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BIOL 3324 Human Physiology - BIOL3324_Lecture23
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00:01 All right. You guys should be to hear me now. Excellent.
00:05 just gonna get everything in the right . All right? So for those
00:16 you come to class, this is last laugh. Live class.
00:20 um, as I said, I've to go to a Boy Scout thing
00:23 my son, uh, this upcoming , and it's like since they don't
00:28 school and everyone else has work in , I don't know why they do
00:31 , but anyway, they're working through , and I've got a obviously
00:37 but I've also got to be down , so I'm just gonna hopefully figure
00:41 how toe Probably not gonna be internet there. Probably have to travel there
00:44 home. And I'm just gonna let live from home. Um, so
00:49 will be our the lecture right before . And then we have two more
00:53 after Thanksgiving, and then we're done the class. No one's cheering.
00:58 , that Z that's cool. I'm should love being in this class.
01:03 don't want it to ever end, ? Okay. The fake smiles make
01:09 nervous. Um, all right. , so tomorrow is the final
01:14 That's do, right? So if haven't been working on it,
01:17 you have about a little over 24 to get that taken care of.
01:22 taking care of done. And then , you have a peer review that
01:25 need to be doing, Um, soon as you turn in. So
01:29 on Saturday, that's when peer review becoming available. Um, feel you
01:34 to look at your peer reviewed before done. Just remember, they're gonna
01:37 in complete until the due date, is Tuesday. Is that the due
01:42 for the peer reviews? No one's . It's something like that Tuesday
01:46 I can't remember what the idea You're not supposed to be doing them
01:49 the Thanksgiving break. They'll be done all that stuff s Oh, that's
01:53 kind of what's going on. And , um, really, what we're
01:57 be doing today is we're gonna be about the endocrine system and really some
02:00 specific things about the endocrine system we've talked about. Um um you
02:06 just in a chronology in general. this is kind of a good place
02:09 kind of say, Alright, lot of our hormones play a role
02:13 our metabolism. And so we're gonna at the hormones that regulate metabolism.
02:18 that's kind of the frame of You can look at these things
02:21 I see now this is causing me become bigger or causing me to fight
02:27 or whatnot because it's regulating my That's really kind of the big picture
02:32 . Oh, and I just want mention this. If you're wondering,
02:35 you can't see me online, but wearing AUh football jersey today. And
02:39 reason I'm doing that is because, , I haven't been able to wear
02:43 yet at all. So it kind sucks, you know? I wear
02:47 on game days and and it's been of that weird kind of semester,
02:51 ? And then our next game, gonna be out of town and also
02:56 top of that they cancel the game weekend. And so I was
02:59 Well, last day of class might well wear something fun. So football
03:05 . Yeah, go cooks. They that right. It should be this
03:10 to the matter. It's both You guys know know why? It's
03:15 three fingers, right? They teach that, right? Okay, it's
03:19 sure. All right, let's start with the pancreas. Pancreas is actually
03:27 easy. We're gonna be looking at major hormones. Insulin, glue,
03:30 , thes air like a gas pedal a brake. Literally one opposes the
03:35 . So just again, this is simple way to learn things. You
03:39 one and realize the other one does opposite. So that kind of makes
03:44 very, very simple, right? don't have Thio, Philip, your
03:46 with a whole bunch of information. we mentioned these little structures within the
03:52 of the the pancreas. We have little regions called the islets of
03:56 You can see kind of a three structure up here in the top of
03:59 that looks like. They're they're scattered the pancreas. So while we have
04:04 Asiana and Low Bealls within those in context between the Eocene A and their
04:10 , this is where you're gonna find islets of Langerhans. They don't empty
04:12 the ducks. They are innovated. they are perf used in other
04:17 means blood travels through that and so able to pick up these hormones and
04:22 signals to these cells to cause them produce what they do now. Generally
04:27 , we focused on the two Alright, the alpha and the beta
04:30 . Alright, but recognize there's other in there. So like we have
04:34 delta cells, we've mentioned them It secretes amount of Staten,
04:38 It's a regulator of digestion. We pancreatic poly peptide. I have no
04:44 what it does. I'm just pointing different cells. They're doing different
04:48 right? So we're gonna be focusing the first two cells. Alfa cells
04:52 secrete Glueck. A god. All , beta cells secrete insulin. So
04:59 off, that's the first thing you to recognize which sell does which we're
05:02 be focusing primarily on insulin. Insulin begins as a pro molecule. It's
05:07 it's a it's ah, signaling molecule begins with a very large structure.
05:11 once it gets broken down from that insulin, you create C peptide and
05:17 . So that's why you have the peptide. It's actually something you're gonna
05:19 in the body. If you look the amount of C peptide you get
05:22 sense of how much insulin your body producing because it's broken down in a
05:26 rate. And it also produces another called Amylin, which again haven't taught
05:31 mentioned or brought up it. Also pointing out it does stuff. All
05:36 . Now, how do we What? What is what is
05:42 Uh, insulin. Alright, so looking on the beta cells, all
05:46 ? And so what stimulates the beta proves to produce insulin is something you've
05:52 a long time ago, right? my blood sugar gets high, then
05:55 gonna produce insulin so I can start sugars. Right? You've learned
06:00 So that's kind of like the kindergarten , but it's really that's an easy
06:03 . Glucose glucose is our major When there's lots of glucose in the
06:08 , it gets taken into the and that's a signal for the beta
06:13 . Start pumping out insulin alright, there's other things as well, because
06:17 primary source of fuel is not Well, maybe in the first world
06:23 Texas in 2012, that might be , but generally speaking for humans are
06:30 source of fuel is not sugar. primary source of fuel is fats and
06:35 , right? And so what we're do is we're gonna look at the
06:39 acids. What sort of amino acids in circulation and in particular Argentina,
06:45 , are the big boys when it to stimulating insulin? What this is
06:50 to do is it's going to stimulate cell to start pumping out the
06:54 Now, there's other things as well sympathetically, regulating para sympathetically regulate insulin
07:00 . Now without cheating and looking up the slide. So it was.
07:04 told me which system is rest and sympathetic. Compare sympathetic parasympathetic. All
07:14 , so you know which one is to cause the up regulation of insulin
07:19 sympathetic. Okay, so I'm just to get to connect the dots.
07:25 ? But let's look first with regard the sympathetic alright, there is some
07:31 stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system in insulin. Alright, that's gonna be
07:36 beta agin ergic. But the sympathetic system pumps out tons and tons of
07:43 which stimulates the Alfred Wegener jinx. . And so the tragedy receptors are
07:48 ones that are found. Um, both found on the cells. But
07:51 sympathetic is pumping out norepinephrine, you're causing inhibition of insulin production. All
07:59 , find that kind of makes If parasympathetic causes me to digest food
08:03 to store away glucose, then sympathetic cause me to not store away
08:08 And why would that make sense? would What would I want to do
08:12 the glucose? So I wanna do with it. You wanna burn
08:17 But you have to get it So you wanna mobilize first so that
08:21 could be picked up and then used , so that's really what's kind of
08:25 on here is we're preventing the uptake insulin for storage or uptake of glucose
08:32 storage. Alright, Now parasympathetic is the Vegas, which is gonna promote
08:37 release. All right, now, also Huma RL stimulation. Other hormones
08:44 you've already seen. We've already mentioned in the previous couple lectures called Assisted
08:48 , produced by the duodenal cells GLP critic also secreted by duodenal cells and
08:56 i p, which is also secreted duodenal cells. Huh? What's going
09:00 ? The duodenum? Remember what to . Odd names for and four people
09:08 the classroom. Everyone's kind of like don't wanna answer re absorption,
09:13 And so when would re absorption I mean, what is what are
09:17 trying to re absorb? What is the duodenum when you're trying to
09:22 hint food, glucose and peptides and and write all of it. It's
09:31 food, right? It's stuff that been broken down completely. But those
09:37 are released. Remember, in response the presence of those chemicals in the
09:43 . And so what you're doing is signaling to say, Hey,
09:47 guess what? Guess what? Guess ? We've got food in our belly
09:51 patriots. Alright, cool. That I can go and put things
09:54 store things away for a rainy That's the whole purpose here. So
10:00 in the digestive tract results in the of different hormones. These were ones
10:05 we've talked about and it tells the cells to start releasing insulin,
10:12 So, in other words, we're ready to store things up. It
10:16 not be here just yet, So we're not dependent solely on the presence
10:21 blood sugar. We're actually anticipating the of blood sugar. Now, here's
10:29 interesting little question I'm gonna ask, for the test. Just want you
10:33 think about it. I know you're generation than I am my generation.
