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GEOL6363 Carbonate Sedimentalogy - Day6 09-11-2021-Part3
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00:00 mhm Yeah. Yeah. Yes. . Mhm Yeah. Uh huh
00:53 Mhm. Uh huh. Okay. . Uh huh. Strong. Uh
01:25 . You want to come in Yeah. I just, I don't
01:29 . They're in the hardware and it growing. Oh, it's questions I
01:37 to let you in the meeting. , I just don't know what I
01:40 want. Just going to this. , you're not. That is just
01:46 to since go ahead. Yeah. , okay. Good. Yeah.
04:13 . Mhm Yeah. Okay. Yeah, it's precious. So right
07:35 . Mhm Yeah. Yeah. So . Okay. Here is our,
07:49 may be fascinating back so much. Right. Was a university student
08:11 So as long as she didn't drop spoil it, it should be
08:26 Yeah. Period car. Its Yes. Mhm Let's pick up
08:32 yeah, precious. I actually got . Mm. Yes, but letter
08:45 . Alright. If it all depends she, she lost it after.
08:49 got here. Because if she was from sometimes she went from the
08:54 So Uh huh percent. It's like narrow, Sorry. I feel like
09:08 saw around so yeah. He still a really nice leverage or frequency still
09:21 christian sense. What's that? Okay. All the profits. Uh
10:25 I got a present split. Mhm. Okay. You can start
10:41 massive just subject maybe. Yes. you do what you feel like you
10:51 to do because you couldn't listen to on too. So Oh sure.
11:17 . Well let's, we'll help her at our next break. Yeah.
11:25 . Okay. We're going to continue discussion about the generally my critics sediments
11:31 associated with the ramp interior platform interior the down the ramp areas in front
11:39 the ramp crest. And we talked a couple of case studies from the
11:47 in and the Mississippi in in the basin. Yeah. Let's move into
11:52 cretaceous to south texas. You the lay of the land now with
11:56 to the Edwards or serve city reef . It runs in this position right
12:02 . Uh, and then all of light blue area here represents the platform
12:06 and most of this is low energy the critic carbonate except wherever there was
12:11 paleo topography created. And um you see there's some positive topography here.
12:17 some negative topography, the old diagrams the Maverick basin, the Mcknight
12:22 But that's basically the Maverick base and one of those introductory tonic baseball sags
12:28 on the on the Creighton. And there's Atlanta uplift that we talked about
12:34 , I believe. Right so. so it's back in this setting
12:38 that back in this factory setting where do have reservoir potential. And if
12:47 look at the Edwards in terms of uh mythologies, the reef that we
12:53 about before made up of rudest is still limestone. And then notice that
12:59 immediate back grief. So called back lagoon. Or really you should call
13:04 the platform interior the more open uh part of the platform interior and brown
13:11 limestone still. And then there's the zone here where you go into an
13:17 in board that's all replaced by And of course the history for the
13:22 of the stolen might is that it's to re flexing outside the town of
13:29 in central texas, which is not far from to land uplift. There's
13:32 active Corey where they mined gypsum and is thought to be the gypsum deposits
13:38 thought to be the upkeep of appetite to the Edwards. Alright. And
13:42 what was the model reflex model? . Foods that pretty fluids flowed down
13:48 or down dip and dramatize the update of the trend but never reached this
13:53 of the, the trend. And why it's still limestone. So
13:57 it's interesting. There are a couple old pools back here, Darts Creek
14:02 Luling that were discovered back in the . They're still producing today, believe
14:07 or not, they're still chugging along you probably have smelt the oil if
14:11 ever driven from Houston to san Antonio if you stopped at bucky's just outside
14:17 lou lanes. Right. You would the hydrocarbon in the air. That's
14:21 they discovered Darts Creek. It was a surface see. And and so
14:27 pools are producing from dramatized fabric. of these pools and the ferocity looks
14:32 this. It's a classical uh ferocity to uh replacement of a bi modal
14:39 settlement. These were scalable ploy to and pack stones as we talked about
14:46 Matrix got preferentially dramatized. And then the reasons we talked about before,
14:52 larger scholar grains dissolved out to give this molding ferocity. Alright. And
14:58 what I've always found impressive about these old oil old oil fields is the
15:04 . I mean the reserves are Are much higher than you normally associate with
15:08 a platform interior setting. I you know, 400 million 300 million
15:13 of oil in place. That's a pretty good. And you know,
15:18 things are chugging away today if some these wells are just producing a few
15:22 a day, but they're still And and the other part of the
15:28 is its fault and trapped, That these are sort of typical
15:32 down, down to the coast faults uh normal faults that trap some of
15:36 uh ferocity. And mhm. Right. All right. And then
15:47 into the Jurassic, we talked about um sands associated with the smack over
15:52 along this area right here. But there are parts of this macro trend
15:58 Alabama where you don't get high energy sand body development. You know,
16:03 low energy and payments of my critic political fabric. And the famous
16:09 a famous oilfield example of that is J. Field X marks the
16:14 And you can see the there's Alabama line. J. J. Feel
16:19 of straddles the state line. And a it's a giant oil field
16:25 And uh we talked a little bit some of the porosity. Remember
16:31 Let me get rid of this We talked about this ferocity before member
16:39 foreign ferocity. Early formed organisation. form ferocity secondary porosity and then preserved
16:46 to 15,500 ft. Some of the are down to 16,000 ft um everybody
16:56 the circular holes and assumes that those druids. But this is not a
17:00 of the trend that was was suitable you. It's sand deposition. And
17:06 may have told you this, but worked for Exxon, this is always
17:09 of one of our core exercises that used in internal training. And you
17:13 you could you could lay out a of course and show this transition from
17:18 that looks like this to the indolent political paxton. Right? So these
17:22 political pack stones Dieter baited that we're host sediment to begin with and where
17:27 got favorably dramatized and dissolved out. develop this kind of ferocity.
17:33 so that's another example of uh these cheerier, low energy democratic carbonates.
17:42 . Yeah. Yeah, same All right. So all the all
17:55 examples I've been showing you involve creation secondary porosity by dehumanization and this is
18:02 the kind of thing that companies would right looking for for scenarios for making
18:08 . You need to know though that another way to create secondary processing these
18:12 stones that does not involve dehumanization. this is a concept in the carbonate
18:17 called the diagnostic chalk. So the loggers used the term chalky for any
18:23 micro forest carbonate. Okay, but we're going to define chalk later
18:30 we use it specifically for the pelagic carbonates that have lots of global arenas
18:35 coke lists and things like that. ? The plastic forums and the and
18:39 co colas. So this is sort a hybrid of that term. It's
18:44 digex chalk because the rocks have a texture because they're highly micro forests.
18:51 most of these deposits are not are deepwater carbonates, they're shallow water
18:56 That arm a critic that undergo favorable genesis, favorable secondary porosity development.
19:02 , there's no plastic microfossils and nana . So the question is, you
19:08 , how do you create the secondary ? Of course the carbonate community is
19:12 all over the board from early to and it's probably all three examples that
19:17 listed here depending on where you look right, because you could certainly have
19:21 dissolution related to conformity die genesis if have any reaganite in the system whether
19:27 expose it or not you're going to that arrogant relatively early during shallow
19:32 So that's another way as I showed to make secondary porosity, then,
19:37 think there are some good examples where of this process is created after this
19:41 has already been buried into the realm pressure solution. So, I want
19:46 to appreciate this is another way to secondary quality for both gas and oil
19:52 in a subtitle or title flat related critic limestone. So the most famous
20:00 of this kind of variation on this type is uh associate with a giant
20:07 field called bahasa bahasa occurs in uh Dhabi. It's part of an onshore
20:15 here. You can see the base one of these shallow integra tonic
20:19 sort of like the maverick basis and we talked about in west texas extends
20:25 from. All right. And there's production here along the margin baja's is
20:30 giant oil field. It produces mostly rudest reef. So it would be
20:35 example of a platform margin, rudest complex. Right. But what's interesting
20:40 these low energy critic carbonates that occur the reef margin. So these platform
20:46 or lagoon. Oh, carbonates is you develop the digest chalk fabric.
20:54 . And this stuff produces oil. right. And they know it they
20:58 it produces oil because they commingle production this stuff with the principal reservoir
21:03 which are the debris sheets like we about for most rudest reef complexes.
21:08 right. So, um, I'm saying that this is the major reason
21:15 this being a giant oil field. ? Most of the ferocity, most
21:19 obviously is coming out of this, I want you to appreciate that there
21:23 co mingle production coming out of the critic fabric. Alright. And this
21:27 what the this is what the core the producing faces looks like for these
21:32 chalks. There are two sequences in Middle East, the Schweiber and the
21:37 Mama that produced from fabric. It like this. And you look at
21:41 rock and Corey say what? That's . I mean, that looks my
21:46 and it looks by intubated and it's pressure solution. That's a classical modular
21:51 we've been talking about. That's what when you buy at your bait first
21:56 then you bury it into the realm pressure solution. So, these are
21:59 are whiskey micro style lights to just through here. All right. Uh
22:04 when you when you squirt a water , you take a water bottle and
22:07 water on it sucks right in. incredible how fast it sucks water.
22:12 right. And when you thin section , you can see high degree of
22:17 micro porosity. This blue hue that all through the rock here. That's
22:21 secondary micro buggy ferocity. That's dissolution democratic matrix by some sort of
22:27 Right. So the question is, it early? And that's all the
22:30 genetic material dissolving out Or is it in later after everything's been stabilized to
22:36 . And you bring in the right of acidic fluid to dissolve it
22:40 All right. But this is what fabric looks like. All right.
22:45 there's no plastic microfossils. There's no list or anything like that. This
22:50 just dissolution. Re precipitation of the Matrix. You're basically just reorganizing a
22:56 of that fabric to give you a ferocity. Right. And it's interesting
23:01 stuff produces oil, right? And produces oil without the assistance of
23:07 So, and uh, the obvious is, well, why does it
23:13 oil produces oil? Because it's high oil? It's like, I think
23:19 trying to think what the oil Think it's like 39 or 40 Audi
23:25 . It's pretty light oil. All right. And and clearly some
23:31 the dissolution is burial. Because you relationships like this where not only does
23:36 Matrix micro leech, but you see of the cal siddiq Malia's or foraminifera
23:42 you see here that large benthic foraminifera riddled with secondary micro ferocity. Of
23:48 the clincher as you see a stylized through here and you see ferocity cutting
23:54 style light and ferocity well preserved on sides of the style light. That
23:57 a timing indicator that we talked right? That that process had to
24:02 after the style I tiff. It their first you would have preferentially cemented
24:07 along the style light. All So that's a that's a digex chalk
24:12 from the Middle East. That's the , that's the most famous example in
24:15 literature and bringing you back to south . I want you to know that
24:20 two biggest gas fields in the Edwards word field or deal with field in
24:26 position right here and were filled over in Lavaca county. Uh, both
24:33 these, both of these pools are in low energy MMA. Critics subtitle
24:41 . They're basically digested chalks as But now these are gas reservoirs because
24:45 more deeply buried. Okay, so me show you the setting here.
24:53 turns out that, you know, Edwards trend, The reef trend that
24:56 talked about occurs obviously along the platform and you've got the grain stone debris
25:01 it. And then all of this low energy democratic carbonate, relatively close
25:06 the platform margin. There's a, a couple of false systems that run
25:11 that setting parallel to the platform And uh, these are, these
25:17 fall trends like addis cosa and uh the currents trough, we fall into
25:24 category. And uh, right there a number of these false systems in
25:28 texas. The line up parallel to platform margin. So you can see
25:32 the rockets dice is sliced and diced this position back here and word field
25:39 probably the best studied. We're certainly published on. There's not a lot
25:44 information about Word Field, but there a couple of papers have been published
25:48 this and They date back to the 80's before we even knew you could
25:53 barrel dissolution in any carbonate. so back then, the only way
25:57 need to create secondary porosity and any rock was to expose it to fresh
26:03 and have the Iraqi genetic fabric dissolve . All right. And so that
26:07 a model for word Field. They looked at it as basically like
26:12 have today off of the Everglades, of the Everglades. There's an area
26:16 florida bay and they're a bunch of mud banks there that are developed and
26:22 mud banks are building up above sea , right, little islands. And
26:26 that was the model. Right? these mud banks build up above sea
26:30 . Get rained on to account for secondary porosity. Alright. And you
26:34 see you can see where it sits behind the rudest reef complex. So
26:41 the original gas in places over 800 8.5% ferocity course, low matrix firms
26:49 this is micro porosity dominated and of baker and scott and I know both
26:57 these people, they went, they this all to be early freshwater die
27:02 because that was the only model anybody back then. So, but when
27:08 look at look at what's been described you look at the some of the
27:13 that I'm going to show you for or Dilworth, they're very similar.
27:18 you start to see a lot of porosity related to leaching of calcium,
27:24 grains. And you see secondary porosity along where cutting style lights. Those
27:28 the red flags we talked about before indicate at least part of that porosity
27:33 created by barrel phenomenon. Right, pacific fluids. And then what I've
27:40 to pay attention to is the amount CO two associated with some of these
27:45 . The high CO two, I is a red flag as well for
27:49 dissolution. Right? You're dissolving Well, what are you going to
27:53 ? You generate Ceo too. So, the elevated content, maybe
27:58 red flag. That doesn't mean all two comes from carbonate dissolution. I'm
28:02 saying that, but I'm just saying something that you catch your attention and
28:06 brought you to look at the rocking little bit more detail. All
28:10 So, let me show you, worked deal worth a little bit more
28:15 I've looked at samples from from word . But this is a this is
28:23 sample. I think I mentioned that animal study that I did. I
28:29 I mentioned that yesterday. Right. we sampled all those, all the
28:33 and we took the plugs and we NMR. And then we've made thin
28:36 off the plug. So, this one of the samples From Dilworth and
28:40 can see 11,000 almost 500 ft burial ferocity. 8.5 million darcy's of
28:50 You do see the porosity, don't ? No, you don't believe
28:54 do you? You don't believe there's ferocity there. Now. Do you
28:58 me? Okay, white paper. is why we use the white paper
29:05 . All right, right. Officer . We were offsetting the shallow
29:17 Yeah. Look what you pick up this view that you didn't see easily
29:25 that view. Alright. The style , you're actually looking up at the
29:30 light is coming up at you like . The teeth like structures. And
29:35 , the preservation of secondary microprocessor. cutting like you see here or preserved
29:40 both sides, indicates again, barrel . And then what else do you
29:46 here in these rocks? You have these other exotic styles of mineralization.
