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00:00 so some of its allies Thank Maria, for recording. So some

00:06 the issues will see again so we also come back, You know,

00:11 next. Chopper, if you have issue of the first one, feel

00:14 to bring up. So this issue not escape because you're gonna taking courses

00:20 down one, even house and others , uh, geologically invitation. Maybe

00:25 Tron in geology. I didn't mention here that all this detail, the

00:33 , such as a sequence analysis relies on the quality offsetting data.

00:40 what are we learning here? Can very useful. So this is a

00:43 escape real fast. Okay, I kind of fly by those things because

00:47 guys put in all this. But , if there are issues, you

00:51 want me to go through the I'm happy to do it. So

00:54 is very beyond my so the modern . This is like interpretation side.

01:00 just want to show you here the are interpreted, the sequence boundaries,

01:06 know, on shorelines, or this shoreline example cross sections. I'm not

01:12 talk about the same script here in class. Just one kid showing them

01:16 as here as a motivation in the . Okay, interpretation. It is

01:22 an island. Emphasize here. you guys wanna work on this

01:26 I'll be happy. Oh, Okay, you can see all the

01:31 fault here, for example, uh, uh, the sea water

01:38 change Use that change. Uh, alot, definitional terms. You

01:45 high standards stand so on the how make them together on the computer.

01:52 is the old figure. Right There is a lot better than

01:57 but they are issue about sorting, . So on what? I'm seeing

02:03 , actually, the reflection that are relevant not to those details.

02:10 This is something maybe logging. Most are responses. People believe most people

02:18 they are response off on conformity. . Do you know why?

02:26 I'm saying most reflections are responsible by committees, for example, Here you

02:33 on the left all those air I'm saying most reflections are observable toe

02:41 on communities. Anybody want explaining why argue against it? Okay,

02:53 the reason is sad. Similar solution very coarse. Okay. At the

02:59 kill or his uncle resolution. We very coarse. Uh, if you're

03:05 , for example, 50 hertz frequency Second. Okay. Now, if

03:15 have a velocity, I'm just Make a simple example. Uh,

03:20 don't know which was easier. How the 2500 m per second? So

03:27 prevalence? You divided per seconds by hurts. So this that gave you

03:36 50 m in violence? Okay, too sick for most rocks. That's

03:46 vertical resolution, which is the highest , if laterally or even wider

03:51 maybe one mile, half mile, lateral resolution. Okay, so there's

03:56 way we can see individual grants or rock pebbles. The other reason is

04:04 across on, conformity the fabrics off aligned. Okay, for example,

04:12 beneath the opportunity, you have the of surface right so materially and rocks

04:20 a compact much mawr than anyone Even the orientation off brands, grand

04:28 orientation are different. So across on is where you have more chance retained

04:39 lateral continuity off ethnic importance. I the word size of independence. You

04:47 what it is? Says many books that he goes toe velocity times

04:58 heavy. So seismology of fleshing with are more sensitive. The changing

05:08 If there's no change in evidence, want that we won't have reflection.

05:14 , so assuming there so across uncle , is the location most likely you'll

05:23 currently changing. Besides being fitted, the power hurting reflection. You will

05:32 . Okay. So of course, you have ah, amuses 1 50

05:38 violence, which may be extreme in cases, but very typical. If

05:44 have a higher frequencies, you'll get . You get smaller. Smaller,

05:49 example, you have a 100 Okay. For the same velocity,

05:54 will give you 25 m. So find it, I'm sure, but

06:01 almost impossible getting beyond 100 or Very, very, almost impossible unless

06:06 very shallow. Something that I have high frequencies for very, very

06:13 But unfortunately, most petroleum reservoirs a than say, uh two miles.

06:20 least one more half okay, two than the attenuation off the rock medium

06:28 overburden. Well, not a The higher freaking energy go through

06:36 That's that's why What does coherency mean the context? Coherency? Good

06:44 You talk about this, Uh, talk about a sizable attributes,

06:51 You just had mentioned that you said word. I was Yeah. I'm

06:58 . I'm sorry. Not here, in the worst. I'm just saying

07:02 . We could say continue ET. other words, the similarity between

07:08 location, location, lateral continuity. used the word concurrency. Concurrency.

07:16 mean, here, the lateral similarity contiguity. Okay, So most

07:26 if you look in this left left here, you can see a lot

07:30 a lot off Represent beds, So you can see most times when

07:36 see those continues reflections that mean corporate , corporate events on You can see

07:42 , riel. But it is this location here, you see a

07:46 of patches. Reflectors. That is like, off coherency. That's why

07:55 implication here, you won't see much a strong attributes on the attribute.

08:00 plot. Okay, so those are issues. That's why we analyze in

08:06 . We want to see dependence. mentioned a moment ago. Evidence is

08:11 time already. The deviation off if you do that. How

08:19 Uh huh. She or their I don't know I'm sorry, this

08:24 thing that given off activity, then come out with Riblet. We'll give

08:30 a sense. Me on Saturday we get. We'll talk about that end

08:34 today. This is This is a we call the wedge model. This

08:38 a wedge right? Triangular wedge. purpose of these models tried to testing

08:44 the vertical resolution. How things to then you are safe phenomenon, for

08:50 , Here. Very happy to hear . Tony. Tony England's due to

08:56 constructive interference off top. Refreshing bottom flashing because there's nothing bad their top

09:03 there barking information. The two of can join together, either constructively or

09:11 . I'm talking about reflection energy when have worked. Separation on the right

09:17 , Very sick area. The top are separate. Nice enough there.

09:21 interference between them. But when I'm very close to each other, they're

09:24 top of each other. So they're getting issues here. Do they have

09:30 be separated by greater than one In order to create two separate events

09:36 on your frequency and velocity is function ambivalence, a period clearly when I

09:43 a very low velocity are very high . They have more separation. But

09:49 you have ah, higher velocity or frequency combine their separation can be very

09:55 . Another, of course, to with the sickness of the bath.

10:00 oil gas, This of our beds much thinner than, uh, seismic

10:08 we have in the data. So of you all get rid of our

10:11 are in this room, so we're a way kind of hopeless in that

10:17 . But we still try our best resolve something. Alright, Most if

10:22 go to see West Texas or got , I doubt you have. You

10:26 see any all you're producing gas producing thicker than 100 ft. Rarely you

10:35 see a 30 ft bad. It's sick. Most of them probably just

10:39 ft on 5 ft the half So they're much, much thinner than

10:44 Waveland. A periods. So the common common cases you have very,

10:51 you can see. There, there there is. I,

10:55 two surfaces. You just say one combined. That's the challenge.

11:04 Yeah, again. Welcome to I'm showing something about about actually that

11:09 is This is a flow chart. not gonna go detail here, just

11:13 case you have. You have interest look through this later on. Have

11:16 time toe, discuss them So we'll this again. Here's some example.

11:23 invitation, this one, uh, reef. Okay, so nice.

11:28 to see geologically, but as you know, that we need some other

11:33 to help us. Like gravity and . Okay, so they're already useful

11:38 they have a strong moderation intensity, magnetic properties. Onda Then the other

11:47 about the reef is, uh, , uh There are dramatic process after

11:54 operational can be huge. Factors changing , uh, parameter we care about

12:01 . Porosity permeability. Okay, so can rework. We're easily Andi.

12:09 because covenants there are good, they're restaurant, restaurant, rock, But

12:13 not the source Walk. So you be. You got holding. You

12:18 have a space holding those holding oil . Okay, so this this cross

12:24 cattle shows you the contrast between original say off for national optimization. All

12:32 versus, uh, organized, property. They can see there's no

12:39 between boundaries off original supplementary features versus rial reservoir property features right as it

12:48 come by. By the probability this this percentage of probability values. There's

12:54 there's no correlation between those two This is why carbonates is very a

13:01 animal flung plastics. If you work the industry, if you're working in

13:07 company's worth the classic, you're to your knowledge, er, very

13:16 Okay, uh, this year, . So between 2012 or 7 to

13:26 , I spent five years as professor Texas Tech. I was always professor

13:31 that time, but I wonder for years Lama calling thereby named George asked

13:36 is Is the what what experts on lodging? Okay, so that's a

13:46 rare scale because most people doing logging classic logging loggers. Okay, so

13:54 you doing logging, for example for it's versus classical is a totally different

14:00 . I'm just telling you, that's imprint incense off when we interpret.

14:05 is also why you need to know about seismic as well as the

14:10 Because if you're only using geology that faces, it won't help you for

14:17 . You got combine them to give some clue about what's going on.

14:21 course, as you know, it's a big issue about fractures or

14:26 organization issues. Okay, so I'm interested. Help people that even at

14:33 beginning level. So you do. must degree here. You got?

14:36 , both. You gotta be more with people through discussion. Communication is

14:42 lot more. So this is called I'm taking from my undergraduate class for

14:47 engineers. Just shows you, you , a number examples. I always

14:52 to showing a number examples because they basis for you to have your scientific

14:59 a lot of time. Your You needed that intuition to kind of

15:04 you a sense. This is in right direction around direction. You have

15:07 very basic idea to build this basic members. Okay, so this is

15:13 product credibility horizontally. Probability versus You have the same rock, for

15:20 . Classics. You have a low , low property, and hyper have

15:26 course. That's the plan. But don't have a confidence is different coming

15:32 this competition. Because you here. , okay. In there.

