| 00:00 | lecture. It wasn't exactly the same I I just forgot to turn the |
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| 00:06 | . So I have a post it right here on my last turn on |
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| 00:11 | . So somebody out there shot at before class. Hey turn the recorder |
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| 00:16 | nick, quit. Oh thank Okay. Alright so um anyway but |
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| 00:23 | did rerecord it, that was kind brutal when you have to do like |
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| 00:25 | same thing again, but it was . It was alright. Anyway, |
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| 00:29 | uh let's see. Alright points points clicker. So basically it's one you |
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| 00:35 | here use a clicker That that that's point for showing up. Okay so |
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| 00:41 | using eight critical during last time but have to answer at least half of |
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| 00:46 | like the 50% threshold. Um this be hard to do and so uh |
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| 00:52 | after you know any questions you it's two points whatever you answer. |
|
| 00:58 | so um so the main thing there to get the attendance point and get |
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| 01:03 | maximum point right, is to be for at least half the questions. |
|
| 01:11 | . And you know what that being here the whole right, so |
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| 01:18 | the what else is there? Okay so we've got stuff that's gonna start |
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| 01:23 | be coming due this week and like do every week hereafter. So the |
|
| 01:30 | is basically this, right, so week is a weekly quiz on blackboard |
|
| 01:34 | friday through monday you've got you have do it. It's just gonna be |
|
| 01:40 | weekly prisons are just what we've talked in the in the week before the |
|
| 01:45 | and thursday, what we talked about question to be about is nothing |
|
| 01:50 | You know, maybe at most 10 averages 7 57 somewhere in that |
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| 01:57 | But we'll give you uh um a little bit about recap of the |
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| 02:03 | . Um Smart work. The first is due on the fifth chapter covers |
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| 02:08 | one. Okay. Um Alright, remember the session I. D. |
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| 02:16 | right. Remember to ignore uh any . Yeah. Yeah. So if |
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| 02:31 | have two questions and then we have questions. Right? And you ask |
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| 02:35 | whatever answer, you get two points each of those. You there are |
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| 02:39 | two questions that session then you met 50% threshold. So you get one |
|
| 02:43 | for that you have to go Yes. So yeah. So as |
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| 02:49 | just mentioned it here. So if have two questions today and that's all |
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| 02:52 | got and you answer a few questions for you showed up and used |
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| 02:57 | That's the point. And you answered of the questions. So that's five |
|
| 03:01 | . Right? So that's that's the on that. Okay. Um Alright |
|
| 03:07 | we will lead off with a bigger . So again, we're going to |
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| 03:11 | one, so maybe a few people that are new. Okay. Uh |
|
| 03:17 | if you asked a few yesterday was last day to add a course. |
|
| 03:20 | if you if that would you You platform access? You haven't already should |
|
| 03:25 | it later today. So just go their uh everything you see on the |
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| 03:30 | and talk about this capture. So never you'll never not know what's going |
|
| 03:35 | in here. So just look at look at the recorded lecture. |
|
| 03:39 | All right, so we're going to one. We I think we should |
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| 03:43 | off when I got started late so go through the remaining material. If |
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| 03:48 | anything left, it'll be a couple things. We'll just Finish it up |
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| 03:55 | and then start on Chapter four which getting the co carry out self |
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| 03:59 | Okay, so um the last time went through, let's just put the |
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| 04:04 | up, this is one of those . I do that. Okay, |
|
| 04:10 | will uh throw these in which I be um before and after. |
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| 04:16 | so just answer uh show the sign later on to see if hopefully |
|
| 04:27 | Your responses change. Okay, so just compare. So for now I'm |
|
| 04:32 | gonna read through and your best Um So last time we went through |
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| 04:38 | you are reading this went through basically the basics of the definition of a |
|
| 04:45 | type of microbe representative types a little about taxonomy and classification of microbes um |
|
| 04:54 | the kind of the variations of the concept that you can have types there |
|
| 05:00 | are super big visible to the naked . Uh they can be uh can |
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| 05:06 | together in these accumulations and uh even singularly they're micro can't see it from |
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| 05:14 | microscope to see it. But collectively they grow billions of cells produced the |
|
| 05:20 | which is visible. Right? So colony itself given the micro. But |
|
| 05:24 | course, so just being aware of kind of variations. Okay, so |
|
| 05:32 | see. You got 1 88. many countdown? 10 98765 432. |
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| 05:45 | zero point. Okay. Alright. don't know if that's right or |
|
| 05:53 | but we will uh we will revisit will do this. Um Okay, |
|
| 06:09 | , so we'll come back to that here. Alright, so this uh |
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| 06:18 | discovery of my program we talked right. So was the father of |
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| 06:27 | . You see microbes, in of course, that began this whole |
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| 06:32 | of where microbes come from. so just look and see some of |
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| 06:36 | things on this slide here. So we have barnacles, barnacles on the |
