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00:03 Good. Okay. Um You can me at W. W.

00:09 W. D. You don't bother try to find me at the office

00:13 vacated my office except for a computer doesn't work. So uh you can

00:20 me anytime in our response as I . This is an example of the

00:28 of the source material for example, at all. 2021. You have

00:34 in your topics readings. Uh dollar 2010. FM. Four. You

00:42 I'm gonna try to work out a where I get some PDFs of some

00:47 these chapters. Um I don't have to give you those. Uh I

00:58 let you borrow them but I would that. You plan on buying it

01:04 you're gonna keep that copy. But that's another story for another

01:10 The other thing before I forget. this doesn't apply to Gloria. But

01:17 I'm kind of hard of hearing. very loud. The A.

01:21 So uh if you got a question a comment uh interrupt anytime, it's

01:27 really an interruption, it's hard Right? But you're probably gonna speak

01:33 particularly with. Okay, so let's about what we're dealing with with respect

01:41 the topics of course. And the question is we're dealing with sediments and

01:47 rocks. What kind. Well basically auto site or rather a talk thinness

01:54 halak thinness and our toxin instructor derived within the drainage basin and the gelatinous

02:03 are derived from outside the deposition of . Uh Can and if you give

02:09 an example of a autochthonous rock or , rather just had grievances, courses

02:21 walk out like derived from material that's from within the deposition basis. That's

02:34 carbonates. Most carbonates are precipitated within deposition mark. It could be carbon

02:42 blood, it could be a car skill fragment. Okay, a lot

02:49 this material on the other hand, from outside the deposition basis. And

02:55 we subdivide a locked in the sentiments to those that are to rigidness against

03:00 name of the course. And that's alteration of pre existing rocks from outside

03:07 drainage place. Uh And that's most set of if you're rock uh including

03:15 you're conglomerate sandstone, blood stones and carbonates. So, can can you

03:22 me an example of a carbonate that be a to rigidness? Rephrase it

03:40 fragment of carbonate that was derived from the opposition base. So, you

03:55 to be like working on the zone exposed. It wrote in um nice

04:07 think you have any of you been filter to the Oakville Formation? How

04:15 it still comes essay what that really . Is a sandstone composed of Calgary

04:26 , basically fragments and it's a Miocene and it's sandwiched between sand stones that

04:39 solicited plastic fragments and what it's doing reporting the uplift of the Edwards

04:47 And so the carbonates of central taxes cretaceous carbonates are being shed off coincident

04:56 the uplift of the plateau along the fault. And so what we see

05:04 is first a carbonate seven. That to origins derived from the land.

05:15 we also see recorded in the basin tectonic event. So often one of

05:23 best records, sometimes our only record certain tectonic events are looking at the

05:29 sedimentary basis. And so it's important keep that in mind. Now we

05:37 classified power classic material as Trajan We're gonna ignore that. Um I

05:44 a master's at UT um in I thought that was the only rock

05:51 interest. I have expunged that from mind. And with any luck you'll

05:56 hear that term from me again. , so we've got the original deposition

06:02 but we also have plastic and solicit . Um without looking at your

06:07 Can you any of you tell me your richness and plastic all at

06:26 It's in the general plastic meat without geologically. So that was it.

06:37 , it's a class is a um it's fragmented material. In fact that

06:49 what plastic plastic rocks are are basically no settlement from fragments of preexisting

07:00 So why isn't that true origins? makes them different? How about just

07:18 this? Tell me what makes a rock potentially different from a originates

07:32 Yeah, there was a classic rock be derived from inside basis. And

07:39 think of any plastic rock that was from within the deposition race or said

07:50 you friendship, um, welcome the . Could be shirt. Um,

08:03 from or, and uh, pretty . Our magic rocks that might be

08:18 arrived from the what about a What is a cocaine? Yes,

08:33 . It's a it's a rock that of fragments of ship. Okay,

08:41 you might see it at the base the beach party. Now, what's

08:46 or solicit classic? That's basically plastic , but only consisting of fragments of

09:08 , delicate minerals and rocks. uh, you're clay's your igneous sedimentary

09:17 . Uh, those would all be classic. Yeah. What's missing?