15:37 So this location here is a bad because you have goals. Basically,

15:42 lighted up property space. They're not . So you have very high

15:49 Very low term. Very bad Very tight. Andi, this other

15:56 , you have actually relatively low perm than 10%. But you have a

16:00 high probability because it's pressure. It's connected. Okay, so fracturing is

16:09 . Key factors, okay, Fracturing one of the key factors impacting carbon

16:17 . I can't even say almost over bars are patrolling tap fractures, huge

16:24 . You can change you the probability quickly. Very significantly. Of

16:30 that's not always good news. Sometimes reservoir destroy a reservoir. But,

16:36 know, it's a big impact because why fracking off the unconventional become big

16:41 . Now they basically changing the probability four through fracturing. Okay, I'm

16:52 go to hear uh, from that first break because I'm sorry for taking

16:57 early break. Let me go a bit here, or you wanna take

17:01 break, which we want to Do you guys want to be a

17:06 You can keep going. It's All right. I'll keep going.

17:10 mean, Maybe we're lucky we We can teach earlier, right?

17:14 don't mind, but our time here that then? Mm Data. What

17:20 ? To me, data means a of things, right. A persuasion

17:25 . But the key point here every that piece you have from field has

17:30 parts. Signal the noise. The problem, however, is a

17:37 defined signal. What is useful? not useful so often for the same

17:43 assets you can using different parts off signals. The final purpose.

17:52 So, for example, as a , I'm not using reflections to the

17:57 images, but I also using the rivals certainly toe building by my last

18:06 . So So my different objectives off are using different part of the data

18:11 a signal. This is a very because for processing guys like me,

18:17 you decided this one signal otherwise, want then have the design the corresponding

18:23 flow to suppress the one you want extracting the one you want,

18:29 You can. That's very simple So that's all for the issue

18:34 It's actually easy to learn a very issue about technology, but in real

18:40 is hard to you optimizing the Okay. You don't want to be

18:48 what he called a multi hands. , you know on the one

18:51 on the other hand, you your wouldn't like that You both want to

18:56 what's the best solution in the UAE same time you need to know the

19:03 reasons why this is my work and much chance it will fail. So

19:09 the answer level? So this is issue. So let me talk about

19:13 quickly about general issue about quality. , certainly there I using zero not

19:20 zero small because zero is strong. public Everything Okay? So my number

19:29 point is the cost in time of . Okay. You don't have a

19:36 . Money toe. Where there's nothing happen. It won't happen now.

19:41 ones Snr first one, of That depends on how you defined what

19:47 signal What is noise? You have that. So you got a different

19:54 resolution. Okay, resolution. Do have resolution? This evolved bandwidth frequency

20:02 with and also low frequency. I'll elaborate about this. Third one

20:08 sampling. Somebody's also cannot for But you need that. You need

20:14 . This almost like a fault for , for example. Example uh,

20:19 redundancy denomination to help you get the quality next one's coverage we call the

20:27 courage, especially in the way something the temporal coverage. Angler courage is

20:32 a mutual and offset of coverage. need this one to help you toe

20:39 it can be. You guys know we lost the model building the last

20:48 beauty. Okay, you lost a of buildings. Most imaging methods require

20:54 to be correct. Elaborate the last small component. But this is a

21:00 importance is go this way. This less important. Number one is the

21:04 important number five usually not so important it's about about the World War Ocean

21:11 situation that the reason not important here because for for for land survey,

21:17 example, it's very hard recording horizontal Somali component is theoretically very useful.

21:25 , uh, it can be very to deal with unless you have adequate

21:31 , technology and money. Okay, I would also give you some of

21:38 raw form here. Here's one typical for because if you say Snr so

21:43 , you're well wrong from raw form Snr, that is about 100 to

21:49 cycles after propagation From this phone source snr probably too poor 120 cycle is

22:00 very far away. You can do simple calculation using my example this moment

22:04 . Okay, so let's say a ago. I give example of 50

22:08 , right? 50 Hertz frequency. gonna go talk about that. I

22:13 about 2.5 kilometer per second velocity, ? So every second you travel 50

22:28 . So after two seconds, you 100 psych already. So maximum four

22:37 . Four seconds right for two Give you 100 cycles. Two thirds

22:43 give you 200 cycles, right? sense. I'm saying beyond four seconds

22:48 hopeless and I didn't go very far if you have lost 2.5 is to

22:53 time because you go, you're You're only going down about five kilometers

22:59 beyond five kilometer. You are I'm just give you a practical

23:05 Of course, if you change the this robe song will change. But

23:10 robes, some actually very important because off in the field. You have

23:15 something. Hurry. They're not you know, to teach other

23:19 So you gotta use your intuition to , Is this too far for the

23:23 resolution or SLR on? Those are practical skill you gotta have.

23:32 There are also other issues involved with quality of imaging. I want to

23:36 to develop here because there are very with the first one. But I

23:40 want to show you the issues involved discussing quality, you gotta have a

23:45 off. The parameters are attributes that feel important. This is also very

23:53 . My working I cooperation the company's looking for you working for Chevron,

23:59 Mobil or where else in the discussion gotta keep your opening Scientific opening

24:09 right? That That's the way Mm hmm. Exchanging professional information.

24:16 gonna give you some practical example about here. This is a radiation pattern

24:23 . Off. Uh, Joe I'm sorry. Uh, Air

24:30 Okay. Why not? Have ah you off the air down there?

24:33 . Here is the map view Air , Probably on both sides, because

24:40 air down both. So you're told like a two array, maybe 12

24:43 side. So here's your air gun . They saw the results. Another

24:48 sauce. It's like, uh, off group all together, Sing

24:55 That's the air down, Ray. you have heard a array. You

25:00 in geology, you know we can can look in the map view

25:04 Jaime. Spherical projection, right? don't know what you guys with your

25:11 ology about keeping strike angles. So is a full circles are lower hemispherical

25:21 . So you're basically putting a ball until July. Rifle lower hemisphere your

25:29 on top of flat service. So middle Let me see the color.

25:33 is red already is to read. using different colors. Sorry. Let

25:39 quickly. How about how about I green? Well, what? I'm

25:43 sure I agree there too. So hard to Children. This is very

25:46 . Already very hard to give me good color. Let me try this

25:50 . Okay. Come on. You blue in the sense So middle here

25:55 going downwards on up there is This is a matter of you.

26:02 , Last east. A sauce. . The map view so middle is

26:10 downwards on the yellow age here. ring is horizontal outside. You see

26:16 number here They're 20 degree for Those angle angle measure from vertical.

26:23 90 degrees horizontal zero degrees Vertical. me. Right. Very simple.

26:29 what do we talk here? Is plotting the energy on the corresponding angle

26:35 to angle here there's a GP There's as unusual angle. So every

26:40 here we put angle so you can the pattern we call the radiation

26:45 What we're saying is that you fire in, you know, in the

26:49 one shot was fire There you can there's a sphere around the shop.

26:55 say along that sphere. What energy function, location, angle they're

27:01 They're not only directional, we'll have equally equal intensity. We call that

27:09 the directional normally directional or m and the rational direction directional. Only the

27:19 means you You have the same energy doesn't matter with direction, but in

27:25 they're not. So we're simple reason sources array is not a single

27:32 You have a many, many different , right? There are many different

27:36 . So they're not air guns. air guns. You can imagine the

27:44 energy wouldn't be operated over the irrational there. Always detail when you claws

27:52 the central frequency of low frequency. hurt. They're actually more only

27:56 But when I goto higher frequency, , he 60 1990 acres. All

28:04 official authority shall come out. This this is this is this blue area

28:10 the area off destructive interference between the signal off individual air guns? All

28:21 , that's the problem. If your has a signature, you can imagine

28:26 results gonna be ugly, right? the horrors homogeneous, you will be

28:30 to say fault because their their sauce this signature is a fake signal

28:37 That's that's the problem. This shows the limitation even from so sorry.

28:43 cannot go very high frequency. I a low frequency. You have a

28:49 homogeneous case. But you get a frequency. There are more political Come

28:55 . Okay, That's the limitation. have a physical war. You can

29:01 if you go to a land data be worse if I'm putting a Bible

29:06 ground while you're changing angle from The intensity of signal changes.

29:15 that's the biggest problem in the land . The non uniformed sauce radiation

29:24 I use the word radiation pattern. , they're not uniformed. That's one

29:30 the biggest problem is very hard to this problem, so we should monitor

29:35 . Let me show you what Here's and learned how you're taking times

29:39 . You can see they are. , they're kind of a spherical

29:43 But not every direction has same phase amplitude are those issues okay? And

29:56 some multitude detail about the deep Of course, geometrical spreading energy will

30:00 with geometry and on the receiver side issue. I'm not going to spend

30:06 time. Most. Joe has a , very low frequency. For

30:10 I'm a very high frequency job. times more than $10. The lower

30:16 , the more expensive, actually, very hard recording low frequency.

30:21 Because imagine if you city in your , drive around the booth pothole,

30:30 can feel the pothole, but if see the trend or big bowl.

30:34 don't feel nothing. It's very hard measure very low frequency emotion because your

30:39 Nativity lost so little free music It's very hard to measure is easier

30:46 measure high frequencies, but higher frequency be attending little more. So we

30:54 these natures restriction. There's no much . Urgency. The heart disease measure

31:02 country Low frequency was very hard to a low frequency. You see the

31:07 here and cost hearing about verticals You can measure very low frequency uses

31:15 thermometer. You talked about more than . You can buy a car.