10:37 a whole bunch of sodas and then said, No, no more soda
10:40 soda's they're bad for you. You to drink something else. How about
10:44 sodas? And we're like, please. 44 ounces at a shot
10:50 . That's why you go to Circle . And they've got the big cups
10:53 Bucky's have the big cups. Get sips, you know. But think
11:00 this as food enters into the What is it signaling for the beta
11:06 to do? Bring in and storm . In other words, we're going
11:10 see here, make Fats. Do think diet sodas are going to trigger
11:17 uptake of glucose or uptake of other ? The answer is yes. So
11:25 not as helpful as we think they , All right. Anyway, this
11:39 a beautiful, simple picture to help understand how insulin is secreted.
11:44 What are the signals that cause insulin be secreted? Well, we mentioned
11:51 rest and digest, and we were the G I hormones. In other
11:55 , as I increased food uptake, is gonna be a positive stimulator for
12:00 production. All right, as blood levels rise, that's the easy
12:05 That's the one we learned since the of time. The moment you are
12:08 in biology. You learned about right? How many times have you
12:11 learned about diabetes over the course of biology career? As it like once
12:16 class, every once every other sir, You gotta hold because,
12:21 mean, it's just like, who? Let's talk about that.
12:24 It's just one of those things, ? So anyway, glucose levels up
12:27 insulin. Alright, but remember, not just blood glucose. We also
12:32 those amino acids, and we said sympathetic stimulation serves as a generally speaking
12:38 a negative regulator. And so, a result of insulin secretion, what
12:42 gonna see is this down here at bottom, we're going to see a
12:46 in blood glucose, a drop in fatty acids, a drop in blood
12:50 acids. Why do we expect those to happen? We're taking it all
12:54 , right. We're storing things up a rainy day. Now what's
12:59 And that's what that last one Fuel storage. Interesting. We also
13:03 protein synthesis because we don't store up acids. We use them. And
13:07 amino acids we could do with one two things. One we could make
13:11 with, um right, that's the one. Or to weaken term Uh
13:17 , fuel right in the form of acids. Or we can turn them
13:22 glucose. But we're gonna see what tells us or wants us to deal
13:26 this stuff. All right. But little chart is a simple way to
13:30 of look at that big picture of we just mentioned. And then you
13:33 kind of put in the details to you understand what that means. So
13:37 regard to insulin, what is it on the carbohydrates it is promoting glucose
13:42 in Mosul's? Alright, have the take up the glucose? Alright,
13:48 specifically stimulates glucose Genesis. Excuse Glucose Genesis glycogen icis in the liver
13:55 and in muscle cells. All now, the reason muscle cells we're
13:59 to start glycogen is because We don't to depend on the rest of our
14:03 for the cells, the muscle cells get the fuel it needs. So
14:08 muscles take up glucose and stored away glycogen provides it with instant glucose.
14:12 soon as the muscle needs it, going to see inhibition of black.
14:16 general Isis you guys weren't black journalists right. That's glycogen breakdown.
14:23 So we're making glycogen. We're not break it down. Third, we're
14:27 inhibit glucose Neo Genesis. In other , we don't need any more glucose
14:32 around. We're storing it up, don't make any glucose. Alright,
14:36 , glue konia Genesis does not All right, in terms of
14:44 let's bring in the fats. Let's up the fats, Let's put the
14:47 away. And then what we're gonna is when we're gonna move those fats
14:51 , we're gonna promote lipo Genesis. gonna make triglycerides, and then we're
14:58 gonna transport glucose into the adipose All right? And what are we
15:02 do with the glucose? We're gonna it up, We're gonna turn it
15:05 fatty acids, and then we're gonna , like policies regarding the amino
15:12 Very simple. Transport the amino acids the blood into the muscles. Muscles
15:16 primarily going to use that as fuel another tissues as well. We're gonna
15:21 protein synthesis. And what we're gonna is we're gonna inhibit protein degradation.
15:28 , having said all that, we're come to glue Luca gone in a
15:32 , and everything we said here for insulin is the opposite. When we
15:37 to glue, gone with one all right? And so this is
15:41 your you should perk up and say exception. We do not with
15:47 Coogan promote protein degradation. All Breaking down your body's proteins is a
15:54 idea as a source of energy. it is not promoted by Glueck,
16:00 God but all the others. So other words, you could just take
16:05 one line going across it out. all the others just reverse it,
16:09 . It's like instead of glucose going , glucose comes out mobilization, glucose
16:13 of glycogen yada, yada, yada for glue. Gone. Now
16:16 gonna have another slide exactly like this glue gun. I'm just kind of
16:20 because I'm excited, right? I'm my shirt. Therefore of you in
16:26 classroom? Yes. Great. Eso is s o the question is,
16:37 there anything? Would there be anything promotes protein degradation? Obviously, when
16:42 are, um, starving or undergoing stress, our bodies resort as a
16:49 resort protein degradation. I'm not sure the specific signal is for that,
16:55 that's an abnormal situation. I do we're gonna see this a little bit
16:59 cortisol plays a role in protein But is that the signal that causes
17:05 when you're starving? I don't know answer to that. All right,
17:11 let's look at the specific cells. right? And again, the the
17:14 specific cell types we're looking at here liver. We're looking at muscle,
17:18 we're gonna look at adipose tissue because a kind of the three big major
17:23 that insulin effects. All right. doesn't mean it's the only place for
17:27 , like the major places. All , so with regard to the to
17:31 liver promotes glycogen synthesis. Notice how repeating myself here. Promotes glycol.
17:39 , huh? What does that Well, here, what we're saying
17:42 , we're gonna use black glucose as fuel to power the activity of the
17:47 . All right, so we're not storing up glucose. We're just gonna
17:51 ahead and use it while it's All right, We're going to promote
17:56 synthesis of and the storage of fats lastly protein synthesis and the inhibition of
18:02 degradation that's in the liver in the again. Uptake, glucose,
18:11 synthesis promoting like Allah assists and obviously oxidation. In other words, we're
18:16 things to make. Maura ATP. promoting protein synthesis, inhibiting protein
18:23 So far, do you see a , right? That's the idea is
18:26 a theme here. And then, , what do you think is gonna
18:29 in Adipose tissue? There you It's gonna be the exact same
18:34 It's basically glucose uptake. Right? what? We're gonna promote like Allah
18:39 , in other words, to power going on? And we're also breaking
18:43 down to get that pirate of right? That to carbon molecule so
18:47 we can create large fatty acid All right, And that's what we're
18:52 do is we're gonna make fatty Triglycerides were gonna promote the synthesis of
18:59 light base. All right, So other words, we're making ah,
19:03 , pace available. Why do we , like pace? Because later we're
19:07 break down lipids. So that's what does. Promotes the movement of of
19:15 absorbable sub units that we would call in the cells and allows us to
19:21 them up and prepare for those periods time when were fasting. Look,
19:28 gun, as I've mentioned already, the opposite of insulin. So everything
19:33 learned about up about insulin glucose guns the opposite except for one thing which
19:39 mentioned is protein degradation. Luke Gone off as a pro hormone or pro
19:47 , just as as insulin does, then it gets chopped up. There's
19:51 two places where it's made the office we're focusing on, but it's also
19:55 in the duodenum. And then out Alfa cells is what actually gives us
19:59 glue Coogan and then l cells. we're doing is we're going to chop
20:04 up, and we're gonna be making other stuff, all right, One
20:06 them being GLP one. Alright. that GLP one is what we're familiar
20:11 . There's also GLP to. No really knows what it does, and
20:14 we're not concerned about it. But just want to show you Here is
20:17 starting point of that pro hormone. you could see the glue could
20:20 And then over there, that's where make another stuff. So one of
20:23 crazy things about learning biology is that have a gene. It creates a
20:29 , and then, depending on where are, you get different things.