09:26 is carbonates and evaporate needs in order your non silica silicate minerals.

09:36 so each of these has a rather is to original classic in in Selous

09:42 has a specific meeting. And I'm assuming that you can figure that

09:50 . Your question rise. But it's , it is a matter of

09:56 And so we tend to use these that are changing. And so I

10:01 , you know, okay, I why this is a origen Isse course

10:10 not a carbonate course. That's but it's a trajan its course and

10:15 necessarily a solicit classic course. now that I've said that I will

10:20 in passing evaporates carbonates when I have , I will try very hard to

10:27 those terms. Those rocks. Any that physicists, not a friend of

10:31 and I'm strictly a solicit plastic tourist guy. Uh, but be aware

10:38 , that's my bias. So, you think about the way in which

10:44 classifies, basically, I'm at the of the triangle in the basis treats

10:52 come to here, we're going to Okay, now, but I want

10:58 finish up on this first topic. really, uh, some of the

11:05 concepts of sedimentary geology and so let's given one of the more important

11:11 Uh, the fact that when we at uh, the sedimentary rock,

11:17 say, deposited down here, in the deposition zone, uh it

11:24 just the end product of whole dispersal beginning in the source area where the

11:32 is generated, passing through the transportation for the dispersal system and up into

11:40 area of deposition. And so that we refer to as source to

11:47 How many of you have heard the source too sick? You have.

11:55 , Alright. And yeah, have you heard the term?

12:02 well, you're gonna see it more more if you choose to delve into

12:05 literature or if you professionally get more in basins and basin in collections.

12:14 what we're concerned with is the fact everything that influences the score, whether

12:26 happens in the stores and is modified transportation is potentially affecting what you see

12:37 preserved in deposition. So just as example, stable components, finding decreasing

12:47 source, in fact, one of themes that we'll be talking about throughout

12:52 course is the role of, tectonics and climate on preparing the scent

13:01 be transported on the deposition process, the sediment in transit and ultimately the

13:12 environment segregating the settlement is in pieces unrecognized. So even though your goal

13:20 be to interpret the environment of recognize that that is predetermined by a

13:30 history of tectonics and climate in the area and transportation. Okay, so

13:37 is kind of in a sense on outline of what you think about when

13:42 look at a rock, uh that was influenced by iconic setting and climatic

13:52 . Source area modified by transportation deposited a sink and then altered by

14:02 genesis. Now more specifically the tectonic controlled to a large extent the parent

14:14 that's exposed in the drainage basin and relative relief in the base that's going

14:22 affect the rates and types of weathering weathering products. Yeah, the climate

14:31 basically going to determine what type of products are ultimately available to be transported

14:38 by solution or by a bit salt either is dissolved ions or

14:47 Okay. In cleanse it. There processes and abrasions selected transport that can

14:58 both texture and composition in the environment deposition. The thing that will spend

15:06 time on is gonna determine the patterns types of deposition products and the geometry

15:13 the little fishies, die genesis, and die genesis with increased temperature and

15:19 . We conceive variety of processes altering original fragments and changing the interstitial pore

15:29 . Okay, this court will focus deposition system. We'll be looking at

15:40 precursors pretty much at every system. genesis will just be a passing

15:47 We talk about composition. Mhm. truth in advertising. Okay. Um

15:56 we use that. We sometimes don't know how to define the deposition environment

16:06 a geographic orgy. Uh I think should be geographic and or Geum or

16:14 area typo there characterized by distinct assemblage processes. Think of apart a

16:32 A deposition system. Here's a three body. I mean the sediment of

16:40 suite of processed related depositions. So we think about the flu viel

16:47 the flu viel de positional system. you think of one piece of it

16:53 might be called the deposition river is up the festival. If you were

17:23 try to reconstruct that system, what might be included associated with deposition associated