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| 06:42 | of the ship, rocks right in marine environment. Um So, particle |
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| 06:48 | geese, barnacles here and there, flopping out there giving birth to. |
|
| 06:53 | ? So you have a goose barnacle barnacle actually to reel things. |
|
| 07:00 | But somebody had the idea that that's uh the goose barnacles came from. |
|
| 07:04 | , so then you've got some other here recipe recipe to produce mice. |
|
| 07:10 | is a sign of my source. , this began came up with that |
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| 07:15 | 16 hundreds uh place 20 underwear and a week, open mouth jar, |
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| 07:22 | 21 days and block you got Um money soil. You would think |
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| 07:30 | probably yesterday. You know, I remember some division I used to |
|
| 07:35 | in. I always see frogs jumping that uh dust creates fleas. Maggots |
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| 07:46 | from rotting meat. Okay. I we all know what this is. |
|
| 07:50 | , these are all examples of uh see what you come up with. |
|
| 08:00 | gonna do what we do a put timer on this. Yeah, 30 |
|
| 08:07 | , sorry, it's 10 15, 25. Should I 4321 We |
|
| 08:38 | And is it biogenesis, is that ? No, it's not correct. |
|
| 08:47 | It's not spontaneous combustion. It's spontaneous . Okay, so it's not it's |
|
| 08:55 | of it's right, spontaneous combustion. just made that up. It's not |
|
| 08:59 | the world natural actually operates, But it's it's um it's actually not |
|
| 09:06 | , but a biogenesis life from modern . Okay, so all these kind |
|
| 09:11 | , there's years. Even more than , they had this time, we're |
|
| 09:16 | 15,000, before. Um and then for quite some time. This |
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| 09:22 | And so the idea of spontaneous generation on this vital force. So that |
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| 09:29 | that believe is that any kind of could give rise to life as long |
|
| 09:35 | you supplied had that there had to this happen. Okay, then it |
|
| 09:41 | possible. And so from a microbe . So this thing is the |
|
| 09:49 | Right? So this right is a , right? That is what fully |
|
| 09:59 | you. Okay, So the idea then was I think they may have |
|
| 10:04 | one of these observations that was high he was looking under the microscope at |
|
| 10:07 | time, but he probably saw the side of the hill. Uh the |
|
| 10:15 | that this is uh people that believe work, not surprisingly all departments, |
|
| 10:21 | . They believe creation of human has uh when the sperm. So the |
|
| 10:27 | of the mail. Right, was right? They'll probably fully formed |
|
| 10:33 | Rolling female will simply be another. , so obviously not not uh not |
|
| 10:43 | thinking. Okay, so but that the thing. Right? So the |
|
| 10:48 | of all this is, you the crazy beliefs back then. And |
|
| 10:52 | scientists are trying to say make sense this, it's real, it's not |
|
| 10:56 | . And so it was not a task really to to refute this |
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| 11:02 | Uh And so spontaneous generation of what call uh like mice and whatnot. |
|
| 11:11 | ? Uh It was easily refuted because certainly having a meat carcass, uh |
|
| 11:21 | during these times, hanging in a shop. Certain during summer replies moving |
|
| 11:26 | . And of course the maggots And the idea was okay, they |
|
| 11:32 | rise to maggots. Right? So basic experiment to refute that So obviously |
|
| 11:38 | have control when it's open to the and flash and and lay eggs. |
|
| 11:44 | Maggots uh have a sea of Of course, that doesn't permit |
|
| 11:50 | but you're not providing air and that . So let's just put a piece |
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| 11:54 | gauze on cheese box, right? permissible to the air. And you |
|
| 11:59 | see uh any kind of uh flies coming forth from this decaying meat. |
|
| 12:06 | maggots are here because of. so this was one of the insurance |
|
| 12:13 | some others at this time, that of put the nail in the coffin |
|
| 12:17 | okay, maybe complex organisms can arise way. But discovery of microbes gave |
|
| 12:23 | people more fuel. Right, Well, it can't happen to these |
|
| 12:27 | of complex things are made even happen because it was always observed that broth |
|
| 12:32 | broth considered to be like a beef broth, right, has organic materials |
|
| 12:36 | it. You can grow stuff in . Okay. And so they would |
|
| 12:41 | even when it was heated, right sterilize it if you like to open |
|
| 12:47 | broth. And that's okay. And that the spontaneous generation. People really |
|
| 12:52 | on that. Look at this, ? There's that spontaneous generation. |
|
| 12:56 | so of course, as we go , we have ideas of thoughts of |
|
| 13:02 | scientists, the guy named cow who cells can only come from pre existing |
|
| 13:08 | . The cell theory begins to come play. And so it um uh |
|
| 13:16 | or any ceiling flexed, right boiler medium seal it, then you never |
|
| 13:22 | any growth again. What's the problem ? So so you're spontaneous generation, |
|
| 13:28 | say, nope, nope not allowing and that's why I'm not getting any |
|
| 13:33 | . Okay, so um so um have this past year was uh instrumental |
|
| 13:47 | a number of areas. Um there's chemist, if you take an organic |
|
| 13:52 | , they have not taken that Uh the left and right handedness, |
|
| 13:57 | of molecules. Uh he was the that came up with that um but |
|
| 14:02 | course turned into probably the most famous , um main contribution among many, |
|
| 14:11 | in medical production of different vaccines. but also just the basic that microbes |
|
| 14:19 | the capability to convert uh materials, materials to end products. Okay, |
|
| 14:29 | seems very basic in this thing back it was thought these processes like production |
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| 14:35 | , beer, these things were just . A biotic li like just chemical |
|
| 14:42 | without anything of living beings involved. the one who showed no that is |
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| 14:48 | because of the catalytic capabilities of And so and so he devised the |
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| 14:55 | theory of fermentation as a result. . And so if we look at |
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| 15:01 | so a fermentation, we'll talk about the next unit as part of the |
|
| 15:07 | . He it's a process that correct . Okay, so antelope it into |
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| 15:13 | oxygen. So it's an intimate process uh it occurs under those conditions, |
|
| 15:21 | occurs to convert sugar of course the for wine production grapes or the |
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| 15:27 | Okay, beer productions, things like right brains. Um um And so |
