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00:03 Alright, y'all. So welcome back spring break. Did anyone have fun

00:09 did you all work? You wanna fun? No one had fun.

00:14 head is good for you, shame the rest of y'all we give you

00:20 week to go out and be crazy have fun. And what do you

00:23 ? I'm gonna stay at home. gonna sleep in. No. You're

00:26 to come back even more tired. . No one made any road trips

00:32 Mexico. Just like on a Yeah, youth is wasted on the

00:46 . All right, let's see what got going on here. There we

00:53 . Alright, so um when we , which was like a week

00:58 a long time ago, Do you know what we're talking about? One

01:02 talking about this muscles. Yeah, talking about this right here. So

01:06 is a repeat here. Just to you of what we're talking about.

01:10 looking at a muscle fiber and we're the question how does a contraction take

01:14 ? And we said, look, start with the action potential number

01:17 that acts potential cause the release of from the axon terminal. That calcium

01:24 Sorry, calcium goes into the action . Maybe we should just start

01:29 Good morning class. Alright, so we are at the axon terminal acts

01:34 travels down the the axon terminal down the axon terminal opens up calcium

01:39 Calcium flows into the axon terminal causes movement of the vesicles to the synaptic

01:47 for the motor in plate. The released into the motor in plate so

01:52 , everything should be good that causes opening of channels in the muscle

01:58 which then results in accidents that travels the length of the muscle, down

02:02 the T tubules, which stimulates I I have it on the next slide

02:07 I just moved to the slides, stimulates the opening of channels that allows

02:13 to flow out of the cytoplasmic particular into the cell. And then that

02:19 binds to troponin, which causes the of Triple my Son out of the

02:23 , which allows academics and move which gives you that contraction.

02:28 So the reason I went through all this one is kind of shaking up

02:31 wake you up. Right. But two is to help us understand when

02:35 create a contraction, that's all the of an action potential. So as

02:40 I'm sending signals to a muscle that's cause a contraction and it stays in

02:44 contracted state, I have to have way to make that muscle relax

02:50 And so how do I get it relax? And that was what the

02:52 light is, what we're talking And what we left off at was

02:56 . And simply simply put if I sending action potentials, then all those

03:04 that we described ceased to happen. when those steps ceased to happen,

03:09 that's going to allow for the relaxation the muscle. Now, clearly,

03:14 key thing in all of this is being released from the psycho plasma

03:18 Um As long as I have calcium the cytoplasm, my muscles going to

03:22 in the contracted state right? Because just creates that condition to allow for

03:26 mice and the action to come So what we have to do is

03:30 really have to get rid of that . So when I stopped sending action

03:33 , all those states occur where you close the gates to that psycho plasma

03:39 . Um But you still have calcium , so you need pumps to move

03:42 pumps or to move the calcium back the sarko Plaza in particular. And

03:46 that's what we have. We have . Alright. The pump is dependent

03:51 A T. P. Well, now there's 80 P. Again remember

03:54 said a teepee doesn't cause a It allows you to break the bonds

03:57 that you can sustain a contraction. ? And then so here again,

04:02 a teepee again, being important, necessary because you have to have energy

04:07 power the pumps. And so that's we have. And these pumps are

04:11 circuit pumps. You don't need to the name. Alright, I'm not

04:14 ask you but why are they called pumps? Smooth endo plasmid particular calcium

04:19 . That's where the name comes so circus. Alright, so what

04:24 do is they pump the calcium back no calcium available, that means you're

04:28 longer binding up troponin, no troponin bound up. There's no internet or

04:33 or interaction between mice and and And so because that happens, that

04:37 the muscle goes back into that state relaxation, it returns back to its

04:42 state. All right now, if recall we had proteins that were part

04:48 the um sarcoma here, right? allowed us to spring back into its

04:53 position. And so that's why you back to those original positions. So

04:58 relaxation simply is the removal of an potential. So if you have no

05:03 potentials here that means you have no potentials here. So that means the

05:06 which are always active and always turned are going to be able to overcome

05:14 calcium. That's in the cytoplasm. I don't know how many of you

05:17 hear way back there. The conversation having here at the beginning of

05:20 Alright. I went to school in Orleans during one of my finals weeks

05:25 one of my finals I think it my junior year. I can't remember

05:28 um It rained so hard like it this morning that the water in the

05:35 got up to about this deep. ? And so I had to wait

05:39 a final with the water up to mid thigh right? And it's not

05:43 in new Orleans. Alright. New in the bathtub and they have in

05:49 city, a system of pumps that always turned on to pump the water

05:55 . Otherwise there'd be water in the of New Orleans all the time.

05:58 what failed during Katrina. Were those . That's what circles like their pumps

06:05 are always turned on and they're always calcium up. Just which way is

06:10 calcium flowing flowing out faster? Is being pumped in faster? Is the

06:14 that really goes on. So when is taking place, when there's no

06:19 potentials, the pumps in our faster the flow of calcium out.

06:25 obviously a teepee is essential for muscle . Alright. We saw it in

06:31 of breaking the cross bridge. We've it here with circa. Alright,

06:35 eight Ep is important. You need have energy in order for the muscles

06:39 contract. But it's not the reason the contraction, calcium is the reason

06:42 the contraction. Alright, so the is is that a T.

06:48 Needs to be stored up in It's not just carried it anywhere and

06:53 . You make it in the cell you have a finite storage.

06:57 It's like putting things into your There's only so much space in the

07:02 . All right. And so we a couple of different systems that ensures

07:06 we have enough a TP to actually the muscles to do stuff. And

07:10 when you run out of the T. P. Rather than your

07:13 shutting down and dying before you get that point. You have a system

07:18 causes what is what we call fatigue basically says stop doing what you're

07:22 You can't do anymore because there's no energy going to be available to you

07:26 . Alright. But really what we is we have three systems in

07:30 We have immediate response or an immediate . This is the foster jin

07:36 You know, you can think of like when you go into your

07:39 you have granola bars to snack When you're hungry. You don't have

07:41 do anything. It's just there. ? You have short term supplies.

07:48 ? So here the short short term when you have to do something.

07:52 maybe that's like microwave, macaroni and . I don't know. You

07:56 I have to work real hard. you do have to wait a little

07:58 for it to happen. All And then the third is the long

08:01 supplies. This is when you go the fridge and you're like,

08:03 I'm making an actual meal and there's be multiple steps and it does take

08:07 it's gonna take me more than 30 to get there. All right.

08:10 , when you think of these think in terms of how quick can

08:13 get the energy available for the muscles use. So the immediate is what

08:17 referred to as a foster region. can see here they're kind of broken

08:21 here. Uh This would be the term and then this is kind of

08:25 or sorry, this is the immediate . That would be the short

08:27 This is the long term. And pictures are not in the least bit

08:32 . But hopefully I can try to you through them to understand what they

08:36 . All right. So the phosphate system actually is a is a multitude

08:40 different sort of biochemical reactions that can place. The easy one is this

08:45 . Look it says as long as Tps around I can use it.

08:48 can break it. And I get ADP and my inorganic phosphate. You're

08:52 see in the slide here. This that looks like pie. It's really

08:55 I just at some point when I it over, it took the subscript

08:59 lifted up. So it looks like . It's inorganic phosphate for T.

09:03 the subscript. I. Alright, whenever you break A T.

09:06 So, you can imagine I'm just make up a number. Let's say

09:09 a cell can hold 100 80 All right. So, when we're

09:13 that, that's what we're referring to that in that cell there's this finite

09:18 of a teepee that you can use that muscle cell fiber. Alright,

09:23 that's the immediate use these are stored energy that gives you about 5-6 seconds

09:27 energy. So you can already see this can be problematic if this is

09:32 you're reliant on right Now. What can do is once you break the

09:38 you're gonna have a teepee. I'm just gonna make you call back

09:42 when we talked about 80 p. the beginning of the semester when we

09:46 at these nucleotides and really understanding that we're looking at here is a sugar

09:50 with this nitrogenous base with a series phosphates. So when you see a

09:55 , that's three phosphates, right tees try when you see d that's di

10:00 two phosphates. And when you see that's one mono. All right.