17:45 ? I could ask the same Thank you darling. 10,000. But

18:01 just if you're standing looking at a , that's all I'll say what is

18:08 different. Thank you. Okay, are and close something that can be

18:23 . Thank you. 10 more phones the filter. Standing on the bridge

18:31 looking at looking south very soon. cut bang either which is gonna be

18:43 sure you need. Yeah their We are point guards and put this

19:02 there's a panel face so maybe a slide cutting through the levin. Those

19:13 JIA Mortell components of that mobile Those are deposition environments. Uh The

19:26 face, she's been around for a time is basically a some of the

19:32 and paleontological aspects to try to graphic . Now take it down a little

19:40 into the logical structural inorganic aspects. the first thing. Again. 2nd

19:49 detectable in the field and or a she should not be something that at

19:56 as determinants here in the absence of modifier should not be something that requires

20:02 to run an X ray analysis song most important prophecies is objective and field

20:17 that is it's not genetic. So shouldn't talk about a blue alpha.

20:28 okay it's a deposition system. Okay we may well have a fa she's

20:36 is a part of a flu real . Well but never confuse the interpretation

20:44 the observation species for observation and then gonna use species different types of species

20:54 make an interpretation as to origin. by the way this is the easiest

21:01 is the body of rock with specific because it's easier doesn't make it better

21:09 you need to remember that it the to be mythological structure. Organic and

21:16 got to be field based objective. most of what we talk about are

21:27 fishies. Okay. And so they describe what can be interpreted as a

21:38 within the deposition system. But the levy is not a fa she's there's

21:51 be some characteristic description of sedimentary structures textures and or organisms. Organic uh

22:06 is characteristic of. Okay, now turns out that concept is used in

22:14 whole bunch of things. What we what I as a geologist normally think

22:21 theses. It's really little facetious. the set of characteristics that defines that

22:31 union. They have similar pathologies. stratified, fine grained sandstone.

22:39 Uh huh. Maybe it's similar fossil . Um Econo facial also based on

22:53 fossil content. Trace false. Is were the body for this? Could

22:58 body fossils or that term is Seismic fe She's uh radar grams or

23:09 gpR fishies, fault fay. She's type of objective field based descriptor that

23:23 then be used to interpret something of can be broken up into the

23:28 She's okay. Yeah. You you're familiar with theses tracks that is genetically

23:40 interconnected co evil sedimentary faces. And this would be an example of

23:45 This goes back to that question of viel environments versus systems here we got

23:53 Phil point bar base these are all . We're gonna look at each of

24:00 can extract them and describe them. when we encounter this assemblage, we

24:07 recreate that environment. Now, one the ways we do it is by

24:12 fish and basically says the vertical sequence patients in a conform herbal such reflects

24:26 face. She's track or lateral sequence the time of deposition. Can and

24:36 could also change face. She's which descriptive. Who deposition remarks which would

24:45 interpreted the same concept. Yeah. actress is important conform a ble meaning

24:57 any significant erosion. All surfaces or gaps. Well, it turns out

25:03 got time gaps in the sedimentary record every inch set. So one of

25:11 things that we have to think about we look at reconstructing sequence of events

25:17 environments they're in is what are the is of the time gaps. And

25:24 that's a term. We'll talk Ok, so here we've got a

25:32 track. It goes from the but flats cold. Oh, water

25:44 mudflats, uh alluvial plains, uh , ground balance. And then notice

25:53 that sequence has evolved through time in section. So would that be a

26:03 or a regressive sequence based on what see here is the sea transgressing or

26:34 ? Maybe this will help because this walter's all this is actually this is

26:43 we are interpreting as the eastern. it a transgressive or regressive system.

27:06 . Right. What is the Yeah. Legend that correct freshwater

27:22 Okay, fresh water overlaying by Very. So the seas are coming

27:38 . They are transgressing the shore line we have this regressive, it's

27:45 Public transgress sequences are kind of uncommon using code. So I like the

27:54 now Holbrook and may all have a good um discussion among other things,

28:02 law and I'm not going to get it except to say that when we

28:07 about a an environment, maybe a , maybe in this case delta,

28:14 actually variability day to day, week week, year to year. So

28:19 can think of each of those environments having a distribution in space in

28:27 So when we look at the vertical , it's not a simply gradation

28:38 You have got these flights coming there's all sorts of things going

28:45 And so these, these are what refer to as local sample filters.