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| 15:34 | my production grapes um in the presence yeast and lack of okay using |
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| 15:41 | So alcohol is a product of the . Okay. And so what he |
|
| 15:45 | was that a take samples under the , do some chemical analysis that the |
|
| 15:53 | of basketball being produced, changes over increases and that increases accompanied by increase |
|
| 15:59 | cells. Right? So you're saying cells are the ones being responsible for |
|
| 16:03 | process back specifically east. Okay, the question I thought of before class |
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| 16:09 | where did these come from? this is before uh culturing techniques came |
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| 16:18 | . Okay, where would the eastern from? You can go to the |
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| 16:23 | and get Huh, grand. On the or or else Yes. |
|
| 16:36 | hand in the grapes and whatever. hands the grapes themselves contain east. |
|
| 16:42 | so um somebody way back when times reporting the property when they first started |
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| 16:49 | this kind of very they probably just that this this thing, this great |
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| 16:55 | for men have a for somebody like we have and go let's make some |
|
| 17:03 | of this. Okay, so um similarly with so so um the uh |
|
| 17:16 | interestingly beer blind was probably the prime for the longest time. For what |
|
| 17:25 | safer than water. Safe drinking water itself. Right? Even though the |
|
| 17:32 | , I don't think you want to to the water and drink the |
|
| 17:34 | you don't have a chance of coming and something called a road or whatever |
|
| 17:39 | . Right. Because but but if selected you get chances are that process |
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| 17:45 | actually creates a city conditions can be uh to inhibit growth of micro |
|
| 17:53 | So the process in itself is the that can produce more cleaner water. |
|
| 17:57 | just the water makes a little happy . So uh anyway um so at |
|
| 18:06 | time in the actually called on by fix the wine problem because the winds |
|
| 18:12 | coming out with a lot of And so he traced it to |
|
| 18:16 | So bacterial contamination in the process. bacteria of various types can take these |
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| 18:23 | of carbohydrates and are and convert these different types of acids and alcohols. |
|
| 18:30 | again we'll talk about this later so worry too much about it now. |
|
| 18:34 | see the gas it was that was one responsible for that kind of vinegar |
|
| 18:38 | that they were experiencing in these And so of course then began to |
|
| 18:44 | this and so that's where the whole process comes in. Uh just being |
|
| 18:49 | in your process overall minimize contamination. But the this fermentation all I'm gonna |
|
| 18:59 | about it is it really just it's hey um outline of what happens |
|
| 19:10 | So that bacteria are responsible for the of the end product here, the |
|
| 19:17 | uh and others he found that he different species different types of Bank park |
|
| 19:23 | would produce acetic, some of his generally are small um that most of |
|
| 19:32 | four carbon 95 carbon um alcohols and . Right. But he has to |
|
| 19:38 | that one. And and some made variety of mixed acid fermenters. |
|
| 19:46 | And so so again all attribute to , right? Growth of microbes accompany |
|
| 19:52 | increase in these products. And so really important in terms of of this |
|
| 19:58 | of organic material by microbes. How this How would this? So I |
|
| 20:07 | in the 1860s here, 1870s um is when of course uh Mike Mike |
|
| 20:16 | been around a long time obviously by . But now we're seeing the capabilities |
|
| 20:21 | microbes. How would that idea was fact a disease micro I'm sorry if |
|
| 20:32 | get rid of the right. So terms of effective disease, organic material |
|
| 20:39 | be the vibe. Right? So because of this scientists have the |
|
| 20:47 | Okay, well by these bodies are generals and micro it's gonna be the |
|
| 20:52 | of these diseases we're seeing. Um so that kind of that led to |
|
| 20:58 | not necessarily lead to but planning this of an idea that maybe that's that's |
|
| 21:03 | case and uh of course disease. um now so back to the spontaneous |
|
| 21:14 | to put a pin in this, comes along with the design, we |
|
| 21:20 | to have air present right vital And so he devises a flask that |
|
| 21:27 | a shape to the, to the . Um we called swan neck flask |
|
| 21:34 | permits entry repair. But uh microbes will potentially um growing that broth won't |
|
| 21:44 | air contamination typically approved by bacteria, funds, I would have you traveling |
|
| 21:51 | dust particles, pet dander, these of things floating in the air. |
|
| 21:56 | so if you that net book if I grabbed it and fall out |
|
| 22:00 | fall into that crook of the And so uh then you don't get |
|
| 22:06 | in the Bronx then there are, don't know for sure but I've heard |
|
| 22:11 | seeing online that some of these flasks made like this are still to this |
|
| 22:17 | uh sterile, okay, that didn't any growth in it because when you |
|
| 22:22 | get growth is when you do okay, you tip the flask and |
|
| 22:26 | the liquid gets into that neck right you have essentially a knocking right? |
|
| 22:31 | not many with the microbes in the of the neck or you can simply |
|
| 22:37 | cut off cut off the top like and exposed to the air. So |
|
| 22:44 | to that microbe is what because of growth. So cells have to be |
|
| 22:49 | to create more cells just not air this organic broad on for my |
|
| 22:56 | right? The life comes from cells are in there now inoculated whether through |
|
| 23:02 | or otherwise and that's what causes the . Okay, so again that's this |
|
| 23:08 | of ubiquity, right? It's why if you're in lab the way you |
|
| 23:15 | things in there is for this reason they are everywhere right around there, |
|
| 23:21 | right in the air on the bench would have you right? That's why |
|
| 23:26 | disinfect the bench before you start working . That's why you have a Bunsen |
|
| 23:31 | and you flame tubes and whatnot groups you're doing your work because of |
|
| 23:38 | All right because you don't want to , right? You want to whatever |
|
| 23:42 | working with, you just want to able to observe and make sure that's |
|
| 23:47 | thing doing the work not stuff you're because of that technique. Okay. |
|
| 23:53 | that's and then and then this is this technique is what these things were |
|
| 24:00 | pasture. And because they do these are everywhere. If you're trying to |
|
| 24:05 | disease caused by a certain microbe, very sure you're doing that work and |
|
| 24:10 | introducing unwanted microbes. So these kind techniques have been around for 100 and |