10:04 , you're just thinking of this as tale of phosphates. So, what

10:06 done is I've cleaved off the last . So now I have to.

10:10 what I can do is I can have these two phosphates and I can

10:14 on a phosphate again and make a . Or I can take off another

10:17 and make A and P. And what the Maya keen system does.

10:21 cockiness is an enzyme and it look, I need a T.

10:25 . I've got this ADP sitting I got lots of it now because

10:29 broken the whole bunch up and I really have time to go back and

10:34 another inorganic phosphate and and add it the ADP to make the A.

10:38 . P. Instead. What I'm do is I'm gonna take two of

10:39 80 ps. I'm gonna bring them . I'm gonna take off one of

10:42 phosphates here and then I added on the to the ADP over there to

10:46 the A. T. P. so what I'm left with is a

10:50 . The one with just one Alright, so this is kind of

10:54 like oh well you know rather than the time to actually go back and

10:58 the reverse of this, I'm just to just make some hp as quick

11:02 I can. Which means now we more work to do in the long

11:05 but at least I got two seconds energy out of that. Alright,

11:09 away from the tiger. I'm not to die. I get extra two

11:13 . All right. But that's still very efficient. So the most efficient

11:19 that we can do this is if can store up extra A.

11:21 P. The problem is we don't finite space. Right? We we

11:25 we said there's only making it the again like 180 p. But we

11:30 this other molecule called creatine. Not creating Korea. People creatine can

11:36 phosphor elated and serve as a storage energy and so I'm just gonna make

11:40 a number again. Let's just say 100 creatine inside the cell. And

11:45 what I can do is you can that there's a balance between a teepee

11:49 creatinine if I have created and I 100 80 P. I can transfer

11:54 phosphate from a TP to make creatine . So I can make 100 creatine

11:59 . And then I have this ADP I can then reload with phosphates and

12:02 I have 100 80 ps. So I have 180 p. 100 creating

12:08 . And each of those creatine phosphate basically stored right? Because I can

12:13 the reverse equation here. I can creatine phosphate and ADP and make a

12:19 again. Did I say that I think I said ADP twice.

12:23 like creatine phosphate released the phosphate from added to the A. D.

12:28 . And make a teepee. So I had 100 of 80 P.

12:32 can burn through those. But then can take the product that a.

12:35 . P. Up here and I take the creatine phosphate. And with

12:39 right enzyme I can make more 80 . So I can effectively have a

12:43 pool of 80 P readily available very quickly. This provides about 10 -

12:49 seconds. So you can think about you're sprinting, right, what are

12:54 gonna do? You're gonna burn through first available 80 P. You're probably

12:58 burn through that and then you're gonna down to this where it's like okay

13:01 desperate after about 12 seconds. That's it's like, your body is

13:05 I'm not gonna let you run anymore this speed, you're done. Go

13:09 down on the floor and die for second at least. That's how I

13:14 . Alright, so, you see immediate, Do you see the three

13:17 of mechanisms a little bit complex? the idea is, is I've got

13:20 teepee available through a couple of different is what I'm trying to get

13:25 ultimately this is what we're trying to to so that we can break

13:30 Yes, no one heads nodding one coming on maybe. All right.

13:38 right, Here's the good news is don't need to know every step in

13:42 black allergic pathway and or the glucose pathway. Some classes love to spend

13:49 with this. Thinking, this is biology class. It's not a biology

13:52 . It's vanity class. Even though do a lot of physiology in

13:55 Right. And really what this says , look, if I take a

13:59 of glucose, glucose is basically a carbon molecule that has a ton of

14:04 in it. And what I'm gonna is I'm gonna break that glucose molecule

14:07 and I'm gonna release the energy and smaller carbon molecules out of the

14:12 Alright. And what this does not you is the pathways if you've ever

14:17 a biology class, that is probably one primary thing you learn when you're

14:21 with metabolism, everyone, let's learn metabolism and it says, look,

14:25 start over here with a molecule of and in the end I get a

14:28 bunch of a teepee And there's like steps to it. All right.

14:33 , we don't need to worry about . All right. What I want

14:36 focus on is when auction is available when oxygen is not available.

14:41 So, in terms of short if I need immediate oxygen, I

14:48 want to go through the 50 some steps to make the ATP.

14:54 if I started glucose and go through these steps all the way.

14:57 they're actually seeing here is a political part of it. You can say

15:02 a bunch of steps here, then a whole bunch of steps here to

15:05 down to there. And what we're is we're saying, no, I'm

15:08 gonna go all do all these extra down here. What I'm gonna do

15:11 I'm gonna start here and use an step and I'm gonna release or create

15:16 enough a TP to keep things All right. And so, what

15:19 says is, you know, out this, out of the glucose.

15:22 I do is I make two molecules a teepee. That's not a really

15:26 investment. I mean if you're investing like this, you're making money,

15:30 you're not you're not getting rich, , you're keeping your head above

15:36 All right. What you want to is when you put glucose in,

15:40 want to get a lot out, want it's just like money. So

15:42 put a dollar in. I want times what I put in. That

15:46 be that is good money right I mean, that's Bitcoin. If

15:50 bought it when it was a Bitcoin worth a pizza and there was a

15:55 when it was the very first purchase a pizza. A large pizza with

16:00 bit point Today, it's worth Yeah, He got as high as

16:07 . Anyway, so in the short , what we're doing is we're circumventing

16:12 these later steps and it's independent of . In other words, I don't

16:17 oxygen to make a teepee. If stop early, I'll just get what

16:22 get out of it Now, your doesn't want to do this. This

16:25 a last resort. In other it says when I am desperate for

16:29 T. P. I am willing go the anaerobic pathway. But normally

16:35 I want to do is I want use the aerobic pathway. I want

16:38 use oxygen and really what oxygen is as is a is a receiver of

16:45 in this really is a receiver of . Alright. And so the idea

16:49 is I'm gonna start with glucose and in the presence of oxygen when oxygen

16:53 present, I'm able to do all different steps down here and in the

16:57 I'm able to make a bunch of . This is what ourselves want to

17:05 . Alright. And this is why have a respiratory system, right?

17:09 is why you have a circulatory Because what you're doing is you're providing

17:14 oxygen to the muscle cells and the cells in the body so that it

17:19 use this pathway. Otherwise it'll take to get the oxygen there.

17:24 One of the things that we do that we're not going to be dependent

17:28 on our breathing to get the oxygen to our muscles, right? If

17:32 walking across the street and not paying with your head down, looking at

17:35 phone, trying to decide which picture . Well, I don't know what

17:39 is that you're looking at. I've figured it out but And you're walking

17:48 and all of a sudden it starts like this or that bus starts honking

17:52 you as it slides through the wet . Are you going to want to

17:56 for your respiratory system to deliver the to your muscles for them to start

18:01 anyone anyone know know? And so we have is we have a storage

18:05 . Myoglobin, we mentioned this Myoglobin is a molecule similar to

18:10 hemoglobin is the molecule in red blood that holds on to oxygen and allows

18:14 to be delivered in the body. is very similar to that. And

18:17 sits in all your muscle cells and allows you to store up oxygen for

18:22 pathway. So, the purpose of is too keep providing the oxygen once

18:27 start using it. All right. , we have these immediate term very

18:35 quick. We have the long term is preferred. But then in case

18:41 emergency, that last resort we have short term to make a small amount

18:45 ATP available. So eight ep is . We needed to pump. We

18:54 to help break down or break the bridges when we're talking about muzzles and

19:00 we've talked about up to this point in relation to skeletal muscle. And

19:09 we're starting a new lecture that we to start when we got here.

19:15 , there are three types of muscles the body, skeletal muscle and smooth

19:21 cardiac. Now, everything I talked skeletal muscles almost true for cardiac muscle

19:26 you get to a and p. and they talk about cardiac muscle nine

19:30 out of 10. They don't even about uh stuff inside the cardiac muscle

19:35 . There's some small differences but functionally exactly the same. Alright.