28:57 I'm not gonna belabor it except to when we interpret this, we have

29:02 recognize that that setting, that a lot of things are going on

29:09 are selectively being recorded in the rock . Let's look at a different patients

29:17 . Here's a wave dominated track from launch. Your we broke it up

29:27 different uh components the offshore your face . We'll talk more about that in

29:38 class. But we've also added a sedimentary structure that you might get in

29:48 of those sunk going from deeper water exposed to Julian. So let's take

29:57 faces cry and look at it in regressive or pro grading setting. So

30:07 we've done, whoops. So uh allowed the deposition. The moves seem

30:26 now we got off your bottom for for short face beach deposits and what

30:38 might look like is something like you know. And and notice again

30:45 these sand stones inter bended but These are so as that beach is

30:56 seaward is doing so methodical and all these are genetically related. But there

31:07 this That's funny in that conversation statements in this particular example we've taken a

31:25 . We called it a pair of . How many of you are familiar

31:28 your own pair of secrets you've heard it? Yeah. Yeah. I

31:37 like I'm not asking you to find I'm just curious if that. But

31:45 it's a confirmable, relatively concerned. important of genetically related sentence and they're

31:56 by major flooding systems. So it if you like a pro gradation pulse

32:04 Seattle capped by a transgression. Another . Transgression. The flooding surfaces usually

32:18 a rapid for relatively rapid rise in . So here beach deposit is over

32:30 it's the function. What is I mean according to Walters law,

32:42 is no place where a beach sits next to offshore deposits. So what

32:51 of sequence is missing in terms of . The transgressive system. Okay.

33:00 that's actually much more co gradation all are much more commonly preserved than our

33:08 systems because for the most part, in a high wave energy setting,

33:14 are erosion of transgressions. So it's until we get further offshore where you

33:21 actually get from shall our marine to marine transgressions. So here's an

33:30 You can see it um Aeolian offshore and here's our marine flooding service.

33:43 below this it went from Yulia to , the near shore option. And

33:51 this offshore near shore B. O. So these are pleistocene paris

34:00 preserved in beach terrace deposits in Now we've all heard the term and

34:09 the concept of the deposition model and its use uh it's a new one

34:16 comparison framework for future observations, prediction for interpretation. We take a lot

34:26 local examples. Filament model is for save in that fits here with modify

34:43 . Uh The problem is, it's getting to the point where every

34:53 world complex seems for our new Uh huh. They're multiplying like

35:03 the study of submarine fans. Almost models that are fans, we have

35:13 way too reliant on deposition marks. of the reason is it forces us

35:26 to try to fit what we see one of those models. And if

35:31 doesn't, well, we'll just make new model. Well, there's an

35:37 infinite variation in ways things can And so increasingly we're using a term

35:46 architectural elements who better both describe and the sedimentary record. Now on the

36:01 , we've got a major base and b thousands to millions of years of

36:16 record. And if we look at of the sandstone layers, we see

36:21 it turns out it's a series of bills. If we look at a

36:28 piece of that, which are a of river deposits, which can be

36:35 up into bars, which can be up into flood events. So flood

36:46 combined to form bars combined to form , rivers combined to form meander

36:53 The meander belt combined over the strata record to see. So what we're

36:58 to do is think of morphological subdivisions that deposition system that have distinctive betting

37:09 and assemblages. Little fishies. Mhm directly related to the main landscape elements

37:20 channels and bars and levies of that deposition system. And so we can

37:27 of a hierarchy of these things, channels, forms, etcetera. And

37:37 is going to allow us to build to regionals. So we're gonna piece

37:48 that deposition environment, that deposition the fish is trapped. But we're

37:56 do it by describing architecture helps now do that. We've got to recognize

38:05 they are defined by bounding surfaces, geometries and we can think of it

38:15 seismic symptoms. It's approximating a timeline that then allows us to develop a

38:27 of landscape developments. Eventually go back that, a leo deposition setting.