31:19 just one piece. So you have limitation anyway, So we have to

31:25 what we can do. Another 11 here. Multiple here. Uh,

31:31 a geologist you could feel the measure across the fall. Okay, here's

31:35 for here. You measure the fall want. You want to see how

31:38 changes this three component? You can the change over time. Okay.

31:44 , but you can also do in the relative off the displacement, which

31:49 a velocity, right? You we lost. You basically equals toe

31:56 displacement. Partial time. Tom Violation of different times velocity if you

32:05 Mawr Ikle Observation. Right. So operation here is, uh, part

32:11 the French initiative off velocity or I don't want you think too much

32:18 here, but I'm going to show the idea. There there's three are

32:21 together. But why a marriage with same events? You gotta measure one

32:26 the other because there's issue about accuracy recording. And so in the

32:34 if you geologist measured information across the the instruments we call the Strand meter

32:41 a strand meter measure. Okay, you engineer you care about the

32:48 right? Because engineer care about Newton's force proposing a little operation comes mass

33:00 ? Because that force so engineer, about measuring acceleration. That engineer,

33:06 is geologist. Guess what your vicious usually prefer Well, asking most of

33:13 off are measurable asking were between deformation displacement operation. Sometimes we also have

33:23 parameters to measure, but they all the same thing. But But of

33:28 , the detail of resolution. Yes. Here I will show you

33:35 experiment very famous. One. 19 fifties by this guy recur?

33:42 , the same record we talk about . Really? Okay. Is the

33:46 we talk about? Let me go to my red color pink color.

33:51 the color become a problem here? , this is the impulse. Important

34:00 this spike impulse. Okay, impulses the words will spike. While you're

34:07 an impulse in the source. Everything we call the in course response impulse

34:16 is the response to impulse. Under near field on their far

34:24 If nearby near field means within several evidence. Say to evidence away within

34:29 evidence roughly, you know, 1 5 England's that's come here.

34:34 Far Field museum far away. How we deal with we will deal

34:38 the far field Now you can measure . I said, as I said

34:44 moment ago by but information, velocity or acceleration here. Same

34:50 So we can measure displacement. The t operation where whichever you measure you

34:59 can see that one of them looks Ricker Wavelet, right? Is that

35:09 ? This guy here in watercolor here called a wrecker. Regulate. How

35:17 of you have you seen recommended everybody. Yes. You see,

35:28 I saw people read Handle. Thank . But you see, you're really

35:32 from this maker. What's the different your record on this? Weaker.

35:42 . Flipped there are different. I , I think the requirement that you

35:46 a different from this record, you that if you look your recommend

35:53 see you get Google Online, you see this way. You will say

35:58 . You will see the direction off of this will be like a growing

36:02 of this way. This Rikers upside the usual recommended. That will be

36:09 I like W That's your reader? , Like this way. This is

36:16 upside down rigger. My question. question is why? Why the record

36:23 is upside down. The answer is . Okay. Imagine an air gun

36:32 . You know how we're gonna was . They're gonna basically the high pressure

36:35 the chamber pulling together. Suddenly they air Suddenly that I got walls is

36:43 . You can imagine what when air come out from the air down in

36:49 water. They had a con toe grow, so when they grow from

36:57 Toby, the volume, the maximum that process take time. That the

37:02 is not a very pretty was I mean, it's not like

37:06 It'll be very dynamic. You Barbara in like this. Okay,

37:11 when we reached the maximum size, gonna collapse. You gonna collapse.

37:18 the first collapse inclusion is the most . Nice. More energy. The

37:29 is not is the coming back. I want to tell you is that

37:36 real world it's not. This is this guy is the downside.

37:43 Which Israel source The biggest, Biggest side, not outside. So when

37:50 source upside down. Of course. records after down. So this weaker

37:54 director. So parties reversed the reaction off, uh, for example,

38:06 head heimer to the ground. The force going down is the first we

38:12 that except expectation. The response of media is the biggest signal. So

38:19 have a party reversal. You want say All right? Maybe came to

38:27 too much detail, but I want try to tell you those issues.

38:30 right, so, uh, there issue about the law off decomposition

38:38 So this guy here Young did a time ago in England. Experiments they

38:43 to hold on a war tow It came by. Of course,

38:47 wave goes through this to hold because new will will you live Source sitting

38:53 that I can see the interference off away from so area the two baby

38:57 face They're constructively fear So this is in their construction of fear. That's

39:02 they show this higher energy start here energy But the area of the kind

39:09 kill each other destructive interferes is lower , right? So either way,

39:15 are the way the constructive or destructive defined which way? Okay, so

39:21 shows you the superposition property of This is what the technologists, you

39:28 , try to figure out well We all see the overlapping overlapping a

39:33 a moment ago when describing that a model, the wedge model is basically

39:38 that, from top to bottom, to one interfere, interfere with each

39:44 . Do they interfere constructively from the or destructively kinds of each other?

39:51 the detail. Okay, Clearly, something to do with the distance,

39:56 frequency, attitudes and so on on face. This is talking about

40:03 Horizontal resolution. Okay. Defined You have to Christ for well from

40:11 the space between them on the ways that that's the Waveland. So you

40:17 a way. Have first been from signal from on the spacing between how

40:23 that area between. So from toe here the width of the area

40:28 constructive affair. That's the weight of cardinal resolution. You can imagine,

40:36 is where bra Very, very This is what I said. I'm

40:40 go about why most reflections are laterally events over a large area. They're

40:49 on communities. Okay, I don't to go too much about mathematics

40:55 but you can read about video because a Fresnel zone. I'll tell.

40:59 tell you in a moment, that my first now, Okay? Also

41:03 the moment, Here's what I'm gonna . All. So this is

41:07 little. Since that example, I'm you from Pratt. Is professor in

41:13 . Okay, this is what put source on the upper left corner.

41:17 , one sauce. I will send the waves off. What? We

41:21 this a monochromatic. In other single frequency. So we propagating the

41:25 frequency in the model of a constant . So the frequencies of 300 hertz

41:31 frequency. We fired the shop. what you see. A lot of

41:35 . Just a lot of wiggles. frequency. Okay, then the same

41:41 with fire. Another shot on this . Okay, well, on a

41:48 here, it turned out this second . Here we call this YouTuber wide

41:53 because the first one called the the second one cannot shoot because in

42:02 , it's like Newton's third law fourth and reaction source Receiver are the same

42:09 in the seismology size measurement. They are the responses off the medium whether

42:14 velocity, uh, defamation or acceleration same issue of our medium while putting

42:22 single frequency from the source on a freezing from the shiver. Then you

42:28 put them together. We call the as a way to describing the total

42:34 for us all to receiver. In words, here's a source response

42:39 The zero response. If you stack , you get a response off sauce

42:44 the receiver. Okay. For this so if you do that, you

42:51 this one. This is the same off the receiver on a sauce.

43:00 , so this basically is interference between two ways. Field pattern. You

43:05 those? We call this result friends zones is plural flash No zones.

43:15 first one here showing circle is the friends. No, the first

43:19 They also signal one third. 1/4 . You have this serious off in

43:24 first pattern. Basically. Okay. see this occasion here, this mathematical

43:32 . Short, short conclusion. You this word here. G writes

43:37 You know what she stands for? course. Someone will tell me a

43:42 . I'm sure Church, The sea standard green. Why green? Because

43:52 a guy. Dr Greene. Long ago in Monday's first discovered. This

43:58 is called also called the Greens Function function is another way to describing so

44:04 the impulse response. Remember, talk impulse response for record. Label

44:09 This is all the same thing. is a more mathematical way to describing

44:14 impulse response because the greens function now we care about this one. Because

44:19 is the one single solve single Well, we do things.

44:24 Time? If you can describe One pulse. Now you can take

44:28 same idea to describe the whole Another idea off decomposition on the

44:36 Okay, now this can tell you basically destruction. This is basically your

44:42 . That's the resolution. You talk it. So the example we say

44:46 in the horizontal resolution in just one case. Not with here. The

44:52 resolution. Samos. This was Sam Payne. The same thing.

45:01 you're hard on the resolution is about perpendicular to the direction of a probation

45:06 , social receivers, The resolution. you do reflections in the same

45:12 that's the vertical resolution. So the are hard on the verticals relative.

45:17 me say, I don't know. mean perpendicular to the direction of a

45:21 . It was a very cold means the same direction. So it's actually

45:26 simple, very straightforward, right? most times technology, we care about

45:33 ones which is in the same or we will create propagation. But

45:37 there are many way of defining about three best ones. One by

45:42 Same rigor. One by By this is the one using a larger model

45:48 there's the most famous for the edge No. One but Roddy Roddy is

45:52 finishes, the Colorado principles. So have a different way to find vertical

46:00 . So what is your working Well, what the resolution says along

46:05 trace also small grams. How much you can you see? Is that

46:11 small or that? Why? How can you see? So if I

46:18 you define resolution is ready. How ? Two points you can kill close

46:25 they can tell their their two So here are three way off defined

46:29 resolution one to sweet. So there multiple, always defined resolution. I

46:36 know about you guys are I think most cases I will prefer using,

46:42 the ability, the ability to separate two features that are close to

46:51 You tell their two things not just thing. We're very small,

46:53 very close. Well, I like also because the same as my

46:59 My TV resolution right off my printer doesn't matter. You pick which one

47:06 like. But you can you get idea of a resolution here. This

47:10 how small you can tell there two . Okay, there's a lot of

47:17 here. I'll just give you one . You hear about this TV,

47:23 ? Disable TV. So when we spectrum as the vertical skills often measuring

47:32 that part d d the TV is us. The maximal aptitudes normalized dance

47:40 , normalized of everything else. So I know which one to choose.