20:33 , joy. You know, just you thought biology would get easy,
20:37 just touches us in the gut and our lunch money. Now, why
20:47 we get this? Well, it is stimulated by high circulation of
20:52 acids, But glucose by itself? . Go back. Sorry. Glucose
21:02 itself is an inhibitor. All So, again, you can just
21:08 of think of it as one of Gasque. One is a break.
21:11 oppose one another. Now, I'm gonna go through all of these things
21:16 again just because I told you they basically do the opposite with one
21:21 . But basically what we're seeing here we're antagonizing insulin activity. So when
21:27 Coogan goes up. Insulin activity goes when insulin activity is present.
21:33 glu God's activity goes down and really antagonized one another at the level of
21:38 as well. At least that appears be what? What the effect
21:42 All right, But notice. The effect is that we're basically promoting breakdown
21:47 glycogen. We break down glycogen. end up with glucose where we do
21:50 . We could then mobilize it. can also do glue. Konia
21:54 You guys remember glue? Konia Genesis glucose from perfect? No. So
22:02 mean it. Well, it but it's basically it comes from amino
22:05 . That's that's its starting point. basically taking amino acids and breaking them
22:10 so that you could make glucose from , Which is the brilliant thing.
22:13 love this. All right, You for Dr Wayne? Uh, philosophy
22:18 theory of metabolism. This is not the test, and you probably shouldn't
22:22 your life this way. Okay. can live on a diet of Cheetos
22:27 survive. E appreciate that. You laughed. I'm hoping you guys laughed
22:35 . I really dio. But the here is remember that everything is
22:40 All right, Now, I'm not for real. You can live on
22:43 because there's vitamins and other nutrients that not fuel. But supposing for a
22:48 that you could take a pill that all those vitamins and minerals and nutrients
22:52 you need. You could literally live Cheetos because what you're taking in could
22:59 converted into whatever your body needs, the essentials. So we're talking about
23:05 essential amino acids, you know, presuming Cheetos has, um I don't
23:10 they do because it's corn and then strange alien things, you know?
23:15 , you know, for example, could live solely on meat, which
23:20 every amino acid, right? So the idea is everything is gonna be
23:26 . You convert fats and amino acids Luke and they all kind of go
23:31 . That's the fun part about You get to learn how they're all
23:34 . All right. Anyway, the thing here, So we're making,
23:38 , you know are making glucose from acids. And lastly, we're breaking
23:42 fats so that we can mobilize the fatty acids. This is a
23:47 simple way to look at this you know, just focusing on blood
23:51 , but understanding that the other molecules a role as well. When blood
23:55 goes up, what we wanna do we wanna bring blood glucose back
23:59 So we're gonna promote insulin production. going to repress or inhibit glucose gone
24:04 . And then the opposite is When blood glucose levels are down,
24:08 gonna promote glue coogan activities so that can mobilize glucose and we down regulate
24:13 activity so that we're not trying to in or glucose in into the cells
24:18 storage. That's a nutshell thing. it's real simple, right? So
24:23 learned all about insulin, and then throw a glue gun out of here
24:25 the side to say, Yeah, just the opposite. Minus one or
24:28 things pretty cool. All right, that. So let's go to the
24:36 underappreciated organ on the planet. The adrenal glands, all right. And
24:42 we're gonna be talking about now. we did the, uh, metabolism
24:46 through insulin and glucose gone, we're be looking at, uh, specifically
24:52 hormones here. One is kind of precursor for going into reproduction that would
24:57 the androgens like D h e All right, But what we're gonna
25:02 on primarily is cortisol. The Now the adrenal gland Sit right above
25:07 kidney. That looks like a dollop whipped cream. It looks like So
25:10 your kidney. It looks like a , but it's been blown up to
25:13 the size of your fist. And then you take some cool whip
25:17 you scoop that and put it right top of that being. That's your
25:20 gland. Okay, you're imagining the whip. Okay, Now, if
25:28 look at at this the internal right? The medulla is,
25:34 uh, the region where we're producing epinephrine and norepinephrine. It's that modified
25:40 , uh, sympathetic gangland. we talked about that, but the
25:44 portion, right? The cortex has different layers. And in these different
25:49 , we have different cells that have , uh, enzymes that produce different
25:56 . So there's a lot of difference there right now. The good
25:59 I'm not making you memorize these different , right? If you're in the
26:03 class, guess what you get to . All right, but you have
26:07 different regions, and so you could mineral core turquoise. You produce the
26:11 that you produce the androgens or the steroids. And the truth is,
26:15 we're not gonna really talk about this deeply about puberty, but puberty starts
26:19 the adrenal glands before you even know in puberty, Like, two years
26:25 you're in puberty. It really You're in puberty, right in that
26:30 . So, like, ladies, know, you probably started puberty around
26:34 recognizably started puberty around 10 to 12 old. Most of you write the
26:40 is it was actually two years before . And was your adrenal gland started
26:44 . It started pumping out sex, . Guys were the same way.
26:49 just start a little bit later. that's what actually starts a signaling process
26:53 the adrenals and ultimately the hypothalamus. then those they're gonna cause the go
27:00 to grow. And then the go take over, and then they basically
27:03 your life for the rest of your , for the most part. Go
27:06 nuts. We get to whole lectures go nets. All right, so
27:15 first focus on cortisol. the All right, this is producing the
27:22 lotta Alright, that's that middle region need them. I'm not gonna say
27:25 is own. I'm not interested that I asked, I don't test
27:28 Just say you didn't answer the Then email me and say that wasn't
27:31 . And I'm gonna throw the question , but I'm pretty sure. Almost
27:34 sure. I never asked that question you guys. Okay, Now,
27:39 is under the access if you pull to the way back time machine when
27:44 learned about the hypothalamus and the pituitary , it's regulated through the hypothalamus and
27:49 pituitary gland through what is called the R H a C T axis.
27:53 is cortical releasing hormone. So Korda refers to the cortex of the adrenal
28:00 and the A C T H is cortical thyroid truck or thyroid trope or
28:05 Tropic hormone. Excuse me. Adrenal Tropic hormone. Excuse me. There's
28:09 many words in there. That's why use the abbreviations a C T H
28:13 again adrenal cortex. That's the a . The tea tropic means to regulate
28:19 hormone. So adrenal cortical our cortex hormone is really kind of what that
28:25 . Now A C T. H comes from a larger molecules, so
28:28 a whole bunch of different things. what it's doing is it's acting on
28:31 adrenal glands to produce this glucocorticoids. court is all all right. And
28:36 what we're also gonna see is we're to see that negative feedback loops.
28:38 that's what all that picture is trying show you here is, like up
28:42 is our hypothalamus, right? There's CRH. It's acting down here in
28:46 pituitary gland, which is acting down on the adrenal gland. And then
28:49 cortisol that's being produced acts backwards and its own regulation through that access that
28:57 learned about a long time ago. nothing new here. We're just kind
29:01 revealing. All right. Now it a steroid. That means it works
29:06 the cell. It binds to its receptor called the glucocorticoids receptor. All
29:10 , and once it binds that it as a transcription factor to change the
29:15 activity of the cell in which it's . So that is the how we
29:20 cortisol. So what does quarters all . Generally speaking, what we think
29:26 cortisol, we think of it as stress hormone. All right. It
29:30 the hormone your body produces when you're stress. Now, let me be
29:34 . Under stress is not like, , no, I have a test
29:38 . That's not stress. That's just , right? It feels stressful,
29:44 it's an inconvenience that what we're living right now is stress. Those of
29:49 who haven't left your house in a over four months, you're stressed.
29:54 basically in self imposed jail. That's . What we how we mimic stress
30:00 laboratories, will take a mouse or rat. And here's an example will
30:04 him at four Degrees C. That's put him in a refrigerator toe.
