do you know |
|
| 86:04 | the realtors charge to? My mom actually a realtor. So I know |
|
| 86:09 | like It's like 6%, but then actually 3% because it's divided here. |
|
| 86:15 | then it's less than that because it everywhere else. So, so in |
|
| 86:21 | sense now it might only be one of 10 contacts that she actually ends |
|
| 86:28 | closing a deal on. Yes, very difficult and it's pretty difficult. |
|
| 86:32 | so of course you have to wait in when you do close the deal |
|
| 86:36 | you get 6% in the 1st 100,000 or something like that or whatever it |
|
| 86:41 | . And then there's a bit often gradation scale. So Maybe on the |
|
| 86:46 | few 100,000 bucks, it's 3% or . However it is. But, |
|
| 86:51 | still you can see that the trader a sense, the realtor, if |
|
| 86:55 | sale is easy, it's pretty good . Um, a lot of sales |
|
| 87:02 | easy and there's a lot of disappointments from the realtors point, a couple |
|
| 87:05 | good friends of either realtors, they do work for their money. But |
|
| 87:11 | you make a sale it can be pretty good sale. If you sell |
|
| 87:13 | million dollar house, that's pretty, a pretty nice day. So likewise |
|
| 87:22 | trading oil and gas futures and anything like that that the traders can make |
|
| 87:30 | fair amount of cash. And but where we're going is they need |
|
| 87:36 | , they bandy about it have to exactly the units and they're working in |
|
| 87:42 | fractions to sell big contracts. So what people talk about there is 1000 |
|
| 87:48 | feet of gas. That is a quantity, but it has an energy |
|
| 87:55 | which is a G J or a jewel. Then way back again. |
|
| 88:01 | the units that we talked about. , the roman numerals, 1000 cubic |
|
| 88:09 | . In the old roman numeral way the capital, M. C. |
|
| 88:12 | . 1000 cubic feet or a million thermal units. Mm BTUs. So |
|
| 88:20 | are all these units in the metric , they're probably going to trade in |
|
| 88:24 | . J. S or meter cubed oil or tons But be a little |
|
| 88:30 | careful because a us ton is £2,000. metric ton is 1000 kg. What's |
|
| 88:43 | kilogram in pounds, isn't it around , it's like two point two or |
|
| 88:55 | . Yeah, that's exactly right, one. So if you go to |
|
| 88:59 | market in your I don't know, would have I don't know in Mexico |
|
| 89:06 | you were buying food in Mexico, you know, are they, would |
|
| 89:11 | sell vegetables or fruit by the kilogram by the pound? I honestly have |
|
| 89:18 | idea. I think they probably I Mexico is fully metric. So Kennedy |
|
| 89:29 | if you were buying fruit or something Canada, you would be buying it |
|
| 89:32 | the kilo kilogram. Um It says uses the metric system. Yeah. |
|
| 89:42 | I'm sure in the markets you're buying does too. So it's still a |
|
| 89:49 | bit mixed, people are still gonna to buy a pound of butter and |
|
| 89:54 | probably how it's sold. But we sold as .45 kg or something like |
|
| 90:01 | . So you can see the The here for us, a barrel of |
|
| 90:09 | is energy equivalent to about 6000 cubic of gas. So These trade differently |
|
| 90:20 | buy energy equivalent oils, 80 so I think what did the clothes yesterday |
|
| 90:28 | ? But oil is traded actually all time. So I'll have to look |
|
| 90:31 | my my phone, but it's somewhere I think 7 75 bucks a barrel |
|
| 90:35 | now and that'll be West texas intermediate that probably sold at the Oklahoma hub |
|
| 90:47 | that's the price for next month's barrel oil. Mhm. Um So oil |
|
| 91:02 | out 75 bucks I think, I gas is, I don't know, |
|
| 91:06 | bucks an M. C. So Multiplied by six. You |
|
| 91:12 | gas is trading at maybe 20 bucks barrel and oils at $75 a |
|
| 91:16 | So for energy equivalent gas is really . That leads to all kinds of |
|
| 91:23 | things. # one, it gives us a big advantage for manufacturing because |
|
| 91:30 | is cheap and you can use it heating for materials, for hydrogen for |
|
| 91:35 | kinds of stuff. And so when gas is plentiful, it's way cheaper |
|
| 91:40 | oil. And so that's that's a thing for gas producers. Incidentally in |
|
| 91:46 | political sphere, we think, it's great for the US to develop |
|
| 91:51 | terminals, liquefied natural gas to So the U. S. Is |
|
| 91:54 | of the biggest exporters of natural gas . But that had to change the |
|
| 92:01 | lot of the laws because going back the oil embargos in the 70s, |
|
| 92:06 | us put in laws that it couldn't oil and gas was to keep the |
|
| 92:12 | market supplied. But of course, domestic market, the US started producing |
|
| 92:18 | oil and gas than it sort of , at least in certain areas. |
|
| 92:22 | it was a big big logjam to be able to export. That was |
|
| 92:27 | course, in our opinion, my , very bad for the country because |
|
| 92:32 | U. S. Could not export and gas. Well, the law |
|
| 92:36 | a few years ago and allowed the to export natural gas and oil. |
|
| 92:41 | so now the big complexes like seniors the saving passed not too far from |
|
| 92:46 | . Freeport the U. S. building big L. N. |
|
| 92:50 | Terminals to expert, which is But believe it or not, there |
|
| 92:56 | a lot of the big chemical companies the US that fought against allowing the |
|
| 93:02 | to export. Why would they do ? Mm. I'm sure they probably |
|
| 93:16 | money in it somewhere else or I'm not sure. Yeah. |
|
| 93:22 | the idea was that the chemical companies cheap gas coming into manufacturer, that's |
|
| 93:29 | input cost. So they wanted it be kept plentiful and cheap. And |
|
| 93:37 | exploration and upstream companies could export, thinking was that's going to make the |
|
| 93:44 | more expensive because there's another market for . There are other buyers bidding for |
|
| 93:49 | . And so a few years ago actually tried to shut down. Not |
|
| 93:54 | experts in my opinion. This is bad and it's false economics because when |
|
| 94:05 | allow more exports, you get more , we can employ more geophysicists and |
|
| 94:10 | looking for oil and gas and producing . And when you allow the |
|
| 94:13 | ultimately, your building in surplus, will supply the domestic market. So |
|
| 94:19 | thought they were victims too very bad thinking. They thought it was in |
|
| 94:25 | interest to restrict experts. But it's really. So when you allow |
|
| 94:31 | it stimulates activity and when you stimulate , you make more fines. When |
|
| 94:34 | make more fines, you've got more , so allow experts. Okay, |
|
| 94:42 | that was a big deal. the, that I think more appropriate |
|
| 94:47 | thinking one and exports are allowed. especially right now with the poor Europeans |
|
| 94:54 | are struggling with no gas because rightly restricted Russian gas. The U. |
|
| 95:00 | . Has come to the, to salvation by having excess experts. So |
|
| 95:08 | stimulating the oil and gas industry, allowed us to supply our friends in |
|
| 95:16 | . So that had to be because were allowed. Okay, so here's |
|
| 95:22 | of the numbers. The background for . The other aspect is that, |
|
| 95:28 | know, we're proponents of science for of all kinds of energy. I |
|
| 95:31 | am, but you've got to be to that. Oil is such a |
|
| 95:36 | energy source. It's just hard to it. Its energy density is way |
|
| 95:40 | than batteries. It's uh, energy weight for volume for anything is way |
|
| 95:45 | than almost anything else outside uranium. you can see that even a one |
|
| 95:52 | wind turbine, which is a modern winter line is equivalent to about five |
|
| 96:00 | of oil per day, which is small. That's a stripper. |
|
| 96:04 | so a big honking wind turbine is very, very small stripper, man |