29:51 have fluoride that we talked about It's icy tropic as you see
29:55 It turns completely black under cross Uh mega courts. Again, we
30:00 about the significance of that. basement derived in acidic fluid. We
30:05 saddle Dolomites which are definitive barrel but they're leached. So you needed
30:12 enough fluid deletes that saddle dolomite as . All right. So, so
30:16 of this suggests again that this is , This is not only digest chocolate
30:20 probably full control. Again, tied to reactivate a basement falls to account
30:25 the mineralization and the barrel dissolution. , All right, then.
30:35 1 last example here. Bring you to the central basin platform to show
30:39 what happens on the other side potentially the ramp crest as you go on
30:43 seaward side. And you go slowly into deeper water. As soon as
30:48 get below fair weather wave base, into an area of accumulation of uh
30:53 critics sediment, but you're not into deep water basin yet. So,
30:57 famous example of that kind of play is Seminole field, which occurs up
31:03 in Gaines County. All right. we talked about vacuum yesterday for grain
31:09 and Seminole sits right there. It's giant oil field. And yeah,
31:20 , it's a giant oil field. you can see it's it's made
31:25 The main producing zone is shown in here. And uh there's a residual
31:32 zone below that. And of course is non productive up here. All
31:35 . And actually my first, my major consulting project was was working this
31:44 . I was hired uh by three has Arco and Marathon. They've gone
31:55 uh they uh had gone to water and typically the water flood busted because
32:04 didn't understand the internal geometry. They thousands of feet of core. All
32:11 . So, I was hired to all the core, which is like
32:14 ft of core. I mean this took me maybe took me maybe eight
32:19 and half the time I spent in describing the core out of marathons lab
32:25 and then come back to Houston work the thin sections and verify the
32:30 I wasn't doing a digex that I just trying to set up the street
32:34 fee and the cyclist city and relate the porosity is in the good
32:40 All right. So, and the that produces along this ramp trend ramp
32:47 is just this one faces belt right with a few Selena's. All
32:52 So vacuum field you saw that the . Is produced. Okay. We'll
32:56 the words don't produce because they're all with and hydrates cement. There's no
33:03 . And the title flat here had permeability to because they had financial
33:08 but that's plugged. But they All right. So, there's a
33:11 of plugging of the of the ferocity an hydrate, but the few Selena
33:16 produce. All right. And this what the rock fabric looks like.
33:21 right. So, the only thing produces in this trend is rock that
33:26 like this. These are the few pack stones and sometimes wacky stones that
33:32 replaced by dolomite. All right. the brown color is oil stain.
33:38 the only time this stuff produces is the few Selena's are not that dissolved
33:43 And you don't have a lot of and hydrate. Okay. But when
33:48 have more and hydrate in the you get a greater degree of dissolved
33:53 few Selena's essays holes here. But what happens when you dissolve the
33:59 that dolomite goes back into solution? precipitates as poor filling cement here?
34:04 . So, you see in this , you had a lot more for
34:07 in perm in the matrix. And , it's all tight. Everything's
34:11 Even though you still have good these samples could show comparable Prosise on
34:17 , Right? But this is the one that yields hydrocarbon, and this
34:21 never produces hydrocarbon. All right. it's the damnedest thing I've ever seen
34:27 my life. In terms of the between these two fabrics, sometimes in
34:32 bore hole and a core, You go from 46 to 47 or the
34:37 way around vertically. And to be sharp contact or transitional contact. Sometimes
34:44 you look at a core, half core look like 46, half the
34:47 look like 47 that way with either or sharp contacts. And sometimes in
34:54 borehole, you'd see the contact at angle. I mean, I've never
34:58 anything like that ever again. And worked lots of villas tone sequences.
35:02 uh but I think here, I the story here is one of of
35:08 decolonization first and then later dissolution controlled how much and hydrate comes into the
35:16 . We have more and hydrate, see this kind of ferocity developed where
35:19 whole grain dissolves out, where you have as much and hydrate, you
35:22 get a little bit of dole of dissolution. You hold onto that permeability
35:26 that was the key. All And then of course, all of
35:30 , this is actually burial dissolution. thinks he's everybody thinks these Dolomites formed
35:36 early. But you can see some these grains are already future together before
35:41 get dramatized. So this is burial , This is burial and hydrate coming
35:46 . Everybody thought this is early and to begin with. And then of
35:50 the dissolution starts out dissolving the crystals replace the few cylinders and then it
35:56 to this fabric. Right here. right, So, okay, that's
36:01 sideline. I wasn't hard to do dye genesis, but and I didn't
36:04 understand this when I was doing the . I observed it, but I
36:07 understand it Because back then this is 80s, right. Nobody knew that
36:13 Mike would would dissolve out on a scale. Everybody thought dolomite was pretty
36:18 and should never dissolve out. Of we've thrown that out the window.
36:22 right. Yeah. Shoot, I know. Um I mean, they
36:31 have any in a more stuff, Process back in the 80s when that
36:37 a very popular tool either. So . Mhm. Yeah, mm.
36:50 maybe, I don't know. I , I'm not I mean M.
36:54 . And M. Are supposed to detect the difference between macro and micro
36:59 . Both of them have a decent porosity, Right? Because you can
37:05 the ferocity, it's not like it's micro porosity and one or the
37:09 So I don't know which one I that I don't know if they had
37:23 I'm sure they had some SPS on older wells, but uh I don't
37:29 . I never got this is a issue, right? You never get
37:35 access to all the data when you're the work. Right? So I
37:39 have logs to go with all the that I looked at. So I
37:42 really got to see that. I just told by the engineer that they
37:46 tell the difference on logs between 46 47, okay. There is no
37:54 huh. Okay, well, let's let me summarize then. What we've
38:01 talked about, right, we're in more restricted subtitle or title flat environment
38:06 associated with the ramp interior setting or , interior setting or possibly down the
38:12 of the ramp crest as you go deeper water basin. Alright. And
38:16 reservoir quality almost always has to be on favourable die genesis, Most people
38:22 it's dull immunization has to come into , but I've showed you another way
38:25 do this, right? This digest and and we have diabetic shocks that
38:31 all the way back to the All right, So this is not
38:34 not limited to these. I showed , you know, at mesozoic
38:40 but there's also some examples in the . Right? And then don't forget
38:46 that there can be some production from porosity in these title flat systems with
38:52 because of the financial prostate you're going see for judy creek when we talk
38:56 that next week. Next friday that there is local production from these tidal
39:01 that produce sometimes from financial porosity. good news again is uh the reservoirs
39:08 are usually stacked, right? And traps are strata graphic. And that
39:13 seals would be the time equivalent dense , writes or evaporates. And
39:18 I said, source could be a of potential could be an issue if
39:22 way back from the open ocean. if that's where your kitchen is
39:26 somewhere out in the deeper basin and examples. Okay. Alright. Any
39:33 questions or comments about uh that All right, well, let's go
39:42 one more plate type and then we'll a little break. Uh This is
39:47 Last of the five conventional play types I listed so called basal or down
39:52 ramp mound carbonates. Alright, these are depending on geological age.
39:58 can vary from the classical pinnacle reefs are up to over 1000 ft
40:04 To the low relief buildups. We in the upper paleozoic involving crying noise
40:08 bright zones or Phil Lloyd algae. , so the age influences the scale
40:14 the build up. All right, here's the schematic cartoon, right?
40:19 we're into the basin, but were in the deep parts of the
40:22 So don't get the impression that we out in the middle of the
40:26 Almost all of these build ups, there's pinnacle reefs or the low relief
40:31 occur and that transition zone from the to the deeper part of the
40:37 Right? So either down the ramp I guess you could say sort of
40:42 slope setting before you get to really water. That's where these plays tend
40:46 develop. All right, but not in the middle of a deep water
40:51 . Alright, and remember I showed this seismic yesterday we were talking about
40:56 expression of carbonates and I made the about ramps. What happens to ramps
41:01 you go more and more distal, start to roll over a little bit
41:05 of increased subsidence. And it's this little inflection point here that oftentimes in
41:12 ramp model is where you nuclear hate down ramp or down slow build
41:17 right. Whether they're pinnacle reefs or of the low relief buildups we have
41:21 the upper paleozoic. So let's just right into some of the examples
41:27 First examples from the Devonian of Western there are five carbonate mega sequences that
41:34 in Western Canada that are oil and productive. And the uppermost one is
41:41 Dennis Q. There's no, I'm , not the uppermost one, but
41:46 second to the youngest is called Dennis . All right. And it is
41:52 related carbonate deposition. And you can there the Again, I would not
41:59 the term shelf anymore. Right. is old terminology from the 60s but
42:04 carried through to the paper in the shame on them. But basically this
42:10 a ramp deepening up to the All right. So Winterburn basin is
42:15 deepwater equivalent to the ramp. And is that transition zone where you go
42:20 like this, you start to roll , you get this fairway of pinnacle
42:25 . All right. So the two areas are brazo and pomona. And
42:31 course this play was not discovered until mid 1960s. by Old two
42:35 Data, Nobody knew these were reservoirs they stumbled on this back in the
42:42 . And of course was excuse what's the play concept was developed?
42:47 is just a matter of shooting a enough grid of two D. Seismic
42:51 to find all of these plays. they were all discovered within a couple
42:54 years. All right. And you know, usually in the
42:59 you think in terms of reef builders being strong atop roids, but sometimes
43:04 are tabulate corals? All right. the tablet corals where the corals
43:09 Mostly horizontal across partitions. And you , we see him in vertical orientation
43:16 . That's in growth position. And this is, this is one of
43:21 reefs is still limestone and anybody know this is. But between the corals
43:31 kind of cement? Cloudy. That's my critic. Its crystalline. It's
43:42 cloudy color. Well, sorry, sites were never cloudy. Right.
43:50 was the only kind of cement that cloudy hurry marines amount? Right.
43:55 some sort of marines amount. And you can see this little closer with
43:59 hand lens, you could maybe you sort of see a fibers habit to
44:03 . So those are those icy pakis , trying to be little fan shaped
44:09 in places where the pores are Okay. And so it turns out
44:14 limestone, these lime stones are rarely reservoirs. These are their marine cemented
44:20 you see here or they trapped right. Because they also act as
44:25 stones sometimes write a little bit deeper . And so you'll get mud in
44:30 . So no permeability, even though corals have ferocity. Right? Corals
44:35 calcification member. These are devonian. all the corals in the paleozoic are
44:39 . They're not going to leach out . Right, during burial. So
44:45 do you have to do? You to delimit ties. Right. So
44:47 the reservoirs in this trend look like . The matrix preferentially dramatized. And
44:55 the corals bleached out. You can to the court warehouse in Calgary and
45:00 them pull out these cores like You can pick up a chunk,
45:03 like this this long and you can from one end to the other like
45:08 telescope. You're looking down the dissolved . Okay, So look at the
45:14 for this sample. 1.5 For the permeability is 1.5 Darcy's all right for
45:20 play because of this kind of Alright, so, again, this
45:25 the beauty of dramatizing some of this fabric. Right? You create that
45:30 excellent permeability. All right. That's upper that's more upper devonian in Western
45:37 . It's interesting that the oldest of five sequences, which is called keg
45:41 , also has clinical brief development but stream atop roids. Okay, so
45:49 the same kind of setting. We're off the shallow water carbonate platforms and
45:54 off into these isolated little sub basins northwestern part of Alberta. And you
46:00 see the pinnacle reefs develop in this right here before you get into deeper
46:05 and they start off as vertical If they stay like that, it
46:09 takes one will to develop something like . But clearly some of these things
46:15 into bigger scale structures and some of take on an atoll morphology like you
46:20 expressed here Where it takes four or wells to develop. Okay. And
46:26 of these also did what they built the sea level because they're capped by
46:31 or tidal flats and that are a for paleo sea level right? Within
46:36 few feet. That tells us where level was. Right. And so
46:40 the evolution here? The evolution is than what we saw in shallow
46:45 Right. We saw things changed this across the mature reef. And these
46:50 , they start in deeper water and do what they change vertically through
46:54 Right? So you start off deposition on Criminal Lloyd's. That's the
47:00 These little criminal banks are the And it turns out that three
47:04 seismic shows that a lot of these are there because of reactivated basement
47:10 So that kick kicks off the initial chrono is on top of that,
47:14 there, a little deeper water. then what do you find on top
47:17 that in the dark blue? The corals. Right. And then the
47:23 atop rights come in and then they characters. They go up right to
47:28 shallowness and changes in energy. So start changing their morphology like we talked
47:34 before. So the donation is vertical in a platform margin reef, the
47:40 would be lateral or horizontal. And you can see the kinds of
47:47 is here, 6800 ft is pretty . Some of these reef complexes get
47:53 to 1000 ft thick. Okay. they have excellent uh seismic expression on
47:59 D. Data. I showed you two d. data yesterday where there
48:02 a lot more subtle that you in two D. They picked it
48:06 from the drape effect in the slave . But here on three D.
48:10 not hard to miss this. that's the build up right there.
48:20 guess you could say that's a little of a sag. Right? I
48:27 you could say pull down, but the sag is the when it
48:33 that's supposed to be, that's supposed mean the build up is more porous
48:38 pull up like that would be the way around where it's tighter. So
48:42 . Okay. Now look at just these color patterns. He, even
48:48 this is an old diagram, I I really like this diagram because it
48:52 you what we see time and time with respect to decolonization and ferocity
48:58 Almost always there's a faces control and quality even if it gets stolen
49:03 Okay, so just compare the color here for deposition all faces with the
49:09 faces after decolonization. I think you see a very strong Relationship between the
49:15 . That's just telling you that the reservoir quality is faces control.
49:20 And this is this is not that . In fact, in my experience
49:24 is pretty common. There's a reason some of these rocks are dramatized and
49:28 because of underlying faces control, Which what you want to see,
49:32 Because that's what you want to try map or extend in terms of extent
49:38 the subsurface. Right? And then last example in the salary in the
49:46 basin example that we talked about a bit yesterday. Same relationship here we're
49:51 . We're coming off the carbonate It's along that, that transitional zone
49:56 forceps zone where you see the fairways pinnacle reefs And these pinnacle reefs again
50:01 the scale of 400 to 600 ft . And you can see they're encased
50:06 deep water carbonate. A one carbonate we talked about yesterday was a source
50:12 With only an average toc of And then it gets encased in the
50:18 to evaporate, which is a basic evaporate. And of course, that
50:23 for sure the closure, right? strata graphic entrapment of the oil.