47:44 choose this one solely. The dogs Also the curb here for this curve

47:51 the maximums here. So the I still the maximum. For example top

47:58 measure here, that's your a right, That's your a maximum Whatever

48:06 ground zero. So your first thing do is you dividing everybody by the

48:12 which means that location is divide. maxim will be one West region will

48:17 less than one Everybody else less than but only location peak. There will

48:21 one. Okay, then you apply multiple 20 from this localism is time

48:30 . That's why twenties, actually 22 10. Okay, why so Because

48:41 is the power power is the double amplitude so That's why it's to ah

48:46 power, which shows you why the P values always matters. Why it's

48:54 minus volume. Never be part of . Because maximums Why on the local

49:02 zero right. So TV values always always miners my sense. We can

49:18 more about this later on. We a minus 20. That means the

49:23 is 10 times less matters of The violence of 100 times were lower

49:32 2010 times its exponents Slow rhythm logarithms . Okay, I just want to

49:41 something to you from time to This is not a very important but

49:45 just want to show you in case time you saw what DB means?

49:48 , why? It's a way to because we're not. We develop a

49:53 so we can compare apple with Otherwise, apples apple, orange,

49:58 . Meanwhile, the apple with one orange Another survey. I cannot compare

50:03 until normalized. So normalized maximum. , now there are many examples of

50:12 here. I'm gonna give you some measures very often. We want to

50:16 resolution. Was very hard resolution to with band with in this case that

50:21 similar. You can see. I'm you, the right side has high

50:25 because this is the frequency. this Russian frequency, I'll show you

50:30 . So because of this one Slotted , This one for the same trays

50:36 this plot here. I did not . That looks very ugly. Normalized

50:41 that d be will be much Take a log rhythm function.

50:47 This is a real data That's very , like Israel. Data on the

50:55 model showing here again. Show you moment ago so you can talk about

50:58 issues here. But I I'm not multiple and repeated issue. I want

51:04 give you a similarity between tracing We're the same tracing frequency I will

51:10 you. Some similarity disappears. We this a Fourier transform. Have time

51:16 left, left side. You can to the frequent to the right

51:24 Okay. They're probably each other And I started by Nyquist frequency,

51:28 is the maximum possible notice that the , by the way, is achieved

51:35 this one. This was a sink . Things function give you the broadest

51:43 bad ways because it's high resolution because Spike. It was bigger. Richard

51:52 not. Richard. Richard. The looks like triangle. Okay, Now

51:59 say, how come we don't Think something real world. While we

52:03 achieve that, it's only theoretical in real world. You see the example

52:07 recur the real world world. He this by field measurements for some reason

52:14 real world, the impulse response or words like rigorously. Okay, so

52:23 records paper reason I dig it out though some long time ago, you

52:26 , like Grandpa. Great grandpa. . 19 forties, right. 19

52:32 . God, that work was based experimental. The fieldwork they put in

52:37 sauce in the BSP. Well, the field. It's not a theoretical

52:48 . I give you some dry but I gotta do this.

52:50 So this is the nature of this . Uh, the way you can

52:54 me down is the ask questions. have a question on the house on

53:01 previous slide. So what we're saying is that when you have a narrower

53:10 , it's more favorable for resolution because accessing a greater portion of frequency

53:17 Exactly. Actually, you point out important principle behind There's something called uncertainty

53:27 in physics. But in the athletics also called the same name. Which

53:33 the whiff on the same signal or web late in the time.

53:40 the frequency they are reciprocal. In words, something very short in

53:46 In time, space will be very in frequency. Something we're showing frequency

53:52 be very wide in time. So we said higher frequency. We mean

53:59 , very, very broad in I'm sorry when we say high resolution

54:05 in high means the time very narrow . We're narrow like spy like

54:11 A spy? Yeah, Spy you have a flat frequency. But

54:16 you put out of spite here, got a monochromatic way forever because a

54:22 frequency this is a very, very physical principle called uncertainty principle. Al

54:30 received Procol off time frequency. Something long time will be very sorry infrequency

54:37 very long frequency will be very short time, which is reason why we

54:44 have banned with the wider bad The more higher resolution. So is

54:51 really sorry General. Go ahead. ahead. Just say are we

54:55 Because when you observe it, you know which one. It was necessarily

55:01 about yellows with you. I don't the name but someone else I had

55:05 me. I don't have to go the name, so I can't change

55:09 . I wouldn't call it because it does nothing to do with the

55:13 I will say receive. Prosecute Yeah, all time. First

55:18 I don't know. Some of names our city It seems like a misleading

55:27 . Exactly. Exactly. So there a lot of those issues, you

55:31 , I saw your name's macaroni. , I might your name be too

55:35 ? I call that McConnell principle. even better. I like it.

55:40 first step towards fame. Exactly. mean, making them easier to remember

55:45 . Okay, remember, I was if if they were talking about uncertainty

55:51 an analogy to If you observe something the distance in its light source,

55:56 don't know if it's bright or if far away. It could be another

55:59 . E. I think that just they actually talk about this one,

56:06 talk about a different demand. Things 30 can I surprise. These are

56:11 short here. Come from a very So it's not. It's not that

56:17 . But this actually why? Illustrated what? What we see a

56:20 ago. So here example we shall spied on. We show time.

56:26 more ground. Okay, so this very broad band. This kind of

56:30 future almost filter is is the Basically, it's the off the correlation

56:35 a sweep. Okay, we'll talk later on. Don't worry. Too

56:38 detail If you filtering by different band . Way. Call this,

56:44 uh, band pass filtering. I'll this troubles oil filter this four number

56:49 . Once way. 67 Those are four frequencies. We care about it

56:54 the troubles I The first one is lowest pregnancy. The second one is

57:00 low corner, low corner frequency. sort of wise, the high corner

57:06 that the last ones and highest So what? I have traveled

57:10 You have to. Connor's low high corner are low frequency and high

57:16 . So when you see those while can see, you can understand what

57:19 are defined by. Okay. The thing here low, low corner,

57:24 corner, high frequencies on both the we define frequency band with using something

57:31 the octave after the same as the instruments in the 188 degrees or

57:38 Right? So the active, divine following You have, for example,

57:44 low corner on the high corner. this case of low corner is three

57:51 , sweet hi Connor City too. you make a ratio. So seeing

57:56 on top the higher Come on top local mayor Bottoms really beauty wide What

58:02 get somebody Quick, Quick, quick, quick 20 something, Right

58:10 y roughly right? That's the right? That biologicals toe money concepts

58:19 , Somebody engineer somebody I did I can't help but tell you a

58:22 about that, okay? Their story everything like that. Now you have

58:28 21 close to to the power of ? This will be slow. Nobody

58:32 tell me. Was the answer to to power walk. Give you

58:37 That's okay because of X Was X two. Anyone could tell me.

58:43 sure you guys not cheater. I'm be a cheater. That's fine.

58:48 already is fire. So the to exponents is called active is the power

58:55 to That's the octave. Okay, could do the same thing. 62

59:03 by 23 here. Then there's the of 1.5. So we define the

59:13 by the octave which is the two is financial the power index off to

59:24 the band with we talk about Okay, so you can see when

59:29 fielded by different bandwidth you wider. They look nicer complete with original

59:37 my ankle below two. We're not no longer acceptable. I mean,

59:42 getting worse and worse. Worse. , Not about the peak. It's

59:49 the side rules is a slide groups wars the worst. Okay, this

59:57 very similar. If we do test pencil, You know, sometimes I

60:03 student give me homework exam backed by . I'm compliant. Said hey,

60:08 have such a thick pencil, their rules But the right on the signature

60:13 can say you cannot say what they're now. All the sidewalks messing up

60:19 in real world you won't have a spike. Relativity will be up,

60:24 up. Down, up, up, down. So why don't

60:28 too many side groups the site look ? Different letters were overlapping with each

60:35 , so I can imagine you cannot reflection anymore everything or lapping. How

60:39 you tell? You can easily go the first one to go here over

60:48 . But you cannot go back. cannot go back there anymore because they're

60:51 laughing. They're getting messed up. resolution in technology is not just the

60:58 narrow or shop they are is how saddle loops. So several actually mawr

61:06 than the sharpness off the central Because the rial earth has reflected he

61:13 I said, Like, I call a fish bomb like a no,

61:17 cannot finish. You finished a fish , right? Like a fish.

61:21 boom of fish, right? The of fish. I mean, the

61:25 group of each individual Spike. We're writing the neighbors, so make the

61:30 to tell. That's the key issue all the resolution issue in real

61:36 So I think technology we care about ways practically minimum is about two

61:45 Okay, 12 times the minimum. you go beyond below. Two we

61:48 We don't like anymore. It's basically . I could tell you many,

61:52 stories off failure do today's well, flies. I think I will skip

62:01 , issue here and take one more . Okay. I don't always follow

62:10 the plan sections. No worry about . I think I will take a

62:14 me look time so Maria can record . I'll be back between our

62:24 Everything. E means this pays okay is too much too slow too

62:36 Okay. Thanks. Uh, I might have too much you mentioned

62:43 so I'm kind of, uh, myself in the corner later on.