|
| 96:12 | well, So when you want to up wind turbines say, an offshore |
|
| 96:23 | in the Gulf of Mexico might be 50,000 barrels of oil per day. |
|
| 96:29 | need 10,000 wind turbines to be equal one offshore platform. Well, I |
|
| 96:35 | wind turbines. I invest in wind , but uh 10,000 wind turbines hasn't |
|
| 96:42 | been done before And nobody wants 10,000 turbines anywhere near their property. So |
|
| 96:51 | have to be realistic about energy sources that there's a lot of discussion all |
|
| 96:56 | time. People say, we'll just in a bunch of wind turbines. |
|
| 96:58 | , you can, but they aren't to service Houston, You know, |
|
| 97:05 | , a megawatt wind turbine is something probably maybe, I don't know, |
|
| 97:17 | households. So if you want to Houston's two million households, you need |
|
| 97:27 | and thousands of wind turbines. So are okay, but not that |
|
| 97:36 | So we, we need this saturday . Okay, um let's just do |
|
| 97:42 | couple more minutes and then we'll take little break. Um we talked about |
|
| 97:47 | density, so the oil is often as a P. I. |
|
| 97:52 | It's again, a P. I the american Petroleum Institute, it's one |
|
| 97:58 | the calibrating or regulating our standards bodies represents all things with hydrocarbon. So |
|
| 98:11 | , they wanted a number to be to just quickly talk about what kind |
|
| 98:15 | crude oil it was. And this just kind of grabs, it directly |
|
| 98:21 | how dense the oil is. But um it indirectly says what's the what's |
|
| 98:27 | content of the petroleum? How easy it to be made into a few |
|
| 98:33 | them? So it's it's a it's weird it's a weird number. But |
|
| 98:38 | water. What's the specific gravity of or the specific density of water? |
|
| 98:48 | , one that's it. So if just put one in there, then |
|
| 98:53 | 45/1 minus 1 31 gives you So the api gravity of water is |
|
| 99:02 | . That kind of divides again, heavy oils from lighter oils and it |
|
| 99:07 | what jurisdiction and everything. But anything than water is heavy as far as |
|
| 99:12 | goes. Again, some of the of the areas, even west texas |
|
| 99:21 | very light, nice, nice 30 to 40 degrees ap i it's |
|
| 99:26 | light by light means just density is . But that typically means that there |
|
| 99:32 | smaller length hydrocarbons in it and the the length CH four is just one |
|
| 99:41 | When we get into the Athens and pentagons and hexagons and everything goes get |
|
| 99:47 | to six hydrocarbon chains. And that is getting heavier and heavier all the |
|
| 99:54 | . So the uh that means that hydrocarbon chain is longer and more complicated |
|
| 100:01 | maybe a bit harder to break and with. So we want fuels that |
|
| 100:08 | pretty simple and easy to burn and have a lot of other stuff in |
|
| 100:12 | like nitrogen and sulfur and all So CH four, that's why natural |
|
| 100:20 | is so clean burning. It's very . You just, you know, |
|
| 100:24 | oxygen, you get carbon dioxide and and it's a very simple reaction. |
|
| 100:29 | burning methane CH four is really very clean, very simple. And |
|
| 100:35 | that's why people call it the cleanest the hydrocarbon burning fuels. Very simple |
|
| 100:40 | can be very pure. So um gas is quite good and that's what's |
|
| 100:45 | for heating all over the place. you start burning oil oil, it |
|
| 100:51 | longer hydrocarbon chains. It typically has lot of other stuff in it. |
|
| 100:57 | Again nitrogen and the sulfur Z. all kinds of trace minerals and metals |
|
| 101:03 | everything. And so burning oil per itself is a bit messy. That's |
|
| 101:11 | of course it's refined to try to it into a simpler material. So |
|
| 101:19 | like higher grade crudes because they're simple they're they burn well and that here's |
|
| 101:27 | a again, a set of basically 10 degrees A. P. |
|
| 101:32 | . Is going to be heavier, heavy, Then we get up into |
|
| 101:37 | 40s and 50s, that's light crude we like that around .8 g per |
|
| 101:53 | . So if we if we really at again, just some of the |
|
| 101:56 | just kind of it as an example viscosity. You can see that the |
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| 102:04 | yellow slide on the left, this be a high viscosity oil and you |
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| 102:08 | see that's pouring kind of like So oil can be that thick, |
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| 102:13 | would be uh fairly, fairly heavy . Um but when you heat it |
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| 102:20 | the discussed these drops and that's why with these heavier crudes, you heat |
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| 102:25 | up, the disgusting gets lower, you can produce them. So just |
|
| 102:30 | example that some fluids do have viscosity in fact, we can propagate a |
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| 102:37 | wave through this fluid because it's so , it actually has a bit of |
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| 102:41 | and it will support a shear Is that kind of like what the |
|
| 102:47 | the tar sands, oil at a would look like that. Super viscous |
|
| 102:53 | . Yeah. And even even more than this. Oh, wow, |
|
| 102:58 | , this has been, this has , this is uh this is victim |
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| 103:04 | or oil sand, but this has heated to and and treated a little |
|
| 103:09 | . It's even more viscous than wow. So that's a little bit |
|
| 103:24 | oil, that's the fluid or the can get so viscous that they almost |
|
| 103:31 | a solid. And in fact, you cool this stuff down, it |
|
| 103:39 | is is is solid. If you , if you freeze the this oil |
|
| 103:46 | become solid. But when we think the natural gas, you can see |
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| 103:53 | a saying the top part of the . If this is a gas |
|
| 103:56 | you can see what it is, largely methane. So maybe 80 or |
|
| 104:01 | methane, maybe a classic reservoir. then you can see that there's some |
|
| 104:06 | the higher order hydrocarbons that are still , the ethane, propane and |
|
| 104:12 | But if we pressurize them they can fluids and that's what's done with LNG |
|
| 104:21 | natural gas, it's going to be and then pressurized and that's what the |
|
| 104:28 | say in the saving pass not far here, just south of Beaumont that |
|
| 104:32 | the shinier plant, huge plant. an LNG terminal. So the cool |
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| 104:37 | pressurize the natural gas put in these Dolman ships and send it off to |
|
| 104:43 | or south Korea or someplace incidentally in , off to europe, in place |
|
| 104:48 | Russia or South Korea. You I don't know what it trades for |
|
| 104:54 | now. But typically in Asia, . N. G. Might be |
|
| 104:59 | or four times the cost of the . S. Because of course you |
|
| 105:03 | to transport it there. But that's good market. And even right now |
|
| 105:09 | are lots of contracts being signed. probably saw in the paper the last |
|
| 105:12 | of days there are a couple of LNG facilities that are going to be |
|
| 105:18 | and they already have big contracts to their product. So here's what's in |
|
| 105:24 | reservoir and more to what you're doing that you can see that in a |
|
| 105:30 | natural gas reservoir, there might be sulfide in the reservoir, We actually |
|
| 105:36 | standards for like all of that. we do like methanol, we do |
|
| 105:40 | , propane, all benzene, like , all of that. So this |