|
| 24:17 | years plus. Still valid is still way we do this because of that |
|
| 24:23 | . They're everywhere. And so um and so can those contributions. |
|
| 24:32 | Uh he was basically corroborated for basically for the most part right? Um |
|
| 24:44 | there were examples where instances where um didn't okay but it didn't mean pasture |
|
| 24:53 | wrong. It's just that Tindle came these bacterial types that could produce endo |
|
| 24:59 | . All right. We'll talk about those sports later uh in the next |
|
| 25:04 | maybe a couple weeks anyway. So those spores are resistant forms. Now |
|
| 25:11 | are mm across across the kingdoms there examples of different sport tops. |
|
| 25:21 | Someone called cysts. Protas owners can cysts. Um There are other bacterial |
|
| 25:25 | definitely form different types of spores um But the end of the sport which |
|
| 25:33 | what these are is particularly unique. , all all spores assists are dormant |
|
| 25:40 | . Okay. That can then in to see under the right conditions the |
|
| 25:45 | of spores unique. And as its of resistance is unlike any of these |
|
| 25:50 | types. Okay, resistance to chemicals radiation, et cetera. They they |
|
| 25:56 | survived you can often see them in Egyptians are confident it's going to be |
|
| 26:01 | earth 10,000 years old and beyond. ? And they can germinate and |
|
| 26:06 | So a high level of resistance. so uh so Tyndall is basically the |
|
| 26:11 | that kind of found these because what happen is um even after boiling the |
|
| 26:19 | . Okay, you would see sometimes occur. Okay. And so we |
|
| 26:23 | to do successive successive rounds of So what would happen is so when |
|
| 26:29 | end those four forming type, like see here there's three types of |
|
| 26:34 | There's this type, there's this type there's this type. Okay little little |
|
| 26:43 | circles those are the s the end four. Okay. So you see |
|
| 26:48 | that are in the process of forming endo score these cells okay cells that |
|
| 26:57 | free. And those four here. . And then what we call a |
|
| 27:02 | vegetative cell which is solid purple. ? So those four being formed here |
|
| 27:09 | particular what we call basically itself. , we're gonna get into this |
|
| 27:12 | So don't worry so much about it . But just to show you the |
|
| 27:16 | those four foreign culture is what you . Okay so of course the sport |
|
| 27:20 | of what are resistant to free in sports. And so when you boil |
|
| 27:25 | , okay you kill off the susceptible in the population. So you have |
|
| 27:30 | keep repeating the boiling process because one doesn't kill everything right? Because they're |
|
| 27:36 | in uh there's a cross section of . Some are free and those for |
|
| 27:40 | are in the process of forming and are just completely vegetated beach is a |
|
| 27:45 | bit more different terms of their So you have to keep doing cycles |
|
| 27:49 | boiling. Let it cool down when cools down. Then these endless wars |
|
| 27:54 | Germany and I'll grow up. That's they're susceptible to being killed by the |
|
| 27:58 | . So you have to keep repeating cycle 34 or five times boiling so |
|
| 28:04 | you're trying to get to a point all the endless spores will germinate and |
|
| 28:09 | . Okay now nowadays you don't have do the cycles of boiling to |
|
| 28:14 | what do we use? One shot an artifact. So that's really why |
|
| 28:20 | have the autoclave is to get rid these types. Okay. Very resistant |
|
| 28:28 | to just one boring cycle. So zap them with which is heat steam |
|
| 28:34 | superheated uh to very high temps. . Um Any questions. Yeah. |
|
| 28:43 | basically what we're doing is we're going of thing. And then yeah, |
|
| 28:50 | when they cool, so before that gonna kill a proportion of March and |
|
| 28:54 | when it cools those that weren't like say these guys the journey. |
|
| 29:00 | this is gonna be these forums from most susceptible you're trying to get into |
|
| 29:07 | state here. So it's gonna take few rounds of the loyal Germany |
|
| 29:13 | Yeah. Right. Right, I just have trouble seeing the last |
|
| 29:20 | of your session. Oh sorry, made that up. Okay. Uh |
|
| 29:29 | problem. Okay, so during germ of disease. Okay, so uh |
|
| 29:40 | is once he really established this and his first study uh with tuberculosis. |
|
| 29:47 | uh as a country doctor. So lived out in the rural areas, |
|
| 29:51 | can see among the livestock in the that they were coming to this uh |
|
| 29:57 | add brax. Okay um cattle I we're the ones that are most acceptable |
|
| 30:03 | and so really the only treatment was really just kill any effective cattle, |
|
| 30:10 | carpets, that kind of thing. so um I said well let me |
|
| 30:16 | of course at this time there was of course. And so he took |
|
| 30:21 | of the blood was infected cattle and saw these uh these this is |
|
| 30:28 | bacillus and racist forms these chains. uh filaments of rod shaped cells and |
|
| 30:36 | them in the blood. And so only ever saw this only in the |
|
| 30:42 | of infected cows. Okay. Never healthy. Okay so then becomes the |
|
| 30:49 | . Okay there's a bacterium and find in the blood. Always see it |
|
| 30:53 | the house. This must this must a clue that this is the cause |
|
| 30:58 | this disease becomes the germ theory of . Right off the right off the |
|
| 31:05 | . It becomes pretty easy, Because I just take a blood sample |
|
| 31:08 | infected cow and obviously you see that a pretty good idea. That's that's |
|
| 31:14 | causing disease. Okay and so it more difficult. Okay as he looks |
|
| 31:21 | other diseases because that's not an agent gets into the blood. Okay, |
|
| 31:29 | the okay. It's also compared to tinier smaller. Okay um not that |
|
| 31:38 | can't see it on the microscope but gonna take um taking samples of the |
|
| 31:45 | material that's created in the process of . Look at it under the |
|
| 31:50 | Not always so easy to find these . And so um and then so |
|
| 31:56 | where you have how you gonna find . How is he going to figure |
|
| 31:58 | out? It's not. So the developing techniques to isolate bacteria. Uh |
|
| 32:08 | culture. Right. These are things learn in that. But it's again |
|
| 32:13 | very basic but it's a fundamental technique . Still done to this day |
|
| 32:20 | And so with the things we can remember there's only very few that we |
|
| 32:24 | but certainly it's it's it's what we when we work with these. Um |
|
| 32:30 | so the pure culture of course is get it right by itself. There's |
|
| 32:36 | else in there but the mycobacterium Right? So that you can study |
|
| 32:41 | see what it's all about. How it causes these these kind of |
|
| 32:44 | So pure culture is essential. So course your culture involves you have to |
|
| 32:50 | growth bacteria like. Right. And uh his day began really with a |
|
| 32:59 | and slice of potato and that potato that was the and the media |
|
| 33:08 | I guess it worked to a degree it was the other kind of develop |