30:09 . All right, that's stressful. you all agree with that? Would
30:11 be stressful living in a refrigerator? , how about changing your light cycle
30:18 of having a normal you know, 8 and then slowly changing it down
30:23 that you have these periods? It's dark, or it's 100% light all
30:30 time. That's stressful. All here is my fun one. This
30:35 experiment they used to do in They take rats and put him in
30:39 tank like like an aquarium filled with . And they couldn't climb out and
30:44 had to swim all the time. would you like to do that?
30:48 touch the bottom. You can't hang the edges. You just had to
30:53 . And that's how you live. that stress, you get it.
30:58 starting to kind of get the This is what stress is. It's
31:02 elongated periods of time that are causing body to change or respond to its
31:10 uniquely or differently than it normally All right, so that's what cortisol
31:14 normally expressed in those periods. That's you see an up regulation of
31:19 Now, in terms of its metabolic , it actually is kind of
31:24 And I'm just gonna have you think what? What this all says.
31:27 it acts on the liver and promote . Konia Genesis. What am I
31:33 glucose? Okay, so in the it promotes proedl Isis, what am
31:39 doing? Making what? Say I'm breaking down proteins to make what
31:49 a proteins become when you break them . I mean, no assets I'm
31:52 for. All right. And lastly, in adipose tissue, I'm
31:55 , like policies. So I'm making acids available as well as glycerol for
32:01 . Konia Genesis. Now all three . What have I just done to
32:09 smaller? And what can I do the small things? I could create
32:14 else that's true, but already have created. Why would I want to
32:18 it down? Energy is what I'm for. That's the exact answer.
32:23 . So what we're doing is we're fuel, right? I'm breaking
32:30 Um, are making available glucose. making amino acids available for fuel so
32:36 could do other things with it. making fat available. So think about
32:41 who are undergoing stress. What's one the things you see? If you
32:44 someone who is undergoing severe stress, is one of the characteristics they
32:52 But I mean physically, what do look like to you? Are they
32:55 weight or they losing weight? They're weight. Their body is burning through
33:01 own fuels. And why would they doing that? Well, the answer
33:05 , they're responding to the stress. trying to use energy to fight whatever
33:10 stressor is on their system. So you think about the rats, you
33:14 , we throw him in a swimming in essence and say, live your
33:17 this way. What do they have do all the time? They have
33:20 swim. They have to burn energy burn energy. But it's not just
33:24 . They also have to deal with , right? And their body is
33:29 to all of that negative, react activity by burning fuel to make it
33:34 . All right, now notice. also inhibits glucose uptake. So,
33:39 other words, the idea here is not going to mobilize glucose and send
33:42 around the body, except for in place. And where do we need
33:46 glucose in the brain? All So we're doing Is any glucose that
33:52 available in the body is being sent to the brain. Otherwise, we're
33:56 and internally in all those cells. it has other effects. Now,
34:01 want you to think again. Think stressors, right? Let's say you
34:06 a UN contacted tribe in South Are you gonna be big,
34:11 robust, uh, individuals? So let's take a look on the
34:17 . It interferes with osteogenesis in the I tract. It interfered with calcium
34:24 . In Lucas sites, it's anti . What? When do we see
34:29 ? Inflammation is our bodies mechanism because forget you guys don't get to do
34:35 and this it's basically to fight It's your body's response as to basically
34:44 , uh, pathogens is one of things that it does, and then
34:47 C. N s. We see modification and learning. So stress is
34:52 a good thing when it comes to new things. Right? Let me
34:57 you an example. Alright, here's I stressful. If you put your
35:00 on a hot stove right, you're burn yourself. Are you gonna
35:05 Do not do that ever again. , right now. It's not an
35:10 of true stress, but you can behavioral modification, right? That's that's
35:16 be an example. Alright. Last my son got a viral infection of
35:22 sort. We don't know what it , all right. And then,
35:25 a result of the infection, his got, uh, basically allowed bacteria
35:31 his bloodstream and it went to his osteomyelitis, right. Scary stuff,
35:37 ? And kids, Not so much adult's big time bad, All right
35:43 this day, actually, not to day. But a couple weeks
35:46 he told or asked. My wife , Do you know what day this
35:52 ? I don't know. Tuesday, know, my wife and I were
35:55 , Whatever it is, this was day I went into the hospital,
36:00 know? Do you think that there have been a little bit of stress
36:03 his life that it made an And in fact, it has changed
36:07 behavior? He's Mawr cautious because at time he was playing football and he
36:13 noticing the pain in his bone because when he was running and stuff.
36:17 so now when he plays football, still likes it. But he's a
36:22 more cautious because he was fearful that football resulted in the viral infection which
36:28 in the osteomyelitis. It didn't but the behavioral modification or the learning aspect
36:37 an example. All right, so can see here the effects that it
36:43 in terms of development people who are ah high deal of stress tend to
36:50 poorly, attended, basically using fuels a way just to cope with their
36:55 , as opposed to in terms of . Right. So cortisol plays a
37:01 in that happening. And actually, cortisol levels rise and fall over the
37:06 of the day. When do you our lowest levels of quarters all our
37:15 All right, I need one of time because I can barely hear with
37:18 on. So I'm gonna go in classroom and go online. What do
37:20 think when you're sleeping and when you up, What do we have
37:26 Night time in bed. And then heard two people say, Go
37:31 Unlike I heard sleeping, I guess hard. It's hard to tell Morning
37:38 heard Morning. The answer is, lowest cortisol levels are in the early
37:42 morning, right, because you haven't anything yet. And then over the
37:46 of the day, you're doing and then your body starts producing more
37:49 more cortisol. The highest levels of are in the evening. All
37:53 all right. Now here's Here's the part When is the lowest levels of
37:57 mean the lowest levels of cortisol in morning? When do we do surgeries
38:02 the morning, Right when we have lowest levels of stress stuff like
38:05 And then over the course of you allowed the cortisol levels to build
38:08 . It helps you fight infections and fun stuff for our fight as the
38:13 goes on. Kind of interesting. . Anyway, that's cortisol. In
38:18 nutshell. Cortisol stress hormone. I got two hands up, and
38:23 answer the question. In a It's the stress hormone. It's promotes
38:30 to deal with stress. That's the thing. All right, we'll
38:33 12 Peter. Okay, you'll be one. Mhm. So that's That's
38:48 what the question is is. So you say adaptation and learning or behavioral
38:52 learning, why is that? The is, is that stress allows us
38:57 change how we work in our All right, that's the idea,
39:03 right. The more stress you the better you retain. Information is
39:08 what it is, is why that . Um, and it's correlated,
39:13 ? It should make sense. It's , Oh, If I mean,
39:16 if something is causing me harm or be stressed, it would be best
39:20 learn how to cope with it or to work around. It is really
39:23 of what's going on there. life. So So there's part of
39:36 ? Yes, all right now, wouldn't say that. That's how why
39:39 is designed the way it is. right, So the question is,
39:42 you think and see if I'm To paraphrase the way that we deal
39:46 college in the way that the college more or less designed? Does it
39:49 us learn better is what the question , and I would say that it
39:54 . It's conducive to that. All , this idea of Oh, if
39:59 if I am being challenged and really what you gotta think about when I'm
40:03 that causes me to learn more and better. All right, it's It's
40:08 a natural outcropping to say, I'm I'm gonna push you, and in
40:13 pushing you're going to to learn better you would is if you we're being
40:18 it all all right. But I say that it's the environment. But
40:23 will ask this question. This is that you have you ever noticed that
40:26 get mostly sick around Christmas time, know, right around finals right
40:32 Why is that? Let's think about sleep habits. All right? You're
40:36 for finals and stuff. Are you ? Well? No. Because you're
40:40 time studying because you're all good right? You know, I
40:44 you could do it the other When I go out and party a
40:46 , I don't sleep a lot. I noticed I get sick. All
40:48 ? Are you eating well during No. You're just shoving food in
40:53 body as fast as you can just that you can get things done.