19:40 you've already learned that smooth muscle also . Alright. But structurally it's very

19:49 . All right. And so, can see here in the little cartoons

19:55 what they've done. The artist has something that looks a lot like a

19:58 that's been wrapped up, You know I'm talking about? It's like get

20:02 string, you wrap up the ham that's kind of what you see

20:06 And so what we're looking at is looking at a cell or series of

20:09 that are very, very small that interacting with one another. And so

20:13 create the spindle like shapes. That's individual cell that you're looking at.

20:17 remember we said with scout smells were nuclear. And the reason we're multi

20:20 , we took a whole bunch of cells and we merged them together during

20:23 , create large cells. Right? here we're not doing that, each

20:28 cell stays apart. Alright. It's small. There is no sarcasm

20:33 When we looked at the skeletal we could say from this point to

20:36 point, Z line is the line a sarcoma. We don't have sarcoma

20:40 because we don't have Z lines. because we're looking at individual cells,

20:43 do have the same proteins though that up Z lines. And what they

20:47 is they create these structures called dense . And so in our low

20:52 they're represented by these maroon ish looking . Alright. And here they're held

20:57 place. So dense bodies don't just around. They're held in place by

21:00 filaments and between each dense body are thick and thin filaments that we saw

21:06 the skeletal muscles. They're just different . There's also some intermediate filaments that

21:10 associated there. All right now, thick filaments are gonna be a little

21:15 longer than they are in skeletal All right. And they're actually a

21:19 type of miocene. But we're not explain all that in detail. If

21:23 get human fizz, I get to you with that. But just think

21:28 . All right, The thin filaments very similar. The difference is that

21:31 lack that proponents. Remember what was purpose of the troponin? It's that

21:36 molecule that moves triple my son out the way. Alright, So,

21:40 we're really kind of suggesting here is my son and acting are in close

21:44 with each other. They're just not . They don't need to have that

21:49 molecule in the way. So, don't have troponin. You don't need

21:55 to bind a troponin. That would you think that you don't need

22:01 But you do. So, it matter which muscle system. You look

22:04 your always gonna need calcium. You're gonna need a T. P.

22:08 just how is the calcium used to these types of contractions? Alright,

22:12 that's kind of the thing that we of look for here. So,

22:15 couple of other things that are a bit different. Alright, smooth

22:18 Each of the individual cells are connected each other by mechanical junctions. All

22:22 . And sometimes there will be coupled junctions. In other words, basically

22:28 one contracts that causes the opening of channel or an opening of a gap

22:32 to allow the next cell to be by the cell that was being

22:37 It does have a circle plaza in . Um So we are sequestering right

22:42 . Now, what we're gonna do we're going to find that that these

22:45 soccer players are particularly closely associated with imaginations called cal viola. And you

22:50 see them kind of being shown around edges here. So they're kind of

22:54 near the surface. But we don't any T tubules. We don't need

22:58 . All right, because we don't big cells. We have these itsy

23:00 tiny cells. So, an action along the surface is can stimulate right

23:05 those calvi oli to cause the opening the cytoplasmic, particularly now where you

23:11 smooth muscle is specifically in the hollow of the body. Alright, so

23:17 easy hollow organ to think about The digestive track. Right? That's

23:20 big giant tube that goes through your . But your blood vessels are hollow

23:24 . The respiratory system is hollow The kidneys have hollow is a hollow

23:28 . Alright, so all these different in your bodies are gonna take advantage

23:33 the this stuff. And typically what gonna see when you look at a

23:36 organ is you're going to see two of muscle fibers. All right.

23:41 you can imagine these are fibers that coming out of the screen and moving

23:44 you. And then these are fibers are moving around the organ.

23:51 you can think about like this here's hollow organ. This inner layer is

23:55 a loop of smooth muscle. So would be a layer of epithelium layer

24:00 connective tissue, then a layer of muscle, then another layer of smooth

24:04 going out towards you guys. And there'd be some other connective tissue and

24:07 stuff going along on the outside of that. All right now, there

24:12 gonna be some systems where it's not gonna be two layers. You will

24:15 three layers. So don't just put your brain. It's always two layers

24:20 of the time. It's two But it kind of makes it

24:22 It's like one that circles it. that goes lengthwise. Alright.

24:27 if I can track if I have tube and I have a muscle fiber

24:30 goes the length of the tube when contracts, What's it gonna do to

24:32 tube strengths tube. Alright. And I have a muscle fiber that encircles

24:38 tube, what's it gonna do to tube? It's gonna squeeze it?

24:41 , we're looking at basically. Um And I just blanked on the words

24:46 I want to use here. Uh going to see Dylan dilation and

24:52 Alright, constriction of the tube is word that we're looking for.

24:56 So, that would be a That would be dilation. All

25:02 But in terms of length you can tube this way now, why would

25:06 want to do that? Think about I'm digesting. If I squeeze the

25:10 by moving things forward, It creates and motility inside that tube. It's

25:16 of how earthworms move. Which is of cool. They use both these

25:20 of muscle right now. Smooth muscle not controlled by your brain.

25:27 it is controlling events but not consciously . It's involuntarily controlled. So,

25:31 we refer to it as as involuntary . Alright, so, blood flow

25:36 involuntary movement of materials in the digestive urinary tracts involuntary. In other

25:42 you cannot make your digestive tract digest . Right? You can't will it

25:49 going to happen? Okay, It or decreases airflow in the respiratory tract

25:56 those who struggle or have struggled with . You know that you have no

26:01 when that asthma attack happens to make bronchial dilator. You can't make it

26:07 . That's why you need the medicine basically cause that muscle musculature to

26:13 All right. Also contraction and relaxation the uterus during labor and development.

26:18 can't create the contractions in the right? You can only help them

26:23 bearing down that's actually skeletal muscle when trying to deliver a baby. You're

26:28 down using skeletal muscle and you're trying assist the smooth muscle which is doing

26:33 involuntarily. All right, come There we go. So, here's

26:39 scary page. All right. How this work? Alright. We said

26:43 is involved. A T. Is involved but it uses a different

26:49 . All right. And so, you look at this, you're gonna

26:51 wait a second. If you rather freaking out, you can pause at

26:55 for a second. Say wait a . This looks a lot like a

26:57 transaction cascade. And it is all . So, you can imagine an

27:03 potential is stimulating across the surface. other words, what's happened is is

27:09 some sort of stimulus has caused the of a chemical message that opens up

27:14 gated calcium channels. Alright. basically that action potential is gonna go

27:19 the surface and cause the voltage gated channels to open. What that's gonna

27:24 is it's going to cause an inflow calcium from the outside, which stimulates

27:28 opening of the psycho plasma critical um the inside, which causes more calcium

27:32 be released. So, now, done the first thing that I did

27:35 the other system, right? I've lots of calcium inside the cell.

27:40 . But we don't have proponent to with. Right, calcium. Does

27:45 else here. And what it's doing it's serving as a second messenger to

27:50 an enzyme. This enzyme is Call module in right name calcium modulating

27:58 . That's where the name comes Cal module in how modeling is an

28:02 that when activated activates other proteins. in this case the protein that's being

28:08 is called M. L. K. For short, it's myosin

28:12 chain keens. All right now, easy to get lost in the alphabet

28:20 . Right? But it tells you name mice and light chain canes.

28:23 tells you what it's gonna do is gonna phosphor elit mice and light

28:28 Now, we didn't talk about the of medicine. There's a heavy

28:31 There's a light chain. But what telling you is that it's acting on

28:34 assassin. And so when you activate and light chain kindness, what it

28:40 is that it causes the phosphor relation the miocene head. Now in skeletal

28:47 . What did we do? We a teepee come along and it bound

28:51 and then there's the A T. . A. On the myosin head

28:55 did all the work for breaking the here. It's mice. And light

29:00 kindness that's doing the work. There a TPS on there but it's not

29:05 effective. So it's this other enzyme doing the hard work. And so

29:10 a little bit slower. But what does is it breaks the bonds and

29:13 for the action in the miocene to . And that's when you're going to

29:16 this contraction smooth muscle contractions are a slower than skeletal muscle contractions and it's

29:26 and the reason for that is because . L. C. K.