38:34 not a model. We have created description of our de positional setting based

38:43 what is preserved record. Uh Now earlier I said uh there are a

38:52 of time gaps for gaps in time . Um smaller properties down in

39:08 These little depths are events. Yeah. In fact, let me

39:15 the next no, here are short events. First. Has to do

39:26 etcetera. That might give you a Larger sense of ripple migration in the

39:38 site in the eight Spring site, 100 years light each of these where

39:49 a few Each of these thrive in recorded as a specific type of architectural

40:00 . So that's what our goal was to be able to recognize those architectural

40:05 and create that deposition system. Ah didn't you have heard of the term

40:14 , You have wheeler diagram, You another when I was an undergraduate,

40:22 basically it says, this is what see. This is how the sediment

40:32 preserved with time. So each of spaces is basically erosion or not deposition

40:40 a hiatus and you can see the ones convenience at what point it becomes

40:50 significant in conformity with respective authors Sometimes that's hard to say, but

40:59 of these packages is one of the where each of these periods of non

41:07 or erosion. Our boundaries are gonna us to find both the geometry of

41:13 green layer and its architectural levels. we take the surfaces. Look at

41:22 hierarchy looking sediment sheets, maybe seismic create developments by which we develop and

41:37 if we want a deposition mark. here is a model of the place

41:43 working on there. Maybe it's a of Reservoir 22 p. It's third

41:55 . Okay. And it may have to do with the four cents.

41:59 the sandstone in the next place. know, maybe it does, but

42:04 doesn't have to. So here's the model, the barrier system.

42:13 if we were to think about architectural , we could say, well,

42:18 how the core of that period. let's break it up short face in

42:25 field. Very report wash over fan , it would be sees when if

42:33 of these has a distinct geometry. with the fishies. Now we can

42:40 the same thing for rivers, places, etcetera. This is what

42:52 see and we can reconstruct it we can do the same thing with

43:00 sea settles. Okay, so this of architectural elements has really taken over

43:08 way we look, interpret sedimentary Okay, so what are some of

43:14 things that control the accumulation settlement? , there's some oughta genic factors intrinsic

43:21 the environment itself, lateral migration. river is doing that. Um channel

43:28 all rivers. Doing pro gradation of delta. That's basically the river.

43:33 its thing in its environmental deposition. there's also outside influences influences outside the

43:44 based changes and accommodation space, tectonic , Climate and climate change the biological

43:53 and changes there are changes incentive So those events ranging from a really

44:04 , really big Migration of ripple is type of architectural element. It's clearly

44:14 genic. The timing of major flood or clearly aubergine. Oh I'm

44:28 Auto genic within the basin. It's ripple or delta migration. Allergenic

44:38 Okay, so what do you My accommodation space that is the space

44:41 for accumulation? Well, it varies on what consistently looking at marine systems

44:50 mainly water depth in flew real systems mainly based level in the equilibrium profile

45:05 both cases tectonic change both in terms subsidence and uplift can alter the accommodation

45:16 . Science in basin uplift in the and all these can affect the accommodation

45:27 . This is just gonna let you at this on the phone, basically

45:34 sea level is different. Hispanic sea because relative and be changed. Welcome

45:50 . In addition, water depth is depending on deposition. And but when

46:03 say brother, you need to keep mind your static versus relative as an

46:09 . Now with the victor rivers. level is dutifully sealing city but you

46:19 change the base level but then the basin by the dam. Um They

46:29 . Uh huh. You can also it of course by changing relatives.

