| 00:03 | epithelial transport. What we're looking at as we're looking at a epithelial cell |
|
| 00:10 | one side. That's the inside of . So that could be the digest |
|
| 00:13 | or the kidney. I think this is kidney. I can't remember. |
|
| 00:17 | on this side that is inside the . Do you understand the distinction |
|
| 00:22 | The digestive that's the digestive tract is the body, Right. It's exposed |
|
| 00:27 | the external environment. All right. so, what this is basically trying |
|
| 00:31 | show you is that when I move ? All right, we got special |
|
| 00:35 | for him. If I'm moving things outside the body into the body, |
|
| 00:39 | call that absorption. That sounds And when I'm moving things from inside |
|
| 00:44 | body to outside of the body, call that secretion. Excretion is different |
|
| 00:49 | secretion. I excrete urine. I materials into urine so that they can |
|
| 00:54 | excreted from the body. Excreting means get rid of that kind of makes |
|
| 00:59 | . Okay, now, There's two I can move things from the inside |
|
| 01:05 | the outside knows our barrier. Here a cell First type I can go |
|
| 01:10 | between the cells. So, here's number one. Cell number two. |
|
| 01:12 | number three. I'm sneaking in All right. That would be para |
|
| 01:17 | transport. Again, in this particular it's water moving down its concentration |
|
| 01:21 | Going to an area of higher salt . In an area of low water |
|
| 01:26 | . I can pass through the So water passing through an aqua foreign |
|
| 01:31 | through and out through another Aqap or the other side. All right. |
|
| 01:35 | would be trans cellular transport. Now, if you have tight tight |
|
| 01:43 | , can you do para celular No, you're only limited to transitional |
|
| 01:48 | transport. So, here is an of some epithelial transport. All |
|
| 01:56 | this one is sodium absorption. here's sodium coming in. What we're |
|
| 02:00 | is we're moving from an area of concentration, down through a channel into |
|
| 02:05 | area of low sodium concentration. And what do I do is I use |
|
| 02:08 | pump to pump it out the other . So, what do we |
|
| 02:11 | We have a downhill and then we an uphill, right. It's not |
|
| 02:15 | downhill downhill. Here's an example of absorption. I have high glucose concentration |
|
| 02:21 | cells have low glucose concentration outside You wanna know why does his glucose |
|
| 02:27 | outside of the cell? No, why. Alright, so here's high |
|
| 02:32 | . Or sorry, high glucose low glucose. I have to use secondary |
|
| 02:36 | transport to move the glucose from outside cell into the cell. And then |
|
| 02:40 | can use glucose a carrier to carry glucose out. So here I'm going |
|
| 02:46 | then coming back downhill. So, in each case, what did I |
|
| 02:50 | ? I had an active system and had a passive system. Do they |
|
| 02:54 | to be active in the sense that primary active? No, you can |
|
| 02:58 | secondary active as well. Okay, is gonna be secretion. Here's potassium |
|
| 03:04 | is being pumped into the cell I can keep recycling it like so |
|
| 03:08 | I want to get rid of I'm secreted it so I'm allowing it |
|
| 03:10 | go out of potassium channel. So I'm going up coming back down here's |
|
| 03:16 | . Chlorine is using the N. . C. C. The one |
|
| 03:19 | I that I mentioned um on thursday is using a co transporter. So |
|
| 03:24 | secondary active transport chlorine goes in there's chlorine or um sorry higher chlorine here |
|
| 03:32 | then the chlorine goes downhill out and secreted from the body or secreted into |
|
| 03:36 | luminous. So what do we got downhill? So in all cases when |
|
| 03:42 | dealing with trans epithelial transport where we're from one side of some of the |
|
| 03:45 | , there's always gonna be an there's always gonna be a downhill that |
|
| 03:48 | there's always gonna be energy used in of those two steps. Okay now |
|
| 03:58 | like to talk to each other just you guys like to talk to each |
|
| 04:01 | . I presume you like to talk each other if you like to talk |
|
| 04:03 | each other. Uh huh. I don't know. Okay cells talk |
|
| 04:14 | each other is two ways they do . They can talk to each other |
|
| 04:17 | . They can talk to each other . All right. There's a nuance |
|
| 04:22 | that we're not going to dive into deep but I don't want you to |
|
| 04:25 | of neurons communicating electrically. All There is a class of neuron that |
|
| 04:30 | So there is a class of muscle does. So, there are classes |
|
| 04:33 | cells that use electrical communication. But of the communication. Your body is |
|
| 04:40 | . All right. So, when neuron fires, it's releasing electrical |
|
| 04:44 | No, the electoral signal goes along surface so that you can release the |
|
| 04:49 | at the accident or the terminal Right. So, it's chemical |
|