62:49 see. You know have escaped someone's key ones, but its natural beast

62:55 the very beginning of any subject used multi learning terms technology, basically basic

63:04 . I am sure after maybe the couple meeting tomorrow afternoon starting you might

63:11 more, more interesting stuff. Also, I don't know you guys

63:17 . Do you have a lot of this background before? Not if you

63:22 other information issues you found, you Ah, because shadow zone our

63:29 You need mawr elaboration. He also up. I'm happy toe to go

63:35 that or whatever you want to need bring you to. In a

63:41 I feel like I mean, how I say that? See, I'm

63:45 bus driver. You guys, the , you tell me where to drive

63:49 . Okay. I saw within the off subject. I'm happy.

63:54 So, uh, again pay attention the material ahead of time. That

64:00 we can escape or whatever. You see that I should escape. So

64:07 me share the material again. Go . I always curious about one thing

64:11 bandwidth are actually resolution. Is that resolution synonymous with data density? Not

64:22 , Uh, in a way, depend on what I mean. That

64:25 identity if you talk about the bouncing , resolution is more like a defined

64:34 . Uh, if data if data the image you're working out, if

64:39 image result, interpreting in a way heavy. Okay? It's about the

64:45 resolution, defined quality of image. have a picture, for example.

64:51 print out you have lousy printer only you know, 100 pixels per inch

64:56 low resolution. You have TV set very high resolution. That's very high

65:00 . That's high quality. The resolution the images size that the basic

65:05 how big it is smaller. Okay. However, the density of

65:11 has different concept. You know what mean? Rod it up in a

65:17 field Over time or space, I about our pockets. How much hit

65:23 Hit comes on the market on all data issues. Attributes to the quality

65:30 the image on the resolution is only aspect of image if you, in

65:37 to have a best result of require have at least resolution and also

65:45 well, you see there is a signal or fake. Okay, so

65:50 use the words called having a while call the Fidelity. Fidelity is still

65:55 fancy averse. So the image quality quantified the fidelity. But there is

66:02 standard away to say what I I hardly measure physiology. That means

66:07 like high five high fidelity. So certain images, I know the paper

66:14 , very general paper talk about fidelity sentiment in called a measure that so

66:20 factor I feel most important. Three while the resolution, which is well

66:26 on the other one, is a era in university. How accurate.

66:31 position. Your location? Yes, example, you gotta You gotta cross

66:35 profiles, as you could see, fall. Is that food right on

66:40 or can be off in some study ? The core mantle doesn't matter where

66:46 are. But for Twitter Trivia if in the wrong location that they

66:52 gonna miss target, the location can very important. The third one,

66:58 feel important, is, uh, to detecting art effects. In other

67:03 , whatever your shoulder, which was , which features riel feature which feature

67:08 fake. I will have example lateral those those issues, you know,

67:14 for interpreters. I think there's a of appreciation of this for many

67:20 Yeah, so it's a good I appreciate that. So let me

67:24 share the slides again. Uh, where we stop, I have more

67:30 about resolution. Maybe too much, I just give you some practical one

67:34 . Example off bandwidth this time, , kind of 80 hertz, One

67:40 of 1, 500 or so on the importance of low frequency e mean

67:46 blue color Israel low riel model. pink is the result off image.

67:52 , so just show you issue I was in pants and I make

67:57 panel to the game on pan I don't know. I'm not trying

68:01 red color. Yeah, who It's the color. I'm not

68:06 Uh, one ready? Yes. some simple example. Question. I'm

68:13 show you see things. Example. your resolution. We're fine with a

68:19 exercise. I'm doing this for Okay, so he accused the

68:23 So there's three cases off empty special the input, which is green color

68:28 output. So the question is to the frequency change for each case.

68:34 example, a What happened? The answer is ready is a frequent

68:38 on changing the same bandwidth. Why that unchanged? You notice I'm change

68:44 . Right? This is higher here going down has changed. Well,

68:49 you plot, that means you plot as bouncing off original intensity or

68:55 But you're refusing tp using TV or thing. Remember TV with normalizing maximum

69:05 . And it's all the same, ? So case be, You see

69:09 original screen, This one afterwards is . Let narrow down. So my

69:17 that one is the loss of high . The last one, of

69:21 is a lot of low frequency. , So if you ask me which

69:29 the highest quality, of course original not change the highest quality on then

69:34 next one is B. This is . The low frequencies. Most

69:41 So even hospital pregnancy. You have trouble, right? The band With

69:46 ? Change? Okay, I'll just you some concept. For example,

69:52 here's one more example Shows correspondents in left side time on the right side

69:58 frequency by the ways so you can the wider graduates theme, all high

70:04 . So the highest resolution here on works around here. This is worse

70:08 because they're very narrow the sidewalks. will kill you. This is more

70:16 exaggerated. But I'm just give you same thing over and over the same

70:21 mentioned over and over. Here's one off Somebody is kind of all comedy

70:29 a lot of Heisman. What they do with higher with broad one with

70:34 called a brawl the size Basically certain . Dining with for the same

70:39 roughly the same area. This is Norway. This shows you the difference

70:44 detail you can see when broadsides. a lot more detail than you have

70:49 original. Of course, it's more to produce in the producing the bra

70:59 . Okay, Uh, where time a finality about finality. This is

71:06 a measure. Okay, so that's my first one resolution 61 position era

71:15 I'm gonna show example. Here's one . Position. Uh, this is

71:19 test migration priest at this migration. was a long time ago, not

71:24 . Okay, this be this guy , Not me. I call him

71:27 cousin. Well, we're not I just need that home. Although

71:34 know him in person, he can't Houston too. So the same that

71:38 can be the left side of he's . But also model was choppy.

71:45 , the as lobby he has a . Of course you can see which

71:51 is correct. Well, that depends which one models, right? That

71:54 don't know. The model is which was the right which was right.

71:59 I'm just showing you a point that location off the result can be wrong

72:05 can be changed around by your That's why I feel resolution alone is

72:12 enough. You gotta have the right position until drill. You don't know

72:21 . Can you have the jail there know for sure. So you have

72:24 lot of work to assure that which actually practically very difficult on issue with

72:33 . Along with defendant will be number , by the way. But there

72:37 other factors. For example, phase some artifacts. But number one,

72:43 most important wise went with look on . Well, signal with a building

72:51 B and B acronym with BNB on interface image ing on migration.

72:59 I don't know what you guys realize are roughly on schedule. Okay,

73:03 is the third part I anticipate. speaking off the lecturing, our intention

73:12 will be less less. Time goes my last one shorter usually.

73:19 so but this is still very I want to give more detail here

73:23 I believe most of you guys ideologist your dishes. I'm not sure you

73:28 that familiar with face? For you might not amplitude. I'm not

73:33 your face so I'm gonna grow tissue this example is very highly use.

73:40 ? Again. You need to bring your question if you get lost or

73:43 puzzles. Okay. In this plot , I'm showing a signal. The

73:49 lines of signal the landscape is one . So this window here, one

73:54 long, one second data and in . Deadline is a single frequency wave

74:02 20 hertz. The tiny hurts calls . Okay, so I'm compared to

74:08 ways, right? The solid rises signal the deadline is one frequency a

74:14 for 20 years. You can come in this one second time as I

74:19 one second. All right. So we do is we don't do a

74:26 . We cross correlated the two trains here. The true signal versus the

74:32 frequency coastline. Way to do a . Now we can we can changing

74:38 data. We cannot change. But can change that. This single 20

74:42 frequency coastal can change. We thought we can shifting. We can move

74:47 The dash line will around around The data we can also stretch squeeze

74:53 operatives right? You can do So every time we changed the course

74:57 in wave. We completing the correlation . We see the changing of origin

75:04 shifting time shifting or squeeze the Everton's Tragic squeeze that Z we're doing.

75:13 good thing is, you don't do . With just three months, we

75:15 thinking, we do this. so here's the result. It's a

75:21 result. Was it part here? the coefficients off across cooperation? It's

75:28 correlation. So when we have the trees of all being A when they're

75:32 similar, there's a high correlation. they have no similar college Global 01

75:38 college in mid minus. Okay, we just compute that this is

75:44 This here a percentage just percent. of cooperation. It's not 100% because

75:49 different. Curve right? They're not . No, If you look at

75:55 curve here, you can see the here we can changing to thing

76:00 We continue to thing here in this . As I said, we can

76:04 the That's the lines in a here can change the attitudes off this line

76:09 dance, you know, bigger or , or we can shifting the time

76:15 . Right. While we're changing we talk about empty power. When

76:22 shifting time We talk about the part face something to do with time

76:28 time shifting interface. Okay, this , we have the maximum peak.