46:42 the easiest 1 to think about is regressive secrets. Steel level it's here

46:53 pro greeting. Very good step C sits here. The shore is transgressing

47:02 . R. Barrier systems each could during the austin sea level. Yeah

47:14 look completely different. So why is that some shorelines called gray and others

47:22 will. The answer to that is to the sediment budget. The sediment

47:29 is basically telling us how much sediments into the system versus leaving kind of

47:43 all the sources and sinks and The distribution of material over some time

47:52 now with respect to the beach. could also be a delta. There's

47:56 coastal set. You can think of as the rate of which settlement is

48:02 versus is being replenished. Which in simplistic way Is Marine Energy vs seven

48:17 . Oops. And the idea of budget is complementary to the idea of

48:30 sediment balance. Think of this as energy study with supply. If you

48:42 the sentiment supplier relatives await energy. shift towards education increased. I'm

48:52 increase wave energy relative to settlements So you can constantly change this relationship

49:04 . Changing wave or stream energy usually gonna well particular wave especially isn't the

49:13 change sediment supply could be technology could be said change So let's look at

49:23 this is a barrier system but it also be appropriated strangler. We're gonna

49:30 at the sentiment supply versus wave energy related accommodation space. Here's the case

49:40 we have a 7th circle more sediments in concluded we have regressive programmed ation

49:50 we have a settlement deficit where there's settlement and the waves are able to

49:57 a small amount of sediment such as waves continually wrote them have a transgressive

50:06 . Now in a case like you're in balance. So the accumulation

50:11 receiving here is because of increased the space to websites, shorelines stable.

50:21 basin is subsiding And so in Uh the free information in texas has

50:31 2,000ft war a vertically stacked barrier license the central part of south central

50:43 They just basically kept going in this basin subsidence and part associate salt.

50:52 one of the ways of one of useful ways of thinking about is this

51:00 sea level emergence, relative sea level . Hi for basically uh follow the

51:14 where there's high rates organization. What stable rapid fabled want to make here

51:34 that there we could actually have transgression Singapore ST john we associate transgressions

51:55 C loops regressions with Now is that one. So let's just look at

52:09 examples. Let's just take regressions, sea level. Often accommodation space that

52:21 no change in subsidence or uplift. so the shore line. Now there's

52:32 there's a hint here and that is separating yellow, right? He's actually

52:43 saying dominantly. Mhm. That one tends to be the death of which

52:55 sand ist. And that one is , implying that appropriations occurred on the

53:04 depth and baseball. That's what we a normal regression. And down here

53:22 . Now here we've got a rise sea level. Yeah, we've got

53:28 sand pushing yourself out. This is a quote normal regression, but it's

53:40 very different because we see that barker a depth at which sand is deposited

53:48 rising. And where does that Well that falls like i it's

53:58 rising sea level and procreation. Not . And here we go. What

54:08 called the four street rush blocking sea and regression. Now there's a there's

54:24 error in this diary and it's a . I don't know which included,

54:34 it has to do with the location that transition? Oh, mainly san

54:43 make me look what's wrong with this . And give a hint. This

54:58 what's wrong. What should it be ? And that first X Should it

55:17 higher or low. And I And so what it should look like

55:26 this. So this is what a progression books. Okay. And we're

55:35 to use these transitions of fish eats fish short face versus offshore to reconstruct

55:48 in base level changes in sea And maybe in for things like tectonics

55:54 well as climatic change. Now, not gonna talk directly about sequence

56:06 And having said that it relates to the things that we'll be talking

56:13 That's you're basically looking at our cyclic in accommodation, space and settlement

56:22 On the basis of this can form services so we can look at a

56:29 track just as we could officials Mhm. And so we can talk

56:38 different stages. Hi stan low stand Hiestand system track and what we're doing

56:49 we will be doing. Taking pieces , find out overlooking at now since

57:08 was in school and more specifically, since I've been teaching this course,

57:13 seen a lot of advances in interpreting rocks. Gpr photo mosaics or whole

57:21 section. Um, so let's just at a couple. We now are

57:28 to see within the internal structure of . Why was that so hard?

57:36 , sand dunes are dry and try dig into dry sand and it just

57:41 with little information we had on these news was drive by some poor guy

57:49 up water, pouring it on and it to maintain the boy's face.