| 04:54 | But we like to think of because electrical involved. It's electrical signal. |
|
| 04:59 | , for basic methods we have the junction, contact dependent signaling, local |
|
| 05:05 | and long distance signaling. I've got words for all these things. They're |
|
| 05:09 | to get confused versus just Quran Ever heard. The term Juckes different |
|
| 05:15 | . What does juxtaposition mean next to heard it. That's good. Next |
|
| 05:22 | . So, just a Quran signaling two cells side by side that are |
|
| 05:26 | to each other. All right. are two ways we can do |
|
| 05:29 | We can attach each other by gap and so chemicals could be moving back |
|
| 05:35 | forth creating electrical current. Alright, that would be an example of just |
|
| 05:40 | current signaling to sell side by side with. It's a bit tiny |
|
| 05:45 | The other type is contact dependent And here, what we're doing is |
|
| 05:50 | cell has a cell adhesion molecule. cell has a cell adhesion molecule, |
|
| 05:53 | access receptor, one acts as a . All right. And when those |
|
| 05:57 | receptor, that receptor ligand come Those two cells are using that interaction |
|
| 06:02 | a way to communicate between them. right. These are the cell adhesion |
|
| 06:08 | . The cams. All right. lots of different ones. All |
|
| 06:12 | So, this is cell to cell . This is typically what you'll see |
|
| 06:17 | in uh like census Shia groups of that are working together. So, |
|
| 06:22 | , for example, in smooth muscle muscle, you'll see them as |
|
| 06:26 | Now, just a crane signaling is from peregrine signaling by the position. |
|
| 06:33 | right. When two cells are side side and talking directly to each |
|
| 06:37 | That's just a Quran. You've heard term perricone. Right. What is |
|
| 06:42 | rain? Yeah, it's nearby All right. So, when you |
|
| 06:46 | in the classroom, you reached I'm some of you are not sitting right |
|
| 06:50 | to people. So, for if you were talking to her, |
|
| 06:52 | gotta see between. So you're hey, how you doing your way |
|
| 06:55 | there? I'm way over here, know? And so you can have |
|
| 06:57 | communication. You can turn around and to person behind you, but they're |
|
| 07:01 | next to you. All right. too could talk to each other because |
|
| 07:04 | next to each other. That's just Quran, right? Perricone would be |
|
| 07:08 | cells. All right. So, not necessarily next to each other. |
|
| 07:12 | further away from one another. All . So you could say just created |
|
| 07:18 | form of Peric rain again. It's fingers and the thumb thing. |
|
| 07:22 | But to distinguish when you see and want to be you can put a |
|
| 07:26 | star here because I know this is question comes up on the test sometimes |
|
| 07:30 | just a Quran is next to communication . Peregrine is nearby. So if |
|
| 07:36 | see the word next, don't think think jokes to oughta Quran on the |
|
| 07:44 | hand, is when cells talk to , you talk to yourself. Some |
|
| 07:50 | are not in their head doesn't make crazy. It does. Uh huh |
|
| 07:58 | , well, I mean yeah, know, but yeah, so if |
|
| 08:01 | ever talked to yourself like oh I to remember this number and you're like |
|
| 08:05 | it to yourself. That's what autocrat like. All right. And really |
|
| 08:09 | happening here is that the cell is a signal and I see the |
|
| 08:13 | I'll come one second. Right? cell is released, a signal that |
|
| 08:17 | acting back on the cell that may acting on that pathway that caused the |
|
| 08:21 | of the signal or it may be an activation of a different pathway or |
|
| 08:25 | else. So, the idea here I'm talking to myself in regulating processes |
|
| 08:30 | the cell by first going out before in. Yes sir. Yes. |
|
| 08:44 | typically what we say is like, like with the gap junction there are |
|
| 08:48 | to each other by the connections, ? Which is a A whole list |
|
| 08:51 | them over there 20 times. So they're touching each other and they're |
|
| 08:55 | through the connections with regard to just Quran. Um in terms of the |
|
| 08:59 | adhesion or sell the seller communication, proteins are literally connecting with each other |
|
| 09:05 | molecular velcro. So that's a really way to distinguish it. Whereas the |
|
| 09:09 | or sir peregrine is more I'm releasing the environment and wherever the signal |
|
| 09:14 | that's what it's that's where I'm So, it could be a cell |
|
| 09:18 | nearby, but it's actually that you know, that's long and this |
|
| 09:23 | natural diffusion. It's taking place in Quran signaling is a long distance |
|
| 09:32 | This is where I get all excited hormones. Right? Um basically what |
|
| 09:37 | have is you have a cell that's some sort of signal. That signal |
|
| 09:41 | out into the blood travel some distance . We're not distinguishing what that |
|