40:57 right. And so what you're doing you're creating an environment that is
41:01 but it's not necessarily that the stuff , you know, the way that
41:04 designed is causing stress. It's how responding to it that is leading to
41:09 stressful environment. So, Leslie, , poor diet. Um And
41:15 of course, actually, coping and with the stress of performance together creates
41:21 stressful environment altogether. Yeah, because, like during his well,
41:32 much more frequently around. Chris, you think in my husband to do
41:38 , like, the fact that bacteria older than, like, hot life
41:44 ? I'd say summer. Well, So there is part of that,
41:47 ? I mean, when you're dealing this time of year, you're already
41:52 with differing temperatures. So we So dealing with lower temperatures. We have
41:57 produce more mawr heat. Granted, is Texas, but still wearing
42:02 I mean, what? I wore to my son's football game on
42:07 and I sat there and had to my arms because I was cold,
42:11 ? But, you know, I have avoided that if I had been
42:15 , just worn jeans and a light . But notice I created my own
42:20 . The temperature was 65 to 70 , as opposed to 90 to 100
42:25 . Right? So that's that's That's an example. So we have less
42:30 . We have lower temperatures. We , you know, dealing with a
42:35 of things converging at the same And so part of the thing that
42:38 seeing right now nationally is you're starting see Oh, we're starting to see
42:42 rise in covert cases. Well, going to see that naturally, you
42:46 , just viruses are and viruses, fact, and viruses just they propagate
42:53 . But when are they going to themselves and become more apparent? It's
42:57 a wintertime. And why it's because environment we're moving indoors. So we're
43:02 closer together, right? It's So our immune systems are a little
43:07 are dealing with all sorts of things to invade into our systems,
43:11 We're already stressed, So all this is going on as simultaneously. And
43:15 it's just kind of convergence of factors result in that increase in sickness.
43:20 know, I bet you if you look at the equator where the light
43:23 changed where the temperatures haven't changed, you don't see the same degree.
43:27 , I know this to be true I remember seeing report early on when
43:31 were looking at co vid numbers and like, we're not seeing a curve
43:34 below this latitude. And then someone , I was like, Oh,
43:38 , there was a research that was in the early 19 hundreds by the
43:41 neurologist that basically showed that the the there is like it's like at the
43:46 parallel is that there's basically that's the line between the two different environments.
43:51 so you see early stuff happening, , like in January and stuff and
43:56 and stuff in the higher latitudes Been latitudes. You'll see that the rise
44:01 stuff in April and May. And did we see? If you look
44:05 you go back and look at the , the early curves air in the
44:08 and then the latter curves air in south on it's basically you. Take
44:11 34th parallel coincides. So it's you know, just different environments.
44:19 responses. I know I'm going way on tangents here, but the key
44:24 here to remember stressors when stress cortisol is there to help mobilize fuel
44:32 help you fight the stuff. Go team cortisol. Sorry. All
44:40 , here's the fun one. Sex . All right. Now, we
44:46 gonna be talking about a lot of hormones over the next couple of
44:50 The adrenal glands produce androgens and androgens just that class off of sex steroid
44:56 are the testosterone alright, and there's different testosterone. But I want to
45:02 out here. This is actually kind cool, that there are no sex
45:05 that are unique to males or I mean, there are some that
45:09 more predominant females, and there are that are more predominant males. But
45:13 because of the presence of the enzymes allow them to be made right so
45:18 do produce estrogen's. We do produce . In fact, you couldn't get
45:22 unless you first producer progestin all but the enzymes were there, so
45:26 no progesterone lingering about. All Well, it's basically it's a zone
45:33 step before you get to testosterone, or androgens, I really should say
45:39 are in immediate step intermediate steps before get to estrogen's. All right,
45:45 one exception to this rule. The actually is the Onley structure, and
45:49 in female that produces its own unique of sex hormones. Alright so males
45:56 produce the same hormones that are produced the placenta, all right, but
45:59 a unique Oregon now. The adrenal hormones, as I mentioned there,
46:04 very early on, and they're not enough nor their abundant enough to actually
46:09 do anything. In other words, what we would consider sex hormones.
46:13 other words, they don't masculine You are feminized you, right?
46:17 so the hormone that we're gonna be at here is called dhe A.
46:21 can see it's die hydro epi and for a nice long name. That's
46:24 we abbreviate things. Because saying that times fast is a lot of
46:29 All right, now I'm just gonna made up numbers here for just for
46:33 purposes of our discussion. Let's say have testosterone. We're gonna testosterone a
46:38 hormone power of 10. All That's not even the males. Strongest
46:44 hormone. Five D h t. Die hydro Testosterone is the males most
46:49 sex hormone? Alright, testosterone gets to that. And so if testosterone
46:54 the 10, um, DHT is 100 all right, so it's like
46:58 10 fold to 100 fold. Powerful relative Testosterone is like a one all
47:06 ? Or even less. It might a 0.1, so it's not
47:09 So even though males air pumping up A We have test on. So
47:14 have DHT. So it doesn't matter much dhe you have, it's not
47:18 make a It's like a drop in bucket bucket. It's like having a
47:21 bucks and throwing a penny on the . All right. So D h
47:26 males, no big deal now in , right? This is actually kind
47:32 an interesting hormone because it plays a in many of the androgen dependent processes
47:40 females have that that that we that share in common between males and
47:44 All right, now, this isn't only androgen females produced the the we're
47:48 to see the gonads producing androgen. what we do with that androgen,
47:51 immediately sent it over to the cells the well, I don't wanna get
47:59 it all right now, but basically gets produced really, really quickly into
48:02 . All right, so there's not lot of circulating androgens except for those
48:05 come from the adrenal gland and what does. It deals with primarily your
48:09 hair. So actually here, pubic . So basically the thicker hairs it
48:13 with the pupil Grossberg, It actually a role in developing and maintaining the
48:18 drive in females. All right. mean it's the only one, but
48:22 helps start it all off. All ? Now, what's interesting about it
48:27 not just those little things, That it kind of has these little
48:31 . Um, but it also regulated that adrenal cortical tropic or CRH a
48:38 axis. Alright. But even though make it that way because it's an
48:44 , it feeds back to a different . And so it could be problematic
48:49 it's if there's, like a tumor if it's poorly regulated. All
48:54 I think I have a slide I do not. All right,
48:56 I want to kind of I want paint this picture for you here.
48:59 right. So I'm just gonna have draw in the little margins on the
49:02 here, so just give me a . All right? So we have
49:08 . Sorry about that. We got regulates a C T. H.
49:15 that causes the production of D h A. All right now, what
49:19 don't see happening is we don't see feedback loop. All right? This
49:23 not happening. Okay, so I'm to race that instead. We have
49:35 little pathway over here, right? have gonadotropin releasing hormone cause production of
49:42 and LH. LH is responsible for production of testosterone. So what happens
49:51 dhe a works in this direction. right, Now, in females,
50:00 need f Uh, basically, you estrogen like that. All right,
50:07 , in other words, estrogen's depending both these hormones. Now, if
50:11 have a tumor adrenal tumor that's pumping dhe a What you're doing is you
50:15 blocking the production of all the female . And so what ends up happening
50:23 that you have this kind of over of D. H A. You
50:27 slight masculine ization in the female. right, now, we don't really
50:34 to worry about adrenal tumors all that . I mean, they exist,
50:37 not a big deal. But let's you a different picture here. All
50:42 ? Now, I'm not making fun your grandma's. All right? So
50:46 hear this is that. But I you to think of Grandma's figure.
50:49 Grandma his grandma Perfect tin, his even a perfect five or six
50:57 What sort of shape does Grandma Does Grandma have the hourglass shape or
51:01 more of ah, brick shape, ? I mean, again, I'm
51:09 making fun of Grandma, but what of shape does she have? She
51:13 have the typical female shape. She a typical boyish shape. I'm not
51:17 the male shape. Male shape is of a carrot, Right? We're
51:21 of like this shape until we kind get older, and then we start
51:24 the apple as well. So we the, you know. All
51:29 So why does that happen? remember, in menopause, basically,
51:33 down regulating the production of estrogen through loss of those hormones. And so
51:38 only thing you have circulating around is A, which results in a slight
51:43 ization. So you kind of get boyish shape. It's kind of a
51:47 shape. And again, I'm I'm not making fun of grandma,
51:51 does she have a little those hairs her chin? Maybe a little bit
51:55 a little bit of that mustache going , too. It might be a
51:58 bit bleached very, very thin. light you guys are looking at me
52:03 I'm not going to MIT it. , Some races more than others.