57:56 we can see the interior. What used to dig a trench until we

58:02 the water table in uh channel No problem. We'll just run it

58:10 the G. P. O. we can begin to see Things in

58:17 dimensions perfectly modern. But also agent before we were restricted to a tune

58:24 . You and we can even define . Talked about conceptual here are

58:33 It's a great conversation now we put into station to that. Yes,

58:39 defining the type of this case of street. Use ground based radar to

58:47 a three dimensional image uh different strata units. We can use photo mosaics

58:59 do allow us to correlate between measures they even used drone photography.

59:11 aerial photography blake photography, unmanned aerial strokes. So this is completely I

59:23 know if if it's exaggerating states revolutionized study of sedimentary rocks in the

59:29 rocks in the field, but it has added the dimension we didn't have

59:34 . Now. What is revolutionary? Besides, came soon we can see

59:44 bottom shore of the bottom of the in ways we never could see when

59:53 stuck to two dimensional parametric profiles. even more so seismic deal will follow

60:00 where we're beginning to look at the geometry of seismic reflectors uh such as

60:09 this from here. And we'll run trace through that. In doing

60:17 we image the morphology of that particular . This is our face. She's

60:30 by looking at aspect ratios of different of the seismic trace. And this

60:38 us to now go back and do more detailed interpretation for seismic growth.

60:48 an article that I would recommend you at is this one here. I've

60:53 I don't think I included it within intro section but basically the geologic insights

61:02 seismic dad and that truly has been revolution. Another thing is satellite

61:09 We have access now to his studies over the world before we started using

61:20 imagery. Alluvial family had about four five cases, case studies, alluvial

61:27 . And as a result, our is limited. Now we've got thousands

61:34 so particularly with the advent of the , uh we are increasing our his

61:44 and our ability to quantitatively define the of our deposition systems. These are

61:54 some of the source to sink areas we could look at. We're still

62:02 flume studies. They're getting better and using sandboxes, analog studies,

62:12 better. We're doing numerical modeling. better and better. This particular type

62:18 model is we are trying to reconstruct what this model is basically trying to

62:31 mounting services, flow conditions within a pro grading air sequence. Uh This

62:39 is from where we can reconstruct wave and even mud fallout based on numerical

62:52 . We're using things like the tribal geo chronology. Uh to better understand

62:58 needs. Uh We're still using photography other things but this has really made

63:05 um much more quantitative in terms of the source areas. We can also

63:17 to look at Modern or not modern pleistocene environments in a way that we

63:24 before we were limited to carbon Now we can do other ways of

63:28 thing, particularly aeolian deposits. So me end with quiz. No

63:36 Just so here are a couple of of sedimentary structure and you tell me

63:43 that structure would be called? What of sediment destruction is that?

64:06 are all the beds parallel? Okay, so we know it's not

64:12 plate orbiting. Were they evenly No. So how would you describe

64:26 package? Think of this as a fictions? How would you describe

64:32 Some of this find great ST blank, fine grain sand fill in

64:39 blank blank. Well, the simplest is cross stratified. Save the

64:54 But a better answer would be How many have heard term have you

65:03 Hamachi? Yeah. Do you remember it first? I'm sorry.

65:14 don't give me this. Okay. many cost the strategy for a Hummer

65:24 in the middle. And and it's to reflect deposition, low wave base

65:33 a rather deposition below fair weather wave by storm waves. Okay, so

65:38 is a characteristic of a particular environment form waves. Having said that,

65:46 course, usually that means 50 100 m. Having said that you

65:51 find little ones like this on the parts of macro title. Open marine

66:00 flights. Yes, we got to a little careful about attributing genesis to

66:08 is descriptive. How about this? would you call that? Ross

66:20 Okay, that's a good start. . What kind of Australian? I

66:44 hurt. Seven Is formed by three . You do. Okay.

67:05 the flow maybe kind of obliquely towards or away from us. Yeah.

67:17 what do you think was the Give me a genetic interpretation of this

67:22 . Cross stratified, let's say horse since public sandstone. Yeah, sure

67:37 . That's that's a good possibility. point. Oh, and in

67:45 this used to be called, which one of the problems of mixing genetic

67:54 objective interpretations or descriptions. The problem , is that mean fossils here?