50:27 some people think it's also the source the magnesium fluids that dramatize the
50:32 Right? That would be a variation , based on the watering instead of
50:37 it up, dip, squeeze it the adjacent reef complex during burial.
50:43 , all I can tell you is these physicals have to be dillaman ties
50:46 be productive. Alright. And and no guarantee every dramatized one is going
50:52 be productive. But sometimes the process plugged by, uh, evaporates either
50:59 or hey or hey, light. I don't know of any limestone examples
51:04 produce. All right. So, have to dramatize this stuff and presumably
51:08 by squeezing those magnesium rich grinds into adjacent pinnacle reef from the deep water
51:15 . All right. Nothing. No of the time. Our strategy doesn't
51:22 to be injured for all guests. . These only occur in the shallow
51:30 atomic basins. Alright. You never him in a really deep water
51:33 Okay. You can see them in transition zone as you go into deeper
51:37 basins. Well, I mean, show you example of that in the
51:41 when we get to Southeast Asia. , so yes, it can be
51:45 . It could be a restricted integrate basins. Like I've been showing you
51:49 for Canada and the salary in But it can be in that transition zone
51:54 more open marine deep water setting. right. So that will come in
52:00 minute. All right. Let's just our way up from the lower
52:05 Look into the uh, but for , right. The Mississippi and through
52:13 aged sequences. These are this is time period where you don't have organisms
52:19 of producing high energy platform, marginal . Right. So, the build
52:23 tend to be associated with the So, in the Mississippi in the
52:29 fauna are crying noise, bright zones these big foraminifera including the fuselage needs
52:34 we've talked about before. All They trap sediment they build and they
52:38 buildups but they don't make great vertical alright. And they occur in relatively
52:45 water, lower energy. Right? order to account for the entrapment of
52:49 . A critic fabric. So there a bunch of examples here and I'll
52:53 about a couple of these famous examples the Williston basin. I'll show
52:58 I think an example from the western here in a minute. All
53:03 The outcrop analog is the one you here from New Mexico. This is
53:09 Muleshoe mountain. And if you you know where Alamogordo is? North
53:17 of white sands National Monument. If drive down one of the highways from
53:24 and you can you can get this without climbing up here. I mean
53:27 climb up here, you can do . I've done it. It's not
53:32 . It takes all day to do too. But but what you see
53:37 is the typical geometry of these build , right? These are loaf shaped
53:41 bread love shaped buildups, right little And they're made up of always made
53:47 of 2.2 parts the so called Right? That's the baffle stone
53:54 That's where you had a greater percentage in situ in this case cry noise
53:58 bright zones and then you have flanking bets and you can see some of
54:02 betting an outcrop. Alright. And of the stuff built up close to
54:08 level, but not to where you tidal flats or beaches. If you
54:13 up here on the top of of this mountain, right here on
54:16 seaward side, you see all of bright zones lineup like this, the
54:22 rate. Remember the fan shaped reasons all line up like this parallel to
54:28 to the C word, margin of , of that building. They're almost
54:32 the modern day see fans that occur the seaward edge of the reefs.
54:37 ? So that's suggesting that you're building into some energetic conditions, but
54:42 I've never seen anybody show where these actually build up to tidal flats or
54:47 . So, but I don't know they couldn't in some, some
54:51 Right? But look at the 100 m, that's pretty typical.
54:55 probably on the high side. And thickness is controlled by where you're at
55:00 the de positional profile. So if down dip with greater subsidence, you
55:04 a Muleshoe, if you're up several miles up dip, you get
55:09 low relief buildups, it might be of meters thick to maybe 20 or
55:13 m sick. Okay, That's controlled substance effects along, along that ramp
55:21 . Okay, so the processes that into play here, obviously, you
55:28 , there's there is potential for some imitation associated with these build ups.
55:35 then the question is, they do secondary porosity. So, what controls
55:39 ? Of course, the old literature it's all freshwater die genesis, which
55:43 absolutely no sense. Because what are constituents? They're all cal siddiq,
55:48 , criminals are calcite, forums are , bright zones or calcite. So
55:53 going to dissolve? So, I if you have any limestone buildups that
55:57 secondary porosity, that's probably going to burial dissolution, right? Sometimes they
56:02 demonetized. That's not unusual. And course they can get fractured too to
56:07 , enhanced the permeability. Alright, of the problems that you have to
56:12 about in the upper paleozoic is, your buildups dominated by Quran Lloyd's or
56:17 ? If there's lots of crying lloyds you see in this photograph here,
56:22 what happens to those crying lloyds when get buried, any dissolving calcite wants
56:28 latch onto that. Cry annoyed is overgrowth cement. And so you can
56:33 quickly cement up some of this principle fabric and lose the reservoir quality.
56:38 , that's the risk that you'd have think about. All right.
56:43 a couple of field examples here, , the famous one is the most
56:48 one is probably Dickinson field in Williston . Um This is found by by
56:56 . All right, In the mid , nobody knew this place existed in
56:59 Williston Basin. Kanako had been producing update plays. And what do they
57:06 , like all companies do. They extending their expiration further down dip,
57:10 ? They kept shooting deeper, seismic, further down slope. And
57:16 stumbled on these low relief mounts. right. And so now there are
57:20 whole host of these things that have discovered and are producing and Dickinson is
57:26 the most studied. Yeah. Not study in great detail, I
57:31 but at least Konica published on on of the aspects of Dickinson fields.
57:36 here's the summary. You can see scale is comparable to the outcrop
57:41 I just showed you about a 100 thick and moderately deeply buried. You
57:46 see the faces. The the mound is dominated by bright zones baffle stone
57:52 . The flank beds are a mixture crime, noise and bright zones.
57:56 inter mountain areas are where you get sponges with the church modules and things
58:00 that's pretty tight. And so in example, the reservoir is associated with
58:07 core and not the flanking beds and examples. It's the flanking beds have
58:12 better reservoir quality and in some examples produce. Okay, so don't be
58:19 if one is one produces and one . All right. So you can
58:23 the numbers here and again, these not incredibly big reserves because the build
58:31 is not that big, but, appreciate again, the ultimate recovery efficiency
58:36 pretty high. All right. All . That's that's the Mississippian. And
58:42 , Williston basin. And then there's which is down here. And then
58:48 another area up here called the Peace and payment and and uh can remember
58:58 Columbia. This area here that this Alberta and there's a pool there called
59:06 formation is called the pakis Co And the the seal area is productive
59:16 the debris sheets of materials that don't off of some of these buildups.
59:22 this is a interesting build up because heavy oil as well. All
59:28 And here's the data for the seal and and and and this and in
59:36 . Sorry, I misspoke not british . And you can see again,
59:41 scale is comparable thickness to what we about for the crab. And you
59:46 see it's not very deeply buried. right. And it has the same
59:50 we talked about. Most of production again from the prenatal Pakistan's and grain
59:57 that either are parts of the flanking or part of a capping limestone unit
60:03 top of the build up. And you get production from inter particle
60:07 You get production from some shelter Get production from primary intra particle and
60:13 there is some dissolution here as All right. Look at the api
60:18 . I mean api gravity is described that 11° oil is described as sort
60:26 like a oil like uh honey. right. So it comes out of
60:34 rock, but it doesn't come out fast. That's basically what I'm
60:38 All right. So, here's just to see what the rocks look like
60:42 , we're going to start down ramp the deeper water part of the trend
60:46 , you can see the mormon critic . Uh, I think that's part
60:51 a shirt nodule that's associated with See the pressure solution here. This
60:56 is non productive. Then you come onto the middle part of the ramp
61:01 . These are some of the flanking beds. You can see the Quran
61:05 , you can see some of the , preserve some of that process.
61:08 secondary due to dissolution of the It'll fabric and then here's the
61:13 It'll sand body system associated with part that build up. And then there's
61:22 equivalent to this annuity shoal. So uptick equivalent is actually a new,
61:25 old, but that has some ferocity . So, uh, it could
61:30 that some of these build ups actually up to sea level and you get
61:33 good souls on top. You're going see that that's not unusual when,
61:37 we get to the pennsylvania here in minute, I'll show you where that
61:41 actually pretty common to go from these ups to you and sand back into
61:46 up back to you and sand. right. What do people talk about
61:50 to a grief to it. All . Very, very typical in the
61:54 record all the way back to the . All right, Okay. So
62:00 let's serve let me finish up the . You're with the pennsylvania. Downslope
62:06 . Remember pennsylvania is the time period the fileted algae appear. They only
62:11 for the pennsylvania and part of the and then they're gone. We don't
62:15 exactly what Phil and algae are, we suspect they're related to calculus green
62:20 . And I think pretty clearly there and magnetic. And so they're always
62:24 to be prone by whatever mechanism to or re crystallization. Alright, so
62:30 biggest field example involving the development of mounded buildups is anise field in the
62:38 corners area of the US. Where colorado Utah New Mexico and Arizona
62:46 . Right? And yeah, you see the the scale here. This
62:55 a pretty big field, sorry. you can see again the two elements
63:00 we've been talking about. There's always reef corer, right? Made up
63:04 the solid algal wacky stones, to stones, to baffle stones. And
63:09 a cap into a lot of grain . And this just repeats over and
63:13 again. So there's production out of limestone and dolomite ties mountain cores.
63:19 production out of the politic material. , this gives you a feel for
63:23 numbers. And you can see that's good production here. That's almost 300
63:29 barrels of oil over about a 22 period. And then about two 280
63:35 of gas. All right, So the cartoon in the literature that shows
63:40 the settings. So we're coming off a shallow water carbonate platform to the
63:46 and we're ramping in basically into one the shallow, intricate tonic basin.
63:52 , same setting we've been talking So what initiates first is the philadelphia
63:58 build up. Of course everybody thinks are really deep water because there but
64:03 but they can't be deep water because if Phil Lloyd algae need they need
64:07 . Right. I mean the modern calculus algae go down to 70
64:11 So I'll give you that kind of depth. I won't give you hundreds
64:15 meters of water depth in which to these kinds of build ups.
64:20 And you know, you're not too because look what happens. You evolved
64:23 the build up into a new little on top. Alright, so that
64:28 you two Things. First of it tells you you weren't that deep
64:32 begin with in order to build up the woods. And then what would
64:36 the likely driver for an isolated integrate basin like this? Probably the trade
64:41 . Right. And not title So All right. So that's famous
64:49 . And then we have other examples this along an area called the horseshoe
64:54 tall that occurs in the northern part the midland basin Here's the central basin
64:59 that we've been talking about. And this is the so called eastern shelf
65:05 of the middle and basin. And a structure up to the north called
65:10 of course you a tall. All . And I skipped over one slide
65:15 your slide set that shows the Is that pretty clearly controlled by basement
65:21 ? The fabric. Okay. And look at all the pools are developed
65:27 in red. Most of them are the eastern side and along the edge
65:32 that structure. All right. And the paleo trade wind direction? I
65:38 , yes. Can you go back this time in the Pennsylvania and you're
65:42 15° north of the equator. so this has been a strong easterly
65:46 wind built. And so it sort makes sense that you have a bunch
65:50 them here and also makes sense that could have some on the other side
65:54 right catching the wind effect. Um not being affected by off bank transportation
66:00 the center part of that, so at all is relatively deep. All
66:05 . That's a big structure. I , look at the scale, That's
66:08 60, 70 miles across for All right. So three d.
66:14 sort of shows you how this is put together sack rock is probably the
66:19 pool associated with the eastern side of horseshoe at all. Um This is
66:24 cross section through that to show you cyclist city. I mean these
66:30 yeah, these are like sub units the canyon formation. Then the cisco
66:36 on top of that. But basically you're seeing here are these stacked repetitive
66:41 like I showed you for. Uh with you go from build up to
66:49 . It's or build up to criminal stone and it repeats over and over
66:54 . Right? You go Phil I'd to its philadelphia gee to criminal brain
66:59 . So, so when it's fileted , I can show you what the
67:05 quality looks like and what it doesn't like. All right. So the
67:09 is non reservoir. And you can what you see. The problem here
67:14 this fabric is the baffle stone fabric highly my critic, right? You
67:19 the film Lloyd algae are the little potato chip like fabrics, there's some
67:23 corals here mixed in. There's no . Okay, all the reservoir quality
67:29 has to be generated by demonization or favorable secondary limestone dissolution. And that's
67:36 example on the right here where you see the McCready carbonate has been dissolved
67:41 to give you this tan color. everything is tan color is highly for
67:47 dominated by a mixture of macron's secondary . And you can see some of
67:51 cuts the style lights or is preserved the style light on either side.
67:56 some of this process is barrel But some of the processes early form
68:01 it's related to the film Lloyd So, these used to be a
68:05 of blades of Phil Lloyd allergy. can see the Mc right envelope that
68:10 the grains. You can see the ferocity here. This is not barrel
68:14 solution. This is early dissolution, ? Because it's a magnetic. So
68:19 due to exposure to fresh water or shallow burial, this fabric will dissolve
68:25 , but then superimposed on that is phase of deep barrel dissolution for some
68:29 these pools. Okay. And you see this, I think really nicely
68:35 you back to the horseshoe. A This is an old mobile field called
68:40 Creek field. And it produces from crime, total lime stones and Hewlett
68:47 stones. All right, The it'll stuff looks like this.
68:52 In fact, some of these are of prenatal buildups right? Where they
68:56 as a baffle stone. And then of this material is the debris which
69:00 the flanking beds. But look at I want you to take away from
69:04 is look at the, look at grains, their suit you together.
69:09 cranberries are sitting together, right? then look at the corrosion of some
69:15 these grains here. That that shouldn't . All right, unless you have
69:19 dissolution barrel barrel pressure solution to account that. And then some corrosion and
69:26 account for that ferocity. They're all . Because these are criminals they should
69:31 pretty stable. They should be pretty preserve. They should also be preferentially
69:37 up early. But here, they're . All right. They just underwent
69:40 solution. And then you have other Critics fabric here. But again,
69:47 don't appreciate the scale of the paparazzi you look at the look at these
69:51 sections with the white paper technique. , there's the few selected here,
69:57 is this fuselage it right here. mean, look at all this porosity
70:02 . You see a little bit of here in this lower photograph. And
70:05 course, you don't see much if of the micro porosity in the MMA
70:10 matrix. Same point over here. . And then look at all the
70:14 at all this micro porosity riddled with skylights. None of that makes any
70:19 . Unless that's barrel dissolution. So, I just want you to
70:24 that they're different pathways for creating secondary in some of these uh these kinds
70:29 build ups. Alright. And then last example here, we can see
70:34 extent extensive dissolution of the Matrix and Quran Oid. You can see the
70:39 lights again, sort of floating in highly micro forests the critic Matrix.