|
| 33:12 | in the offices right? So development media to make it solid at was |
|
| 33:20 | . That's what other people did but he incorporated that and was able to |
|
| 33:27 | on solid media. So s is that's the one that kind of found |
|
| 33:37 | And uh anyways the nature of isolation pure culture. Really. The point |
|
| 33:43 | , one of the points I want make is the source, right, |
|
| 33:49 | versus liquid. Okay. So live me at age of course work with |
|
| 33:53 | the time. Right broth. We just saw in the in the |
|
| 33:58 | experience spontaneous generation. Right, broth course super basically. Right. So |
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| 34:05 | solid media of course was something And there's a there's a use for |
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| 34:09 | of these things. Okay, plates have to have solid media. If |
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| 34:15 | going to attempt to isolate for why is that? Can you do |
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| 34:21 | obtain pure cultures with only liquid Know, unless you've got a super |
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| 34:28 | pair of tweezers and X ray vision something, you can pick out individual |
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| 34:33 | from liquid and then culture them forget . Right? The plate gives you |
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| 34:38 | a visual representation of what's in that . Okay, on solid media you |
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| 34:44 | then Hugh manipulations that you see Alright. You see not always will |
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| 34:50 | species produce different colonies type may be similar, right? But nonetheless, |
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| 34:56 | can often uh see some differences and them out. But again, the |
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| 35:02 | comes when you pry apart the different you see on the plate and we |
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| 35:09 | subculture independent. So now we have eventually have pure cultures of the two |
|
| 35:15 | of. Right. So again, very basic technique but you know, |
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| 35:21 | take it for granted. Right? it's a fundamental thing. Um That's |
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| 35:26 | . Okay. So but by doing you can then study these independently. |
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| 35:32 | you can use liquid media media utility that is for growing massive amounts of |
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| 35:38 | . Okay. In a lab environment used to you know, you're okay |
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| 35:44 | like small amounts of right? That's we're using laugh is like at most |
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| 35:50 | three meals, right? Not a . Okay. But industrially. |
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| 35:55 | Different story. We need buckets of . You throw buckets of cells for |
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| 36:00 | purposes. So that requires a lot liquid but it's what you use to |
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| 36:05 | to get lots of True, lots of cells but you need solid |
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| 36:10 | to kind of do the pure culture . So um so in the |
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| 36:17 | in the course of this course, gonna fill out a bunch of stuff |
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| 36:21 | you. Okay. Yeah, I a percentage on it. But not |
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| 36:26 | I figured you know many biotech majors will work in industry. So some |
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| 36:34 | these famous pearls of wisdom of the you get more of it in in |
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| 36:39 | two. Okay. But just just my own my own. I'm coming |
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| 36:47 | the end. Alright. I'm not anytime soon. But my my time |
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| 36:52 | is, you know, so I let me just uh Anyway so let's |
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| 37:02 | look at this. Okay, so pocket. Alright, so again, |
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| 37:10 | outline a process to link a microbe a disease. Okay, um still |
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| 37:20 | this day. Okay, um CC right these kind of basic principles. |
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| 37:28 | . But we've learned in 100 plus , you know, a lot more |
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| 37:34 | micro infectious and infected micro happens. ? So we know kind of that |
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| 37:41 | don't follow the form here, but that's okay. We're aware of |
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| 37:47 | But the framework itself is still Okay. And so basically begins with |
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| 37:54 | the uh the uh all using animal , right? Where there's rabbits, |
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| 38:00 | ? Very common. Okay. That in the population of animals um the |
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| 38:07 | is only found suspected happens only found animals, not in healthy ones. |
|
| 38:14 | , that's step one. Step Okay. Uh that the the isolation |
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| 38:24 | the micro from the disease organism actually twice in this process, which is |
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| 38:29 | good thing. You ever corroborate Right? And science always a good |
|
| 38:34 | . You can confidence that you're on right track. And so you can |
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| 38:38 | isolate the micro from the host role your culture. And then you can |
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| 38:43 | that pure culture inject into a healthy . And that host comes down with |
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| 38:49 | same type of symptoms. Same disease as was seen uh here. |
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| 38:56 | Uh and then again, you can isolate so the same strain is found |
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| 39:03 | that you introduced them to that post powerful evidence that Yeah, you're on |
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| 39:08 | right track. And that's that's what's on. But. Right. Where |
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| 39:13 | the exceptions here? Right well we'll back up to step one. |