76:36 maximum correlation between two curves. If measure that location, we can see

76:42 result. Basically, we got a here that that location give you,

76:47 , 100 75 degree because the heart the direction for the sine wave you

76:57 measure by degree. So at this , 175 degrees, we have the

77:04 correlation between the two faces, which showing right here. So that's that

77:10 they're showing here right now. The curve has the same as the best

77:16 . If you're shifting kind or after will be reduced. Okay. This

77:23 actually how we computing. I am through the spectrum. You,

77:30 whatsoever? Well, I was just ask the question about the approximate forget

77:36 and phase. So is that Is the point of greatest harmony between the

77:42 curves. The two way, in way, when we say what we

77:46 the similarity comedy, Miss Similarity. , so when we're doing fully

77:55 we actually try one frequency time looking the best coronation. If you go

78:03 , you know, frequency one hertz hurt three her for hers.

78:07 So 20 hertz, The capital coalition that best coalition we say.

78:13 that's value for this. Frequencies This is how we actually completing a

78:21 We do one frequency of time. for each frequency we try, different

78:27 were looking for the best collagen then measured aptitudes. If you do

78:34 for everything that they might have you will form your empty special like

78:40 . Something like this. So in case, we have 20 hertz right

78:43 . So this is 20 years. that's the value you plot here.

78:47 your That's a value for 20 I'm too special. Of course.

78:51 case, my signal different. This this signal. This is my

78:55 But the similar idea So it doesn't what the input there is.

79:00 you can do in for transforms. transform this way. So can we

79:05 that we just did spectral decomposition? , you can say that this is

79:10 exactly what's going on with the fully . Although the first transform you're familiar

79:16 a mathematical ones. This is the how we actually do it.

79:21 I always say that this is one to do this. You can do

79:24 ways too. It is a decomposition are decomposed. The data into different

79:31 . One frequency of time. I can already tell you. It's

79:38 tell you that this frequency you got bodies. You've got amplitude here.

79:43 still here. It's very for blue . You also gotta face here,

79:48 I got to value. Actually, got aptitudes on the face. So

79:55 we're doing, for instance, for way, for every frequency we got

79:59 readings. One is aptitudes you don't to face. So in this

80:04 are the 2. 20 hers. a particular signal. The face is

80:11 night 1 75 degree. What? mean, what You know, I'm

80:18 you know the empathy. That means biggest small What phase mean? I'll

80:23 you the moment, but I will you right now. First means why

80:28 Why you measure from time zero the from time zero to the notarized

80:38 So every period is a 360 So we're saying you're 175 degree

80:47 Time zero with here to the nearby . Where is nearby? Peak can

80:56 my pain here, right here that distance from their type zero that distance

81:05 distance is small if you don't mean 175 degree. All right. Everything

81:16 to be consistent. No. Where don't get the first time. What

81:21 ? Small. Okay, so any Do this, then we can become

81:27 in tow. Each frequency we call , um, to the spectrum.

81:33 , this shows you the relative energy ample. Choose as functional frequency in

81:40 signal. No data. This is we get spectrum, which is using

81:47 moment ago to complete the resolution. . Right. So special. We

81:51 users especially tell us so now you say that. Hey, this is

81:56 travels. All this is like to their peak. Here. Repeat

82:00 What it looks like. Well, feel that usually we say there's a

82:03 level, which is noise level. of all, that will say

82:07 approximately will be like this. We our transformations, maybe maybe like

82:12 Okay, What's it like? Something that, but with no practical

82:18 It's really deviate too much from travel . We say Okay, it's not

82:21 . I agree. Using whatever you . So travel, though, is

82:26 way off practical way we're using over future. You did have They're not

82:32 on it. There's no reason why is the trouble. Okay,

82:39 out of detail here. Amplitude defended many, many reasons. So media

82:46 , they all impacted employees. If are researching objectives or your business objectives

82:54 care about everything that is not But if you do care without whatever

83:01 then every step you gotta monitor Make sure you won't give you alterations

83:08 everything. Okay? I'm also give example of a rial snr signal

83:16 This is a bottle measurement. The cases the left right, similar

83:20 So the color are three components recording This one on the left. This

83:27 noise level. This is noise. you can see the signals ratio is

83:31 this is not a spectrum. This just the show most level, as

83:35 our Okay, if you follow currency is going from very high going

83:42 then about Noah. But that noise , I'm going up. Same

83:46 Highlights level than going down so usually surface. Very near services, noises

83:53 going down, much higher quality. other exceptions, they're exceptions. Sometimes

83:59 some moist zone, usually something off wave area due to some local channel

84:05 low level. We lost the You have a guide away.

84:12 Have a lot of emerging. I know he was cited. One.

84:15 worried about too much intense mathematics, I will give you some Some people

84:20 between. So here's debate. People Microsoft's monitoring, they argue. So

84:25 using both measurements because of the higher Snr Here versus surface, which is

84:32 deployed more sensors. So people debating a long, long time, which

84:36 more better and so on. But they want they. They agree that

84:42 show host best way kind of balance sides. It's very calm. Com

84:46 . Okay. Ah, Shadow holds cheaper than deeper holes also achieve high

84:54 level. I'm just giving example general . This is not a very this

84:59 of salt information on some issue about in the result. This is a

85:05 shows you really war. Your result not be agreed with each other.

85:11 , The left side is, result of micro earthquakes from I will

85:20 to the world world. Uh The right away from the surface

85:23 So they they don't agree. I , the left what they agreed and

85:27 they don't agree. So it's always problem on. They treat the reason

85:32 the problem. They found a timing . So GPS time sometimes has a

85:37 has, you know, total era some drifting era by one second.

85:42 seconds, three seconds of it Every . Every so often there's jumping

85:50 so you have to worry about Those artificial human Matthew Manmade eras in really

85:55 real world. Next big issues gain game is you correcting the attitudes opportunity

86:04 re skilled amplitude arbitrary. Lett's gain most famous one called ngc automatic gain

86:12 . Okay, their their their their process changing attitudes for example, geometrical

86:19 on attenuation. But there are also mad in processing people, changing

86:25 using a D. C or No control. All right. There

86:30 many others should hear some couple will also lost the impact. So

86:35 agency, I'll make a gain control on gain control. Uh, if

86:40 do, if you're doing you don't do it. You want You want

86:43 use it? Okay. On DPR , we have our RMS agency and

86:52 lance issue. There's a lot of . I think I better show you

86:56 using example. Here's my example. . This is that how that I

87:01 a long time ago using physical This is the biggest shock hater.

87:06 I have a new you're you're upset a farm set. You can see

87:10 wiggle comes by Kind of clean okay? And so I'm just show

87:15 this raw data. You can see quick decay, amplitude element about

87:22 That's a long time direction. They decay very quickly, exponentially. So

87:27 first thing I did I did is do I automatic gain courage in a

87:32 . C per chase. So this the agency portrays HTC portrays, which

87:40 I'm making opportunity. Well, I some function e g. See,

87:46 actually making the statistical aptitudes kind of as function of time. So every

87:54 has similar statistical attitudes. You gotta this because this is the Wiggles.

88:01 it's not equal. So somehow making roughly equal, usually making some function

88:06 wow or T. You know, T square, something like that.

88:11 every trees is balanced. That's the one is then the signal. One

88:16 see, this time I'm balancing every . I'm sure back in the medium

88:23 , different trees equal. Okay, go from original here in a come

88:32 to see, you can see that becomes more kind of evenly.

88:38 uh, isn't traced. Traced from time. Okay, now you can

88:44 that you this arbitrary. Why do ? Well, sometimes you have

88:49 You have to do this. there's nothing. You know you can

88:51 us that come in on the C. A blob of events and

88:54 . Everything else. Why? Nothing see. So almost every professional software

89:02 will display by agency that has not but display has the agency otherwise.

89:06 cannot see anything so you can do if you need to do but not

89:13 this can be undue. Can be . Do you don't want to do

89:19 that you cannot undo, right? can go back then you're in trouble

89:24 we don't know what more we can and do it any more. So

89:26 can do and that's okay. But you're stacking that, it's too

89:30 You cannot. You cannot ask that , right? I just want to

89:34 the example. Show you the Hearing evolved. It's not difficult.

89:39 just issue involved. You're backtracking exactly you're doing. What's the purpose you

89:45 undo as no big deal. But you, while telling am produced you

89:52 to the face because empty the face combined together. Okay, Well,

90:00 I did agency here, I'm not changing amplitude, imagining also changing

90:06 Why? Because they're different frequency The data is composite, different

90:14 When you changing amplitude, you can a distorting your relationship relation relationship between

90:22 frequencies that, in a way, a face. Okay, Now,

90:29 me explain the face in more This is a single frequency we call

90:32 monochromatic single frequency. So what's the for that? Well, if you

90:40 times zero Where time zero. If hear top zero, that's zero

90:45 Because the distance between time zero on peak is now distant 00 degree.

90:53 you change in time zero. Say want this time zero. Okay,

90:57 is a 90 degree faith. This is a wide degree. You can

91:06 that at all. I don't like like a minus one e.

91:09 agree. My, my I'm not argue. This is the issue off

91:13 way. They have multiple picked So pick which around your life?

91:20 we pick the right one. That's how that's how he is.

91:27 can also say that actually is minus degree. Sure. Other than whatever

91:31 feel you follow the same convention you're will be happy. So, in

91:38 , the face off a single frequency depends on where the time zero is

91:46 measured from time zero Tony, arrest The distance, if you're using

91:53 are using radiate. How many pies you, however real that are not

92:02 single frequency. You that our Right? So? Well, it

92:05 be different story. But before we about, let's say one phenomenon about

92:10 way face special, Okay? This actually very, very important, but

92:16 detail. Why? I say I can tell you you can

92:21 say, 10, 0 vs for company you ask them. What?