29:29 . So once you get the mice heads to act they form those cross

29:33 you're gonna get contraction. And that's you get that ham or the cell

29:37 all shrunk up and then you can a whole bunch of cells being stimulated

29:41 do this is going to cause the smooth muscle structure to shrink up.

29:47 right. So before I turn the I know some of you have the

29:49 up but before I turn the how would I relax the smooth

29:54 What do you think if calcium has be released? I have to turn

30:00 cal module and turn on my sunlight kind How do you think I would

30:04 to cause a relaxation of the Exactly. That's what I heard.

30:14 . When I can't hear you I'm gonna pretend like you said the right

30:18 . So I presume you said the thing. How turn off all the

30:21 you turned on. Right. How of you had your father's yelling at

30:25 for leaving the lights on in the when you come in the room?

30:29 on the light. That's fine. when you leave the room, turn

30:32 off wasting electricity. Same thing if turn everything on in order for me

30:37 relax before I leave the room turn off. And so that's what's going

30:40 happen with relaxation basically closed up the channels calcium no longer binds cal module

30:46 . There's no cal modulator activated. no activation of mice and light chain

30:51 . Now, once I have an form, what we don't see in

30:54 of these pictures is that for every that gets activated, there's usually an

30:58 molecule is a molecule that comes along turns it off. So instead of

31:02 turning off the light, your little or little sister is responsible for turning

31:06 the light. Alright. And that's of what happens is something deactivates

31:11 Can imagine something deactivates minus and light kinda But when you've deactivated all those

31:16 this is no longer interacting. And it basically breaks its bonds and it

31:22 as it goes along. So a of features of smooth muscle, the

31:34 relaxation response, This is our favorite around thanksgiving. Alright, what does

31:40 mean basically says as I put pressure the smooth muscles, what it tends

31:45 do instead of fighting against it, relaxes. Alright, this is why

31:50 able to eat three plates of turkey thanksgiving. It's just I'm just gonna

31:54 putting food in, keep putting food the stomach goes okay sure, I'll

31:59 bring it, bring it and then like, okay, I can't do

32:04 . Alright. So it allows the of filler expand slowly to accommodate.

32:09 right, it can effectively function even twice or half its left resting

32:16 Remember skeletal muscle? We said there's this specific length that is efficient.

32:22 we stretch a muscle too far it it inefficient. If we contract a

32:27 it becomes inefficient. Smooth muscle doesn't that. It's actually efficient even at

32:33 or half its length. And the thing that's really cool about uh smooth

32:38 . Not all, but there are of smooth muscle in your body that

32:41 hypertrophic and what that means. Or me, hyper plastic. What that

32:46 is is that they're capable of dividing the one that I have as an

32:49 is a uterus. All right. you take your fist, ladies and

32:53 at your fist that's about the size your uterus. That's probably a little

32:57 bigger than your uterus. Think of newborn child? Is your newborn child

33:02 than your fist? Yeah. That uterus has to accommodate a new

33:10 at full term plus the placenta plus a half gallon of fluid alongside

33:18 I mean You're walking around with that extra pounds of other tissue inside the

33:25 by itself. So it literally stretches . No, it multiplies the cells

33:32 and the smooth muscle cells are part the hyper plastic group that do

33:39 It's kind of cool. And what's cool is after birth? They actually

33:44 just get all stretched to say look stretched. It actually removes excess cells

33:50 shrinks back down to about this Again. Now smooth muscles are gonna

33:59 stimulated through action potentials through the autonomic system. The innovation which we

34:05 We haven't talked about autonomic nervous Like the last thing we talked about

34:08 this unit or not in this unit in the in the course is a

34:12 bit different. Instead of having a in plate. Typically what you have

34:17 the autonomic nervous system has these long uh terminal ends that have these bulges

34:24 the length of those terminal ends. what we call them in the

34:27 Baraka cities. So basically it's a . It's kind of like a motor

34:30 place. But it's not it just of sits and so you can imagine

34:33 like laying rope over a sheet and that those very cost cities, the

34:38 coast is where neurotransmitters released and it's of just flows over the cell and

34:43 there's receptors that's where you're going to stimulation. All right. So you

34:48 necessarily released enough neurotransmitter at a specific to create a contraction. It's there's

34:56 a lot of other dependencies. They you can actually modify the rate and

35:00 of contractions that are already occurring In other words, some of the

35:04 muscles are already going through a series natural contractions without stimulation from the nervous

35:10 . The nervous system just amplifies what's going on there. All right.

35:15 it's very different now in terms of , smooth muscle being Radio one's two

35:23 I can act as a single All right, Alright. Sorry.

35:28 can act in each of the individual can act independently. So, over

35:33 we call this the multi unit. each of these cells you can see

35:37 a very costly over each individual cell the cells themselves are not connected to

35:43 other. So, when I stimulate cell, I'm not necessarily stimulating that

35:46 next to it. All right. we see these? There's so there's

35:52 neuro muscular junction where we see these blood vessels, small airways in the

35:57 , hair follicles, and also in eye. All right. Now,

36:01 you're trying to envision this, let's it this way. Have you ever

36:05 goose bumps on one side of your and not on the other? And

36:08 like, what's going on here? because all those cells are not coupled

36:14 . The hair follicles over here are in the hair follicles over there.

36:18 multi unit. All right. And we're talking about the eyes, we

36:22 can't see what's going on here. each of your eyes are focusing and

36:26 about 3000 times per second. And because of those individual cells contracting and

36:31 independently. So your ability to to down on a piece of paper and

36:36 up and being able to focus instantaneously a function of that. The single

36:42 is when we think of these other , basically all the cells are coupled

36:47 by gap junctions. So, if stimulate this cell, the inflow of

36:53 is going to work through the gap to the nearby cells and cause contractions

36:57 as well. So, they work a single unit. All right.

37:02 so you see the slow contraction spread the entire group of cells, which

37:08 called the Census She um All So, there can be within that

37:15 she um a group of of self cells. But once that cell gets

37:24 whichever one it is, it's gonna all through all the other cells.

37:28 the idea that kind of makes So, you can think about your

37:33 track right? Once I contract a bit of it's gonna cause continued

37:38 That's contractions going to spread and it's to push food forward as an

37:47 So, that's all I need you know about smooth muscle. Right?

37:52 notice completely blowing off cardiac muscle will that to dr ogletree. All

37:58 so, what I want to do I want to come back to skeletal

38:00 because skeletal muscles a little bit more sort of. First off when your

38:09 are attached to bones and the purpose the muscle and skeletal muscle is to

38:13 movement. Either locomotion or to cause of a structure, right? Like

38:20 tongue. Ah Right. That's skeletal , right. There's two parts we

38:26 to something that's called the origin and insertion. The origin is the part

38:30 the muscle that is approximately attached. , you can see up here,

38:34 saying with regard to the bicep, bicep is attached up here,

38:39 And then it's gonna travel down and going to insert in another bone insertion

38:43 the distal attachment. Typically when we're about the origin, this is the

38:50 attachment. You can think of it the anchor. The thing to which

38:53 am pulling another bounty. Alright. insertion is the thing that I'm pulling

38:58 and trying to move. All Typically, this is the fleshy

39:04 So, we're talking about the epic . So, you're going to see

39:08 bulk of the muscle up here and going to see uh basically near the

39:13 . The body is near the attachment . This is what distributes force.

39:19 right. And then down here is you're gonna see the tendon near the

39:23 . Alright. And this is where putting the force. So the bulk

39:29 and I'm sending the force to where want to move the object. So

39:34 near insertion. Far insertion is what trying to move some terms. You'll

39:43 hear when you're talking about muscles, agonist versus antagonist. An agonist is

39:49 muscle or muscle group directly involved in movement. All right. So,

39:54 I am doing a curl, my would be the bicep. All

40:00 now there's a muscle that opposes that , right? That's the antagonist.