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| 39:18 | Um Step one. Well we're with , right? Asymptomatic carriers, |
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| 39:25 | You can have it for the experience the symptoms. So that goes counter |
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| 39:30 | the first pocket. You can't have that harbor pathogen that don't have any |
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| 39:37 | of disease. Um Uh meningitis, you are assuming you are all vaccinated |
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| 39:45 | coming to school. Meningitis is one those. I think upwards of 50% |
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| 39:50 | the population healthy population carries. There's outbreak of meningitis. It's due to |
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| 39:56 | human and symptomatic care. Many number infected diseases are that way. Um |
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| 40:07 | uh one disease, one pathogen. there was this idea that a particular |
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| 40:15 | was caused by only one pathogen and one pathogen can only cause one |
|
| 40:20 | Right? These are both incorrect. you should say Not all. Okay |
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| 40:29 | one disease, one pathogen uh example you got an example of that. |
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| 40:34 | . A disease caused by can become path. Which one and he's |
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| 40:47 | Uh Different demonstrated food but they're still . I think a disease that can |
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| 40:56 | disease that can be caused by bacteria can cause it the bunion pneumonia. |
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| 41:07 | different types of microbes. Okay. the one passenger. One disease. |
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| 41:15 | No. Uh So it can also a flesh eating the flesh eating |
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| 41:24 | It can cause um very textured skin like um simples um scarlet fever. |
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| 41:33 | again the point being not always the . One pathogen. One disease. |
|
| 41:40 | . Um Cultural ability of pasture Still been aware of syphilis back |
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| 41:48 | Come the simplest for over 100 I still can't culture in in |
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| 41:54 | Okay. Unfortunately uh for a lot these infectious diseases we developed a genealogical |
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| 42:02 | that don't require culture, you can for um genealogical results in rapid |
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| 42:08 | D. To find these things. you don't necessarily have the culture everything |
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| 42:13 | identify the um viruses. Right? coke right out of the box was |
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| 42:21 | with a viral disease, forget about would he would never have found that |
|
| 42:27 | ? Because a you know how to them back then. Didn't even know |
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| 42:30 | it was like a microscope to So and so viruses are closed their |
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| 42:37 | kind of uh issues. Okay. the lack of animals for certain disease |
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| 42:45 | is the original proper so uh again doesn't mean that the framework throw it |
|
| 42:52 | . It's valid. It's just that can be variations exceptions of some of |
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| 42:56 | things depending on what the pathogen is dealing with. So you just kind |
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| 43:00 | keep that in mind as you're working um Any questions. Yeah. Yeah |
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| 43:19 | was called by um it can be pneumonia, pneumonia. I think there's |
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| 43:28 | so so pneumonia is more a kind a a particular type of symptoms and |
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| 43:39 | disease. But a number of different can cause those signs and symptoms of |
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| 43:44 | disease. Okay. Even covid uh covid, some people can cause |
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| 43:51 | type uh symptoms. What? So that that makes sense. Okay. |
|
| 44:05 | . Um I don't know something that . Um there are also, you |
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| 44:13 | , food like as well. So I don't know that. I |
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| 44:19 | it in a rare category. It's somewhere in the middle, I would |
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| 44:23 | . Probably, but again, So I don't know if you're working |
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| 44:29 | , you know, epidemiologists, You're you're aware of these things. |
|
| 44:34 | so yeah, it may have finally not, but you know, it's |
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| 44:38 | to know that might be okay. . So, okay, so naturally |
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| 44:47 | discover, you know, that that are some microbes that the cause of |
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| 44:55 | diseases. So then of course, do we get rid of these |
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| 44:58 | How can we control the growth of things? Okay. Is of course |
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| 45:02 | vaccination comes in. So the variolation specific to smallpox. Um and |
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| 45:10 | uh it just, I guess it came about that because smallpox was rampant |
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| 45:17 | like the 15 hundreds, 16 hundreds outbreaks in the 17 hundreds and |
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| 45:24 | um that somebody did take some of smallpox gives you a pustules all over |
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| 45:30 | body. Okay. Grass. And the postures contained live virus. So |
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| 45:37 | had to take some of that material with a knife or some pointed object |
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| 45:43 | transfer that to a healthy person into skin. Hence the variolation thing. |
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| 45:50 | then that induced immunity in that They didn't know why but they knew |
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| 45:55 | they were didn't succumb to disease after process. Unfortunately a good percentage did |