| 09:48 | Could be a couple millimeters. It be the other side of your |
|
| 09:52 | Right? And then what happens is binds to the cell that has the |
|
| 09:56 | receptor for it. This meant. . Yes. So they were what |
|
| 10:10 | trying to say is these are two of just a Quran signaling. |
|
| 10:18 | Anyone else? Okay. All So here typically what we're doing is |
|
| 10:25 | chemical is traveling some long distance All right. So for example, |
|
| 10:31 | day, every day your brain is hormones that are acting on the adrenal |
|
| 10:35 | that are acting on the ovaries and in your body to make you do |
|
| 10:40 | . All right. And I say stuff is like produce hormones and other |
|
| 10:44 | . All right. That's a long . What we're doing is we're not |
|
| 10:48 | an electrical communication. We're not using nerve system to do this. What |
|
| 10:52 | doing is we're releasing this stuff out the environment and that stuff in that |
|
| 10:57 | environment will just travel around until it a cell that has the proper |
|
| 11:02 | And that's a key thing when it to this. All of these types |
|
| 11:05 | signaling. If the cell doesn't have receptor for the liga did the thing |
|
| 11:08 | being released, then that cell doesn't . Does that make sense? I |
|
| 11:13 | I said that. Right, I'm to get a little fuzzy. |
|
| 11:16 | If the cell doesn't have a receptor the living that was released the cell |
|
| 11:20 | doesn't have the receptor can't respond. right, So, this is not |
|
| 11:26 | good example, but I'm just gonna it. If I flood your system |
|
| 11:29 | estrogen, you do have estrogen But let's pretend you don't then your |
|
| 11:34 | is not going to respond to the . It's just gonna be like |
|
| 11:36 | And then, then the estrogen just of goes away, it gets chewed |
|
| 11:39 | and destroyed and blah blah. so the idea is that the cells |
|
| 11:43 | to have the right receptor in order it to respond. All right |
|
| 11:48 | typically a long distance signaling. We a name. We call them |
|
| 11:52 | There's all sorts of fun hormones out . They had lots of different sizes |
|
| 11:55 | lots of different structures. And how cells talk to each other is kind |
|
| 12:00 | fun, at least in my All right, so these are the |
|
| 12:04 | different types of receptors that you're gonna in all these systems ligand gated ion |
|
| 12:09 | . That's pretty simple. Here is example of ligand gated ion channel |
|
| 12:12 | You can see the colon goes and to the receptor because of the channel |
|
| 12:16 | . That means studying can come into cell that causes the muscle to |
|
| 12:20 | All right, that's a ligand gated . These can be found on the |
|
| 12:23 | of cells or they can be found cells as well. Um in the |
|
| 12:28 | articulate and other things. The G coupled receptors. Oh man, I |
|
| 12:34 | so much fun with that in a slides. This is a G protein |
|
| 12:36 | receptors. Here's your G protein. is our Sorry, this is the |
|
| 12:39 | protein right there. That's the receptor activation of the receptor activates the G |
|
| 12:44 | which activates some sort of enzyme which a cascade of events because uh functional |
|
| 12:50 | to the cell catalytic receptors have an domain on them in this particular case |
|
| 12:56 | a Syrian threatening kindness over here. I thought there was another one that |
|
| 13:01 | the tyrosine kinase. But anyway, idea is that when ligand binds to |
|
| 13:05 | it activates that kindness and so you activating or deactivating proteins downstream that respond |
|
| 13:12 | interact with that kindness domain, intracellular not shown here basically actually there's one |
|
| 13:18 | there. Sorry. All right. basically you can see uh through a |
|
| 13:22 | of steps basically there are intracellular receptors can respond to Liggins that are already |
|
| 13:28 | the cell. All you gotta do make them available and that can cause |
|
| 13:31 | to happen in this particular case. have calcium stored up in the into |
|
| 13:34 | in particular. Um When IP three along and binds that receptor, it |
|
| 13:38 | that channel open calcium floods inside the . This is how your your muscle |
|
| 13:50 | this part. Not all this stuff here. Cleavage activated receptors. I'm |
|
| 13:54 | sure I'm even familiar with any of . It's one of your book mentions |
|
| 13:58 | the receptor itself undergoes prodi a'Lexus So you bind the Liggan it causes the |
|
| 14:05 | to chop itself up and now it a functional active protein. I don't |
|
| 14:10 | I'm not familiar with any of So But yeah, go ahead |
|
| 14:16 | So, nuclear receptors fall in a type of category. And so these |
|
| 14:20 | we're trying to do is we're trying stick to the surface for right now |
|
| 14:23 | come to the nuclear receptors because what's to happen is I want to do |
|
| 14:26 | compare and contrast to how peptides and work relative or differently than the steroids |