70:48 . And then this field is capped a little grain stone. Right.
70:51 you went from reef in this case dominated or build up to the wood
70:56 stones. Right. So that tells you can't be too terribly deep when
71:01 start that prenatal build up fabric. . Yeah. All right. You
71:08 doing okay. Take a little It's a good time to take a
71:13 . All right, let me pause guests and much more Yeah dude.
71:32 yes. Yeah. 10 minutes. , so just stretching off. Tess
71:44 has always been that's it. I they're inserting they hooked up at the
71:58 . Yeah. Hotel has hotels always probably places stop. Yeah. Uh
72:17 That's all the results of reserving but always concerning. Yeah. Yeah.
72:31 sure this is always that for the thoughts. three or 4. It
72:41 the biggest, the biggest here. very smallest. Uh huh sequence.
77:08 there. What very from the places of I see. Yes, they
77:22 go you roll over so Right, think maybe. Yeah. Well
78:41 that's what he's a beauty or The whole excited for an alarm.
78:51 it. Yeah. Big questions. was just saying and follow it.
79:32 see the infra back on close towards toilet. Words on she said that
79:41 had a dog. Yeah. thanks this year as a hostile
81:10 Mhm Okay. Mhm. Mhm Right. Yeah. Yeah. Mhm
82:11 , so sweater some smaller. Mhm of knows where she yeah that was
82:30 quiet. Is the pit stop city yeah. Mhm Home retrace her steps
85:17 sure troops. Yeah thank you. worked too many times. So it's
85:32 she lost the outside. Yeah, war. Yeah. Well, that
85:56 be, that would be a pleasant dresser. Yeah, there is.
86:13 your mother, so you could get right for your kids while you're doing
86:20 . Yeah. Right. Right. . Yeah, wow. You're the
86:59 . You're supposed to know everything. Yeah, that's the pressure put on
87:04 all wives and mothers there. Yeah, yeah, yeah,
87:26 So yeah. And then covid K . Hey, so that's good.
87:51 . Still its cost something. sure. You felt it where?
88:30 . Oh. Mhm. Oh Yeah. Mhm Yes. Mhm.
88:43 said, yeah. Okay. Still me. So Mhm. Yeah,
89:17 , Yeah. Thank you. Trace path back. Yeah, Yeah,
89:38 . No, soon as that. . Sure a lot. Okay,
89:51 , we'll help you keep looking on brakes. All right. We need
89:55 finish up the, the rest of story here with respect to a couple
90:01 of pinnacle reefs that evolve in the and then again in the tertiary.
90:08 we're gonna start first with the east example here. And this is an
90:18 play too because nobody nobody knew pinnacle existed in the Jurassic until they stumbled
90:23 this by accident. Again, back the 1990s. Uh, This is
90:28 east texas basin that we just talked for Haynesville or cotton valley, lime
90:33 Gilmer limestone deposition remember the two the one we talked about over here
90:39 the pro grading sand body system. then the other side over here is
90:43 salt dominated side. And a fair release an area pinnacle deposition has been
90:52 in this position here from seismic and . And the way this was discovered
91:00 by just again pushing expiration down into and deeper water. Right, So
91:08 like Marathon and and Amoco had established further up dip related to the Zoo
91:16 complexes. And they started shooting Dutton data further down into the basin and
91:22 discovered this fairway of pinnacle reef So, the first thing I want
91:26 to appreciate on these older diagrams is is not a shell fetch. All
91:31 . This is a classical example of mistaking that roll over effect that we
91:36 about before as a shelf edge or margin, you'll see the seismic in
91:41 minute. All right, we'll see seismic right now. All right,
91:43 this is this is down the I mean, this is the update
91:47 of the ramp here and you're coming down the ramp and you're starting to
91:50 over. This is the fairway where see pinnacle reef development and just like
91:55 talked about for the mounds of the in. If you're more up dip
92:00 less subsidence, they don't get as if you go further down dip,
92:04 get higher. Okay, so position that profile controls the thickness is controlled
92:11 the amount of subsidence. Alright, this is all discovered by serendipity off
92:21 two D. And then three Seismic. And you can see the
92:25 here. Uh You see the coral fabric. These are deeper water
92:30 All right. These are branching More delicate branching corals. They don't
92:34 in high energy settings yet people see debris sheets here and they think that
92:39 reef built up to sea level. , that's that's absurd. Alright because
92:45 know, you don't have to be sea level to generate these kinds of
92:48 stones. 20 ft swells in the roll through the deeper part of the
92:54 . They will agitate The sand in ft of water. All right,
92:58 imagine a hurricane coming through this It's going to break this stuff up
93:03 in deeper water and generate some of screen stone. So, there's no
93:07 that this ever built up to sea . What's driving this interpretation again is
93:11 fact that these are a genetic corals dissolved out. So this is the
93:15 mindset that if I got Secretary I must have built up the sea
93:19 and got rained on right in order get the fresh water die. Jack
93:24 that they think operated here. But but and then there are these there's
93:31 or calculus sponge. Is there any fabric that you see like this?
93:35 call this microbial? There's in my over use of that term, but
93:40 that's what they do. All So yeah. Yeah. Mhm.
93:51 . Not that I know of I know where we're all the earthquake
93:58 They've been on the Haiti side. still. Yeah, Yeah, that's
94:08 of the caribbean plate. And that's mean there's some reefs on that side
94:15 the of the island because that's facing open ocean. And that's also catching
94:21 word effect. But uh I've not anybody really document that we're the shaking
94:29 breaks it up. I think if is going to break it up,
94:31 going to be a tsunami that comes it. And and they haven't had
94:35 lot of tsunamis that recently uh in history that I know of. So
94:41 , this is what some of the looks like. And you can see
94:45 corals, the corals are filled with . Right? And you know,
94:48 suggests that these things are not in shallow water. But then, you
94:53 , people see this kind of you're where the fragments of coral get
94:56 out the mindset. As I said , is everybody thinks that's exposure to
95:01 water. Well, I've showed you other ways to do this now.
95:04 , just by shallow burial, you convert and dissolve that Oregon night or
95:09 could do this in depth. It's interesting that they're also describing uh
95:15 stage saddle Dolomites and some of these ups. I've heard that there is
95:20 lead zinc mineralization and I've seen it you can see this valley right here
95:27 zinc sulfide. So, and some the process created by dissolution of the
95:32 fabric. And usually that's the kind thing that has generated during later burial
95:38 genesis. So, these are not well studied buildups because they're all over
95:45 . So they're very difficult to drill they're very difficult to court. Nobody
95:48 to corn. Right? So there's little rock data, the ground truth
95:52 face these relationships. So, until play becomes viable again, which is
95:59 going to be until the press the gets up higher. Again, that
96:03 going to figure all of this All right. But again, sort
96:08 interested in the Jurassic. Nobody thought play existed until they stumbled on it
96:11 in the 90s. All right. then, you know, related to
96:16 is what we see in the Jurassic over. Um the you can get
96:23 isolated reefs down the ramp again that low relief and not pinnacles if you
96:31 paleo topography created. And I showed this diagram shows you three ways to
96:37 this. I showed you this this the other today. When we're talking
96:40 the interplay between evaporates and carbonate The punch of structures can create topography
96:48 isolate either restore druids. But you do this also with basement structures offshore
96:53 reactivated basement fault structures and create some . And there are a couple of
96:59 , probably the best study to second . There's nothing big about eco
97:03 But uh, you can see the are not that I think.
97:08 look at the reserves are not that and uh yeah. Um, but
97:13 this part of the play concept Of creating reef fabric down the
97:18 Right? So you can do that you have some structural or other paleo
97:23 created. All right. And then last example of being the tertiary,
97:30 , the Jurassic finical reefs don't reappear until you get into the, into
97:36 lower tertiary, into the mostly the . And you can see there They're
97:43 little sub basins of carbonate production in Asia and three of them have major
97:50 from these tertiary baseball pinnacle reefs. my scene age through up to 1500
97:56 the next summer. one. wonder some coalesce in the bigger scale
98:00 . They produce room. Karabell frame and debris. And some of that
98:04 includes the Mc. Right, that favorable micro ferocity development. So,
98:08 a digest chalk fabric. So mostly porosity development. The source rocks are
98:15 based on shells are based on their equivalent based on lime stones. Good
98:19 , graphic trapping potential, but there's a structural component here because a lot
98:24 people think that these reefs are kicked by some sort of structural effect on
98:29 sea floor. All right. So famous case studies are a room
98:34 This was mobil oil's cash cow And when it started to literally lose
98:42 back in the When did they merge in the 90s? All right.
98:48 about the time they emerged with Right. Because they were running out
98:51 money. And But look at the anywhere from 11 to TC 11 to
98:58 TCF of gas in place. And also a ton of condensate that's been
99:04 from that field as well. And Custom Guitar is an oil field in
99:10 of these sub basins called Sala Iwate initial production rates for 32,000 barrels a
99:16 . All right. So, this , I mean, this is the
99:19 of all worlds. Right? You're , you're out into the basin,
99:22 close to the source rock, arguably primary migration for the oil reservoirs and
99:28 you get good strata graphic trapping All right, But again, the
99:32 here. And this gets back to point here. This is an example
99:35 you're coming off some of these tertiary are ramping This is the four slopes
99:40 of ramping down into a deeper bass these bases be much deeper in Southeast
99:46 than some of the stuff we're talking up on the Creighton's. But this
99:50 basically the fairway where you get the Reese developed. Right? And the
99:56 is thick. It's got good seismic . It's a big structure is probably
100:03 one pinnacle reef. It's probably a of coalesced pinnacle reefs. Okay,
100:07 the size of what you see You see us up to 1200 ft
100:12 , average process 16%. And then are the reserves. Almost 800 million
100:17 of condensate produced, I believe. right. So this is the
100:23 this was a big cash cow for oil and the bulk of the most
100:28 the ferocity is actually micro ferocity, ? When you look at the
100:32 all the white here. The matrix the critic and it's just riddled with
100:37 micro ferocity and that prostate produces because a gas reservoir. Right. Permeability
100:42 not such a big issue. So right. So, and then one
100:48 example here I showed you the seismic from Libya for that field called Intissar
101:01 here's a, the location of Intisar in certain basing. I just wanted
101:06 appreciate the setting of that and you see it's a paleo scene which is
101:11 oldest in the tertiary, another one these thick based on clinical reefs.
101:17 high porosity. Pretty good permeability. is a field that, that Feel
101:24 had about 1000 ft of pay and About 1.8 billion barrels of oil in
101:30 . All right. Again, what's striking is the high recovery efficiency
101:35 Those numbers really stand out. I , I find this ironic. A
101:40 . A lot of companies don't want play carbonates because they're scared about the
101:43 genesis and trying to predict ferocity. then they also say they're scared because
101:49 don't think they're going to recover much out of these things. But you
101:53 make a case that these things are much more efficient and yielding hydrocarbon,
101:58 a lot of the classic counterparts. yeah, you know how it
102:03 The manager makes up his mind, ? Don't like something. They're not
102:08 to pursue it. So, especially the engineers. All right.
102:16 here's the summary again for the basement down the ramp mountain carbonates usually possess
102:23 aerial extent the great vertical thickness, they can coalesce into bigger scale
102:29 but the ages also also determines the . And this is where you have
102:34 pay attention if you're if you're playing upper paleozoic from Mississippi and screw
102:39 you're not going to encounter big pinnacle . All right. They're all going
102:42 be low relief red shapes, buildups. Okay. But in a
102:49 pinnacle reef, the vertical faces donation more pronounced in the lateral donation.
102:54 point about reservoir quality. Most traps you'd expect would be good strata.
102:58 traps, seals are not usually an there. Co evolved deep water
103:04 shales or sometimes evaporates like you soft the michigan basin and then potential source
103:11 are not an issue either because you're there close to the potential factory.
103:16 I think we've gone through just about one of these examples here. So
103:25 , mm. Mhm. For You need to understand how they were
103:37 I may let me ask you to an example or something. Okay.
103:46 maybe you should pick an example and least understand it a little bit better
103:51 . No, I don't expect you understand every every analog in detail.
103:56 just that's that's too much for giving we're doing more important to understand the
104:01 concept and what's controlling occurrence. What the attributes? So pay attention to
104:06 of those guidelines. The summary Okay. Yeah. All right.
104:12 , any questions about the my so conventional place? Right, again,
104:18 define this as being situation of the that most of these companies have chased
104:24 plays historically because of their setting or of their seismic expression or because of
104:30 . Okay, so I've got 22 here of the unconventional carbonate play
104:38 Well, three and the first one be the four sub carbonates. So
104:42 go through that. And then we'll another little short break here. Ah
104:47 is a list. Again of my called unconventional play types. And I
104:52 you, you know, some of are other play types. Just modified
104:56 car star fracturing. But there is distinct play type here related to the
105:01 of the shallow water carbonates into deeper . That's what we call force of
105:06 deposits. And then we'll talk about basin all chalks, the classical deep
105:10 pelagic chalks that you get in the and tertiary. And I'll take you
105:15 a couple examples of that. we'll probably get through some of that
105:19 afternoon and then next friday. Maybe get into the subject. Maybe we'll
105:25 into the fall control die genesis and little bit more detailed today, but
105:28 just see if we don't, we'll it over to the next week.
105:32 right to next friday. So probably most famous example of these four sub
105:39 deposits is the poza rica trend in . All right. This is this
105:45 the pool that is linked to the lane platform that we talked about earlier
105:51 a leeward platform margin reef complex. right. And remember the requirements for
105:57 carbonate material from the platform into the , uh, in carbonates. Unlike
106:04 , most of the shedding is along strike of the platform. This is
106:07 we call line source shedding and then sheds this material? Yes, prevailing
106:16 . Right. So if it's if weaker trade winds, they can only
106:20 mud and silt sized material off the . If it's a stronger trade when
106:25 I showed you for keiko's, it the fine grain stuff off but also
106:29 carbonate sand off. And when you mud and sand off, what are
106:33 going to do out on the you're going to accumulate sand,
106:37 You're going to build up a thicker file with each successive events,
106:41 Because it keeps tripping out the Right? And putting sand on top
106:45 sand. And then what's the timing that we talked about? Hi stand
106:51 , Right. That's the norm. low stan as you would get preferentially
106:55 a plastic system. So, poza is sits now, all of this
107:02 beautiful. Perfect sense. If you about the trade winds story,
107:06 where's poza rica developed is developed off western margin of golden lane field,
107:12 ? That's the leeward side with respect the strong easterly trade winds.