52:09 . My grandma, she's got the or four little little hairs coming out
52:12 chinny chin chin. You know she's a goat, but she still got
52:19 . Of course, she's also 96 old, but all right, why
52:24 a It's having a flight nationalization effect females don't have testosterone like males have
52:33 . Alright. Again using those fake . The 100 the 10 and one
52:38 of gives you that sense, So bring up the H a now because
52:45 just talked about the adrenal glands Didn't have a roller metabolism. Not
52:50 . Okay, we're gonna be using a springboard when we start looking
52:54 um, reproduction. Thyroid. Thyroid a structure that looks kind of like
52:59 butterfly that sits on the trachea. don't know why they always say
53:04 I mean, it also looks like bow tie. And wouldn't that be
53:06 better thing to talk about on the or on the throat? All
53:10 It's like a bow tie right Yes, I think so. All
53:14 , Now, if you look it's basically a bunch of spheres,
53:17 ? Basically the lobes or spheres, what you have is you have a
53:20 of cells on the outside. they are follicular cells. They produce
53:25 material that's on the inside that's called Lloyd, and then then side.
53:29 also have some C cells, which deal with in just a minute the
53:31 of follicular cells or C cells. play a role in calcium regulation,
53:35 we'll talk about right in the Colle in that in those inside these lobes
53:41 these little tiny globes, the CAA is where we're making a thyroid
53:47 all right? And so what we're at here is the material is called
53:51 globulin. Thyroid globulin is the structure which were making thyroid hormone.
53:56 thyroid hormone is actually two molecules to molecules. It starts off as
54:02 That's bound up to another tyrosine. what we're gonna do is we're gonna
54:04 a whole bunch of iodine on. so the two forms or t three
54:08 t four try out of irony. . I, Roxanne is the T
54:12 , which is also technically Tetra oath , all right, but t three
54:18 t four, that's probably good We're not gonna make you spell it
54:21 out, because that's a lot of letters in there, all right,
54:25 really, the more powerful form is T three, but we produce more
54:30 the T four, and so there's lot of conversion that goes on once
54:34 stuff gets into circulation. Right it's carried in blood by a
54:40 It's a fire. A thigh rock by binding globulin is what it's
54:46 But albumin can also do it. have another carrier transpire region again.
54:50 can see the names, what it of does, what it does.
54:53 kind of goes through the body, then when it's released by the binding
54:57 , it's released in the blood. passes through the plasma membranes of the
55:01 . It then acts kind of like steroid and binds to an internal
55:05 and then it. Once it binds internal receptor, it causes the metabolic
55:10 in the cell. So again, acting kind of like a steroid,
55:14 though it's not now. What we is we like to talk about
55:18 I'm gonna I guess it be better I just go to the next slide
55:21 do this. All right? And do this because I don't know.
55:28 textbook talks about the senses of thyroid . I think the only reason we
55:33 it is because they discovered it very on, and they never took it
55:35 of textbooks. So we're not gonna all the different steps, but it
55:39 down to this. You take a , a scene, right? And
55:42 I organize it. You take another . And you had No, I
55:46 not. I didn't see it. I can't say the word. I
55:51 that one, and then you can to ideas or just one iodine.
55:56 then so those are called mono iota or die iota tire scene. And
56:01 easier just to abbreviate admit m i or D d I t. All
56:05 . And so what happens is you a minute and a dit and you
56:08 t three and you can take a in a ditch and you get t
56:11 . But you could never take a . Plus another minute So it's a
56:14 plus a ditch or a mitt, a dip, but no mitt,
56:17 , um, it. And that's Dr Seuss version of thyroid hormone
56:25 See, that's a lot fun in mitt, plus a debt or
56:28 plus a debt. But no two , all right, But you can
56:32 there's lots of different steps and basically bounded that thyroid globulin until such time
56:37 time to release. And then what is that follicular cells pinches off a
56:40 of that call Lloyd. It cleaves the T three or the T
56:44 Anything that's not T three or T gets recycled, and then what we
56:48 is we send that T three and four out of the bloodstream, and
56:51 it gets bound up by those that or the albumin or the trans thyroid
56:57 , and it basically moves it around body to where it needs to
57:01 and then it binds to a When it binds up to its
57:04 it causes all sorts of interesting things one of those interesting things. Real
57:15 . All right. Do you have friend who can eat anything and never
57:20 announce. You're not in your You that friend. Yeah. Do you
57:26 that person? Okay. All Online. Do you have that friend
57:33 know who can eat anything that they and never gain a pound? In
57:38 , they have to eat double of everyone else has to eat. And
57:41 just wanna punch them in the okay? They probably have a incredibly
57:48 thyroid gland. I'm not saying they're , they have hyperthyroidism. They just
57:53 an active one. Because the way thyroid hormone works, is it modifies
57:58 idling speed. In other words, it modifies the metabolic rate at which
58:05 process materials and Audie And so if have, ah, high metabolic
58:11 metabolic rate, One of the byproducts that is that your hot all the
58:15 . But you also have to consume all the time. So basically,
58:19 a giant furnace, and what you're is you're consuming that fuel and burning
58:24 very, very quickly. Thyroid hormone a role of that. Now it
58:28 other other effects. And I think like the big chart over there.
58:32 kind of shows you what what it . But in essence, it's
58:36 Um, a medic. Basically, supports the sympathetic nervous system and its
58:41 or the cells. Responsiveness to the means it plays roles. For
58:45 reproduction. If you don't have, , thyroid hormone, it effects whether
58:50 not the sex hormones and whether or you develop appropriately. Um, here's
58:54 example. Another one. It stimulates hormone, right. Promotes the effects
58:59 growth hormone in this matter meetings, we're gonna learn here in just a
59:03 . Okay, so in other it's a metabolism promoting hormone. So
59:09 you're young, like, you like, two years ago, you
59:13 , before you hit your freshman right? Remember that? Remember how
59:18 awesome everyone's body was was between those years And like the fresh freshman
59:23 remember that? It's like maybe a long. I'm not saying you should
59:29 ashamed of your body or shape. just having fun with this,
59:33 But the idea is that when you're and like, I think I've told
59:37 guys I would go and have six before getting a meal, right,
59:43 just hungry. High metabolic activity now cheeseburgers Body says, Look, we're
59:50 for winter. Eso stores it Uh huh. So that's that Z
59:57 thyroid hormone is. And so some think, Oh, the secret is
60:00 got to do is take some thyroid and that could help me lose
60:03 And the answer is no. It mucks with all sorts of systems because
60:06 such a supportive hormone. Now it's is the same thing that we've seen
60:12 . We have the hypothalamus, Tyra Releasing Hormone. We have the,
60:16 , pituitary gland, thyroid stimulating thyroid stimulating hormone acts on the thyroid
60:21 the production and release the thyroid hormone hormone works in a negative feedback loop
60:26 both structures. All right, that's this shows you two more things that
60:33 done here. Hopefully, I can them done in the next 20
60:36 In the control and in control of . We think of growth hormone growth
60:40 even says in the name. It with growth. But it's not just
60:44 only thing. For example, if have too short parents, parents who
60:48 4 ft eight and a parent, 5 ft two. What is the
60:51 that you're gonna be playing center for rockets pretty low, right? So
60:56 is a genetic component to height, component to grow. You have to
61:01 an adequate diet. All right. have to be free from chronic disease
61:06 stressful conditions because cortisol is gonna send fuel in the opposite direction. And
61:11 , you have to have, a whole bunch of normal levels of
61:14 hormone insulin, sex hormones. All . And that's what I'm talking
61:18 The abnormalities, like gigantism and Those would be the abnormal things as
61:23 result of over expression of many of stuff. All right, so what
61:27 looking at is the normal growth. , your growth growth rate is never
61:31 . Yes, We've got a question . Go ahead. Service.
61:46 So what we do in America? one of the hardest things to get
61:50 our bodies is iodine. Alright. is why did the doctor friend having
61:55 issues? The thyroid gland was growing that goiter, which is awesome.