68:03 . So this is in Uh, know, I'm gonna turn that one

68:16 , but how would you describe this of failure? I give it to

68:23 blood stone stand still. Internal inter . Okay. It's but so there's

68:37 special order for style, anybody remember ? Uh, not here. Look

68:56 the scale. Here's a pin So whatever is occurring here is on

69:04 order millimeters. And that's one point you're interpreting alcohol. Think scale.

69:18 , it's it's called mixed bedding. . And mixed betting, uh,

69:25 characteristic one of the characteristics of intertidal intertidal losses. This is ripple

69:35 well, SAm. Okay. And my first thought would be,

69:42 this is probably the intertidal deposit were for the fact that right next to

69:47 is a big submarine channel. So we're looking at is a let me

69:54 on a submarine channel system. So turns out that the processes of

70:05 mud, sand but sand and an title deposit are somewhat similar to the

70:13 of candy pelagic mud. Overflow sand a turbidity con in reworked as

70:24 Okay, what about this? I'll tell you its cost ratified. What

70:29 you think would be the environment of ? Use this person for scale.

70:43 would you find foster this? Is ? Well, what kind of environment

70:59 deposition gonna be a tidal flat? , the problem is you have to

71:17 a bed for it's migrated right That's where can you get a

71:30 I am first best eight m high this church. Well, one thing

71:49 be a sandu sand dunes did Who do you think this was deposited

71:55 sanding? It could have been part our center. Check your head.

72:04 , why not? Well, part it is because I know that this

72:09 been here. I know the sand transport tells I also know that this

72:15 here is full of sand dollars. this is a marine setting. So

72:23 turns out that in then if we a little more closely see light and

72:30 packages here. Those are tightly influenced surfaces. So this is a title

72:43 on a tie dominated shelf. But know that we need to know something

72:50 the texture, the hypno fossils and of the forces. Okay,

73:01 here is a set boundary here are best. So I guess the first

73:10 is what direction would you infer the of water or when I'll give you

73:18 clue it's gravel, so it's not be wind right to left or left

73:25 right now. Over here, we that the forceps were dipping in the

73:42 of flow. This Large Ridge was on top of this one. Following

73:51 rationale, what direction do you think water is moving? It looks like

74:03 going in. It looks like these . Uh The only problem is that

74:15 blowing from left to right, which we have to infer a large bit

74:28 where the sediment is migrating up ST sorry. Up floor. Can you

74:34 of any bed form that migrates up ? Is is any of this?

74:55 I break Never heard of the anti you? Yeah. Um So what's

75:12 Okay, well it is a headphone migrates upstream. We'll talk about that

75:24 . Okay. Oh and and the here is this is in a submarine

75:30 system or channel system and these are , basically turbidity currents that are forming

75:42 bed forms that are creating upstream. the way, The sand is still

75:49 downstream. It's just eroding on one and the positive backside. Okay,

75:57 let's end this reporting by just kind a summary of where we're going.

76:03 for you don't want to go against so we're gonna go through sediment supply

76:13 fluid flow of transport that forms in structures and then we'll go I'll tell

76:24 right now I don't think we're gonna past because for the exam it's

76:31 Always overly optimistic and always take longer so the next friday. I'm next

76:41 A week from tomorrow at 8:00'clock Exam will include whatever I haven't finished.

76:47 example one may 4th part three. also show system exam and here's a

77:04 of all of your exams are on , is that right? Okay.

77:14 This has been Wednesday night um for fine. I'm gonna call the

77:19 let's focus more on material from the last part of the course but we

77:28 on things and I will actually in cases on the study guide to compare

77:33 from earlier topics. Um It's about gonna give you about two hours and

77:40 question to you is would you rather at six or so? I'm not

77:48 where you're coming from. Mhm. what's traffic on six. What about

78:02 ? Okay well this ship seven and different. Okay let's stop recording and

78:11 about a 2:30 but about a 15 break and we'll start on topic to

78:24 . Okay let me uh crazy. I do want you to stop the

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