107:17 And I, we've already established that good reef development over here for the
107:22 we talked about. And once those get broken up in a grain
107:26 certainly the big storm event is going pull some of that grain stone off
107:30 the adjacent basin. But what's going do it on a more frequent
107:35 It's going to be the strong trade , they're going to be pushing carbonate
107:38 off just like I showed you happens on keiko's platform, Right? Whenever
107:43 winds blow they blow that sand to edge and some of it gets pushed
107:47 the edge. All right. So rica this wedge. this on lapping
107:54 , right, Is the red block here, right? It's called the
107:58 limestone. That's sort of a the from El Obra and Tamaulipas, which
108:06 the basin filled carbonate out here. uh, you can find some old
108:12 and say that's not that's not a not a force of carbonate sand that
108:18 are insists you low stand reefs. right. So, you remember
108:23 everybody agrees. I think that there's on top of this platform. So
108:28 is the this is the plastic Right? When you change sea level
108:32 classics, you just magically shift one to another, right? Because everybody
108:41 , you know, clay and they don't care about the environment
108:45 Right? They're just going to be by base level changes. But when
108:48 have major drops in sea level, doesn't mean you go from reef up
108:52 to reef right down there. Because what are you going down to
108:55 down to muddy, soupy bottom? you think that's a suitable environment for
108:59 a reef? No. Soon. mean, you can't just magically shift
109:04 faces belts around like people try to with the classics model. All
109:09 And so the proof is in the . Alright? And I've looked at
109:14 core when I was at Exxon I a chance to look at a bunch
109:17 course from, from poza rica And is all debris add mixed with pelagic
109:24 . This is not an institute low reef. Right? That's just total
109:28 unfortunately. But but a lot of is driven by people trying to
109:33 trying to relate the reef, the of the reef by low stand to
109:38 for the car stand. That's just people do, right? Without looking
109:43 the rock data. So yes, , this is the on lapping which
109:50 , remember everything is tilted up to northwest, so there's beautiful strata graphic
109:55 out of the ferocity into the Tamaulipas on the way our Nueva.
110:03 well Nueva is legal for an Okay, so either the Tamaulipas or
110:08 unit here could be the source but also the upkeep sealing faces for
110:13 porosity. Now look at the scale here, that's 200 m. So
110:18 200 400 close to Close to 500 thick wedge up against the platform.
110:26 then over a distance of 246, seven miles. Yeah, feathers out
110:32 nothing. Right. That's an impressive of material. All right. And
110:38 key that is being deposited in deeper is the fact that all throughout this
110:44 , you find little pieces and lenses pelagic carbonate material that tells you you're
110:51 this material into deeper water, There's no evidence of instantly reef.
110:56 ? If there was a low stand , what should you find? What
110:59 I show you an outcrop a reef and then flanking beds. Right?
111:03 don't see that And you just see . It's all debris with the
111:07 uh, cabinets, pelagic carbonate All right Now, the publisher reserves
111:13 2.72 billion barrels of oil in I showed you some of the seismic
111:18 the bureau looked at, both for rica and for Golden lane. And
111:24 think they've increased the reserves now to billion barrels of oil in place.
111:30 is an old field has been producing 1930 and so it's not producing a
111:35 of oil anyway, so I don't how much more of that that matters
111:40 Pemex wants to go back in and to do some enhanced recovery or something
111:44 that. But frankly, I don't where Pemex stands in the recovery aspect
111:50 that, of that field. But is a summary and you can see
111:54 old the summary is. Right. is 50 years after the field was
111:59 . Uh, it's described as a . I'd debris flow reservoir. It's
112:05 incredibly porous. Right? Average only 8%. It's a mixture of
112:09 , primary porosity the seals. I the trap, I've already mentioned,
112:13 . It's a combination trapped because of structural tilting strata. Graphic pinch out
112:18 those based on line mud stones. let me just show you what the
112:24 looks like. Right? This is of the core that I looked
112:27 All right. The brown color is Mick. Right? The brown color
112:30 oil stain. And these are this rudest debris. All the white colored
112:37 . They're pieces of rudest. So it's a rudest Greenstone. Or you
112:43 use the term float stone too. down. No problem with that.
112:49 then in thin section, this is you see a mixture of port
112:53 So the colored ferocity differentiates different kinds porosity. So the what would the
113:01 b Right, Well, first of , what are these, what is
113:06 fabric? Right here, anybody remember term God chicken? No. What
113:19 to to regulate it brains on the floor when they sit there. What
113:23 to the outer part 1st? yeah, yeah. But what's that
113:32 called? Specifically Mcx right, Nick. Right envelope. Okay.
113:41 then you see what happens to the part of the reaganite gets dissolved out
113:44 re crystallized. Okay, so they're brains. And so what is the
113:50 ferocity in between the grains enter I mean it's inter granular but that's
114:06 part of the choke out and price . Right, Okay. Okay.
114:11 the blue. No, this is . This is morally right. This
114:20 created by dissolution member intra particle is . Right now. This is this
114:26 the green is interpreted the interim Primary. What's left over the poorest
114:32 fragment. But this is the solution . So that's secondary mold acre parcel
114:36 for us. All right. And that's that's the producing reservoir fabric.
114:42 . Not incredibly high porosity. Not high permeability, but but it still
114:47 . Okay. All right. So back to this old diagram that I
114:53 earlier for the for the golden lane . Poza rica sits back on this
114:59 here. This makes sense, doesn't ? That's the leeward side with respective
115:02 trade winds. But look at this diagram published back in the 79 right
115:07 cook was the chief geologist for shells team in Houston. And he basically
115:16 this as a symmetrical atoll reef Right now. He put the term
115:21 right here too. I took it with Photoshop and I put my little
115:25 mark there because I don't think you're to get the same kind of
115:29 I've already showed you a couple examples this windward facing open ocean sides of
115:34 . Again, don't shed material into basin. They haven't thrown back up
115:39 make the reef flat. And that's I said, I think Pemex has
115:43 the play opportunity in this position right . All right. So again,
115:56 throwing it back toward the lagoon toward blue. Right? That's that's what
116:01 normally do on a high energy reef faces the open ocean that also catches
116:06 effect of the strong trade winds. basically our keiko's platform margin reefs in
116:10 north. Okay, that's what we . And so I would not expect
116:17 lot of shutting this way. I expect most of the shedding here.
116:20 . The shedding is not just by trade winds of course, that any
116:24 storm that breaks up the reef is to pump stuff this way or it
116:28 throw some stuff back here into the to depending on howard, how it
116:32 the reef. But after that debris generated on the sea floor. The
116:37 winds do to things they converted to as we talked about, but they
116:42 also push that carbonate sand of the and over. Right. And that's
116:46 I showed you for keiko's. Remember told you my colleague Harold Wanless standing
116:51 there next to the margin 140 mile hour wind. And and seeing just
116:56 underwater and seeing the he was cascading the edge. I mean, that's
117:00 the trade winds do when they Okay, so I can let
117:07 you know, I've been involved with carbonates for most of my career on
117:12 off and in south texas. The Edwards trend here are the Sligo
117:17 for most of my career. I've the old timers. Of course I'm
117:20 old timer now, but I've heard old timers complain about they about the
117:27 . Right. Why do the mexicans golden lane and poza rica. Why
117:31 we have it? We have the age rock up here. We should
117:34 a golden lane. We should have poser Rekha. Well, what's wrong
117:39 this area? Right here? That's wrong orientation, isn't it? Doesn't
117:48 the winds come east to west. . So that's a win word facing
117:53 . Right? That's not the right for shedding. See what I'm
117:59 Yes. You need an isolated platform you need to be on this side
118:05 this side. Right. And have margin reefs shedding material to the
118:10 All right. So this is not right setting. Right? This is
118:16 . When you got an offshore paleo . All right. Now, you
118:19 , I put this prospect here, can't pronounce this. I never struggle
118:25 this term every time. But you the name of it. All
118:28 And this is a this is uh sounds good to me. Yeah.
118:38 . Uh Oh, jesus, probably is back in This is 20,
118:43 is 2009 just after the price of crashed. All right. I got
118:48 phone call from from, from 22 here in Houston, one of whom
118:53 knew through the our local geological The other guy didn't know. And
118:58 guy didn't know called me and he , you're carbonate guy. Right.
119:03 said, yeah, I said, want you to come in and take
119:06 look at our prospect. I okay, where is it? It's
119:09 uh 50 miles southeast of Houston in County. We found poza rica in
119:15 . That's what he said. I rolled my eyes. I said,
119:18 , sure. I didn't tell him . I said, yeah, I'll
119:21 in and look at it. So went down their offices and looked at
119:24 seismic and they did find a offshore high. They did find climate forming
119:30 coming off the leeward northwestern side. think they have a viable prospect.
119:36 here's the problem 20,000 ft of this dry gas. Okay. And
119:43 did they find this? Right after , it's been a year earlier,
119:47 would have sold this for a ton money. Alright. The price of
119:51 crashed and they've never been able to it. It's like a, It's
120:01 million dollars test. Yeah. I , and I actually actually went with
120:09 , I went with them for a to help try to sell the
120:13 you know, to give them the geology part of it. And,
120:17 bring in the poza rica analog. I mean, we talked to shell
120:20 companies like that. I think nobody to risk it, not with that
120:25 of gas and well the depth and the fact that it's just all dry
120:39 . So maybe maybe summer. but they had some uphold potential in
120:45 of the younger classic units. So wasn't just the carbonate part of the
120:51 . They did, they did have of full potential in the, the
120:54 is the Wilcox stuff. And so, so I feel, I
120:59 I've always felt sorry for him and guy passed away and uh, and
121:04 just not heard what's happened to that , but, but if I was
121:08 to look for or you were going look for uh poza rica analog and
121:14 the periphery of the ancestral gulf of . You don't wanna be looking on
121:18 side. I'll be looking here, ? And there is academic seismic that
121:22 these beautiful line lapping wedges during the and Jurassic. There's potential over
121:28 The problem is it's all closed to , right? Because florida has decided
121:33 rightly so that their tourism is more than risking an oil spill.
121:40 They came this close to getting wiped by the BP oil spill. I
121:46 , so I think they realize that's more important. That's, that's state
121:54 . This is all state waters. a little, there's an area here
121:57 federal water right here that has been for expiration. Okay. There's an
122:03 called V. A scandal where there some, there's been drilling along the
122:07 and also for some of these platform carbonates up on the, up on
122:11 platform, I skipped over those but there are ruins or reef complexes
122:16 on the platform that our gas productive work for his son, did
122:26 Mhm. I didn't know they Okay, well, next time you
122:32 to him, ask how his dad's don't, I haven't been able to
122:35 his dad for a while status. same. Uh huh. It's not
122:43 . Well, that explains it. didn't know that. So, they
122:47 passed away. Both guys. maybe they passed the prospect Donna
122:53 Who does he work for? So is the president? Yeah.
123:06 Consider discovery. I think I've met . I think he sat through one
123:23 my austin chalk seminars. I just made the connection that he was related
123:27 Cameron. And you like, mm . He came across that way.
123:34 intense. And uh yeah. that clarifies a lot of stuff for
123:42 . Thank you. And then wherever other place you want to look over
123:46 ? Off the yucatan, Right? if you, if you know there's
123:49 lot of production here in the right, in this part of the
123:53 . And the problem is Pemex does describe their reservoirs in any detail.
123:58 get one paragraph descriptors. So they about sedimentary Brescia and stuff like
124:03 Oh, that could be that could debris sheets, right? Being soft
124:07 that labour margin. But what else it be? Where's the chick celeb
124:13 crater right there. So all of stuff could be related to the impact
124:18 in the ejecta from the impact So, but y'all y'all see what
124:24 be looking for. Right, if in a strong easterly trade wind
124:28 Okay, so now I want to this up by taking you to the
124:32 and show you that you can shed into the basin even when you're not
124:38 a strong easterly trade wind built. . The paleo Geography Geography, the
124:45 geographic maps that I'm going to show suggest that the Permian sat right around
124:50 equator during this time period. All . So this is lower Permian.
124:54 , wolf camp is one of the , Excuse me. That has associated
125:00 of debris reservoirs. All right. , you know, you sort of
125:06 the lay of the land right to basin platform in this position right
125:10 Delaware basin, midland basin, eastern on this side of the of the
125:15 . Right? So, here is same, basically another representation what I
125:19 showed you Central Basin platform. Delaware and midland basin. So, I
125:25 back and just try to try to up the the location of some of
125:30 producing fields. I was trying to if there was a preference to one
125:34 or the other. Right leeward or hurt. And I don't see any
125:39 here. Most of the production occurs in the middle of the basin anywhere
125:43 this stuff has been shut out in deeper water. But when you do
125:48 , when you do the paleo I may have skipped over of one
125:53 those maps in your slide said paleo suggests that basically the paleo equator ran
126:00 right through here. Okay, So in that belt between 5° north and
126:06 south where the trade winds should not right. There should be no hurricane
126:11 based on what we see in the today. So what are you left
126:16 for shedding to trigger setting? The thing you're left with is again,
126:26 like tectonic activity. Right, tsunamis. All right. You create
126:35 , you create stability issues along the . Right? You you read you
126:41 some sort of movement of the It comes down and shoots out.
126:46 right. It's probably going to come feed your channels and things like that
126:51 then it's going to run out into basin and then do what run out
126:55 gas. Right. And what happens these successive event when it runs out
126:59 gas? What do you start You start piling it up. All
127:03 , you create this mounted character at end of the line. And this
127:07 seismic expression. Okay. And the is that companies see this on seismic
127:12 they think, oh, these are . These are buildups, Alright.
127:17 , this is the end of the . Sorry, this is the end
127:23 the line for the shedding and the comes off of both sides of the
127:27 and basin. So it's not dependent when we're versus leeward. But you
127:31 see from the seismic data here the out seismic data you can see the
127:35 feed your channels feed out and then accumulate this stuff out and and deeper
127:40 . Right. And so there are couple of well established little case studies
127:44 the literature that show this relationship. this is one from the midland basin
127:50 appel ranch field. Here's the seismic . And again cos mistook this to
127:57 a little buildups out in the middle the basin. Of course this made
128:00 no sense. Right? Because you're in the world of non cal curious
128:04 shale. That's how deep you So I mean why would you get
128:10 you carbonate production out there. It's just every everybody was taking these
128:14 closed contours to be indicative have been you build ups. Right. Everybody
128:19 what I'm saying. These are not ups. This is stuff that shoots
128:23 the feeder channels and then starts grading . All right. Mhm. And
128:29 worked a project like this for a here in Houston. And he actually
128:34 brought me in the office and he me the seismic data. Of course
128:37 said we've got these build ups out the middle of middle and basin
128:42 Yeah we think they're buildups well unique Yeah, we got tons of course
128:47 want you to describe the core and it up. Okay, we'll answer
128:49 question. So, there's data from field. Here's some of the
128:56 I can't tell You can't tell you this comes from exactly. I can't
129:00 you the field name or anything. but this is some of the core
129:03 I described. Alright. And I at not just in core, but
129:06 looked at it within sections to verify and And where the stuff is coming
129:13 . Right. That's a sedimentary All right. You see this black
129:18 right here. That's not calculate shell caught up in that transport. All
129:23 . And some of these branches are graded like you see here,
129:29 coarser stuff at the bottom and then run out of gas, finer grain
129:32 at the top. And then sometimes get these impressive grain stone units.