62:00 basically the doctor said, hey, , Probably getting the goiter is actually
62:05 the opposite, but basically getting, , issue with the thyroid gland,
62:09 said. Stop in taking salt. is the relationship? The answer here
62:14 that in America, if you look most salt right, it says it
62:18 . I organized, right iodized right? And what they're doing is
62:22 adding iodine. They realized or not but very early on someone said,
62:27 , you know what? People need in order for their thyroids toe
62:31 why don't we get iodine in their ? Well, how are we going
62:33 do that? Well, let's throw in the salt. It is a
62:37 , or at least it's an Why don't we put it in with
62:40 other ions? And no, no will ever know, right? You
62:43 taste it because if you ever I'd on its Yeah, right,
62:48 that's what they did. That's The thinking there behind that is that
62:52 there's too much iodine, which is the CAA Lloyd to expand outward as
62:56 uptake the iodine. That's the idea now. Not all salt has iodine
63:02 it. If you get like a salt, they don't know out.
63:05 don't add iodine to that. If buy that pink Himalayan salt at
63:09 you know the really fancy shmancy It's neither pain, it's not.
63:13 neither from the Himalayan snore. Is fancy? It's just marketed well,
63:18 ? But again, you know it's itemized, right? It's something that
63:22 add in. Is milk come naturally vitamin D and vitamin A in
63:26 No, it's fortified with vitamin so that's what you need its
63:30 So there's a relationship, all so obviously you don't grow constantly or
63:36 in a linear fashion. There's actually periods of spurts, and they're regulated
63:41 different factors. Depending upon where you , feel growth primarily by factors from
63:46 placenta, but your genetics environment play role in how well you grow the
63:50 . Postnatal growth, growth hormone, , genetic factors. Um, and
63:55 , people growth. Now you can here I'm taking my growth Hormone plays
63:58 major role, but so did the , um, as well as your
64:02 in your genetics. All of those a role, and you could just
64:04 there's just periods this kind of you know, small linear growth,
64:08 all of a sudden you got this birth and there's a little bit more
64:11 growth and massive spurred again. And the EPA official plates clothes, and
64:16 you're screwed in. And you're just at the height that you are no
64:21 for the rockets for you. growth hormone is not just one
64:27 It's actually a whole bunch of different . We have growth hormone itself,
64:31 is smarter trough that's produced by the pituitary. We have PV growth
64:36 What's placental variant, which might play role in fetal growth? What do
64:40 think it does? All right, have the placental lacked regions as well
64:45 the chorionic. So, madam, , so mato mammo trope ins,
64:51 word, basically prepare the breast for . All right, so when you're
64:56 , your breasts grow. All In other words, you you're
65:01 We're gonna learn this again. We're the structure of the glands and and
65:05 them, uh, rather, nonfunctional into functional lack taters. All
65:10 . And we have prolactin, which milk production. So you can see
65:14 not just one molecule, they're all to each other, and they start
65:17 as a large precursor. These air and they're stored up and they're kept
65:22 you need them. Now what happens in terms of regulation, we have
65:28 access we actually have to regulators up the hypothalamus. We have growth hormone
65:33 hormone. That's an easy one, of the hypothalamus, and says,
65:38 , let's go ahead and release it break. We have a gas pedal
65:42 a break. Here is some out status. This molecule keeps coming
65:46 doesn't it? It's an inhibitor. right, So when you have growth
65:51 releasing hormone high, you're producing growth . If you have Samantha, Samantha
65:57 High, you're gonna basically drop growth , so they basically oppose one
66:02 Grilling is a hormone that's produced in stomach, and it promotes the stimulation
66:09 growth hormone secretion, Right also plays role in promoting appetite. Alright,
66:14 Grella is a molecule that helps produce hormone. Now, why would we
66:19 to reproduce growth hormone after a Why do you think that's right?
66:26 . So use that fuel to make bigger, alright? Or those those
66:30 sub units. So this is the of the pathway here, So you
66:34 G h R H and G. I H or Samantha Staten that sits
66:38 there at the top in the It acts on the anterior pituitary to
66:42 a release of growth hormone growth hormone released and acts on multiple tissues.
66:46 the primary tissue that we're worried about the liver, and in liver it
66:51 the insulin like growth factors, E . F one and the family of
66:56 like growth factors are called the Samantha . So this isn't just about
67:05 all right? It doesn't act on individually. It's serving as a signaling
67:10 . So it's a tropic molecule, like many of the other ones that
67:13 coming out of the anterior pituitary. the I G F one that's doing
67:17 big work, right, and D F one has a massive effect
67:24 it increases insulin resistance. Basically, says, quit responding to the
67:30 Don't take up and store away the and amino acids and lipids instead.
67:36 them to be out there instead, muscles were going to increase fat
67:41 What? We're gonna use fat for . You betcha. Best fuel ever
67:46 good, too. What we're gonna the adipose tissue. Let's break that
67:50 down. Let's mobilize that liver. are we gonna do? Let's make
67:54 glucose and let's send it out in world. And what are we gonna
67:57 ? We're gonna use that glucose to the growth. And so there's two
68:01 types of growth that's hyperplasia and Hyperplasia refers to increasing the number of
68:07 hypertrophy Baines, making the cells Typically, when we hear hypertrophy,
68:12 think cancer right cells that are hyper and hyperplasia are basically growing in number
68:19 getting bigger, and that's usually a thing. But when you're trying to
68:22 an organism, that's a good all right, so when you hear
68:26 terms, make sure you understand right? So hyper plastic hyperplasia in
68:33 kid in puberty is great, That's a good thing. Hyper plastic
68:40 in your lung tissue. Not so sense. Now there are a bunch
68:49 other hormones that are involved in This includes thyroid hormone, right?
68:54 permissive glucocorticoids. They probably play a inhibiting, uh, the EPA official
69:01 growth. So basically it keeps you . In other words, what we're
69:04 is instead of growing, you were go ahead and use the fuel for
69:07 important things, like keeping you Um, sex, hormones, androgens
69:11 estrogens play a role. Androgens um, important in terms of linear
69:18 in terms of of gaining muscle Um, eso on estrogen, on
69:25 other hand, terminate linear growth. basically because yep, official plate to
69:30 is where I started feeling kind of because I wanna kinda explain. So
69:36 and women go into puberty at different , right? Women enter puberty
69:40 and so they get their puberty puberty spurt early, right? But that
69:44 means that they terminate puberty puberty and so that causes the estrogen causes
69:51 the release of, or basically the of the official plates. So you
69:55 growing. Stopped growing earlier. So, like, I have twins
70:00 a boy and a girl. My went into puberty first, so she
70:04 up and she's a little bit taller my son right now. Now they're
70:07 13. So they're in the midst all the fun, right? And
70:10 she's going to continue growing, and she's gonna stop going around the age
70:13 15, right? But my son entered into puberty about a year or
70:19 after she did. So he's barely to get those growth spurts,
70:24 But he's gonna have that growth spurt gonna last as long, if not
70:29 . And then he doesn't have as estrogen. So he's gonna keep growing
70:32 when he passes here. And that's generally speaking, men and women have
70:36 sizes on average. Right men, a larger on average. And women
70:42 . We have more muscle mass that general truth, right? It's because
70:46 these hormones. All right, insulin actually act on I g fr promote
70:56 . Even though I g f is inhibitor of insulin stuff. There's a
71:00 bunch of other factors as well that not going to get into. So
71:05 hormone isn't acting on its own. has a whole bunch of helpers to
71:09 that. Our last hormone in terms metabolism last two hormones is dealing with
71:18 levels. Alright, calcium is really . Remember Mom told you, drink
71:23 milk, right? Drink your Makes your bones strong. Back when
71:27 was up in in high school and college. There was a massive milk
71:33 milk. It does a body And they had these commercials where it
71:38 like this little kid talking to this woman and saying, You know,
71:43 I'm gonna be big, I'm drinking milk, blah, blah,
71:45 and you're gonna, you know, me type stuff. And it was
71:47 a guy to a girl in the way. A girl to an adult
71:51 , you know? And then the were always really sexy, and so
71:55 connected really easy with that. yeah, I get that Gonna drink
71:58 milk because I want some of We had a lot more fun than
72:06 guys did. Anyway, of all calcium, your body, most of
72:10 sequestered away, about 1% is not , but of that 1% 90% of
72:16 is basically found in your soft So that means 1% is about out
72:21 circulation in the plasma. Half of is an active and unavailable. So
72:25 means anything that we're talking about being is that half of 1/10 of a
72:32 right. 10th, not a 10 0.5% of your calcium in your body
72:38 regulated and through these mechanisms now, gone through all these functions, so
72:43 not gonna list through them. But seen calcium over and over again.