92:26 face bedroom from my experience, I about half of them don't know for

92:34 . So there's something less use, people offering more, but I usually

92:40 know about it is that that's my for this class. So I show

92:45 , this is a very clear on . I tell you, this is

92:48 face bedroom. Okay, pay attention detail. The very cold is

92:53 Okay, Harmony degree. Why he Melissa, my 80. How many

92:59 ? Okay, remember this degree from nearest time. Zero this time of

93:04 . Time zero Felony arrest peak. , if you're the type zero from

93:09 recipe, okay? For his Now let me do one thing

93:15 You feel to convince my point? . Idea ties. This is

93:22 Applaud this again. I re scale what I did here. I use

93:29 same clock. Come here. I plug here again. I squeeze a

93:32 bit. This is something remarkable. it goes along with a lot of

93:37 , every frequency. See that they being a better frequency. Why?

93:45 saw that's what I said. The is from the peak near its peak

93:51 zero. So if you for the signal. If you're changing the time

93:59 say I don't like the important to this is my new time. Zero

94:04 many times you hear that wants my . Well, your face will be

94:09 this. That's your face special, . Or whatever other one you

94:18 Shoes doesn't matter which one while those one. So when you're changing

94:24 zero your face, that'll change. , you have the same ample

94:34 But you have different phase, which also why we say for the same

94:39 sets you don't change on his very , but time zero your face.

94:44 will change, which is one reason few people people using what? Using

94:49 Because it is so complicated. It's , it is, But I believe

94:57 the future will be more usage of . It's one part of the data

95:01 that very much under used. now, for most time, we

95:08 have a single friend. We have Really? This is really this is

95:11 possibility, you know? Now I see why. Cause zero visibility because

95:16 the peak is right on time. . That's zero face with zero face

95:27 . This was kind of minimal face one from a maximum face.

95:36 What do you mean? Well, the first. Understand why they call

95:41 , but it's a million on People also call this the front loaded

95:46 the loading right from loaded. This called Tell Loaded from time to time

95:54 . Here. Time zero. So what else is beginning? Zoom

95:59 office has energy from maximum face. a view has managed to the tail

96:05 I really mean is everybody has different . The minimum face means among those

96:13 frequencies. They are relative. first peak has minimal difference because they

96:22 minimal difference to that time. Zero , they have maximizing the constructive interference

96:29 different frequencies. Therefore, your front has more energy because they were constructing

96:35 fear. Their location maximum face, contrast, means between the frequencies off

96:44 energy here they have a maximum difference their face off maximum. You

96:51 with alignment among different frequencies. So don't have much constructive interference in

96:59 They have a more constructive here to end. Typically, they are

97:07 So the conclusion is a The face of a blade depends on the

97:15 This is a This is a part what I said about single single frequency

97:20 where Time zero? Yes, but waylaid, which means modern and frequency

97:25 about the ship. If the ship symmetrical, is zero face The front

97:32 one is a minimal face. The one is a pill loaded. This

97:40 terminology here. Okay, Then you ask me what's useful power? What's

97:44 useful? Well, I can tell , my family has a Houston,

97:51 , two useful ones. 10 Last mineral. Face this to a

97:57 common. If you forget about everything about face. Remember two things.

98:02 face. Regulate zero face regulated. . Interpreters loves zero face liberated

98:15 Why? Because your time. Zero on the right, I'm talking.

98:18 example, this is on community, peak right on there so they can

98:22 tracking that right? So, like zero face processing people usually like

98:33 face. It's not because they like because they prefer why. Because there

98:39 many processing methods, for example, convolution become he can often require minimal

98:47 privilege. Okay, Requirement of If you don't have that one they

98:52 do, they won't be stable. , geophysicists will argue that, you

98:58 , faces a physical one the real , the real world signal most likely

99:04 a record like a minimum face. will argue that way, but that's

99:08 true. I can also argue that show about record label it the real

99:12 like Ryker, like Zero Face. are argument that they're not already a

99:18 which were right or wrong. The is, interpreter like zero face processing

99:25 like a minimal face. No We can easily community computing back

99:30 You can change the face through So in the field of processing,

99:36 data sets processor while covering the face through the car everything but before they

99:42 to the interpreter that makes you allow face into zero face. Okay,

99:53 that's the face issue here. So important for interpreters that many of you

99:58 and geologists with that in mind, hear some argument. I'm just showing

100:06 the same little same after special here here. But, you know,

100:12 zero face showing different, different So this guy, Mike Schlumberger or

100:19 friends, I haven't seen him for long time. Hey, clears the

100:23 1974 demonstrating zero face as the best . Another reason why Interpreter loves zero

100:35 . Give you the best resolution. last top today it's something called the

100:45 Signal. This is my last topic . No word of the time.

100:48 doing fine. Okay, So What's a little signal? Okay.

100:53 also called I'm complex trees. Their names for the same thing. The

100:59 arises from practical reason. Okay, I give you a wiggle like those

101:07 notice, those will go. Any of those we go doesn't matter which

101:10 . Maybe that's choosing this one. this easy one if you show

101:16 Is there clear verticals? Amplitude, ? Amplitude. And here's the bottom

101:22 . Okay. Do you notice? ? Many points on along the

101:27 There's something called zero crossing. In words, there's one location. The

101:32 showing zero aptitudes. My initial zero . Does that mean energy?

101:42 Anybody can answer that question by your and zero does that Does that means

101:51 . Zero empathy. It means destructive between frequency components. Good try.

101:59 that's not the reason the energy is zero. Okay, let me try

102:04 to you. I'm gonna join I one father oclock a grandfather clock

102:11 a Mandarin swing. McGrady's I don't . I'm not the artist. Swing

102:18 that side to both sides, I can enjoy the where.

102:25 but I still pending in office Club back forth. So there are two

102:31 energy here involved. There is a energy. There's a kind of magic

102:40 , The energy of e p E . When you are this side or

102:48 side, your potential energy is maximum minimum. Why in the middle lowest

102:54 , you're practically zero. However, the kind of manic energy is the

103:01 here, the lowest 0.0 where the maximum. So this tool is like

103:08 like a sine wave. The other , like cozying way. Okay,

103:13 are also faced by 90 degree So what we're saying is what you're

103:22 system a ground. You mentioned mammograms the ground motion here is here with

103:27 . Open here. Okay, here's cue upon here. You measure ground

103:31 . You're measuring like potential energy. shaking off the now this is a

103:37 the leg of geophones. You can the shaking right off program, but

103:45 only one side. There also can Energy. They're 200 there. Interchange

103:50 other sometime. So you're zero crossing . Has energy not be measured?

103:55 only measure? One side. This the reason for the analytical signal because

104:02 rial energies, like little coil, the real access. Your measuring They're

104:09 imaginary. One. You didn't measure . So if you draw the projection

104:15 t plan, you see a way like this. There's zero crossing on

104:20 projection. But really energy is that a coil three dimensional. So we

104:27 to We need tohave deriving the coil the projected rt plot. We need

104:35 find out what is also, I we missed the I the I

104:41 So the original signals X, which a function off ts functions are

104:49 The analytical one is the three dimensional a three dimensional are imaginary on t

104:55 called a complex. That's what's I'll get a full energy.

105:02 So, Tom Goldman, this is signal here. This is the kind

105:07 humor transform Hilbert transform and I But if you call, the frequency

105:13 be like this. This is how how you care about this. This

105:17 your present form. I don't need go to the hell mathematically. I

105:20 want to spend time on this, know, I can do it,

105:23 it's not. It is not necessary you guys. Eso But you can

105:28 this concept gave you something of the property. This work is the time

105:34 just means is functional time. This a very different from frequency spectrum.

105:40 special is functional. Frequency is the youth dysfunctional time. Okay,

105:47 for example on the Lord envelope. my coil here again. Envelope is

105:55 time. What's the distance from the to the coil? That's envelope.

106:05 , on face is the angle on R I access. So if you

106:12 if you're looking for a side of , you are here. You have

106:16 hear this whole thing rotates right like on this angle here for our to

106:27 there's angle onder angle is your face angle. Are you with me

106:40 Make sure you can write your voice you know, you know,

106:43 It doesn't make sense. So here's illustrations from people's paper. So the

106:50 is a complex traits here. So this is your restart original your

106:57 data. I'll put this as I sorry. Are on this otherwise model

107:05 ? I lost last slide. So said McGrath's crossing here, but it

107:11 is a sweet dimensional. But you envelope. The states around here envelope

107:16 a senior. So energy no. if you can be zero. But

107:21 times no. Zero. This is is God. This is the Chinese

107:27 . This is kind of the Those are important. The attributes all

107:35 , It's actually a lot off way use those in real world. And

107:43 some detail here. I don't need largely. You can do this in

107:46 . You know, you can use question and using for a sensible

107:49 This is how to do this. going to show you some example

107:54 Just final closing off my concept here the concept I never gave you

108:00 We should example. So you know ? I'm talking about it. So

108:04 this example, my signal is, is one. Why is this trade

108:09 ? Traces. Why? See, the business is single figures away.

108:14 ? I'm using them using, amusing pointer. Uh, I'm using

108:20 , so I don't want to read So this is my signal. I

108:23 on here. This is my Okay, so if you do you

108:27 a handful, you'll get the which is a 90 degree after.