40:06 right. So here this would be tricep and so you can see when

40:10 am contracting the agonist. So we're on the contraction. The antagonist goes

40:16 relaxation. You don't want the agonist the antagonist to be contracted at the

40:21 time. Otherwise you won't get movement they oppose one another. All

40:26 It's what we refer to as reciprocal . So when the signal is to

40:30 sent here to cause a contraction in bicep, what we're also doing is

40:35 preventing a signal being sent to the to allow it to relax. And

40:40 that's where we're getting um the opposing . There are other types of muscles

40:46 the body referred to as synergistic. synergistic is just a muscle that stabilizes

40:51 body or the bone during the So, if you were doing a

40:56 , you need to stabilize the upper of your body, right? So

41:01 you can do the curls. So not pulling yourself this way.

41:05 So that synergistic is the thing that's is helping you to bring about the

41:11 . Hand up or no. Tell . So, when you're dealing with

41:18 patellar knee jerk response, what you're is you're creating pressure on the

41:22 which is basically uh there's a there's receptor in that called the golgi tendon

41:30 and what you're doing is you're creating stretch in the tendon that the tendon

41:35 like It's basically saying I'm being overstretched so it creates this contraction which causes

41:40 knee jerk. So, in answer your question. Yes, but

41:45 Right. You're you're you're not actually with the antagonist or the agonist.

41:49 you're doing is you're telling the muscle it's being stretched more than it actually

41:54 by hitting that tendon. I know very confusing right now, I think

42:00 actually going to talk about. Well, all right. So,

42:06 gonna try to do this up on table here and see if I can

42:08 it without knocking 1000 things over. right? So, here I am

42:15 upon the table 10ants that you want hit is right here, it's not

42:21 one wearing jeans and stuff like But let's just get this thing.

42:25 , leg is relaxed, right? there's a certain degree of contraction that's

42:29 in here. My body says this the position that my legs should be

42:33 . All right. So, when hit that tendon, you can kind

42:36 see I get the jerk out of . What's what's happening is is it's

42:40 that muscle is being stretched more than actually is now. It's not being

42:44 . What you're doing is you're creating stretch in the tendon. And that

42:48 receptor inside the tendon is basically oh wait and see what it does

42:52 it says I need to contract this or sorry, I need to relax

42:58 muscle and contract this muscle which causes jerk. So basically you're you're getting

43:04 of the agonist because it's getting a of contraction and you are getting a

43:10 of the antagonist to try to put muscle back into its original position.

43:16 , right? It's it's again, a receptor and we're gonna talk about

43:20 a little bit later when we talk the senses. Alright, we haven't

43:23 there yet. Right? And so it's just it goes with the group

43:27 senses. But the idea here is body, I mean, you guys

43:30 the position of your body in right? I mean, everyone close

43:33 eyes, touch your nose, can do that alright. You know where

43:36 nose is, right? Your body this natural understanding of where it

43:42 Little bit of alcohol kind of disrupts knowledge. It's like yeah, you

43:45 , it's around here someplace, you , But but so part of that

43:50 is because we have receptors located throughout our joints and in our tendons and

43:55 our muscles to actually determine how much has actually taken place relative to the

44:00 of stretch your muscles want to right? So let me move away

44:06 the receptor part and let's talk about muscle part. All right, so

44:11 we got the agonist. The The center just would be the muscle

44:15 kind of helps hold everything in You're gonna hopefully see this here in

44:20 . Now when they're when you're thinking contractions, we always think about the

44:24 of the muscle and that's and that a true that's what a contraction

44:28 It's shortening of the muscle. But are different types of tensions that you

44:34 produce when you're doing a contraction. , the isotonic one is real

44:38 Alright. Says, look, what I'm gonna do is I'm gonna

44:41 muscle tension which is force. And I'm gonna do is I'm going to

44:45 enough force to overcome the load. load being the thing I want to

44:50 and when I create overcome that the amount of tension I produce is

44:54 going to get any bigger. It's stay the same. Right?

44:58 I'm gonna use the small thing Right here, we've got the small

45:02 . Everyone recognizes about 23 ounces. you agree when I put in my

45:06 , I just need to create enough to overcome those two or three

45:10 I don't need to create £4 of to overcome two or three ounces.

45:14 I've overcome that I can create the . Right? So that would be

45:22 . Now when I pick things That's an easy one to think

45:25 This is called a concentric isotonic contraction there's also an E centric so there's

45:31 a load in my hand and I to put it down. I have

45:34 create enough force to allow it to without damaging my arm and putting in

45:41 damaging the load itself. Right? there's an e centric contraction as

45:47 So concentric eccentric. All right. can think of it this way when

45:54 am creating a concentric, the agonist opposing the sorry, the antagonist opposing

46:01 agonist. When I'm doing e centric roles of those two muscles, the

46:06 and the triceps are reversed. The becomes the antagonist. The antagonist becomes

46:12 agonist because this is now the one the job of lowering the arms.

46:18 just opposite roles. It's like who's the dance? Okay. Isometric is

46:27 little bit different. Isometric here deals tension being built up that can't overcome

46:33 load. It just prevents the load from moving. In other words there's

46:38 to be constant muscle length. This used to be a real popular

46:42 of exercise back in the 70s. right. But I'm just going to

46:46 it. Well, I can demonstrate this why don't demonstrate against the

46:50 All right. How much force do need to do in order to move

46:55 wall a lot. Alright, so can push on it a little

47:01 Right? So I've created tension and can keep producing more and more and

47:06 and more attention but my muscle length ever change, does it? And

47:10 reason is because I can't produce enough to move the load, I'm still

47:15 a contraction right? The tension is up but I'm not able to shorten

47:21 muscle because I can't produce an attention overcome the load. So isometric is

47:26 you can't overcome the load and the basically it doesn't change length now to

47:33 it Like they used to do in 70s. Alright. Jack Lalane the

47:37 nine yards. Alright, take your , say I'm going to you

47:42 contract my muscles and I'm gonna push myself and look, oh yeah if

47:46 start pushing I can create more and and more attention but I'm not moving

47:51 , muscles aren't changing. But you see me you know actually creating a

47:55 of tension there, right? That be isometric. You know? So

48:00 the type of isometric isometric contraction. here's a visual one and this is

48:06 easier to see if they were doing live. And so you can cut

48:09 a muscle out of a frog, a little bit of weight on

48:12 The muscle will stretch. And what do is you apply a little electricity

48:15 that. And then you know this right here is able to overcome the

48:19 , you can see the contract concentric . So it pull the weight

48:24 right? E centric would be as slowly release the electricity. It would

48:29 return back to its original shape. again, you'd be it's harder to

48:33 can't do it with like one You need to muscles to do that

48:37 with the isometric. What it's saying look, I've stretched out this muscle

48:40 far as it's going to go and I'm gonna start applying that that tension

48:45 it's going to create greater and greater greater tension but it's never able to

48:49 the load so the muscle never Alright, that's that's the idea

49:01 So there's what we used to We're four characteristics. Now the textbooks

49:07 No, no, no, there's . Alright. So, first with

49:09 to the muscles, they have contracted so basically they forcibly shortened when you

49:15 them. Alright, so they get . They're excitable. That means they

49:19 to some sort of stimulus. In case it's a chemical stimulus that's a

49:22 of an action potential. Alright. really it's not the action potential is

49:26 the electrical stimulation, it's the stimulation to create the contraction. So they're

49:34 . They can be extensible. So if you've ever stretched before,

49:41 what what are you doing? I the name says what you're doing,

49:44 stretching the muscle beyond its normal relaxing . Alright. So they're extendable or

49:53 . All right. They're also That means after you workout after you've

49:57 the contraction, they returned back to original shape they don't just stay stretched

50:03 a bad pair of pantyhose, And then also there plastic meaning that

50:09 adapt based on usage. Now, you work out on a regular

50:13 you've noticed this, you started off like me little doughy and after a

50:20 while it's like, wow, I muscles. Now you always had

50:25 they just change as a result of usage. The more you use the

50:30 , the bigger it's gonna get. there are some biomechanics that go along

50:40 this and we're just going to try keep it brief so as not to

50:45 horribly confusing. So because of these , one thing that you can do

50:52 you can use what is called the shortening cycle. This is really

50:57 Well, when you're dealing with running jumping anything with the lower limbs and