|
| 105:45 | cool. I've never been able to like tie in what my company makes |
|
| 105:50 | anything. So this is interesting. , that's great. So this, |
|
| 105:55 | know, this stuff coming out of formation right out of the rock, |
|
| 106:01 | really important to characterize this because of the just for health and safety is |
|
| 106:08 | much hydrogen sulfide is in there and how much carbon dioxide is in |
|
| 106:15 | you know that all this stuff, the hydrogen sulfide especially, but there's |
|
| 106:22 | different price on all of these For example, propane, you're gonna |
|
| 106:29 | to your local gas station if you to do have a barbecue, you |
|
| 106:34 | , there's gonna be a propane tank or something or something like that. |
|
| 106:37 | going to fill it up, there be a certain price for propane, |
|
| 106:40 | be different from the price of And of course when the, When |
|
| 106:48 | filling up those propane tanks, you've to have standards there that says this |
|
| 106:53 | 99% propane or whatever, the you should look up the stand, |
|
| 106:57 | be curious to see what your standards for various things. Um, but |
|
| 107:02 | out of Europe, this is the we get and then they're just multiple |
|
| 107:07 | built around all of those products, aviation fuel, how much butane is |
|
| 107:13 | in or your butane lighters? because from, from my understanding like |
|
| 107:20 | we do is like, like let's a company request uh a sulfur like |
|
| 107:27 | and methanol set, They'll want it like zero PPm to like 50 |
|
| 107:31 | So they use what we make to their instruments to be able to use |
|
| 107:35 | out in the field. So are making the gasses or the instruments? |
|
| 107:41 | make the gasses and the oils. we do we do we do mostly |
|
| 107:46 | , we do like sulfur mineral oil do like chlorine, mineral oils, |
|
| 107:51 | of the different elements. So like gonna metallics with like calcium, |
|
| 107:56 | um everything really. So it's I just I'm not like super interested |
|
| 108:04 | it. Like we all make like gasoline standards, arsenic, gasoline, |
|
| 108:09 | stuff like that. So it's Yeah. You know what, I'd |
|
| 108:15 | curious to see all of those numbers in a sense they relate to exactly |
|
| 108:22 | we're finding. And then, you , in a sense we're on the |
|
| 108:26 | end that's producing this raw stuff and that that's gonna get fed into the |
|
| 108:33 | stream and the downstream areas, it's get separated purified and then you're it |
|
| 108:38 | like you make the standards to compare probably upstream products with what the downstream |
|
| 108:46 | . Yeah, I think so, you ever want to come visit the |
|
| 108:49 | , You're more than welcome. we tours all the time. Okay, |
|
| 108:52 | that yeah, that would be great get on the, get on the |
|
| 108:56 | . I'd like, I'd like to it. It's really nice to know |
|
| 108:58 | your products end up. We're exploring this stuff and we make recommendations. |
|
| 109:05 | don't even usually get to see where , whether it's drilled and produced or |
|
| 109:08 | . You know, you're as an , you're onto the next one. |
|
| 109:13 | that's why some people like working for companies because you get to drill |
|
| 109:18 | you get to see it go into pipeline and then ultimately, you know |
|
| 109:21 | the pipeline goes. So it's kind fun being in a small company to |
|
| 109:25 | get all the way from assembling the to organizing the drilling to getting it |
|
| 109:32 | the pipeline. Yeah, because we products all over the world. I |
|
| 109:39 | we do business with china Turkey and like Turkey, they request a lot |
|
| 109:45 | like chlorine and water standards for whatever or they'll do like solid, So |
|
| 109:52 | do like poly poly ethylene, like things with like mercury and whatever in |
|
| 109:58 | . Um but we like I'm the XRF technician, so I handle the |
|
| 110:03 | rays, but then we also have instruments and stuff like that. So |
|
| 110:07 | interesting. It's cool. I think , it's all first of all, |
|
| 110:11 | just interesting, but it's all good experience to knowing how to handle |
|
| 110:16 | knowing how to handle the measurements, data what they what they don't mean |
|
| 110:22 | because earlier when you were explaining with chlorine and like the different like the |
|
| 110:28 | fractions like that's what that's what my my machine does. It shoots it |
|
| 110:35 | the crystal and it measures like where rays are going to see what it |
|
| 110:40 | . No and then there'll be all standards that you compare it to. |
|
| 110:44 | you can say this is what the of the material is. Well we |
|
| 110:48 | know so we already know what it . So like the customer wants like |
|
| 110:53 | 0.5 weight percent calcium mineral oil or that I I test it to make |
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| 111:02 | it's within a standard that we can into the customer for their calibration. |
|
| 111:08 | that's that's great. So yeah again providing the calibration standards themselves. So |
|
| 111:15 | companies are going to compare whatever they're or using to your standard. |
|
| 111:23 | Oh good. Well um let's take couple minutes just as a break and |
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| 111:28 | um okay get our brains reset, your legs so let's let's take five |
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| 111:34 | then come back in a few minutes we'll go up to around noon. |
|
| 111:39 | sounds good. Okay great Stephanie. great continue on. And yeah normally |
|
| 111:51 | some of this composition stuff is a bit outside what we would normally be |
|
| 111:55 | about as geophysicists but you're right in thick of this So this is this |
|
| 112:01 | up your avenue. Yeah. I've been there for three months now so |
|
| 112:11 | don't know like a lot but it's . So yeah. Well you'll you'll |
|
| 112:17 | it maybe you'll hopefully we'll get back doing geophysics but you'll be probably better |
|
| 112:23 | about the product that most officers are to find than other than other |
|
| 112:29 | Yeah. Most people don't have that kind of standard. So I think |
|
| 112:35 | I think it's really really useful giving a different perspective than most would |
|
| 112:43 | So again, with these properties you see that and you will be dealing |
|
| 112:47 | some of this with with your Um Because they're gasses and standards, |
|
| 112:52 | have all these different properties at different and pressures. So you can see |
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| 113:00 | of course that room temperature or slightly most of these methane, ethane, |
|
| 113:06 | and butane are still gasses. The order hydrocarbons of course are more |
|
| 113:16 | And our liquids at room temperature instead room temperature is is that's probably a |
|
| 113:26 | bit high. Room temperature is usually 20 degrees C or 68 70 degrees |
|
| 113:32 | . And um that's just the temperature which humans behave the best. That's |
|
| 113:41 | kind of the definition when we get little bit colder than colder than |
|
| 113:45 | we start to perform. We get and when we're hotter than around 72° |
|
| 113:52 | performance actually starts to fall off. I put this all together once and |
|
| 113:58 | up all kinds of statistics on how behave at different temperatures, so we |
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| 114:02 | differently too. Of course when we hot we start to get irritable and |
|
| 114:08 | systems don't work very well. And we get cold we start to freeze |
|