|
| 14:32 | . So, it will happen. think it's next lecture. All |
|
| 14:36 | so this is true. This this right here is true regardless of the |
|
| 14:42 | system. Alright. And my goal not to make you memorize every single |
|
| 14:46 | receptor. There's lots of them for G proteins. There's there's about 5000 |
|
| 14:52 | g protein coupled receptors. So what wanna do is I just want to |
|
| 14:55 | you the steps and I'm gonna show how to learn this. So it's |
|
| 14:57 | , okay, there's a piece of stuff. If I know these |
|
| 15:00 | it doesn't matter what type of system looking at. First thing is the |
|
| 15:03 | needs to be recognized by the receptor comes along, binds the receptor that's |
|
| 15:08 | to cause a change in the shape the receptor, which is going to |
|
| 15:11 | how it's interacting with other proteins. . And what's going to happen is |
|
| 15:15 | outside signal causes that inside change. then results in an inside signal, |
|
| 15:21 | call the second messenger. So the is technically the first message down |
|
| 15:27 | we're producing a second message and then second message is responsible for creating a |
|
| 15:33 | of events, a transmission of the . And so there's an amplification |
|
| 15:39 | This slide doesn't show it and I think I'll give you a slide that |
|
| 15:41 | does. But you can think about like this. And I'm making up |
|
| 15:43 | . So don't use these numbers. one molecule can turn on 10 of |
|
| 15:47 | . 10 of these can turn on of these 100 these can turn on |
|
| 15:51 | of those, 1000 of those can on 10,000 of those. So a |
|
| 15:55 | molecule single Ligon can create a massive in a cell. You guys have |
|
| 16:00 | idea what your concentration of many of home runs in your body are what |
|
| 16:04 | I mean, if you had moller you can work your way down. |
|
| 16:07 | you have any idea where that range be anyone want to take a |
|
| 16:13 | Okay. Speaking of it, it's pity. That's what PICO means. |
|
| 16:18 | super tiny, very low. Once get transmission, that's when you're going |
|
| 16:25 | change the activity of downstream targets. right, you can turn on or |
|
| 16:30 | off things, you can move things that they trans locate two different |
|
| 16:33 | So, for example, if they're in the in the cytoplasm, that |
|
| 16:36 | be trans located nucleus to do work then you're gonna get some sort of |
|
| 16:41 | once you change the activity of that target. Yeah. Mhm serious. |
|
| 16:50 | this particular pathway. So you're it's to be cyclic A. M. |
|
| 16:55 | . All right. But I'm gonna gonna hopefully show you here is like |
|
| 16:58 | of a generic You learn the generic then you can apply it all the |
|
| 17:02 | . Okay? It went. Or mostly, I'll show you a couple |
|
| 17:09 | different ones just so that you can that broad understanding. And there's two |
|
| 17:13 | at least the G protein coupled receptors I want you guys to know. |
|
| 17:16 | right. If you don't know cycling is Dennis c'mon phosphate where you take |
|
| 17:22 | phosphate group and you bend it back itself and re attach it to the |
|
| 17:26 | . So you have that cycling portion finally anything you turn off. You |
|
| 17:31 | or anything you turn on. You to turn off. If you're one |
|
| 17:34 | those people that walks out of room turning off the light, you're failing |
|
| 17:38 | here. Alright, My kids right? So everything turned that every |
|
| 17:46 | that gets turned on must be turned . And so there's some sort of |
|
| 17:49 | mechanism that allows that to happen. , I got this big blank slide |
|
| 17:53 | we're going to try to draw this . I'm watching the clock. I've |
|
| 17:57 | 20 minutes. I think I only like four slides left. I don't |
|
| 17:59 | . Something like that. Somebody just up really for us out here. |
|
| 18:05 | right. Please forgive my artistic endeavors I was supposed to be an art |
|
| 18:15 | . Well, I wouldn't be teaching . All right. What we're gonna |
|
| 18:18 | is we're gonna start off with the membrane. Yeah, That looks like |
|
| 18:23 | plan. Remember? Good enough. the plaza memory. And we have |
|
| 18:27 | receptor. Mhm. We're going to it a big capital are for |
|
| 18:32 | Alright, what binds to the receptor ligand? Very good ligand is |
|
| 18:38 | I don't care how you pronounce I had a boss. You mispronounced |
|
| 18:40 | sorts of words all the time around . And so I start pronouncing words |
|
| 18:44 | and people look at me funny. right, So that's the leg in |
|
| 18:48 | , Ligon, whatever it binds to receptor. What the receptor does. |
|
| 18:52 | goes through that confirmation. I'll change it changes its interaction with some sort |
|
| 18:57 | molecule. Alright, usually this is sort of enzyme. So, I'm |
|
| 19:01 | give it an E. N. I'll put easy for enzyme. All |
|