51:01 idea here is you go through the and the concentric contractions, The Eccentric

51:07 is the 1st phase. What it is actively stretches out the agonist

51:12 So remember what we're doing is we're it more than it needs to

51:16 And then what happens is is then you bring it down you can you

51:21 contract uh with that energy you create stronger contraction which creates a greater spring

51:28 you get back to the concentric So the amortization phases, basically the

51:34 period between the two. And so you think about when you walk,

51:37 you're doing is you're stretching, And then what you do is you

51:42 off and you're using that that force propel you further forward. And this

51:48 really easy to see when you're running walking walking. It's kind of

51:52 okay, I see that, but I'm running I am my toe comes

51:57 to my knee and I push down I spring off and I'm using that

52:01 bottom of my foot to to use force all the way to my toes

52:06 it propels before it gives me a stride. So the stretch shortening cycle

52:11 takes advantage of the energy stored up that stretch to create a better spring

52:17 the end. Now to understand this why this happens what we have is

52:24 have a force velocity relationship and this just a memorization thing. Alright,

52:28 , when you're dealing with the concentric and I'm gonna try to show this

52:32 you in a second here as Alright, force is inversely related to

52:37 , which means that the more force have the floor of the muscle

52:42 All right. The less force, faster the muscle contraction. All

52:46 Again, you can think about Right? Is it way a

52:52 Well, so if I'm going to a concentric contraction do I have to

52:56 a lot of force, Right, what's going to happen is I get

53:00 fast contraction. Alright, little forced contraction? All right. The more

53:06 I have to produce This one looks . See if I can do this

53:11 hurting myself. I can't go as . Can I have to produce more

53:20 slower contraction? That's concentric. When dealing with e centric there's a direct

53:30 , more force faster, less force . All right, now again,

53:36 you're dealing with is you're coming down again, I like to use this

53:41 it's an easy thing to picture little , right, little force. So

53:48 don't want it to come slamming down breaking the objects. So what I'm

53:51 do is I am going to go to bring this down? Right?

53:57 force slower over here weighs a All right, I want to oppose

54:08 from hitting the floor. Right. I want to drop this? So

54:13 I have it in a contracted state this is not easy to do.

54:17 ? Right. If I want to this down to keep myself from hurting

54:22 , I'm going to go faster with contraction to prevent its movement. In

54:30 words, the contraction is opposing me it so the amount of force I'm

54:36 is also as I'm creating a fast so that as I'm coming down,

54:43 being let down slower. Does that sense. Whereas here I'm going slow

54:53 this thing is going to come down . I'm now just trying to prevent

54:56 from slamming fast. Does that make ? Practice it at home. Just

55:03 a £20 weight versus a £5 See what happens? Alright. Can

55:08 do it fast? And when I'm this way? Those muscles contracting a

55:13 faster, isn't it? Yeah. right. Muscle fibers have different ways

55:23 they can be aligned relative to the . Now remember what is the

55:28 The tendon is the thing that's attached the insertion that's causing the bone to

55:34 . All right. And so what want to do is in essence,

55:38 I am sending all my fibers parallel that tendon, what I'm doing is

55:42 creating force down to that tendon to it. But if I put fibers

55:47 at oblique angles, I'm not pulling the same force in the same

55:52 Right? So, if you can about this, here's my tendon in

55:55 Y direction. I have all my coming down. I can pull quickly

55:59 the Y. Direction. But if have my fibers coming in at an

56:02 angle, I'm less Y. And I'm producing less force in that wide

56:10 . So, what we have here what are called pin eight versus non

56:13 eight phnom penh phnom penh in phnom eight. Why are they non pen

56:18 ? Because what we're doing here is have fibers fibers that are parallel to

56:23 tendon. All right, They produce velocities because they have a whole bunch

56:29 fibers pointing in the same exact right? If you're pulling on a

56:34 directly behind the rope, you can the rope move pretty quick so

56:39 So good. Over over on the of the rope. And I'm trying

56:42 move the rope that way. Trying pull the rope. This way doesn't

56:45 me much good, does it? what I'm doing is I'm adding in

56:51 and more muscle. Alright, so you can see here's I'm sorry.

56:55 the tendon. You can see coming the side. I'm off at an

56:59 angle. Here's the tendon going up middle, bleak angles. These are

57:03 know, penetrate Bipin eight. Multi eight. This is your deltoid

57:07 You can see the tendons. They're going off at angles. Now,

57:10 I can do when I have a like this is that I can have

57:15 fibers, right? More cross per volume of muscle. So I

57:20 make bigger muscles to create greater Alright, don't get speed. But

57:27 I do get is strength. And these types of muscles. The PIN

57:32 muscles are you're forcing muscles there. strength of muscles in the body.

57:37 speed is when the tendons and the are aligned in the same plane.

57:46 muscles where they're not aligned in the plane. Greater force. All

57:55 Now, you'll take classes at some in your life. This is not

57:58 of them where you will have to all these muscle names. All

58:07 You're not gonna need them all. . That's just a fact of

58:11 My wife is a physical therapist. doesn't know all 500 muscles of the

58:16 . I'll point to something and say hurts. What is that? And

58:19 have to go look it up. right. And it's that's just the

58:23 it is. But at some point gonna, you know, there's gonna

58:26 some anonymous who just thinks that this the most important thing you're ever gonna

58:29 to do in your life to name these muscles. All right. And

58:33 going to just try to make your a little bit simpler because when you

58:36 the names, you're gonna kind of out. Alright, so there's over

58:39 of them. But what you need understand is that the muscles are named

58:43 upon either location, position, size, shape. Sometimes their origin

58:49 insertion or whatever action they're producing. so I'm just gonna give you some

58:53 here and I want to see if can figure out the name. So

58:56 have the orientation of the muscle. the rectus. What does rectus sound

59:02 correct? So it goes up and . So you can already see if

59:06 looking at a muscle that's going up down. It's probably an erectus or

59:10 probably erectus erectus. Alright size What does that sound like brief?

59:19 , longest long. It's like made latino, most major big minor small

59:30 . Very large. Alright, so it just kind of said oh there

59:33 be muscles that have different sizes. you you know some of these rights

59:37 know you've heard of the gluteus Have you heard of the gluteus

59:44 And then there's the gluteus medias. right. So there's three gluteal muscles

59:49 they're basically based on their size in position shape. Deltoid must be shaped

59:55 a triangle rhombus shaped like a rhombus quadra lateral and then here's the action

60:09 abductor. What does an abductor What's up, adductor down? The

60:16 makes you feel bad, extensive flex or flex, elevator. Elevate

60:25 and lift up opponents opposes. All . So when you see those names

60:34 when you're learning them there's there's a they're named the way they they're

60:39 Okay, don't let long scary names they pop up and they will pop

60:45 go oh let me make, let use my fake latin to understand what

60:50 are. Oh it's fastest. Right they'll come across much much easier now

61:00 you haven't figured it out yet or seen this yet in terms of like

61:04 the origin and insertion are, what looking at is we're looking at mussels

61:08 are acting as simple machines and specifically lever. Alright. Or lever whichever

61:15 you want to do it. If don't know what a lever is.

61:17 lever is a straight stiff object. of it like a stick,

61:23 That has a fixed point. That used as a pivot. It's a

61:28 chrome. Alright. So ah just have anything good in here to show

61:34 . But basically say here's that fulcrum basically I can move over that pivot

61:40 and if I apply force on one , that force can be used to

61:45 an object with greater ease. In fact, I think very early

61:50 someone calculated the size of the earth said with the with a long enough

61:55 , a human can move the you know, over a small distance

62:02 have to be really long. What we're doing here is we're creating

62:06 mechanical advantage. All right. So you have is you have an applied

62:10 . That's the force that you're applying you're the resistive force is the thing

62:15 you're trying to move. It's basically force of the object that's being

62:20 Alright. And so the way that muscles and our bones are arranged is

62:26 us to see how the body uses simple machine to cause our movements.