| 114:12 | shut down. So the really operates operating conditions for us around 70 |
|
| 114:21 | So, and we are largely not too much gassy at room |
|
| 114:32 | So here's the here's this definition of for you that condensate is when you're |
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| 114:37 | the gas reservoir or an oil As noted, you've got gasses say |
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| 114:44 | room temperature, but you've also got of these other liquids that we |
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| 114:47 | the hexagons and things like that that liquid. So, coming out of |
|
| 114:53 | reservoir will be a great richness potentially products and and so those will be |
|
| 115:06 | and separated. And that's part of kind of the midstream or the midstream |
|
| 115:11 | to separate these fluids because they will different purposes for different industries and different |
|
| 115:21 | . Then, as we said, gas is uh more than 1% H |
|
| 115:27 | s. So you can see that saw that reservoirs could maybe be up |
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| 115:35 | 5%, that would be a heavy of H2S, for example, and |
|
| 115:40 | would be uh be tough and you're have to have a lot of special |
|
| 115:45 | and you can see that, that sulfur gets stripped off. And |
|
| 115:50 | once again, if you go down Galveston's, you'll see often huge piles |
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| 115:54 | elemental sulfur just sitting there, great piles of sulfur that are getting |
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| 115:59 | So a lot of that sulfur will from stripping it off natural gas. |
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| 116:07 | then it's got to use because we're put that sulfur in fertilizers and there |
|
| 116:10 | a lot of products that actually need . So, just again, |
|
| 116:26 | some of the definitions that we use standard temperature and pressure, which has |
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| 116:33 | kinds of different definitions. What standard one community is not standard to another |
|
| 116:38 | as we know. So we have be a little bit careful. Um |
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| 116:42 | , we would use STP with the of the natural gas standard here, |
|
| 116:50 | is pressure at sea level, one . So 14.7 p. s. |
|
| 116:57 | . And then somewhere around room So that's what I would call standard |
|
| 117:02 | and pressure. You know, you see in other communities, they're gonna |
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| 117:06 | different different standards. And that's what company is all about. This is |
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| 117:12 | standard that we're using. So what's game with a lot of these |
|
| 117:20 | they're just so many different units that used. And we need to know |
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| 117:27 | most of them. Ultimately, if working in this area, the the |
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| 117:34 | . I. Units are the metric typically are pascal's for pressure. And |
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| 117:41 | pascal's is one atmosphere. But a of these just come from evolution, |
|
| 117:49 | know, hundreds of years ago, were using one measurement. They could |
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| 117:52 | could measure the height of the mercury and that gave pressure. So that's |
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| 117:55 | you define pressure millimeters of mercury. think, well, why would you |
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| 118:00 | that? Well, that's how they pressure was with just a U. |
|
| 118:04 | mercury column. So that's what it . Um And again, we use |
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| 118:12 | atmospheres or pascal's or P. I. But the weatherman is going |
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| 118:18 | be using mercury or something like Great. Okay, we talked a |
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| 118:27 | bit about viscosity, but technically viscosity when I when I stress the material |
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| 118:34 | put pressure across it somehow. How does it strain or move? And |
|
| 118:39 | really the definition of viscosity. You , in a perfect gas or a |
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| 118:47 | fluid. I could I could rub hand across it and it would be |
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| 118:55 | no resistance. And in a infinite strain. So, I would |
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| 119:00 | put my head across it. It moves with any sheer pressure stress at |
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| 119:08 | . And solve That gives me zero . And here, you can see |
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| 119:22 | some of the viscosity of standard things that we would be accustomed |
|
| 119:29 | So water say you can see the these very low, we get into |
|
| 119:35 | . The viscosity is many orders many bigger. By the time you're into |
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| 119:41 | lava, it's very hibiscus. And we're looking at rock, you can |
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| 119:48 | that the rock, we wouldn't even of it as being viscous. It |
|
| 119:51 | viscous, but just extremely viscous. viscous that it appears to be completely |
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| 119:59 | and unmovable. Okay. So we've a bit about fluids but a bit |
|
| 120:10 | . There's some nice exhibits. You have been to the museum here. |
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| 120:15 | we ever go? Have you been the museum? The Energy? The |
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| 120:19 | energy center at the museum. I went was it for your, I |
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| 120:25 | for sure. I went for dr when I took him for the |
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| 120:31 | Rocks, rocks and minerals class. I think we were going to for |
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| 120:34 | class within covid kind of ruined So. Yeah. Yeah. So |
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| 120:40 | you go as part of this? master's class? Did you go over |
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| 120:45 | No? I took rocks and minerals in like 20's 2019 or something. |
|
| 120:53 | I have seen the new the new . Um, yeah. Good. |
|
| 121:02 | know what? It's um, it's worth repeat visits. I've been there |
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| 121:05 | few times. In fact, we them when they were setting it |
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| 121:08 | We helped Qc and write some of verb It for him. The the |
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| 121:15 | reached out to the G. H. Was a side of Houston |
|
| 121:18 | said we are putting up all the and we're looking for a whole set |
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| 121:24 | volunteers to to go through the writing the materials and make sure it's all |
|
| 121:29 | . And so there was a whole of people who helped with with some |
|
| 121:33 | the some of the uh annotations and signage and stop there. But |
|
| 121:41 | yeah, that's that's great. They've got some just excellent displays and uh |