129:38 they're 10, 12 ft thick. not one event probably amalgamated Greenstone,
129:47 inter bedded with the black non cal shales. So, that's the evidence
129:52 you're setting down into deeper water. right. And when you look at
129:56 grain stones, you look at the of of sedimentary Bradshaw, you can
130:03 some of the stuff is coming from on the platform. These are the
130:07 clad green algae. We talked briefly the first day. These are these
130:12 light dependent they live in relatively shallow . Okay. And then of course
130:17 have politic related stuff that you know that comes from. Right? And
130:22 you see this stuff right here with Quran droids and tube affinities and dry
130:29 . That is coming from one of downslope bounce okay on the flank of
130:33 middle and basin. When you come , you get those buildups and then
130:38 get they shed material. All And this stuff goes deeper.
130:45 And then you can see the reservoir here. A lot of dissolution
130:48 Some of this is burial. The . Some of this is early dissolution
130:53 that marine barrel die genesis story that talked about because there's no way to
131:00 fresh water out here in the middle the basin. So, the red
131:03 grains are dissolving out during shallow They're generating the pre compaction calcite
131:09 That's what allows you to preserve porosity depth. Okay. And the evidence
131:16 some barrel dissolution. Again, not intuitively obvious in a normal thin
131:22 view, but when you show the paper view, you can see the
131:26 item in the grand a green suit and you can see all the secondary
131:31 . A lot of it developed by . Democratic fabric. Right. And
131:34 of that's preserved along the style lights a stylized So there's some over print
131:40 barrel this solution here as well. right, Murray Any questions or comments
131:54 the four slope stuff. So always . That's why I've been stressing pay
132:01 orientation. Right? at a big on a local scale. Right big
132:07 . So you understand where you sit those climatic belts and whether you had
132:13 wind influences or not. And how those trade winds were. And then
132:17 paying attention to orientation with respect to winds and then orientation of your bottom
132:25 with respect to the winds. Any questions comments. Well let's take
132:37 take a break till about 3:15. need to change files anyway. All
132:41 . So let me pause this. . Yeah. Yeah. Yes.
133:48 . Mhm. Mhm. Yeah. you. So how long did you
134:44 for those guys? J. Started off we're getting there sometimes you
134:59 stuff strategy. Wait street experience close . Mhm. South. Mhm.
135:16 started out of control. Yeah. right. Yes. He switched the
135:27 here. Fruit question more. We tried foresight. Well that's
135:44 Something. All right. Mm. . I think you're buckeyes were
138:32 Yeah. 35 14. 35 Yes. With about eight minutes left
138:43 play. Yes. I can check squirt If they lost. 35 28
139:08 . Thanks for goodness. Okay. too many teams come into how state
139:17 later. There are the extent and you went to catholic school too.
139:50 . So let's get yes. Smart . So yeah that's hard to get
140:15 because it's not that big a Yes price. The secret sauce.
140:40 . Like yeah. Sorry. You ever see that? Okay,
140:52 a really good Before you had to those grades up. Think it's probably
140:59 same thing. Maybe physically tested. . Yeah. I mean there's a
141:11 of talking about this before. About a lot of people. I
141:16 a lot of stuff. Take standardized for to prove anything. Mhm.
141:31 . Yes. Right. Uh Number. But this. Right.
141:53 . Mhm. Next thing on the is to talk about the second unconventional
142:03 play type. And so I call basal de positional talks and this is
142:12 cartoon or the word slide shows you it fits in. All right.
142:19 what are basic col de positional They are by definition very fine grain
142:24 stones. Excuse me, comprised mostly fragments of plastic microfossils and the nana
142:34 . Remember the globo's foraminifera? The Civic Foraminifera, some of the calcite
142:39 we talked about that are related to pelagic setting. And then on a
142:43 scale, the mud matrix is made of these tiny pieces of calcium carbonate
142:49 to the Kokkalis. That was part the structure in which the golden brown
142:54 lived. All right. And so a deposition of chalk is porous or
142:59 . Obviously depends on its die Jack , but it has a different digest
143:03 than most shallow marine limestone is because uniquely essentially a pure cal Civic
143:10 Right. All lome calcite material. so historically these depositions chalks produce from
143:19 primary ferocity. Alright, so remember green types, right? The globo's
143:30 or titanic foraminifera. They live in upper part of the water column,
143:35 not right at the surface there 20 m down to about 400 m
143:39 water depth, that's where they live then they die and they settled down
143:44 however deep that water is, if too terribly deep, then eventually that
143:49 dissolves out. But in a shallow tonic basins, this stuff will
143:54 Right? And then the matrix that see here in thin section is comprised
143:59 of the coca spheres or the coca . And the scale of ferocity that
144:04 see in this ECM micrografx here is scale of producing porosity for a typical
144:09 reservoir. It's a micro ferocity reservoir . Right? And because of
144:15 it has low matrix permeability, ease because of that, everybody thinks that
144:19 have to be fractured in order to productive. Alright, so let's talk
144:26 little bit about this play type. let's come at it from the standpoint
144:30 again, what do we start with the sea floor? We know from
144:34 ocean drilling program because they core from set of water interface down to their
144:39 . We know that these chalk uses the sea floor start off with
144:44 ferocity, right? All micro And we know with intensity to
144:49 you will buy physical compaction? You d water And reduce that ferocity to
144:55 or 55 ferocity units after that There no way to produce to reduce that
145:03 to lower values other than by di involving pressure solution and calcite segmentation.
145:12 . At least so far, nobody's able to demonstrate any substantial barrel
145:18 All right. That's my last point . Everybody does either thinks it's not
145:24 to happen or nobody's found it yet approved it that it happens. All
145:29 . I think it happens. And share some ideas with you with the
145:33 chalk. But um so pressure solution the driver, right style light.
145:40 usually not the style. It's because the critic. It's a wispy microsatellites
145:44 dissolves the carbonate material and then that support filling calcite cements. So why
145:50 these chalk reservoirs exist? They exist you're able to inhibit ferocity loss long
145:55 to attract the hydrocarbons. Okay, how would you do that? How
146:03 you do that if everything is trying destroy porosity, burials? Trying to
146:10 ferocity by pressure solution Like you see . Right, remember we talked about
146:15 whispery microsd highlights. There seems of where carbonate material dissolves. All
146:21 They're not early frequent. They're not physical physical sedimentary structures? They are
146:28 genetic they generate these poor filling calcite ? What does it take to inhibit
146:41 ? What if you what if you up a scenario where you're poor pressure
146:44 higher than the overburden stress over pressuring geo pressuring, Right? That's that's
146:53 are the two ways to inhibit this solution. And if you can attract
146:57 hydrocarbons and remove most of the then you basically shut down your die
147:01 . Alright, So this is how preserve high porosity and some of these
147:06 reservoirs as you'll see for the famous Sea. All right. So,
147:10 pressure solutions expressed in core by the microsd highlights in thin section. These
147:16 the subtle dark themes that you see . You really don't appreciate thin
147:21 How prevalent this is. But if play games with the thin section and
147:25 what I did was I took a section and I just accepted with a
147:29 organic acid. Look at the number seams that run through this. I
147:33 , it's just incredible how many pressure seems are are present. All
147:40 That's all this. That's all dissolving material. Every one of those is
147:46 pressure solution seen. All right. a wispy micro style it This is
147:50 deposition. All fabric. This is die genetic. Alright. And that's
147:54 insoluble material is standing up. That's concentrated by carbonate dissolution. So what's
148:00 going to dissolve? Clay's pyrite organic , uh cord sprains and things like
148:06 are not going to dissolve easily due pressure solution. All right. Of
148:12 . Again, the question is where that stuff go? Well, it
148:15 back into the rock as poor filling to plug the primary porosity and the
148:22 . More importantly, it goes into critic matrix and it fills that micro
148:27 between the coca colas. That's how destroy ferocity. That's how you reduce
148:32 even more. Okay, so you've to preserve the porosity. So the
148:36 is, how do you do You can't do that by exposure to
148:40 water because low back calcite doesn't dissolve fresh water. Right? And we
148:46 this because you've all seen pictures of famous white cliffs of Dover in
148:52 right? Those are talks Those talks 45 million years. They they've been
148:57 for about that period of time to water. They still have that
149:02 ferocity, right? That's just after compaction. And that's that's it because
149:09 don't dissolve in fresh water. So you want to preserve ferocity, don't
149:13 , very deeply, of course that do anything for making a reservoir.
149:18 these are the theoretically these are the to preserve ferocity either overpressure G
149:24 The system where you're poor pressure is than the overburden stress. That's just
149:28 pressure solution. Or theoretically generate the the oil relatively early and displaced some
149:38 that water that shuts down the theoretically shuts down the dye genesis machine.
149:44 that's an intriguing concept. When you about the eagle furred or the or
149:48 basal loss and chalk which people also to be a source rock.
149:52 If you're starting to crack off these , they can start migrating up and
149:57 some of that poor fluid. That be a way to shut down some
150:01 the dye genesis and preserved ferocity. . And then the barrel dissolution here
150:07 two question marks here. So nobody has really jumped on this
150:13 And part of the problem is that rock date is tied up by all
150:18 companies that are drilling in the areas I think there is barrel dissolution.
150:23 just can't get my hands on any data yet. But but actually I
150:28 looked at rock data for clients. just can't talk about this kind of
150:32 in any detail. But but I there definitely is barrel this solution occurring
150:36 the chalk and I think it's tied again to some of these deep seated
150:40 systems. All right, so let what I want to do here is
150:46 briefly contrast the famous deep water north chalks. These are the famous pure
150:52 deposits and then show you how the chalk in texas is so much different
150:57 of the regional fizz. A graphic . All right, so the famous
151:04 of chalk production is down here in southern part of the Norwegian sector of
151:10 the North Sea right here. and office is the most famous,
151:14 This is the one discovered in 1969 by Philips. Now Conoco phillips and
151:21 interesting story uh, back then, knew chalks could be reservoirs in the
151:28 . Their target was not chalk Their target was a sand, plastic
151:34 sheets sitting on a shale dive That's what they had imaged off
151:37 Seismic. They thought these were classic on a shale diaper and they drill
151:43 and they found that what they thought sand was poorest chalk sitting on top
151:48 the shell diaper. And once once they discovered that Within a matter
151:54 a few years, I think the , I'm going to show you value
151:57 discovered in 1975. So, certainly less than 10 years, all of
152:01 pools were discovered in this part of North Sea. All right. So
152:08 unique about the North Sea is it's highly structured basin. It's been highly
152:13 . Going back to the permian, got a lot of active tectonics,
152:17 basement faults, forced and grabbing Remember where the where they chalked producing
152:24 live. They live up here in upper part of the water column.
152:28 die and they settle down some of EU's settles down on top of the
152:33 blocks. Some of the EU's settles in the Robins and then with tectonic
152:38 . What happens to the chalk. on the blocks rapidly re deposit into
152:43 province, right? Rapid re There's one way to create over
152:49 right? You bury that chalk and graven you trapped that poor fluid you
152:56 Hi hi hi. Overpressure conditions, ? That's how you shut down your
153:02 genesis machine. So all the famous reservoirs in the North Sea, the
153:09 ones, the big giant old feels Ekofisk Valhol that we're going to talk
153:13 in a minute. All of these because of that relationship there you have
153:18 rapid re deposition of chalk us into Robins. You trap that poor
153:23 you create the high pore pressure and shut down your diet genesis machine.
153:28 right. And you can see this you can see this in the
153:31 The difference between the two. The situ chalk fabric looks like this.
153:36 is what some people call this laminated . Uh, I use I prefer
153:42 use the term pseudo laminated. it looks laminated. But when you
153:46 at this in detail. This is pressured dissolution, Right? These are
153:50 whiskey micro skylights. And you can there's by a probation here because you
153:55 see the color modeling here, see color changes within between these so called
154:01 . That's borrowing. All right. you don't get borrowing and lamination is
154:05 , right? We talked about that . It's one or the other,
154:08 not the two together, right? can go from one to the
154:12 but not in the same environment. can't have the two together. All
154:16 . Once you get bio debates and going to destroy those nominations.
154:20 So this is why I use the studio laminated for that fabric. You
154:24 need to remember that. And then lac tennis, you can see the
154:28 of class of chalk fabric here. related again to that re deposition
154:33 So, it's this stuff can be out in the in the in the
154:36 . Okay, You can see So, uh, Ekofisk is the
154:41 famous, right? It sits up Discovered by Phillips in 69. You
154:45 see the published reserves now are 5.4 tank barrel billion barrels of oil in
154:53 and published opened recovery efficiency is The average Ferocity is 32%. And
155:02 there's that dreaded K word K right? The Permeability one million
155:08 Right? When people see matrix ease of one military, See the
155:13 Word comes out, the geological effort out, sorry. And that is
155:18 got to be fractured, right? got to be fractured in order to
155:23 for the production from that kind of permeability. We'll see. Uh
155:35 I don't know if you know much eco office, right? Uh They
155:39 happily Forever. Right? Until about , 10, 15 years ago was
155:45 ? And what happened to the Yeah, I started thinking right.
155:50 that's not good news in the North where they get the big winter storms
155:53 uh, they spent about a billion jacking it back up. All right
155:58 get it up above sea level. what's interesting about about Ekofisk is that
156:08 gone to to secondary recovery, they've to water flooding and having been having
156:15 on shocks myself, Austin shock. just found that so incredibly interesting.
156:20 also mind boggling that you could water a micro forest reservoir like that.
156:25 apparently they've been very successful in doing . And you know, you see
156:29 published ultimate recovery efficiency at 22 the Is that it's closer to 35%.