72:46 you seen calcium over and over again the class. Okay, so think
72:50 that. That's what we gotta gotta with. So how do we go
72:53 balancing this? Well, simply we have three tissues where we can
72:58 we can deal with this stuff. right. When we consume food,
73:02 where calcium comes from. All So we need to have a mechanism
73:05 absorb the calcium in. And once have the calcium into our bodies,
73:09 we're gonna either put it away for . If it's too much or we're
73:12 excreted from the body through the kidney what we could do is we can
73:19 use it for the activity that we . So what we're gonna do is
73:21 gonna monitor around how much is in blood. All right, that's the
73:27 . So if if it gets too , if my calcium would give levels
73:30 too low, I can go to bone and pull calcium out. My
73:34 get too high. I can take and put it back into the
73:37 All right. I'm also naturally secrete it out right through the kidneys.
73:42 if I'm secreted out through the one of the things I can do
73:45 I can slow the rate of right? In other words, instead
73:49 excreting it, I'm gonna return it to the body so that it just
73:54 Doesn't leave the body. All so I can regulate the kidney.
73:58 right, if I have it in diet And if I'm in need of
74:01 , I could go to my to digestive system and pull the calcium
74:04 but I'm never gonna push it back . Right. So if I don't
74:08 calcium, what's it gonna do? going to go right through me,
74:13 ? That kind of makes sense. , so that's kind of our levels
74:17 regulation. Alright, So, kidney and intestines. All right,
74:21 we're trying to maintain constancy to despite the fact that there's gonna be
74:26 modifications and adjustments and the two hormones we use to regulate This one is
74:31 parathyroid hormone. The other one is calcitonin. Parathyroid. Hormone is responsible
74:38 dealing with lope plasma calcium levels. when the calcium levels get low in
74:44 , uh, in the blood in plasma, what are we gonna
74:48 We're gonna act on. We're basically gonna produce parathyroid hormone, which is
74:52 act on the bone and sell the . Let me have some of your
74:57 . All right, So that's in . It's going to cause the breakdown
75:00 bone, all right? It can on the digestive system, and it
75:04 , digestive system. Do you have calcium that happens to be coming
75:07 You do. Okay, allow me bring it back in and then
75:12 Oh, instead of getting rid of , I don't want you to get
75:15 of it. I want you to it back in so it causes a
75:17 absorption of calcium, promotes re absorption calcium. So that's the basic
75:22 Now, notice that I have I say it enhances the direction of
75:25 trial. Vitamin D. Well, trial, remember, is made in
75:29 in the kidney, and what that is it uses that calc travel to
75:33 you absorb the calcium from your Okay, so p th promote the
75:41 regulation of calcium when calcium levels What do you think Calcitonin does?
75:48 the opposite. That's right. And way I remember this is calcitonin in
75:53 . The bone. Alright, It calcium back in the bone. So
75:58 is doing the opposite of here. dealing with the deke. Uh,
76:02 said increased calcium levels should be Right. So this says sorry I
76:09 it right. This says low This is gonna be Oh, it
76:12 role is to decrease. Should I I'd miss read that its role is
76:16 decrease. So when the calcium levels high, what are we gonna
76:19 Well, we're gonna go ahead and p that stuff out, right?
76:23 no problems. That's what Calcitonin Okay, go ahead and just let
76:26 go. Oh, digestive system. not gonna take the council trial so
76:30 can't bring in the calcium. So go ahead and leave the calcium,
76:33 , going through the digestive system, have this calcium. We don't want
76:36 get rid of it. Let's push into the bone. And so we
76:40 the osteoblasts to help stop the calcium the bone. All right, so
76:44 the effect is to decrease plasma calcium . So that's the balance there.
76:55 is a nice little, uh Showing you that feedback or that
77:00 Basically, if you're trying to maintain middle value right there, right,
77:06 this is what we're trying to it depends on if this is high
77:10 low, right? So if you rising levels, you're gonna go this
77:14 . If you have dropping levels, gonna go that way. All
77:20 So P t h is for dropping for rising. And just to remind
77:26 what is Cal Satriale's just vitamin D , right? Starts off his
77:31 you modify it multiple times, multiple , basically the liver kidney, and
77:37 what does it do? It causes intestinal re absorption of calcium helps to
77:43 the renal system in terms of re calcium, and allows you to
77:49 It helps in all three of So in response to that pea th
77:54 the one helping or causing all that happen. That's it for today.
78:01 before we go, I know there's , right? Course not. Do
78:06 guys know? Do you guys ever calcium supplements? You get calcium
78:10 Have I mentioned this already? Think did for this class now. So
78:15 know, it's like, take a that has calcium carbonate, you
78:19 Take. You know, Gummy has in it. You know where that
78:22 comes from? Well, they go to the Gulf of Mexico. They
78:27 up seashells, they wash them they crush them into a powder,
78:30 then that powders put it into And if you don't like that,
78:35 other places you could go get you grind it down into powder,
78:40 you can now have calcium. I that part of the story. You
78:46 where you get iron from. You're love this one because you all eat
78:52 , right? You know, you your captain Crunch. You know,
78:55 got you got you know, it's Berries or winner. Winner.
78:58 But you got your lucky charm. got the whole nine yards right you
79:01 . And what I mean is part this well balanced diet. You
79:04 in that picture. Well balanced right? Or, you know,
79:08 like, Well, maybe I'll just a box is because has all the
79:10 . Where did that iron come What was that? That's right.
79:20 take, you take old cars and one will buy. And what you
79:23 is you put them into a grinder you turn all that steel, you
79:28 the iron out of the steel, then what you do is you have
79:31 filings. And then what you do you take the filings, you ship
79:35 up to Kellogg Michigan, and what do is you put that into the
79:38 meal and wheat meal. You mix all in, and then you make
79:42 cornflakes and your all your yeah. . But it's so small, it's
79:51 gonna do anything. You're basically just tired, E. I mean,
79:54 other place you get artist, that should do it. Okay. Sorry
80:54 that. My batteries finally died I was just talking about where iron
80:58 from. That's the end of So when we come back next
81:02 there is no classroom face to face . Okay? I'm not gonna be
81:07 on campus. I'm gonna be doing , uh, remotely so basically everyone
81:11 log it, okay? Yes, . Yeah. Theater slide that Now
81:24 create and decreasing your party. So So what we're gonna do is
81:33 calcium and phosphate really like to hang with each other, and so they
81:37 to crystallize. And so the idea is that we're gonna reabsorbed, or
81:42 going to re absorb calcium. But gonna let the phosphate go, all
81:46 ? Because we can get Morris That's not a problem. The idea
81:49 , the calcium is the harder thing regulate. And so the idea
81:53 if we get rid of that phosphate we make more of that free calcium
81:57 . That's the key word. There the free calcium. So that's what
82:01 you're doing is that your effectively making calcium stay? But the phosphate leaves
82:07 that you have more free calcium. the idea. Could I answer that
82:11 ? I hope thumbs up or thumbs on answering that question about calcium and
82:21 ? Yeah. Yes, I'll love . Okay. Well, you guys
82:25 a great weekend. Um, you , go out. Get yourself a
82:29 latte for pumpkin beer or pumpkin Call somebody, pumpkin. You
82:38 I don't know. Um, I will see you online on
82:43 Make sure you finish up whatever you to do on your papers. Get
82:46 turned in. If you get it today, you don't have to worry
82:49 it tomorrow. Wouldn't you like to that once you like? Why put
82:54 today which you could just get It would be awesome. And then
82:59 go out and party like it's 1999 something. I don't know. Here's
83:04 song about that. What's sad is was in junior high before it came
83:09 . So we're all looking forward to . All right, Anyway, you
83:15 have a great day. I'm logging
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