|
| 121:48 | I mentioned, it's changing. I there about a month or so ago |
|
| 121:52 | they've got new stuff. So it's really worth a visit. Um |
|
| 121:59 | one of the things they've got, I really like a lot is just |
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| 122:02 | may have seen this. They've got turning wheel. Let me uh I |
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| 122:35 | that Are you seeing that? We're seeing that I could see it |
|
| 122:51 | Mhm. Let me uh ah This some reason, this uh presentation rotates |
|
| 123:07 | . Mhm. Let me try See which orientation makes the most |
|
| 123:32 | Let's try the last orientation. uh this is actually a sphere pack |
|
| 124:16 | fluids. You can maybe see that little bit better on the upper |
|
| 124:24 | there's oil that's draining from a large pack. And on the lower one |
|
| 124:28 | oil draining from a small spear Can you kind of see that? |
|
| 124:36 | . And you can see that the oil goes into the big sphere pack |
|
| 124:50 | faster than the small sphere pack. it's really an indicator of um ferocity |
|
| 125:11 | normally they have Remember we with the packs. We did that the that |
|
| 125:15 | small sphere pack has the same ferocity the large sphere pack but has much |
|
| 125:21 | surface area. So normally porosity and go together. So higher porosity, |
|
| 125:28 | permeability and that's general. However these , these have the are the same |
|
| 125:36 | the permeability is are quite different. permeability really relates to area. Let's |
|
| 125:44 | see if we can get back here when we talk about flow, that's |
|
| 125:57 | lot. So if we put a pressure across this, say pipe that's |
|
| 126:03 | of a material, we have a differential across it then depending on how |
|
| 126:10 | the material is and the area and disgusting the fluid that determines the |
|
| 126:19 | So flow is naturally how much goes . This is naturally directly proportional to |
|
| 126:24 | porosity is the change in pressure. pressure we're putting on it and it's |
|
| 126:30 | proportional to the viscosity of the So high viscosity as we'd expect, |
|
| 126:36 | low flow. And we see And then of course the permeability. |
|
| 126:40 | permeability gets high flow and low permeability low flow but it's the amount that |
|
| 126:48 | get out of the rock, depends the pressure that we apply to |
|
| 126:52 | The permeability of the material, how we're trying to flow it and then |
|
| 126:58 | viscosity of the fluid that we're trying get out. So that all kind |
|
| 127:02 | makes sense. And that's darcy's lock we're interested of course, in how |
|
| 127:11 | different kinds of fluids flow, we be trying to produce oil or |
|
| 127:16 | we want to know how they flow water. How does the water |
|
| 127:22 | On the other hand, we might trying to inject fluids, we might |
|
| 127:24 | trying to put fluids like SEO to CO two. So we're trying to |
|
| 127:29 | a fluid and the CO two might be in a hyper critical state or |
|
| 127:36 | largely fluid state. So when we to the reservoir engineering, we need |
|
| 127:44 | know these kinds of factors, how is material. Uh how far are |
|
| 127:52 | trying to put it in? What the viscosity of the fluid? And |
|
| 127:56 | ultimately, the reservoir simulators need all stuff. And they're gonna model via |
|
| 128:02 | Law, they're going to model fluid and how much we can recover or |
|
| 128:05 | into the formations. Okay, So might just ask a few little questions |
|
| 128:21 | such as are there differences between oil gas wells and generally in the construction |
|
| 128:26 | the well, not too much different general. Both wells are going to |
|
| 128:33 | producing some fluids and we even the , we talked about there being um |
|
| 128:42 | natural gas liquids, even in a well, and certainly in producing an |
|
| 128:48 | reservoir, there's probably dissolved gas in oil. So, when we recovered |
|
| 128:53 | lower the pressure a little bit the will come out. That's why often |
|
| 129:00 | quoted when we look at the actual oil in place, we have to |
|
| 129:10 | that a bit smaller because when we the pressure on the oil, the |
|
| 129:14 | comes out of the oil and the shrinks and volume. So We've got |
|
| 129:21 | amount of oil with dissolved gas under . When we bring it to the |
|
| 129:26 | , the gas comes out and the of the amount of fluid is a |
|
| 129:30 | smaller. So the oil has a shrinkage factor or something like that. |
|
| 129:36 | in terms of the wells, the are gonna be pretty similar. Um |
|
| 129:40 | we were drilling gas wells again, gas has lowered viscosity in general than |
|
| 129:46 | , we could space the wells further because they'll flow more. And of |
|
| 129:58 | , gas wells, we haven't got this. But Stephanie, probably in |
|
| 130:02 | of your petroleum geology background or gasses generated at higher temperatures and pressures. |
|
| 130:11 | the gas window is lower than where oil is made in the kitchen, |
|
| 130:16 | underground kitchen. So, if you're for gas, often it's a bit |
|
| 130:24 | . Oil is a bit more And then if gas has evolved, |
|
| 130:31 | can lead to a lot higher formation , it's also more mobile. So |
|
| 130:40 | can move faster. So we're always uh about gas effects because again, |
|
| 130:46 | can be pressurized more and it can faster. So we're we're always worried |
|
| 130:55 | high, high formation gas pressure because can blow out easier in some |
|
| 131:02 | So, just some notes about oil gas. Now, we've we've talked |
|
| 131:09 | bunch about fluids, but we're also in the matrix properties. So now |
|
| 131:19 | talked a bit about porosity, we've a bunch about fluids and now about |
|
| 131:23 | rock itself. And we were looking where can oil and gas b and |
|
| 131:30 | the east coast of Canada, just of Maine and massachusetts, there, |
|
| 131:36 | are a lot of basins along the of the coast and along the margins |
|
| 131:41 | the east coast of the US. , just generally speaking, there are |
|
| 131:46 | of moratoria on exploring, not to drilling off the east coast. |
|
| 131:57 | most of the states along the East have restricted exploration and drilling. They're |
|
| 132:06 | perspective, it's just that you're not to really do anything. They're off |
|
| 132:10 | east coast of Canada Nova Scotia and . There are a lot of perspective |
|
| 132:17 | and and some production. So, the east coast of Nova Scotia, |
|
| 132:24 | good gas production, and then fairly production off the coast of Newfoundland, |
|
| 132:34 | hostile place. But you were asking some of the production platforms and their |
|
| 132:42 | production platforms off Newfoundland there in about ft of water, 300 ft of |
|
| 132:48 | . And they are some they have legs, they're huge platforms that were |
|
| 132:53 | out, then turned and sunk down these are concrete legs and in |
|
| 133:00 | they store the oil in the oil the legs of the platform and they'll |
|
| 133:05 | producing maybe 100 couple 100,000 barrels of per day, pretty big production. |
|
| 133:16 | again for us and this would be stuff that we're looking at in in |
|
| 133:20 | rock physics course we want to have estimator something that measurement we can make |
|
| 133:29 | that tells us about the rock And so we know know that if |
|
| 133:35 | have the P. And S. velocity that we can extract from seismic |
|
| 133:39 | we can plot that and say something the rock type and its porosity. |
|
| 133:45 | here are a few kind of related . So you can see that if |
|