156:38 . Because of that bump up related the water flooding. So yeah,
156:51 . Oh, I don't know. don't just don't know the engineering
156:54 But yeah, you know there they're in down dip, down dip projectors
157:01 trying to force the oil, the up to displace oil. And
157:07 uh, now I say that because I work for Exxon back in,
157:15 in this is 84 I guess I got sent over to,
157:20 to stavanger which is over here in . That's the big oil town on
157:25 that side of Norway and uh, put valuable filled up for sale and
157:33 management was interested in looking at buying field. Okay. So I got
157:38 up with a guy out of the office. My job was to look
157:42 the rocks and see what things look . And his job was to put
157:47 to the structure. All right, the publisher reserves as you see in
157:51 minute, we're about a billion barrels oil in place. And what was
157:55 big unknown back then? The big was the ultimate recovery efficiency.
158:00 Nobody, these guys weren't talking, knew and Amoco wasn't going to tell
158:05 what they thought the Ultimate recovery efficiency . So we were guessing maybe 10%
158:12 recovery and that's it again. Back . Nobody thought you could water flood
158:16 chalk reservoirs. So, so I a chance. I spent a couple
158:20 weeks and mr banker and I looked all the core from battlefield. It's
158:25 one of these big structural strata. traps, a big big shell diaper
158:29 the chalk on top again and it uh it is over pressured, it's
158:37 strongly over pressured and it's moderately deeply . C 2400 m. Okay.
158:43 the reservoir is actually broken out into four units and essentially what the tour
158:49 the hot formation units are, are cleaner chalk deposits separated either by shale
158:58 are delicious chalks or by charity uh treaty talks with the low permeability.
159:05 . And the big boomer is the formation, right? And the tor
159:09 is upper cretaceous into the lower So it cuts across those eight,
159:14 eight age boundary. Alright, so at the numbers here And I looked
159:19 core from the tour formation. You see up over 50% para si Some
159:24 the samples had 55% porosity. That's of ferocity after de watering.
159:30 Nothing's happened to it after it got . And then lo matrix firms,
159:35 , what high hydrocarbon saturation did these were producing anywhere from 202,000 12,000 barrels
159:42 oil a day? All right. when you see these kinds of
159:46 everybody says, oh, it has be fractured. Right, okay,
159:52 , I, I when I was the corps warehouse, I picked up
159:55 piece of core from the Tour formation up, I tried to pick up
159:59 piece of core about this big All , As soon as I picked it
160:03 , it fell apart. Okay, was the sample that had 50,
160:11 . You tell me how that's There's no way that's fractured,
160:16 In fact, Amoco was producing the with the oil. If you read
160:22 literature, they describe the stuff coming of the well bore, is having
160:27 constituent, the the consistency of So like a brown toothpaste coming out
160:34 the well bore because they got chalk in with the oil. In
160:39 when we were meeting with the Amoco , I hope this is an engineer
160:43 asked this question. Not a because the geologist should know better.
160:48 somebody asked, hey, you guys any ideas how we can keep
160:52 keep the chalk out of the well and just let the oil through.
160:55 the guy said, do you think we lined the well bore with chicken
160:59 , that would help? How big the holes in chicken wire, you
161:03 , in a chicken cage? How is the coca with? That's why
161:10 said, I hope that wasn't a . I don't remember who asked that
161:13 . I think it's an engineer. I give him a break. But
161:16 uh no, this is a right? They were producing the sub
161:22 unconsolidated chalk with the oil right These other reservoirs that have 30,
161:30 The 35 36% porosity. These look hard lime stones, right? But
161:35 still suck in the water there, micro forest, but they look like
161:39 more like your tabletop, right? terms of consistency. But the core
161:44 which yields most of the reserves. don't know how you fracture that
161:50 Alright? You just can't fracture that . All right, But that's the
161:54 mindset, that low matrix perm equates being has to be a fractured
161:59 Alright. Yeah. Exxon walked away the deal because they didn't feel comfortable
162:04 the recovery factor? uh my colleague actually thought the reserves were greater than
162:10 billion barrels of oil, so that good. In fact, he was
162:15 , because look at the published reserves up being 2.6 Stock, 10 billion
162:20 of oil, But the Exxon management didn't feel comfortable with the primary recovery
162:28 . So, but I got to at some big chalk. All
162:32 so that's the story for the deep , deeper see or deeper marine basin
162:38 chalks Right. What? Yes. , it was all by serendipity.
163:00 Echo Echo offices drilled off a different concept. They thought they were plastic
163:08 on top of the shell doctor, thought they were shale with sand on
163:12 and then the shale movement to create trap and that's what they thought they
163:16 drilling, they had that gas chimneys off of the sand outside me.
163:22 they thought they were hiding carbon But no, they didn't they didn't
163:26 anything about chalk. I mean people studied the outcrops, right? But
163:30 never established production in the North Sea these chalk reservoirs. Sure, it's
163:38 correct. Once the play concept was as usually happens, right then they
163:44 that very quickly. I mean, knew we knew chalks produced from I
163:50 Austin Chalk goes back to the right, in terms of production and
163:56 , so people knew the chocolate yell , Just nobody knew that the North
164:00 had any chalk reservoirs. Okay, right, So then let me just
164:10 this with what we see here in . All right, and I teach
164:15 daylong seminar on this. So I'm condensing this down to to a few
164:20 here. Just to give you a for the the general setting. Um
164:25 know, you sort of have the of the land now for for
164:29 right? You know where the land uplift is, it's right up
164:32 north of, north of san Antonio sort of to the northwest of
164:39 And the history of this trend is initial the first field, the first
164:45 field was discovered was Pearsall field down , south of san Antonio. And
164:49 was discovered back in the mid All right. And then this has
164:53 a play driven by economics, When the price of oil goes
164:58 the drilling returns, and so what they been doing? They've been pushing
165:02 trend up this way. They pushed up here to southeast of Austin.
165:07 big field Giddings occurs in this position . This is the big active field
165:11 today. And then they pushed it east texas Brooklyn field and then they
165:17 it into central Louisiana and they're a of legacy fields here. and since
165:23 there's been a renewed interest in Louisiana because it's been driven by Yogi who
165:30 a big player in south texas has a lot of success. So companies
165:35 if uh e O. G. interested in this area, they must
165:39 what they're doing, right? And everybody jumped in behind him and started
165:42 up all the acreage and there was lot of activity until the price crashed
165:48 Covid. Right? So, and companies are starting to to relook this
165:53 because the price of oil obviously come up. So that's sort of the
165:57 of the trend. All right. you know, there are two parts
166:01 this trend. There's an outcrop belt that goes from Arkansas through southern
166:06 A lot of the outcrops in Dallas austin chalk, Waco, austin san
166:12 vivaldi del rio. And even out the big bend area out here in
166:17 texas, right? That's the outcrop . And then there's a subsurface trend
166:22 that basically parallels this until you get east texas and then it cuts to
166:27 like this. All right. And this should continue into Mexico and I
166:33 don't know what the, what the have done with the boston chocolate Eagle
166:38 it. I'm sure they've chased some it in that in that area,
166:40 this is a prolific hydrocarbon province. no question about it. I
166:45 look at the been a ton of drilled here over the last umpteen
166:51 a lot of gas, a lot oil and a lot of water produced
166:56 ? And the water is actually a issue, right? Trying to,
166:59 to get, trying to figure out to deal with the water and get
167:01 of the water and things like But But you can see oil equivalent
167:08 billion barrels of oil produced up to of 2018. All right. All
167:14 . So the austin chalk occurs in texas. So, the first question
167:17 wanna ask yourself is again, are regional paleo geographic setting? So,
167:24 is one of Blakey's maps, which nice for showing you the land masses
167:28 the shallow and deep marine parts of trend. Right. And they show
167:32 cretaceous is a time of major Right? We've had the water deepened
167:40 . That opened up a fair way extended from the gulf basin all the
167:43 up through uh central US. So you probably heard of the Niobrara
167:49 that produces in colorado and maybe part Western Kansas? I don't know.
167:54 in that area there, that trend occurred all the way extended all the
167:58 up into Western Canada. All That was a fair way of marine
168:02 chalk deposition. But what's not factored this is the fact that there's a
168:09 paleo topographic high that sits in central called the landau uplift. Right?
168:14 was a positive feature during this All right. And then what's the
168:20 question? That's hard to answer from map. Where are we relative to
168:24 paleo equator. This is a thing drives me crazy with Blakey. He
168:28 puts the latitude aligns on his maps for the equator. And if if
168:34 not in that area where the equator through, then you have to guess
168:38 you're at. All right. I prefer maps like this as I
168:41 you before, because here's south texas the effort. Cretaceous. And so
168:48 map is interesting because In south this suggests that we're actually north of
168:53 30° latitude, right? It suggests in a cooler temperate water climate.
169:01 I'm going to argue from the geology a minute that no, we were
169:04 in that cooler water setting. We in the upper reaches of the subtropical
169:10 . Okay. And that's why I don't just rely on these maps.
169:15 them guide your initial feel for where at. But then go look for
169:19 in the rock data that tells you you're in cold water setting or a
169:25 subtropical setting. All right. And here's the evidence that the austin shock
169:30 subtropical and temperate. We have lots antagonistic skeletal precursor grains, modest green
169:38 rudest in south texas. All we have you. It's now the
169:44 are scattered and they're replaced by but it would have to come from
169:52 high energy show somewhere or beach or up dip. Well, the update
169:56 up toward the llano uplift and all that stuff has been chopped up by
170:01 faulting. Right? So you'd have really go in there and just sample
170:06 heck out of those sections here to to find maybe some shallow water equivalent
170:11 the Austin shock. But this stuff have lapped up eventually up onto the
170:15 uplift. So there had to be shallower equivalent. There's lots of carbonate
170:19 obviously and there's mud producing calculus algae be present given how shallow some of
170:26 stuff was. Remember calculus algebra not limited to, You know, 10
170:30 15 ft of water dip. The algae actually lived down to 70 m
170:35 water depths. Alright, and then sediments lack much of any solicit solicit
170:41 input. All of this is contradictory temperate water. I don't know,
170:46 didn't tell you to pay attention to temperate water story because I'm not going
170:50 test you on this. But remember water, you don't get a rag
170:54 material, you don't get carbonate you don't get to it. You
170:57 get any rag genetic material because the is too cold. Okay, so
171:02 geological data suggests that we're still in the northern reaches at least of the
171:09 the subtropical belt which puts us into influence of both the easterly trade winds
171:15 the weaker went wins. But also hurricanes? Right, hurricanes generally moving
171:21 east to west. Okay, so south texas, what sets up the
171:28 paleo geography prior to austin chalk Well, the first major influences obviously
171:34 llano uplift. Right, this is pre Cambrian catholic that's been sticking out
171:39 the water from the camera and up the upper cretaceous. Alright. And
171:44 there's structural extensions off of that. mentioned the san Marcus arch that comes
171:49 of that to the southeast, That creates an area of shallow water
171:53 you see the chalk thins up onto . So you know that that was
171:57 water setting. Then you have other extensions off of the san marcos
172:03 The famous one is the Pearsall arch moves to the is perpendicular to the
172:08 Marcus arch and trends down to the . Well, it's the nose of
172:14 Pearsall arch where they found Pearsall Okay, that was that was where
172:19 made the discovery. Then there are regional fault trends again that I mentioned
172:23 are roughly parallel to the margin of ancestral gulf of Mexico. Then of
172:29 you also have other inherited paleo topography to those shallow water carbonate systems in
172:34 Sligo James Stewart city. Right. then all of what happens at the
172:41 of Edwards time, everything is drowned by deepwater Georgetown plastic carbonate and then
172:47 del Rio comes in. It's more a sort of a marginal marine,
172:54 delicious marine carbonate I guess is the way to describe that with pelagic material
173:00 so to even shallower water, right . And then eagle for probably represents
173:06 pulse of rising sea level because eagle is definitely much deeper water than the
173:13 . And then I view the austin as a continuation out of the eagle
173:17 basically in south texas, right becomes shallower shower equivalent but influenced by the
173:24 to uplift. All right, so are the structural elements that you have
173:29 think about in south texas where all classical Austin chalk was played initially right
173:36 the Pearsall field down here to the field up here in this position right
173:41 . So lando uplift san Marcus the paracel large coming off of that
173:47 . Those fall trends. I talked the parallel. Yeah, this casa
173:51 parents trough. Of course you have negative topography here to write the maverick
173:57 . This is obviously a deeper water relative to the chalks that occur up
174:02 this position here. Right, Just right. So you may or may
174:07 know this, but I, I the austin chuck for my dissertation when
174:11 was a grad student at rice. and uh I came, I came
174:17 rice to get some experience working ancient because I cut my teeth in the
174:21 and the Bahamas. That's where I my masters. And so I wanted
174:25 get the other end of the spectrum see what the deepwater equivalents look
174:30 And uh put together a proposal to a regional study on the deposition all
174:37 and the dye genesis and cross evolution the Austin chalk. And so you
174:41 see my database here is a series outcrops focus basically from just north of
174:49 down into Mexico. And uh you you can see the sampling the green
174:57 or the outcrops that I sampled. then the red dots are the core
175:02 and then the green dots down here Mexico. Are these outcrop sections that
175:07 down in Northern Mexico and went to northern Mexico because my advisor thought that
175:14 is probably the deepest water equivalent of I would look at in texas.
175:18 right. And he was right, right. So you can see when
175:22 first wrote up the dissertation back in Early 80s we didn't talk in terms
175:29 ramp sand platform models. We talked terms of shelves and basins.
175:34 So you can see my initial way of characterizing the Austin chalk was this
175:39 of shallow water here shallow water chalks I called the shelf and then deeper
175:44 chalk that I called the basin. what I noticed over the years was
175:49 a lot of people were mistaking this term basin to mean gulf of Mexico
175:55 depths. Right. No, we're on a drowned carbonate platform. This
175:59 just that relatively deeper water equivalent. so I have I ran up against
176:05 much of that that I just decided change the terminology to bring it up
176:09 in terms of terminology. So, look at this as a hybrid deposition
176:14 . Right. This is a basically drowned cretaceous carbonate platform shallower up dip
176:20 of ramping down to where the Sligo edge. Right, Because that's the
176:24 shelf or platform margin and then dropping into the true deep water basin of
176:30 ancestral gulf of Mexico. And it's deeper when you go down here to
176:34 Mexico. Okay, so what why I do this? I mean I
176:39 this because there's a difference in the of these chalks. Right. If
176:45 up dip and what I call the ramped, the first thing is striking
176:50 the sediments or light color. There's lot of macro fauna including primary Iraq
176:55 grains, which includes calcium sponges and cretaceous, which are a genetic there's
177:02 rhythmic betting where you get this classical shale, chalk, shale betting.