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| 46:02 | if they're getting a live a live injected into a live smallpox are so |
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| 46:09 | what did not survive. Okay. but the point is is that this |
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| 46:14 | kind of lays the groundwork for immunity on. So Jenner okay. Came |
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| 46:22 | with a vaccine against smallpox vaccine was virus. Okay. And so less |
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| 46:31 | form. Okay. And uh Pastor had his hand came to the rabies |
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| 46:38 | and others. Uh So just the think we all you know the pandemic |
|
| 46:44 | taught us a lot of things, know especially microbiology uh what viruses |
|
| 46:49 | Right, what vaccination is? And so vaccination of course involves stimulating |
|
| 46:58 | immune system. Right, pathogen? , viral bacterial cortisol. What have |
|
| 47:05 | ? Okay and so the thing about infectious agent is it has um entities |
|
| 47:18 | it, right that your body recognizes something for all. Okay. Call |
|
| 47:25 | . Okay. And in response to antigens, You can produce antibodies. |
|
| 47:29 | let's talk about the system at the of this course. But it's those |
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| 47:35 | produced in response to that can be the models on the surface of the |
|
| 47:43 | the virus or bacteria or other uh o that's floating around um it can |
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| 47:51 | the nominee things on the virus. ? Covid has those knobby thing sticking |
|
| 47:55 | that that could be an energy. . So it's something your body responds |
|
| 48:01 | . Uh there's reasons why we'll get that later. But you use specific |
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| 48:07 | to the engines and the engine. interaction has a number of different effects |
|
| 48:13 | we'll talk about later. But obviously purpose is to get rid of the |
|
| 48:17 | . Right. So um and fortunately your immune system has a memory |
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| 48:23 | Right. Remember these infections and respond them very quickly later on if you |
|
| 48:28 | a second exposure or more. So question why was the magazine affected even |
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| 48:37 | it did not contain smallpox? Yeah. Right. So cross |
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| 48:45 | So cross reacting antibodies if the energy is very similar to the cowpox and |
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| 48:52 | and it's very simple daniel yet uh that will form and and the reactor |
|
| 49:00 | . Right, So cowpox vaccine will you from smallpox of course. Now |
|
| 49:05 | not anymore obviously. But uh we'll about vaccines uh talking about uh but |
|
| 49:16 | bottom line is the and the president engine in the vaccine is what |
|
| 49:21 | Right. And the form of that various it can be what's called an |
|
| 49:28 | vaccine. Right? You take the take a whole virus and chemically inactivated |
|
| 49:36 | it's still alive so to speak. . But it will if you inject |
|
| 49:41 | will produce immune response. Okay You have a a virus, viral vaccine |
|
| 49:48 | been inactivated but can still be That's probably the best one because they |
|
| 49:54 | themselves. And every time it reproduces doesn't cause disease because we've engineered to |
|
| 50:00 | do that, but it reproduces. then you continue to form a new |
|
| 50:05 | which is a fairly nice new response what we call live attenuated vaccines. |
|
| 50:11 | attenuation itself is a word that means limit or to inactivate. So something |
|
| 50:18 | attenuated does not work in the same there one state. So for vaccine |
|
| 50:25 | inactivating the virus are factored. Okay Okay I put this in because this |
|
| 50:34 | one of my pet peeves. Okay you see the picture, you obviously |
|
| 50:39 | what's gonna happen here. So here's question. Okay with sentence below is |
|
| 50:47 | . Okay. A. B. C. Or not? Okay |
|
| 50:55 | B. C. Or D. . B. C. And |
|
| 50:57 | Anyway pick one of those. Oh do it again. Okay now the |
|
| 51:05 | sterilize my arm before I received this . Nurse disinfected my vaccination. Neither |
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| 51:14 | both. Let's count about 10 9876543 one. Okay let's see A. |
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| 52:07 | B. Is a consensus um Meet again. Okay one more time. |
|
| 52:18 | . Alright. Pick C. Gonna what? Right so that's not affect |
|
| 52:36 | about really the usage of the word except in the context of somebody's not |
|
| 52:45 | to have Children. Okay so out that context, right, sterilization in |
|
| 52:51 | . Okay. Is you basically kill ? Okay. Something has been |
|
| 52:57 | There's no living uh cell virus continue. Okay. Um So obviously |
|
| 53:05 | you said you were invited to the here. Okay, this infection and |
|
| 53:09 | is just terminal disinfection is for inanimate . Right? So this infection and |
|
| 53:18 | segway to these two guys symbolized lister symbolize handwashing way uh Right to reduce |
|
| 53:30 | numbers from skin, Right? Uh worked in a hospital where pregnant mothers |
|
| 53:38 | birth had a high mortality rate. . And uh he had another award |
|
| 53:45 | the same hospital where where the women prepared cared for pregnant mothers prepared for |
|
| 53:51 | midwife. They haven't had a rigorous of washing their hands all the |
|
| 53:55 | Okay. And he saw compared to group compared to the group where it |
|
| 54:01 | first and secondary medical students taking care their mothers, they would come out |
|
| 54:05 | a so obviously I'm sure you know medical school you have to work in |
|
| 54:09 | cadaver, right? As part of a medical physiology thing. Right? |
|
| 54:15 | these guys would come right out of uh the cadaver rooms covered in blood |
|
| 54:21 | guts and everything and start you know swimming with their pregnancy honestly. You |
|
| 54:26 | , so high instance of mortality rate that group. Very low with the |
|
| 54:30 | group. And so he said, , they wash hands. Let's do |
|
| 54:33 | . So, the number of cases Rock Lister uh use of disinfectants on |
|
| 54:41 | instruments that also definitely decreased post op . So, uh Lister used what's |
|
| 54:50 | carbolic acid, I believe. Uh always use something exactly the kind of |
|
| 54:59 | a not so hard for me, I think disinfectants and that's the |
|
| 55:04 | Disinfectants can be very harsh, Bleach. Right? Because they're going |
|
| 55:09 | in. Right. So, uh for use on skin. Right? |
|
| 55:14 | tissue. Okay. Um antibiotics. , I put a couple. Don't |
|
| 55:21 | about because we're gonna talk about this . But I figured I'd just show |
|
| 55:25 | um and antibiotics and what they But I'm not gonna I'm not gonna |
|