| 19:06 | now, this enzyme usually associate with plasma membrane. Not always, but |
|
| 19:11 | , And what it will do is will probably cause some sort of downstream |
|
| 19:16 | so that you can produce usually a messenger. So, there's your second |
|
| 19:24 | . All right, now, there be two enzymes. There there might |
|
| 19:26 | one enzyme. There might be three . But I just want you to |
|
| 19:30 | of get that sense that there is between the receptor in the second |
|
| 19:35 | That second messenger then goes and interact another molecule. What we call what |
|
| 19:41 | should we give it? Goddamn I'll it a square come down square |
|
| 19:46 | What we call the effect. Er is the effect to do? It |
|
| 19:52 | the the effect. All right. do biologists do? Their simple people |
|
| 20:01 | ? Thanks for what they do for they look like? All right. |
|
| 20:04 | basically the process. So, you're to cause the effect. If you |
|
| 20:08 | this, you understand every signaling pathway you're ever going to encounter. All |
|
| 20:17 | now, sometimes, like in those aces, right? The receptor in |
|
| 20:21 | enzyme are one molecule. Right? okay. Sometime there's multiple enzymes along |
|
| 20:29 | pathway. That's okay. But if understand this ligand binds receptor receptor changes |
|
| 20:34 | shape creates an interaction that's different with enzymes that's going to cause a cascade |
|
| 20:40 | ultimately results in the production of a messenger. The second messengers responsible for |
|
| 20:45 | with the effect and the effect causes effect. You've just learned every single |
|
| 20:50 | pathway in the body. Now you do is just terrible. And I'll |
|
| 20:55 | on the test. We'll just show . Okay, So here, I |
|
| 21:01 | know why I'm going. This is litigator channel. All right. So |
|
| 21:06 | we can get the channels. The one ever. All right. We've |
|
| 21:10 | seen this in essence here is the . It's being released into the neuromuscular |
|
| 21:16 | binding to its receptor causes the channel open notice there's no enzyme or anything |
|
| 21:21 | . This is like even before What happens is that sodium comes in |
|
| 21:25 | causes an action potential. This muscle response. Alright, so, that's |
|
| 21:31 | the easy mode that's taking a key putting it into the doorway so that |
|
| 21:34 | gonna open the door. That's the mode one. Okay, G protein |
|
| 21:41 | receptors. Alright. Seven trans men region. That's what characterizes them. |
|
| 21:47 | have a region that sits on the . That's the internal region that binds |
|
| 21:51 | Liggan. You have an internal region interacting with some sort of protein on |
|
| 21:54 | inside hint you're called a G protein receptors. What do you think you |
|
| 21:58 | coupled with a G protein? See . All right. So, this |
|
| 22:06 | about a G protein. What's the protein? Well, the G protein |
|
| 22:09 | a Try Merrick protein, meaning it three parts It's hetero Try Merrick. |
|
| 22:15 | all three parts are different. All . We have an alpha subunit abated |
|
| 22:19 | gamma subunit. All right. when it's inactive, it's kind of |
|
| 22:22 | out over here with that C terminal on the G protein coupled receptors. |
|
| 22:28 | then what happens is is that when activated, it kicks out GDP which |
|
| 22:32 | bound up to alpha subunit and that is replaced by GTP. Now, |
|
| 22:38 | G protein is a GTP ace. , see there's your enzyme. All |
|
| 22:44 | . So, what it wants to . It wants to cleave this tri |
|
| 22:49 | and turn it into a die It just needs some sort of substrate |
|
| 22:53 | do or not. Substrate with some of interaction to allow that to |
|
| 22:57 | So what it does is it goes find something so that it can have |
|
| 23:00 | G. T. P. Activity releases the energy to help create |
|
| 23:04 | second messenger. So again it might the next step. It might be |
|
| 23:07 | step after that. We don't care basically working here. And so now |
|
| 23:11 | in our inactive form. And when are in active form we want to |
|
| 23:13 | back together and hang out with beta gamma. This is the simplistic |
|
| 23:17 | Beta and gamma View stuff as We're not gonna worry about that. |
|
| 23:22 | here's an example of the G protein receptors. Right here's your G protein |
|
| 23:29 | leg comes along binds it, kick the GDP for GTP that activates the |
|
| 23:34 | . The alpha subunit says, hey , there's an enzyme I want to |
|
| 23:37 | interact with. So I'm gonna go out with that beta gamma. I'll |
|
| 23:40 | in a little bit. So it that. Now what we have is |
|
| 23:43 | have the energy here that can activate enzyme. That enzyme can now do |
|
| 23:47 | . And so it starts making things it happens to make, Right, |
|
| 23:52 | look here's beta gamma. Look what doing. It's interacting with another |
|
| 23:55 | So we have another pathway that's being . All right. But this is |
|