62:34 in fact when you do comparative you can start looking at other organisms

62:38 are like say, for example faster us. And you're going to

62:41 oh now I can truly see based the way that this bone has been

62:46 . Why, for example, a runs faster than a human does.

62:51 they have the exact same structures. mean, they have a foot just

62:54 we do, but their foot has lifted off so that they are basically

62:58 their toes. And so they're using lever that basically creates a greater

63:03 All right. So in our the bones are the lever arms.

63:08 joints are full crumbs and then the are the things that are applying for

63:12 . There are three basic types of in the body. First class.

63:16 class, third class. All So, first class, they basically

63:21 the muscle force and the resistant force opposite sides of the fulcrum. So

63:25 green thing is the fulcrum. So what you're gonna be looking for.

63:28 here is the muscle force that, ? There is the resistant force.

63:33 apply it here, you oppose the force. Alright, so with the

63:38 class you can think of like a of scissors or clamps, right?

63:42 basically what you're doing is along that . If you're thinking about one arm

63:46 the scissor, and here's the cutting of the scissor, what you're doing

63:49 you're moving it on that fulcrum. don't have a lot of these in

63:52 body. The classic one though is mandible. All right, You can

63:58 here's the muscle at the back of neck, What you're doing is you're

64:00 up and basically allows you to open close around the mandible. All

64:06 It's not a very efficient lever. looks for ways to make things more

64:12 . Second class levers. This is familiar one. You can see here

64:18 muscle force is followed by uh the force which is then followed by the

64:25 . So the muscle force and the are on opposite ends. And the

64:28 you're trying to move is in between is a great example. You lift

64:32 the ends of the wheelbarrow, the on the ground is the fulcrum.

64:36 materials that you're trying to move is the barrel itself. Alright, so

64:41 , you can see here, here's calf, here's my toes, there's

64:45 ankle. You can see that is force I'm trying to do is my

64:49 weight. I use my calves. I'm doing is I'm lifting up and

64:54 toes are serving as the fulcrum. actually feels good. My calves needles

64:58 there. All right, this is most common type. These aren't very

65:03 as well. All right. Third lever here. Again, you have

65:06 focus on one side, but what have in the middle is the muscle

65:12 and then the resistive force is the that's on the furthest in the example

65:16 is a shovel. You can think a broom if you want to as

65:19 . So you're holding on one That's the full chrome your hand in

65:23 middle is the muscle force, the forces over there in the end.

65:29 what I'm doing is I'm moving this is still sitting, still on

65:33 broom. I'm sweeping here, Thing. I'm moving is down on

65:37 end, most of the muscles in body are like that. So

65:42 here's the bicep, there is the . So notice where is the muscle

65:46 fulcrum, muscle force. I think moving. This is where it's being

65:52 right there. So third class levers the primary type of levers that our

66:02 is made up of, all of exist. But the third class is

66:05 primary coming down the home stretch and is pretty easy stuff. This I

66:14 is the more interesting stuff. so there's basically different types of muscle

66:18 types. You guys like chicken or , your white meat or dark pink

66:23 , flight meat, Dark meat. like to ask this question because I

66:28 to get fights started in the You know, we can go to

66:31 here over white or dark meat here a second. All right, humans

66:35 mammals. All creatures have white and meat. Right? When we look

66:41 a at a bird, right? can see the white and dark meat

66:44 clearly. Right. I mean that's I'm saying, is that you

66:47 do you want that breast or do want that leg? Right. And

66:50 like I want the leg was no, no, no. I

66:53 the breasts. No, but the has more fat to it and it's

66:57 and Yeah. And then the white . No, but there's more of

66:59 . And Yeah, we can have fight. All right. But it's

67:03 white meat versus dark meat. If take a human muscle fiber and cut

67:07 it, you're gonna see the different of fibers that are white meat and

67:13 meat. It's just that our muscles combined of these different types of

67:17 See we don't have to migrate over distance by flapping our arms. So

67:21 don't have a whole bunch of white in our pectoral muscles. Birds need

67:27 have a lot of white fibers in pectoral muscles. Alright. So,

67:33 we have. That's what these different of fibers are. The type one

67:36 type two refer to the white and dark meat sort of. All

67:41 So, in terms of the type one fibers are slow twitch

67:46 Remember is a microscopic contraction. It a long time for you to develop

67:51 force and it takes you a long to go back to relaxation.

67:54 time here is relative. Alright, twos are fast switches so they contract

68:00 and they relax quickly. What that means is that in terms of the

68:04 . Type ones don't produce a lot power. All right. Whereas Type

68:09 , they produce a lot of power , very quickly in terms of fatigue

68:14 because they take a long time and they don't produce a lot of

68:18 they tend to be resistant to They have a high capacity for aerobic

68:24 . Whereas the type 2s, they're inefficient. They're highly fatiguing and they

68:29 low aerobic capacity. All right. , so what do we call these

68:39 ? We'll type one is what we to as oxidative Alright, basically oxidative

68:44 , Type one produce more 80 They're dependent upon oxidative phosphor relation,

68:49 is at the end of that So what you're doing is you're using

68:53 and you're using that oxygen to make of a teepee. They are very

68:57 in terms of fatiguing. The black . On the other hand, depends

69:02 those first stages the glock collis pathways make the A. T.

69:06 So don't make a lot of 80 . Very very quickly. They they

69:09 have what they have and they just it. So they fatigued very very

69:13 . And if you look at different of exercisers right, the normal person

69:19 has almost an equal part of the twitch and fast twitch, right?

69:24 oxygen versus glock elliptic. But if a marathon or you typically have more

69:29 the oxidative types. All right. you're a sprinter, you typically have

69:35 of the glycol igic types and you kind of break this down to see

69:38 of where people fall. All Here's that cross section and you can

69:45 of see the type one is a muscle, Right? What do we

69:50 ? It's a lot not fatiguing. what it does is it dependent dependent

69:54 oxygen? If it's dependent on it means it's gonna have lots of

69:58 . Myoglobin is what makes the muscle . Right? That's the dark

70:04 Okay, You can see it. type two, there's two different

70:07 There's a red and white. The here is not as numerous as as

70:12 we see here with the type Neither of the Type one or Type

70:18 A are as prevalent as the white . Alright, We tend to be

70:24 good at very, very quick burst stuff, then we get tired really

70:30 . It seems like my day every . I'm just tired all the

70:33 Right? But if you see the white muscle really stands out as

70:38 white is because it doesn't have the . It basically is solely dependent upon

70:44 first steps of the pathway that black pathway. The type two has some

70:49 stuff, but it's just like I'm gonna waste my time. I'm just

70:52 to get to the energy very, quickly. So type one, remember

70:58 the oxidative, the type 2s are glycolic, but some are faster than

71:07 . Now, when you are dealing muscle strength? This is a slide

71:10 already seen. We're recruiting in Right? So the more force I'm

71:17 , the more fibers I am recruiting , the more fibers are recruit in

71:21 faster I fatigue. I'm just gonna an example. If I gave you

71:26 £5 weight, said start doing could you do curls pretty much for

71:29 30 minutes without getting bored? I mean, you get bored but

71:32 could without getting really tired. What about 50 lb weight Now?

71:39 can probably about 10 maybe if you're really good shape curls become hard.