| 55:30 | you on this. All right. gonna talk about this later. Uh |
|
| 55:34 | , you know, let me in mold. Right. So, uh |
|
| 55:37 | of simple mode. So, there's screenplay culture. All right. And |
|
| 55:43 | white blob is the mold and you see themselves the colonies rather uh There's |
|
| 55:51 | there's a zone actually, I can't let me see. Let me turn |
|
| 55:55 | red. You can see it. go this way. All right. |
|
| 55:58 | , it's basically a zone right here there's no growth. So the cells |
|
| 56:05 | a good distance away from the There's something inhibitory molds producing using it |
|
| 56:11 | inhibiting growth anywhere near it. Okay so that accident led to of course |
|
| 56:16 | penicillin. And so just and of we all are now antibiotic resistant bacterial |
|
| 56:23 | . Right? So the targets were kind of a segment we'll talk about |
|
| 56:28 | time that we started pro carry itself and things. So many of the |
|
| 56:34 | of that prepare to sell our And also viruses are targets for different |
|
| 56:41 | whether it's to cell wall and cell synthesis. Very common target penicillin and |
|
| 56:49 | , methicillin etcetera. Target cell wall in bacteria getting verification, inhibiting protein |
|
| 56:59 | , things that were cycling. These all kind of agents that do |
|
| 57:05 | Uh So the thing with antibiotics is target specific molecules uh in a bacterial |
|
| 57:13 | typically. So if it's only so that case for the bacteria to become |
|
| 57:20 | only requires one change typically. And not uncommon for bacteria plants because they |
|
| 57:27 | a little bit higher rotation, They grow very fast. Okay so |
|
| 57:33 | you know it's it's in the administration antibiotics where things have gotten out of |
|
| 57:38 | . Okay. Unnecessarily and mr um so it's all it has to happen |
|
| 57:47 | a change creating something like um the to modify the target of antibiotic. |
|
| 57:56 | . Really take a minimal change to that. Okay uh change the membrane |
|
| 58:02 | to pump the antibiotic app. It changed an enzyme that then attacks |
|
| 58:08 | antibiotic. Just breaks the park, what the penicillin. Okay. Um |
|
| 58:16 | somehow otherwise off the target for the . So again these aren't don't require |
|
| 58:22 | lot of multiple mutations, maybe one two. And boom, there you |
|
| 58:27 | . So again the ability to do on depends on exposure of it to |
|
| 58:35 | the antibiotic. And if you're if one is a specific in providing |
|
| 58:40 | proper antibiotic targeting, the pattern is you're just giving really hilly and balance |
|
| 58:47 | . You can affect other things that aren't pathogens. So it's a it's |
|
| 58:51 | problem. Okay as we are dealing now. Okay so um again we'll |
|
| 58:58 | more about this later in the semester um any questions? Yeah. |
|
| 59:11 | Among the indo sport formers bacillus anthracis a pathogen but humans, the number |
|
| 59:18 | cases of anthrax among humans in the the year is count on one |
|
| 59:22 | So that's a minimal a minimal effect us more. So comes from the |
|
| 59:28 | called clostridium. So that's the one produces botulism, tetanus uh gas gangrene |
|
| 59:36 | basically a lot of these have come wounds in the skin. You don't |
|
| 59:40 | clean up the sports grow grow in . But even tetanus and it's very |
|
| 59:46 | gets vaccinated for tetanus. Pretty So even the cases of tetanus and |
|
| 59:50 | in the U. S. And they're a pretty low as well. |
|
| 59:53 | so I say my performance clostridium defeat is one that's on the rise, |
|
| 59:58 | causes a diarrheal disease, particularly in acquired infections and elderly. Because if |
|
| 60:04 | a real problem. So I'd say was probably that that one. But |
|
| 60:09 | bacillus which are they're just common soil pretty much benign for the most |
|
| 60:15 | Uh So they don't really cause any other than the and it's one that |
|
| 60:19 | somebody weaponized, that's when you become issue. Right. So any other |
|
| 60:26 | ? Okay, so, okay, let's um look at this. So |
|
| 60:36 | okay, so let's just get this microbial ecology actually. So let's get |
|
| 60:44 | from diseases right? Which give a name and the area where you really |
|
| 60:51 | important in terms of ecology. so with the trophy is, so |
|
| 60:55 | Grodsky is one of those guys historical that that found these types. And |
|
| 61:03 | an example here is um so this hypothetically uses H two S. |
|
| 61:11 | For energy. Okay, essential Uh sulfate, prostate, iron, |
|
| 61:22 | . So these are kinds of minerals you know, all anything to |
|
| 61:26 | So you provide oxygen proper tent maybe other vitamins. In fact, the |
|
| 61:32 | here is, what else does it ? Looking at the list of stuff |
|
| 61:39 | growing on there's something missing. R remember we're carbon based life forms on |
|
| 61:48 | planet, right? And we're carbon life forms. Okay, because that's |
|
| 61:57 | our molecules are like. I can it right. That's because our molecules |
|
| 62:04 | acids, proteins, olympics, carbohydrates have a carbon skeleton too. |
|
| 62:11 | we gotta supply that keep making our based molecules. Um and so how |
|
| 62:19 | something like a little trophy? eat glucose. Yeah. What you |
|
| 62:35 | located six CO 2. Okay, C 02. Okay, so that's |
|
| 62:47 | we call those are six C We call those ones. What kind |
|
| 62:52 | truth are they auto trucks? so I introduced this concept of |
|
| 63:02 | I'll come back to that of Harriet . The basic, you know, |
|
| 63:09 | can almost put you can put life one of those two categories basically turns |
|
| 63:13 | metabolism and we focus on that But I figured I better start hammering |
|
| 63:21 | your head now. Okay. And it's what makes the world go |
|
| 63:29 | so to speak, right? Here's very basic um uh remember from ecology |
|
| 63:36 | intro bio trophy levels right? Here a very basic depiction of that, |
|
| 63:42 | ? So you have the sun, ? So your producers and consumers, |
|
| 63:46 | composers write the sun provides um producers course can't photosynthesize, right? Um |
|
| 63:56 | consumers will eat different levels of producers, others eat other consumers and |
|
| 64:01 | forth, um decomposes ultimately everything right? And the composers break that |
|
| 64:09 | , right? So the composers are for um releasing the organic material, |
|
| 64:17 | others can use their recycling of different of elements, right? That others |
|
| 64:22 | use in the ecosystem very uh So the cycling of carbon between and |
|
| 64:30 | forget where you are, Right? you eat organic materials, you give |
|
| 64:35 | Sio two. Sio two is used as their carbon. Right? So |
|
| 64:40 | round and round. Okay, so so I wanna let you guys |
|
| 64:46 | I'm sorry. Uh well, uh got a couple more things talking about |
|
| 64:50 | . Close that chapter one and chapter , I think four, sorry, |
|
| 64:57 | four, Sorry, Mother classes. , thanks books. See you on |
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| 5999:59 | |
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