| 24:00 | basic pathway. The most common type through an Admiral cyclists. So, |
|
| 24:07 | love trying to say this word A little a little a little Go |
|
| 24:11 | . Thanks. Morning. We're not it. We're just showing the |
|
| 24:16 | So we're showing the first two Let's move on to where we get |
|
| 24:21 | second messenger. Okay look, it's very first one we looked at |
|
| 24:26 | Sorry, ligand receptor G protein activate G protein goes and activates an |
|
| 24:31 | The enzyme is added nil cyclists. it does it takes ATP cleaves off |
|
| 24:37 | first two phosphates, kicks him to curb and then it bends that last |
|
| 24:44 | back on itself. So you end with cyclic GMP. I have now |
|
| 24:47 | my second messenger. Second messenger can act on. And this is very |
|
| 24:53 | for this pathway. Admiral cyclist results the production of cyclic GMP. Cyclic |
|
| 24:58 | interacts with protein kinase. A again just asked a simple question. If |
|
| 25:02 | have something named protein kind of what are the odds that something is |
|
| 25:05 | ? Protein can be pretty good and is a protein can be the protein |
|
| 25:12 | protein S. D. But the here is real simple receptor ligand activate |
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| 25:19 | protein activated enzyme make second messenger. on the effect. Er Yes |
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| 25:24 | So the key is the yeah. in this particular case is the |
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| 25:29 | So here is just trying to show look here's a cycling KMP binding to |
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| 25:33 | a again, piquet has two different as a catalytic subunit regulatory subunits. |
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| 25:39 | cyclic GMP buys regulatory releases the catalytic doesn't know stuff. What stuff does |
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| 25:44 | do stuff. Oh, look, an example of stuff. All |
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| 25:50 | I mean, you can see here going in. I'm catalyzing the |
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| 25:54 | I'm taking something that isn't foster I'm foster relating it when I foster |
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| 25:58 | molecule. What am I doing? else? Say again later. I |
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| 26:05 | hear Damascus interfering, so speak Because you're right, you're adding a |
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| 26:13 | . But to what purpose, what does the phosphate do its energy? |
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| 26:17 | it changes the activity of whatever that is doing. So if it's turned |
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| 26:22 | adding a phosphate, turns it If it's turned on, adding phosphate |
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| 26:26 | turn it off. So, we think in terms of adding phosphates to |
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| 26:30 | things on. But that's not always case. All right. Oh, |
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| 26:34 | , once I've turned this one look what it does it goes and |
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| 26:37 | on something else. Or in this . Yeah, I think that's the |
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| 26:42 | form. So here's the active there's the inactive form. So see |
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| 26:45 | creating a cascade of events downstream. right, so that's the simple |
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| 26:52 | This is another one. This is foss photo diary. So the first |
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| 26:57 | was Admiral cyclists. What's this what's thing right here receptor. Okay, |
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| 27:05 | , what we can't see in Is that there's actually a ligand already |
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| 27:08 | with it. This was the very G protein coupled receptor pathway discovered in |
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| 27:12 | eye. So here's light. Light on changes the shape of the |
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| 27:15 | Already bound in place. The energy light causes a change in the |
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| 27:19 | changes shape of ligand causes change in shape of the receptor, changes shape |
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| 27:23 | the receptor, changes its interaction with G protein. Turn on the G |
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| 27:28 | it goes and activates another enzyme called ods. To raise what's falsified. |