71:44 you know, you see what I'm to get out and it's just you

71:47 struggling. Alright. So what you've here is you're using the same

71:51 but you're recruiting in more and more with each one. The more fibers

71:54 recruit, the faster it is. going to get you to fatigue because

71:59 what would happen is if I'm doing £5 weights, I'm gonna do these

72:02 these fibers for a little while. , they're getting tired. So,

72:04 gonna switch over to these fibers for little while. I'm gonna switch over

72:06 these fibers for a little while. ? And so when we recruit through

72:11 motor units, adding in more and , that's going to result in fatigue

72:21 . I was really fortunate to find picture because it juxtaposes exactly what we're

72:25 to get at here? What type races do you think this guy is

72:29 ? What is this one running sprint now? You're gonna look at his

72:34 and say yeah, he's looking pretty . He's got to be running a

72:37 . But that's kind of what I like when I'm running a marathon,

72:39 just like I'm just praying for death that point, just like keep me

72:43 . So, when you are working , when you exercise, what you're

72:47 is you're causing hypertrophy in the What that means is, is that

72:52 not making more muscle? You're making muscle fiber bigger. You're adding more

72:58 bridges. In other words, those of skeletal elements that thick and the

73:00 filaments that make up that muscle and the strength of the muscle is being

73:06 . So, when you work you're not adding in new muscle

73:10 you're making bigger muscle cells. That's hypertrophy portion. Alright, so more

73:16 the contract. I'll proteins more mild . Or fiber. Excuse me.

73:22 , type two fibers have the greater for hypertrophy. All right. Because

73:27 grading greater force generation. When I'm with aerobic stuff. All right.

73:38 basically Well, let me put What I'm going through hypertrophy? What

73:42 doing, is it's making me uh susceptible, was he? Yeah.

73:49 that makes me less susceptible to getting to where it needs to go.

73:54 right. In other words, I fewer capillaries, got bigger muscles,

73:57 capillaries, less oxygen, less fuel allow for the contraction. So as

74:01 result the bigger I get, the I get tired. Does that make

74:07 ? So again, looking at this , he's a sprinter, This guy

74:11 a marathoner. Why can he do ? Well, he doesn't fatigue quite

74:15 much. He doesn't have the muscle that fatigues quite as much. This

74:20 he can't run a marathon, he's fall down after 200 m because he

74:24 muscle type that's dependent upon fast strong . Right now, I get this

74:35 asked Doctor Wayne if I work can I get the best body

74:40 And the answer is yes, but are born with the type of muscle

74:45 you're born with. The reason Arnold won. Mr Universe is because of

74:50 type of body he has. I never be like Arnold Schwarzenegger for lots

74:56 reasons. But the primary one is don't have the same muscle fiber

75:01 I don't have the same discipline. the other thing that he has is

75:04 has thinner skin so that when he through these periods of starvation and and

75:10 other injections that he would do, makes his muscles bulge just right.

75:14 and makes all the veins look all and stuff. It's because of his

75:19 type If you have this type of type. This would be a Type

75:24 . You can work out and you see yeah, that's kind of what

75:29 when I work out. I'm like hulk. I get bigger and bulkier

75:32 fatter. It sucks. Alright. You can laugh. That's why I'm

75:38 here. All right. My next you ready for? This is 19

75:44 3/4. I was a linebacker in school, right? I had a

75:49 and three quarter inch neck in high . When I work out, my

75:53 just gets fatter. Just put things my shoulders. I'm beast of

75:58 All right. This is my body . I just get bigger and bigger

76:02 bigger. Look at that neck. right. My roommate, I literally

76:06 this was my roommate from college because what he looked like. This is

76:09 Type two, Type 1 body Now, you can see this 90

76:13 weakling stuff, but when he works , does he turn into this

76:16 he improves his body tone, but only type one muscle. He's majority

76:22 one muscle, so he doesn't create same tone. Guys, certainly in

76:27 shape than he was, but he didn't look like that. All

76:34 So, I don't know if this encouraging or discouraging, but you're born

76:39 the body type that you're born Alright, So, as you look

76:43 yourself and say, I'm going to my shape, understand what that means

76:48 you're going to work out. All , you can't change your muscle

76:52 You can only improve the fitness of muscles that you have. All

76:57 Like I said, it could be or it can be discouraging depending on

77:02 point of view. So what do do when you work out?

77:06 when you do rate training and when do say, for example, sprint

77:10 , what you're gonna do is you're increase that cytoplasmic density, you're gonna

77:15 the number of mild fibers. You're to make the t tubules more dense

77:19 you're gonna add in larger circle applies particular. So you can supply the

77:24 needed to create those very strong right? You're gonna get muscle

77:29 you're gonna get greater strength. similarly, you're going to see an

77:35 in speed and power production. That's when you look at sprinters, what

77:39 do is they get bigger and bulkier they run Because they're improving those type

77:45 muscles. You're also going to see better tolerance with regard to the accumulation

77:51 protons. Alright, so that's going lead to fatigue. And basically that

77:55 you're going to see a loss of . So accumulation of protons, increases

78:00 . So you delay fatigue and you slightly better endurance. All right,

78:05 , like, if you're doing weight , it's like, oh, I

78:08 use to lift £10. I can a lot more and I can do

78:11 for longer is an example of what trying to get my wife who doesn't

78:17 to me about terms of weight No, no, no. I'm

78:20 do aerobic stuff. This is what stuff does. It's not bad for

78:24 . It just it the way that improves your body is very very

78:28 Okay, It increases aerobic capacity of muscles. So what that means is

78:34 that your performance at the same intensity with less effort. All right.

78:40 , when it used to be hard you to walk up the stairs,

78:43 know, you stop halfway and you're you can now walk up the stairs

78:48 a problem. That's what we're less effort. Alright, Same

78:54 Similarly, you can increase your aerobic . That means if you're like thinking

78:58 terms of like running a race, I run a mile and it takes

79:01 15 minutes now I can run that and I can do it in 10

79:05 . That's another example. So it your endurance, increases the size of

79:11 one. My muscles, but not same degree that you see in the

79:15 two, which is why you see very, very healthy people here not

79:20 all bulked out like we saw over . All right. But also what

79:26 does. It makes blood much quicker those tissues. So what we're gonna

79:30 is we're gonna increase capillaries. We're to increase the number of mitochondria.

79:34 that we can go through that oxidative relation. In other words, we're

79:37 provide the conduit through which to deliver fuel so that the muscles work at

79:41 efficiency that we need them to. that's where the endurance comes from.

79:52 . Right. So, what it's is improving those type one muscles.

79:55 type two muscles aren't being worked out the same Right now. It doesn't

79:59 now, remember, I want to 100% clear here. If you work

80:03 one way over the other, that mean you're not being healthy. It's

80:07 like, for example, if you to at my age, it's always

80:10 losing weight and looking better. But if that's what you're trying to

80:14 , weight training and sprinting is better aerobic exercises, because what happens is

80:19 plateau and in essence, you are aerobic power, but you're not increasing

80:26 hypertrophy. I want to share the slide because this is how we most

80:31 our lives is in a state of . Go couch, potatoes. All

80:39 . So, sedentary activity, your muscles are going to grow to

80:45 the needs that the body is That's that's in essence what what weight

80:50 and all this stuff is is basically , this is the stuff that I'm

80:53 doing. If you had to pick 500 or £50 bags of fertilizer all

80:58 long. Trust me, your muscles gonna grow as you pick up the

81:02 bags of fertilizer. But if you on the sofa all day long,

81:05 body's saying I'm not moving around. don't need these muscles. I'm gonna

81:08 send that energy someplace else. And that's what's gonna happen is you're gonna

81:12 atrophy of the muscle. Now, not gonna see real obvious. I

81:17 , you can look at your body go, yeah, I'm out of

81:19 . You'll do this about every other of your life once you get

81:22 Alright. This is a really good though. This is a woman who

81:27 in a cast. You can see , look at that muscle relatives over

81:33 . Not using the muscle cast is the muscles of the muscle shrinks even

81:39 the other leg is just fine. that's atrophy. So, it's a

81:44 of muscle tone, muscle size and power. Now, this is reversible

81:50 the most part. But at some , if you have muscle fibers that

81:55 , they can't be replaced. And just again to reinforce this idea that

82:00 you work out, you're not making muscle cells, you're making bigger muscle

82:05 . All right. So, when lose the muscle cells, it's gone

82:09 good. Kind of like when you a neuron it's gone for good.

82:13 right. And that's where we're ending . How did I do did I

82:17 up on time. Where's that Yeah, a little bit early.

82:25 don't know. Maybe three minutes I don't know. Yeah. Alright

82:29 , looks like it's sunny outside My A students. Alright, y'all

82:38 have a good day. I'll see on Tuesday or

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