| 133:56 | P wave velocity was say 3000 m second and the shear wave velocity was |
|
| 134:05 | m per second. What kind of is it? So P. Wave |
|
| 134:12 | shear wave 1500. What kind of isn't 21,500? Is that gonna be |
|
| 134:23 | cretaceous? No. What's orange, the orange whatever oranges. Yeah it's |
|
| 134:35 | gonna be something like a cretaceous shale again probably too. Um one of |
|
| 134:45 | younger mud stones are semi consolidated So if we if we knew that |
|
| 134:59 | say now that we've got both those a. V. P. |
|
| 135:01 | S. Of two which is fairly then suppose we knew that then we |
|
| 135:09 | down to the next bottom sort of . P. B. S. |
|
| 135:11 | two and it's a shale that I go across and say okay well suppose |
|
| 135:21 | was a cretaceous shale Then I could across make some of these other measurements |
|
| 135:26 | figure out well it probably has a of about 12% or something like that |
|
| 135:30 | 13%. So again the situation here you say well okay but if we |
|
| 135:38 | get V. P. And S. From making seismic measurements remotely |
|
| 135:45 | in the borehole then I can tell something about the ferocity. And again |
|
| 135:52 | be kind of rude or direct, don't really care about B. |
|
| 135:55 | B. S. But I do about ferocity. So if I can |
|
| 135:59 | V. P. D. Which I happen to personally like but |
|
| 136:03 | for porosity that's what we really want that gets down to the dollars how |
|
| 136:08 | hydrocarbon could be in this rock then can use those measurements. The seismic |
|
| 136:15 | to infer values be PBS and use B. P. B. |
|
| 136:19 | To infer ferocity which gets down to to the money. So that's what |
|
| 136:26 | trying to do now you could say some of these rocks we can um |
|
| 136:34 | we mentioned quartz is very very It's rigid to the point of being |
|
| 136:43 | . And so that's our glass and course we drop a nice glass on |
|
| 136:48 | floor. We know what happens, shatters and that's the courts having a |
|
| 136:57 | high rigidity and a very high brittleness in a sense. Who cares about |
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| 137:05 | ? Well we we care about it if we're going to hydraulically fracture Iraq |
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| 137:11 | I know that courts breaks. So I'm looking for an interval to break |
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| 137:23 | gonna look for quartz and when we at a lot of the plays the |
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| 137:30 | and shale a lot of these plays shale itself is a little bit harder |
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| 137:35 | break because you can see that clay a low shear modulates its ductile and |
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| 137:43 | it's d for mobile and it means it's not brittle. We like shale |
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| 137:50 | the unconventional world because it can contain organics. So we like shale because |
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| 137:56 | got a lot of organics in We don't like shell because it's hard |
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| 138:00 | break. So what we're gonna do we're gonna try to explore for an |
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| 138:08 | that has the highest T. C. Total organic content. So |
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| 138:17 | Shelly but that also has the highest . So I've got the goodies, |
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| 138:24 | organics but I've got it breakable so can get them we need both And |
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| 138:32 | as the organics go down the courts up so we're looking for a place |
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| 138:38 | has the most courts and the most or we're looking for a sandwich like |
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| 138:44 | bacon that has the shale in proximity a carbonate or sand and I'm going |
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| 138:53 | go in with the horizontal and break sand and the hydraulic fracture can propagate |
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| 138:58 | into the shale and break the shale I can access the shale and produce |
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| 139:03 | from the sand. Good. So that's part of the reason that we're |
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| 139:15 | for all this stuff. An example why we're looking for a map, |
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| 139:20 | can make of rigidity as well as map. I can make abducted city |
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| 139:25 | viscosity. So all these maps have purposes. And then this is really |
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| 139:32 | for your records, the we want start to get to know what what |
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| 139:37 | velocities all mean. And so you've these in the back in your back |
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| 139:44 | to a degree. We know you , you want to know that some |
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| 139:47 | the numbers, for example, a sand Is gonna have a lowest velocity |
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| 139:56 | around 2000 m/s. So we want know generally that's a wet sand |
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| 140:04 | If we get up to a generally a much higher velocity and generally |
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| 140:12 | higher density. These are the common that we deal with. Um And |
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| 140:18 | the Dolomites again very generally higher velocity quite a high density also and |
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| 140:25 | fast, high density. So those the kind of rocks we want to |
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| 140:31 | to get to know their properties so you've got these immediately. You don't |
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| 140:37 | to look them up and you know or less if it's high velocity like |
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| 140:40 | m per second and high density like 2.7, then we know know that |
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| 140:46 | not a sandstone, it's not a , it's not a shale, it |
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| 140:51 | to be an evaporator of carbonate. , so we start to get to |
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| 141:01 | to be friends with these numbers. you've done a bunch of this, |
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| 141:04 | is just a compendium from matt hall again this is just sort of for |
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| 141:11 | records with with all these different bounds different little equations and we want to |
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| 141:21 | to know these these are all of classic equations for rock physics. So |
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| 141:26 | we step through them, we could the bulk modulation as a function of |
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| 141:29 | for different kinds of rocks. And have different bounds whether they're the rice |
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| 141:34 | the or the other bounds. And go by hash instructing bounds in other |