108:33 which is this curve here? So that the solid was original two

108:40 the imaginary part, which is uh otherwise I don't see the

108:45 That's what I'm saying. They're offset other. The third one constant

108:49 This third wise middle Evan. All the single frequency. So there's no

108:54 a constant energy. Don't worry about . this'd side issues A graphical is

109:03 fact number four is the instantaneous which is which is constant. Doesn't

109:09 . You have single frequency on his . Remember, face depend on

109:16 Times earlier. So you continue? , for a single frequency, you

109:22 tell the imaginary easily because the same . Just shifting the the angle.

109:29 90 degree. But I have two . It's complicated. This is why

109:35 had to Mathematically. Okay, Why is original signal and go like

109:41 ? Okay, this is basically to either Inter looking on top of each

109:48 so that the Hilbert transform this guy . Okay, but But they're two

109:56 , so they don't have the same . You cannot a shifting achievements.

110:01 have the decomposing frequency. Notice the . Also it also why? Because

110:09 is where the two frequency constructively interfere is where they kinds of each

110:17 Right? So they in face our in face our face. So the

110:23 go like this and then their frequency like this, You know, in

110:29 office in face office. The last here. Five Eastern Daniel's face.

110:40 , One more last example is showing same thing, but for lower

110:46 Same mission as a closure. I you use all this, for

110:50 Oh, I'm sorry. I forgot to example. This is the left

110:54 Time. Right side is instantaneous. , notice. Horizontal is time.

111:00 is not special. This is the frequency. This wine is changing frequency

111:06 . A sweep is changing frequency. one is a few data change

111:12 This was the same frequency that There's no change in frequency, but

111:16 can tell they're different. Uh, wiggles. The last one.

111:22 so some examples that attributes example this looking through opposite is wise. Another

111:29 . I'm all the time here so I'm not going toe elaborate Much

111:33 shows you're using using the this idea transform to detecting detective attributes.

111:42 so I think I'm down for the part. I'm trying to be right

111:46 time. That's why I'm I'm stopping and moving there. And so

111:51 Any questions, folks, I'm always prepared. That's the problem. So

112:02 other questions? I will take a break before we do the crease.

112:08 about that? So we'll do the or you want to crystals after

112:18 Any opinion? Let's take a Okay, let's take a break,

112:25 . Okay. How do we actually ? Do we keep shifting? The

112:32 times You We don't need toe do way. Like I said, if

112:39 using, uh, clever, completely complex trees. Now, you

112:47 complete that easily. You know, why. Why illustrate something as a

112:54 ? That's the concept. But in , we actually using mathematical form like

113:00 hero transform. Okay, so in , it is very easy,

113:05 Using for using forest and form. one slides near the end. I

113:11 that steps three steps for for the time, people multiplied by something that

113:18 works for a transformed. It is fast, very efficient. Yeah.

113:23 conceptual thing different from real competition, things. Which is why we're using

113:28 meth. Okay, so, we're still waiting for everyone else coming

113:35 . Like I said, a few . Embassy every here, off every

113:39 . Great. So if you guys able to using, uh, logging

113:47 blackboard, you can see the I'm just trying to make sure you

113:53 able do that. That's why I'm this way. I'm gonna show you

113:57 mom in the shootout on screen as . So if anybody have difficulty,

114:02 me know. I can email to are, and we can see

114:08 I'm going to share that right now the screens open book anyway. So

114:14 point here, I'm going to show what looks like. And then we

114:19 go over with it because I don't , in the middle of doing you

114:23 some questions. As you know, been ta or taking other courses like

114:30 before is always tricky. Uh, some kind of tricky, but I

114:35 with truthful question because the officials call our binary filtering. You're forced

114:44 They're choosing yes or no. that's not always easy, right,

114:50 not everything just yes or no. why don't feel ambiguities? You should

114:58 the most likely case not you know one is more tools or force is

115:03 likely or less likely, right? you so choose, you can also

115:10 some words there if you can. you can choose with one that maybe

115:15 some reason why I chose this What's reasoning? Mhm. Now, my

115:20 here for you to learn to not for penalize anyone. So if

115:25 can see on screen, I put quiz one here. Let's not worry

115:30 time limits were coming from when we . Okay, so I'll give you

115:35 minutes on first question, eight Eight questions release statements that you

115:43 uh, circle T o f. or false? On the be the

115:50 two parts, only one page three , four point each. So I

115:57 you to describe the difference. Of . Only briefly. There's no need

116:02 you to say, you know, . He discussed discussion. You should

116:05 enough space. But if you need get more in the pages if you

116:10 first one, for example, is minimum face. They've laid maximum.

116:14 it bravely. I'm ask you for differences. Okay, uh, in

116:20 case, someone say I'm gonna draw . Well, you can draw,

116:24 I didn't see the words. You , while you're working a company or

116:30 , I'm not sure the boss always to see your drawing. How about

116:34 do over the telephone? What do say. Okay, total clients.

116:39 customer. What do you say? the difference? Is that's what I'm

116:44 toe describe. So that is challenging your ability to describing things. The

116:51 one is a face off, Chromatic way versus faith off label

116:59 What are their differences? Maybe only difference. That's fine. You see

117:06 style here? I'm just like you quickly described the main issue. The

117:13 one is a face special versus instantaneous . Okay, this is easy,

117:21 not so easy. If your first See, this is not required to

117:25 of that. So I'm going to through the first eight questions. I

117:30 to make sure you understand the I don't want you miss on

117:33 Then we have issues, right? I'm gonna read this one. I

117:38 see the quiz and blackboard. I don't either. Okay. So

117:44 don't Why why don't I live Oh, I can see you guys

117:47 about it. Okay. I can you guys email. Okay, let's

117:52 that right now. Because, I forgot e don't want to That

117:59 , let me see how they remove thing, Okay? let me shoot

118:02 guys email. Oh, I know you guys able to access.

118:08 teams. Okay, good teams, teams. I put one in teams

118:18 quickly. Which email address is used our team because my cougar net email

118:26 I don't see any, uh, . All right, if you can

118:31 the teams. You I put one already, If you cannot. I'm

118:35 you email. Let me say I believe that something happened today. Lots

118:41 emails coming, I say, 50 emails. Oh, something Some

118:47 on fire now. Today. I know what happened. Okay, let's

118:53 one I sent you last minute. , let's say one second. Give

118:57 one moment. I don't want to I just since everyone their night off

119:04 , so that shouldn't be too And also, of course,

119:12 Okay, give me a moment. never fast hands. My eyes not

119:17 look anymore after three are a No worries. I'm just I'm

119:24 okay. Oh, the second. . Squeeze water. The first day

119:44 always worry about I mean, I'm this will happen almost there.

119:55 All right. If anyone said already me know by email. Okay.

120:06 pieces C very one. You got . A perfect. So let me

120:15 , go through. Go back to screen. No worries. We don't

120:18 until we start. Okay, If already got it, regardless, I'm

120:24 you will get it. Uh, going toe in the future.

120:31 make sure it's in the email. ready. Right on time. The

120:36 thing we have a small class. ago, I had a 40 50

120:41 . That's that's big trouble. Somebody across it doesn't come back, you

120:47 , not having Because the good thing away. We were coming time.

120:51 start. All right on de. the first question in a is a

120:59 . A minimal face. Very. could also be a zero face.

121:04 , is that's true or not? . I mean, maybe a special

121:10 is true. So you don't try pollute. Everything is okay. Even

121:14 one case is true. It's true data sets the two data sets 5

121:22 hertz On what? The time hers different bandwidth. Is that true or

121:28 ? True, Three inspiration to your covers some, but not all preconditions

121:39 Petroleum Reservoir. Remember, we talked five conditions. Four most agency.

121:47 know what agency is now, Automatic game correction. Most logical operators

121:53 alter both the amplitude on the face five Petroleum Reserve, ours. You

122:04 typically related toe on communities. Six the resolution measures how small feature can

122:17 detected. France as needed. Seven time shifting off with it. What

122:29 Face special on the empire to the university of both. Is that true

122:36 not? True? Last one, eight The radiation pattern often air gunnery

122:44 smoother of the lower frequencies. You're rest. Question. If anything

123:00 we're happy Looks like. Okay, take your high. We're starting

123:08 say four or seven. Let's say 10, you know, we can

123:12 generals so you can turning like C 35 about that. If you have

123:20 do some more times from more you know you can stop. Try

123:25 similiar RTM e. Pdf file Toe blackboard if you can. If you

123:31 shooting us back the email by right? I mean, we just

123:35 our best. The key is do best and the untimely manner. We're

123:42 today. Can you believe while down have a good rest. Tomorrow we're

123:48 to see each other. A 30 guard. Get a good rest.

123:54 . Take a look at the material we see each other again. I'll

123:59 here for more for a few If you want to start, you

124:01 say goodbye. Do you start? can quit dark. Okay. Good

124:09 . I'm not stay a few more in case anybody has been any question

124:11 come back. Okay, I'm I'm gonna put out fires on my

124:17 email that got, like, 50 coming out. What's going on?

124:22 . Good luck, folks. Go . We have 25 minutes from can

124:29 for, So I'm coming us, , before 35. Past 44 35

124:37 the tell your quiz. And tomorrow I'll try to go through the

124:43 Okay? All right. Good luck you guys.

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