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| 27:34 | illustrates too well what it does it a cyclical molecules called cyclic GMP cleaves |
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| 27:40 | that cyclical part so that it's normal . And what it does is it |
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| 27:44 | an open channel from being open. we'll get to the eye when we |
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| 27:48 | to the eye. But that's just you. You see receptor with |
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| 27:54 | G protein enzyme, 2nd messenger being up. Here's another one. G |
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| 28:02 | ligand or sorry, G protein coupled . G protein ligand. We got |
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| 28:08 | there. What's that? It's an you want to know the name of |
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| 28:14 | . Fossil Lipsey bingo. And what like a C if you look at |
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| 28:20 | and you're like, I'm so I don't know. Foster like a |
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| 28:22 | What is the plasma membrane made up foster lipids. So what is Foster |
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| 28:27 | based do it says? Oh I I like that fossil lipid. I'm |
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| 28:30 | cut it in half and I'm gonna to molecules out of it. One |
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| 28:33 | gonna use for signaling and the other I'm gonna send us something else to |
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| 28:36 | other signaling done. So that's in what it does. So the molecule |
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| 28:40 | it takes is a non title Did we see that molecule before? |
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| 28:48 | we did. And what I pointed at the beginning so here's that horrible |
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| 28:52 | . And what it does it takes . P. Three R. Sorry |
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| 28:56 | . To sits hospital uh Hospital Die . It takes that cleaves it in |
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| 29:03 | . So you get I. Three hospital triphosphate and diocese glycerol. |
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| 29:08 | cholesterol activates protein kind A C. goes and does stuff. I. |
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| 29:12 | . Three binds to an internal channel allows calcium to come out. So |
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| 29:16 | changing activity inside the cell. Go . It's not doing anything. All |
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| 29:26 | now I'm going to time out there a second because I'm not going to |
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| 29:29 | you. So do not record I mean I'm recording it but do |
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| 29:34 | . There are active GTP S or . Protein. So they're activators. |
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| 29:39 | in activators or repressors. There are five or six different categories that have |
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| 29:45 | types of activities that turn things on turn things off so it's just there |
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| 29:49 | confuse you even further. So we're it simple and just saying G proteins |
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| 29:54 | things on thanks because it's much easier way. But when you come across |
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| 30:00 | g knots and the G. S. You're like okay, I |
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| 30:05 | told this, He warned me there . Okay, this is a little |
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| 30:12 | closer look at it, just showing . So what happened here is I |
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| 30:15 | calcium. What is calcium do? binds to an effect er Called cal |
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| 30:20 | in calcium cal modulation is the other I want you to be aware |
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| 30:25 | Okay, so this pathway plus this , the two most important in terms |
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| 30:31 | the G proteins. So what happens is how module um binds up and |
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| 30:35 | it can activate or inactivate other molecules . So cal module is the |
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| 30:40 | Er But you don't get an activity calcium comes around. So in this |