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| 141:41 | , depending on how the rock is or how how diet genocides that |
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| 141:48 | And then we plotted B P B , which we can plot versus composition |
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| 141:52 | ferocity and then our classic little density as a function of porosity, |
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| 141:58 | july and then this is the workhorse most traditional rock physics. The fluid |
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| 142:06 | in which we make some measurements of rock with a dry frame, find |
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| 142:11 | what his composition is and then put sections into the ferocity and then we |
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| 142:20 | what that's gonna do to the Now it turns out that Matt Hall |
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| 142:28 | a bunch of books on 52 things should know about rock physics and about |
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| 142:37 | . So have a look at matt , he is also the honoree of |
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| 142:43 | Gs Hs symposium this year. So you get a chance to attend some |
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| 142:50 | that that would be good for both and Stephanie and that I think Utah |
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| 142:57 | brought this up a little while It's what's the date for that? |
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| 143:07 | was just looking here G. H. Symposium is uh April 19 |
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| 143:19 | 20th. So April 19 and The G. S. H. |
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| 143:26 | matt hall and all his work. they're gonna have a bunch of python |
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| 143:37 | because that's been his big thing, and matt matt lab coating. So |
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| 143:42 | you're interested in some of that coating I think there's gonna be some ancillary |
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| 143:45 | sessions with the regular symposium. Now an overwhelming graph. Just so you |
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| 143:54 | it in your records. Um We all of these, we talked about |
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| 144:01 | these parameters in rock physics the young's asse, which is just when I |
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| 144:06 | a strain on the rock, how can I or stress, how far |
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| 144:11 | I stranded bosons ratio will drive it I squish the rock in one |
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| 144:18 | How much does expanding the other Sure modulates when I stress the rock |
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| 144:23 | way. How much does it deformed and of course velocities we understand. |
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| 144:30 | all these are kind of the elastic that we use in just a nice |
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| 144:35 | tropic standard rock. And you can a whole pile of measurements here. |
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| 144:40 | this is really just for your But this is all the stuff that |
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| 144:43 | into what we observe. Generally our or p wave velocity, shear wave |
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| 144:48 | and maybe density and then maybe the . P. V. S |
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| 144:52 | So these are our elastic wave numbers and we only need three of them |
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| 144:57 | we can derive any of the rest them. So once again, rock |
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| 145:06 | and that you would have been through john it's really the sort of the |
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| 145:15 | between rock properties and especially seismic How do seismic waves interact with the |
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| 145:22 | and how do the rock properties affect seismic waves? And we ultimately want |
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| 145:26 | know that because we're going to use waves to create the structure and in |
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| 145:30 | the rock properties. Seismic waves are cheap to make evaluating rock properties is |
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| 145:39 | expensive via drilling and core characterization. , so there's just a bunch of |
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| 145:51 | for rock physics. Once again, do a lot of this in the |
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| 145:56 | Hall because we're we're measuring more of rock properties and surface measurements. And |
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| 146:01 | we're trying to to relate those rock to what we measured? And there |
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| 146:09 | just a bunch of definitions that you see here and read. I'll give |
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| 146:13 | just a second to read those and can see that generally, we're just |
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| 146:34 | to relate the actual physical properties of rock to some measurement that we make |
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| 146:40 | the rock, whether in the borehole the lab or in the surface. |
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| 146:44 | so we're going to go back and . We've got the rock properties. |
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| 146:47 | should that look like in the measurement we've got the measurement which that look |
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| 146:52 | . What's that infer about the rock . So once the forward problem, |
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| 146:55 | the inverse problem and we're doing both them to try to characterize the |
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| 147:03 | Once again, here's another description from and you can see that this is |
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| 147:10 | they put rock physics between the geology all these properties and between the values |
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| 147:16 | we have. And then in a , the geophysicist is over here, |
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| 147:30 | seismic person trying to infer this And then the rock physicist is trying |
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| 147:35 | infer this stuff and then we get into the Petro physicist and the geologists |
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| 147:40 | to get right back to the geology the rocks. So john might have |
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| 147:49 | you this slide Stephanie, Did he something like this? Probably Yeah, |
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| 147:55 | . So you're familiar with this and that's kind of the seismic type of |
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| 148:03 | . Great, okay, so what rock physics? It's just data versus |
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| 148:12 | the rock property. Yeah, it's the the geophysical measurement we make |
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| 148:18 | And how does that relate back and to the rock properties. And what |
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| 148:22 | the physical laws in that interaction? a little slightly trickier one. What's |
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| 148:33 | gauge pressure 10 m underwater? You kind of talking about this yesterday? |
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| 148:40 | one atmosphere. Yeah. So that's basically. What atmosphere Or 14.7 |
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| 148:54 | s. i. Mhm. And what is In Fahrenheit? What's 28°C. |
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| 149:05 | 82.4. There you go. So I like that one because it's |
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| 149:12 | palindrome Oh yeah for negative 40°F Well both so 28 c. is |
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| 149:22 | f. So you can always remember because it's just background. So now |
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| 149:29 | never forget that 28 C just put backwards and that's f. So I |
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| 149:35 | to use that all the time. most of the family, my family's |
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| 149:38 | Canada. And so if I tell in a sense it's 82°, they say |
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| 149:47 | ? So I have to say it's seat Because 82° C is almost |
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| 149:54 | That's not. Likewise we always talk being cold so -40 c. is |
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| 150:02 | lucky Because that's -40 f. So happen to be the same. So |
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| 150:13 | are two peg points that you can an F. That are that are |
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| 150:19 | to remember. 28 C. Is F palindrome, It's backwards like radar |
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| 150:24 | forward and backward the same. This exactly a palindrome but it's just backwards |
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| 150:33 | Different than -40 c. is -40 . So that's a nice one to |
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| 150:39 | to, if you're in Alaska, it's minus 40 degrees F. And |
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| 150:44 | you're across the border in the Yukon minus 40 degrees C. It's the |
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| 150:48 | temperature. So those are two that , that are easy to remember |
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| 150:57 | Um this gets a bit more but we can also take gas mains |
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| 151:07 | which were for an ice, a material and extend them to an anti |
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| 151:11 | tropic material. And a former student iris long, long long was a |
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| 151:16 | strong quantitative student and he extended Gaston's to anticipate tropic materials, which was |
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| 151:24 | really nice piece of work. And published this and a really nice piece |
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| 151:28 | work. He's now working with Shell he's done, he's done very nicely |
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| 151:37 | . Incidentally, it shows how things change and you've all seen about |
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| 151:44 | but Several students have had to suffer periods of unemployment, including long when |
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| 151:52 | couldn't get a job, he was , very strong, but he couldn't |
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| 151:54 | a job and he was all depressed then all of a sudden things turned |
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| 151:59 | and he got an excellent job, . Likewise, another student done his |
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| 152:03 | did a great job, 15 months and then all of a sudden things |
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| 152:10 | around and he called me and he in one weekend, he got three |
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| 152:13 | offers, this was a couple years . So uh that lifted his spirits |
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| 152:21 | then a couple of other of our just about a year and a half |
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| 152:26 | and both been unemployed. And then was at a G. S. |
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| 152:29 | . Luncheon and one of the employers up and said what do you think |
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| 152:31 | these two people? And I said they're they're both excellent workers, they've |
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| 152:35 | great great backgrounds and boom both of got job offers. So it Can |
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| 152:41 | pretty fast or it can happen pretty . The 15 months being unemployed was |
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| 152:46 | bit of a drag. But that turned out in the end okay. |
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| 152:51 | this was long and he did a job in his thesis and that was |
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| 152:54 | of his stuff. We have talked the permeability versus porosity generally. Again |
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| 153:02 | rock properties. We think that permeability increases with ferocity but it can be |
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| 153:10 | little bit funky. In other words not necessarily a straight correlation depending on |
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| 153:19 | content and and other factors. I that is getting a little bit beyond |
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| 153:30 | we need to be right now. it's just about noon. We've got |
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| 153:37 | going to start to get into logging next. So Stephanie was normally and |
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| 153:47 | talk normally an hour for lunch or . And Yes so usually have a |
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| 153:53 | lunch break on junior. Well great we are we finished lecture four and |
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| 154:03 | take a break for an hour and come back with at one o'clock and |
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| 154:10 | continue on until just about 4 I know you're a little under the |
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| 154:14 | Stephanie, and so it won't be too badly today. Well, |
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| 154:20 | Great. Well, we'll see, see everybody back here at one o'clock |
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| 154:25 | then we'll do Couple more hours and up around 4.30. Okay. |
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| 154:31 | |
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