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| 30:46 | calcium serves as a second messenger. . Oh my goodness. Because not |
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| 30:53 | are economic acid is have you ever of it? When you hear racket |
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| 30:57 | acid? What it sounds like Yeah, I don't know why it's |
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| 31:01 | the economic acid. Alright, Economic acid. And you can see |
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| 31:04 | picture right, there are economic acid a very very long fatty acid. |
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| 31:08 | right, so when you think of those foster lipids with those fatty acid |
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| 31:12 | , one of those tails could be record tonic acid, all you gotta |
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| 31:15 | is get an enzyme that pulls that economic acid out and then there are |
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| 31:19 | enzymes that will convert or economic acid other signaling molecules that are fat molecules |
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| 31:24 | the casa noise. All right I just want to show this to |
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| 31:29 | because again, it's the same sort pathways, right? It's nothing here |
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| 31:34 | I want you to memorize. But idea is like here's a licking, |
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| 31:37 | a receptor, there's a G here's fossil life pace a cleaving the |
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| 31:44 | lipid to get out or academic acid then other enzymes are in place so |
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| 31:49 | you can make these other signaling molecules can do stuff. So it follows |
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| 31:54 | pattern that we just learned. there's other stuff over here that's going |
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| 31:59 | . Here's that fuss like his be A. G. That can make |
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| 32:03 | racket on a castle. Now, economic acid is like I said, |
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| 32:08 | has all these different pathways. You heard of the prostaglandins? Alright. |
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| 32:14 | cause muscle contraction, smooth muscle Have you ever heard of the Lakota |
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| 32:20 | ? Maybe not. This was a bit more difficult to play the role |
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| 32:22 | blood clotting. Um process cyclists from is another one you've heard of throwing |
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| 32:30 | . This plays a role in blood as well. Have you ever taken |
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| 32:37 | ? All right. Do you know aspirin does right there? That's where |
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| 32:44 | it's even showing you ece something salicylic , I can remember. Siegel salicylic |
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| 32:51 | that. Right, okay. Remember aspirin. Aspirin interferes irreversible with Cox |
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| 32:57 | . You block Cox two. You turn our economic acid any of these |
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| 33:01 | so you can reduce inflammation. You reduce blood clotting. So, you |
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| 33:04 | if you have thin blood That's a thing. Right. And then what |
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| 33:08 | do is you have to replace all Cox two that's been bound up. |
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| 33:12 | don't even know that. I just of school. All right. So |
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| 33:15 | covered a lot of ground the key from today. Right. Understanding |
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| 33:22 | understanding basic cell signaling, right? those signaling cascades through receptors. So |
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| 33:28 | cells talk to each other. And I think that basically covers |
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| 33:34 | Are there any questions? No. guys ready to sweat across the |
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| 33:39 | No. Yeah. All right. will see you on thursday. You |
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| 33:46 | have a great day. Mhm. |
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