177:07 right. That's usually in the really water part of the trend. That's
177:10 you see in Mexico. And then water trace fossils. Oyster by
177:15 A lot of scalable by erosion contrast with the basal stuff generally darker
177:22 limited macro fauna restricted a reaganite poor good rhythmic betting people under trace
177:30 The only reaganite you see here in outer ramp or deeper basin. This
177:35 that's been pumped down ramp by Remember the tempest side story that we
177:40 about before. Okay. And so have had to account for the difference
177:45 color. Had to account for the fauna. All right. But I
177:50 also had to account for the presence the plastic microfossils which are present in
177:55 environments. And so you can see inferred the water depths and shallows tens
178:00 meters deep enough to give you pelagic , but shall enough to account for
178:05 light color and the other macro fauna including the Iraq genetic material. And
178:12 of course progressively deeper as you went to the edge and then over the
178:17 . All right. But I don't I don't think you're ever deeper than
178:20 100 m of water depth because you out to where the Sligo platform margin
178:25 before he dropped off into deeper Okay, so the outcrop stuff looks
178:30 this. Right? Were massive lime . Not a lot of good betting
178:35 . Uh not a lot of shale in with this stuff and lighter
178:42 Look at the rocks here, light a lot of macro fauna, including
178:46 regular tick bivalves and and gas calc sponges. All right. But
178:52 matrix contains the plankton microfossils. you know, your deep enough to
178:58 to get so called chalk deposition. ? So this is the update part
179:03 the trend. Right. And there's here. These rocks still have 2025%
179:08 because they've never been deeply buried. ? There's no pressure solution. These
179:14 have never had more than a few ft of settlement on top of
179:17 which is not deep enough to give pressure solution. All right. And
179:23 that with the deeper water equivalents down ramp. Alright, darker colored chalk
179:29 . There's variability and the color, variability and stratification. There's variability.
179:35 our delicious material where the core breaks , there is variability where some parts
179:39 more organic rich. But what doesn't here? This is all deep water
179:44 chalk. Right? And then some it is highly biased abated. And
179:47 basil chalk is actually laminated and is to be a source rock. This
179:52 that rock that had anywhere from 1 21% T. O. C.
179:57 . So I think, I think people, not everybody agrees on
180:02 but most people think the basal Austin is self sourcing. All right.
180:06 a source rock at the oil migrates to the upper part of the chocolate
180:11 little bit higher up in the chalk that's what they have chased and
180:15 And of course now companies are just drilling both the eagle furred and the
180:20 chalk to frack the source track. , now, here's the other part
180:26 the story that when you go down sometimes in Korea you encounter rock that
180:30 like this lighter color limestone. See punctuated by uh, sometimes a few
180:39 , sometimes a half a foot or of this fabric. That looks a
180:43 like what I just showed you for update part. These are little regulated
180:47 tripods all through here and these are tubular tempest. It's, we talked
180:52 right, the backfield burrows and then another lighter chalk punctuated by uh,
180:59 darker colored fabric. This is darker because it's blah kinetic. The source
181:04 the block tonight is that shallower in ramp area. And so what's moving
181:08 stuff down here? It's the big . Right. And so what are
181:11 doing to the chalk trend? You're, you've got an admixture of
181:15 tonight and kelso, right. This totally different. And what I described
181:19 the north Sea, right? Where all pure calcium material. Right?
181:26 how do you do that? this is where the big storms come
181:30 . Okay, This is why I it's important to know that the chuck
181:33 still in that subtropical belt. So, hurricanes. This is what
181:40 I showed you some of this for right. Remember what the, when
181:45 hit keiko's platform, it stirred up mud and brought it offshore and then
181:52 settles out into deeper water. here's an example from Bermuda, the
181:56 of removed off in north Carolina that I got smashed fired Hurricane in
182:04 It put all the money suspension. the normal title exchange pulls the mud
182:08 shore right into deeper water and then settles down well, that's what you
182:13 with the chalk. Right? Go to the map. All right.
182:16 here's your factory for making a reaganite . Right. Hurricanes are coming generally
182:22 to west. Right, remember the winds out of the Northeast quadrant.
182:29 , So they're going to do what going to force a lot of
182:32 The rag genetic material, especially the size material, to be moved this
182:37 . All right. But it can moved anyway at once depending on the
182:40 that the hurricane hits. But generally hurricanes go east to west, the
182:45 struck winds are like this. okay. They'd be blowing to the
182:49 . So this is a very unique positional setting. All influenced by the
182:56 uplift and those structural extensions off. what creates the shallow enough water to
183:02 me this mixture reaganite calcite system. that's what makes the Austin chuck really
183:07 . All right. And so you see that you can see the difference
183:11 process of evolution for the Austin chalk here. The north seat examples,
183:17 . Echo fist highly overpressure, deeply has very good porosity preservation because of
183:22 pressuring. But even the normally pressured sea chocks because they're pure cal citic
183:29 still have higher, higher preserved even though they're basically as deeper deeper
183:35 the Austin chalk. And then here's Austin chalk, shallower barrel depths.
183:40 has lost a lot quicker and a barrel depths. Okay. And I
183:46 that to the fact that this is mixed or reaganite calcite system,
183:51 digest potential is so much higher. the chalk, Austin chalk that it
183:56 in the North Sea chalk. And the challenge is trying to figure
184:01 what parts of the chalk trend, know, you preserve porosity better
184:08 Yeah, did you create some secondary ? Right, And that's the big
184:13 and I just don't have time to into this in a lot of
184:16 but uh but you would know about currents trough. Right, Right.
184:22 Eagle for production there and there's there's chalk production there and their monster production
184:29 in the Austin chalk there that stand like a sore thumb. Right,
184:34 this is what got me re interested the chalk. Was this something different
184:39 when the normal production rate is production rates should be maybe 500,000 barrels
184:45 day. And they're getting 5000 barrels day. Okay, out of some
184:50 that current straw stuff. And so I think there might be a story
184:58 that the reactivated basement faults are bringing fluids to drive some of the dissolution
185:03 when you look at the older Edwards cars trough? It is cut by
185:10 faults. It shows barrel this solution and the older carbonates. Well,
185:15 not in the younger carbonates? companies have the rock day to prove
185:21 . They may not have the staff look at it the right way,
185:24 I know egg has a ton of that that where this could be figured
185:29 . All right. Yeah. All . So, this is a summary
185:35 the play types for the Austin You can see sort of the history
185:40 . I mean, everybody played the looking for normal faults and declines or
185:44 faults to trap the hydrocarbon. And they also played the structural influences to
185:49 what to crack the charge. Because is the mindset, right? That
185:53 chalk has to be fractured. And did they drill? They drill the
185:57 cleaner chalk because it's more brittle. they want that to be fractured.
186:03 ? And so the question is, is he? Well, coming
186:05 let's see, they're coming from Eagle coming from the base of loss and
186:09 . Lot of people view the Austin is a classical fractured reservoir with a
186:14 porosity system. Enough matrix porosity to for the volume of hydro apartment produced
186:21 to increase the permeability. Alright. then more recently, companies started playing
186:26 basal part of the chalk as a rock just directly going in and fracking
186:33 . Right, horizontal drilling and fracking . Okay. And that's this part
186:41 the story. Right here. All . And then I'm sorry,
186:44 got ahead of myself here before they looked at the upper part of
186:49 Austin chalk. The cleaner Austin chalk the reservoir. And they looked at
186:53 basil chalk as a kitchen or source . And then they just chased the
186:57 up there or higher in this playing for structural strata, graphic
187:02 All right. And now, I , you know, the strategy is
187:07 a little bit that there's been a of drilling and gettings field. And
187:12 think now a lot of companies are to the conclusion that you really don't
187:17 fractures to get good protection. It's important to chase the areas of a
187:21 bit higher matrix frosting permeability. Uh 3-5% porosity was pretty good.
187:32 Matrix porosity for chalk. But now of the numbers and getting spilled or
187:36 up 5-9, sometimes 12% porosity. something going on there. All
187:43 And often times it looks like the processes around some of these deep seated
187:48 systems. All right. So, think some of the companies are thinking
187:56 don't really need to chase fractures because frack job, right, are gentry
188:00 job is going to take care of . Let's find the ferocity. And
188:05 think right now that's sort of the . All right. And then I
188:10 some of the companies are directly going the base of loss and chalk as
188:14 source rock. And then I think question is whether there's some parts of
188:18 trend that are overpressure geo pressure that preserve proceed depth. And of
188:24 I think there's small controlled dissolution going . But I think that could be
188:30 documented from areas like currents trough. mean, it's just that that coordinated
188:34 becomes available that Yeah. All And then this is what the fractures
188:42 look like in the chalk right Vertical sub vertical fractures turns out that
188:47 are healed when you look at them thin section. But everybody calls the
188:52 chalk a dual porosity system matrix perm proceed to hold the hydrocarbon fractures to
189:01 it. Okay. And I would historically the production history supports that.
189:07 get the gusher rates like we talked right in the old days, the
189:12 . Well, that was a good rate 300 barrels a day.
189:16 And it would stay like that for or months and then it would drop
189:19 and produce 100 barrels a day Okay. But as I said,
189:24 always. There's some examples from Pearsall Where these initial rates jumped up to
189:31 barrels and they stayed there for 50 . That's not fracture. Assistant
189:37 All right. So there's there's a to be learned here for the
189:41 Right. We don't have anywhere close all the answers. Right. And
189:45 some of that data from Piersall field shows you the again this is in
189:49 literature, Right? This is not telling you that this happened. This
189:54 this is published where you can see for 50 years produces initial I.
190:00 . Rates. All right. All . So, let me just finish
190:04 this discussion will take a little You're, you know, there's a
190:08 of interesting questions about the chalk. then the first question that intrigues me
190:12 what defines a field in the chart , most fields. You see what
190:18 entrapment, right? Where you see domo structure that entrapped the hydrocarbon.
190:23 see closure and things like that. don't see that in a lot of
190:27 chalk fields, right? You see draw a circle around their limits of
190:33 production. They call that a There's no obvious reason why production was
190:39 . Right? I worked in Russia time for Norwegian company. Right?
190:46 Russia opened up back in the early and I hooked up with the company
190:52 of Oslo and we went to, went to uh went to Siberia for
190:59 couple of weeks because I wanted to into one of the Russians opened up
191:03 their fields for development and external investment the Norwegians were interested in doing
191:10 So we went over there went to their oil town. Well, I
191:16 remember the name of it now. can I forget this? Uh,
191:21 have, but it's like midland right? But in the middle of
191:26 , right? Oil town. And , it wasn't very charming. This
191:33 right after Russia opened up and you really see what communist Russia was
191:37 right? I mean it was and food was horrible and every everything was
191:42 , but but it was, it interesting. I mean we were looking
191:46 these Devonian reservoirs, they're called reef . And remember sitting down with the
191:53 of course we had to use a and everything. And you know,
191:57 see the field outlines and I asked one of the Russian geologist, what's
192:02 rationale for calling that a field? eliminates the field? Where is the
192:08 ? He looked at me uh, is no closure, I said
192:13 So how do you define your Well, we start right here and
192:17 drill this way until we run out production and then we come back to
192:21 center point, we drill this way then we drill this way and then
192:25 drill this way, then we draw circle around it and this is what
192:30 austin chuck reminds me of. All , Hi. Yeah. And then
192:35 the role of fractures? I certainly fractures don't hurt right there always
192:39 improve your permeability, but you always to have a dual porosity system and
192:45 don't think you do. I think with the big gen, three frack
192:50 , you want to find the sweeter firm areas. Okay, that's more
192:55 . And then what's the role of seated structures and, and not only
193:01 , but, and trapping of hydrocarbons potentially later stage diet genesis with respect
193:07 the Yeah, development, secondary porosity depth. All right. These are
193:14 questions I think needs to be to answered. And I've been at this
193:21 a while. So I think I've the lesson I've learned in this business
193:26 that were driven by paradigms. bye. Every basin is driven by
193:31 paradigm, Right? This is, is what produces, this is,
193:34 is what controls production and people stop questions and then new concepts developed.
193:42 ? And it's really important. I every I said here about every 30
193:46 , but probably every 20 or 25 . It's important to come back in
193:49 re evaluate, right. Ask some questions. A lot of people stop
193:53 questions. They just do what they're to do based on what, what
193:59 previous generation said should be there. this is how you do it.
194:04 , and then you may or may know. But the eagle furred is
194:08 the same kind of deposit. It's a shale in south texas, but
194:11 really an organic rich pelagic limestone and , but it's called a shale for
194:17 investors. Right? Because they want hear that buzzword shale as a research
194:22 play and but it's a deeper water . I'll chuck. I don't think
194:26 any question about that. There's not much organic material associated with it.
194:33 , but you do see some moods there that are fossilized. Like I
194:36 you you get any austin chalk and the trend and pretty much mimics a
194:43 trend of the Austin chalk in south . And of course you want to
194:47 attention to the trend map and the of the eagle furred. If you
194:51 a lot of your oil or gas coming from, is coming from the
194:56 food right into the Austin chalk So a couple of pictures here just
195:01 show you how much different it It's just dominated by pelagic material,
195:05 forums and, and calcite spheres. , but there's some interesting die genesis
195:11 to write. Uh, you see this re crystallization of the critic
195:16 That's not a normal phenomena for a . All right. There's something going
195:20 to do this. You see this the Austin chalk to write.
195:25 um, you see people describe grain and core and the eagle furred,
195:32 is sort of ludicrous when you think it. But they're describing fabric like
195:37 . This is diabetic fabric that makes look like a clean grain stone.
195:42 actually still a Pakistan or Pakistan, just been highly altered by re
195:46 So calcite, that's calcite, that's replaced. That's a recruit fine scale
195:53 . Re precipitation of the Democratic The coke lists are disarming,
195:59 That takes acid fluid. You can't that for him. The normal burial
196:04 or certainly not freshwater. There's not be freshwater there anyway. Right.
196:09 , yeah, that's right. Mhm. Mhm. What Sure between
196:24 much select? Yeah. No, not a pure shell. Yeah.
196:37 . I think I think that's just politics of trying to shell sell a
196:42 play. Right. So, Okay. And that's just the
196:47 I'm not gonna not not going to about not going to test you on
196:51 eagle for All right. So. . All right, you bet.
197:08 . All right. So, we've one more unconventional play to talk about
197:13 we're gonna we're gonna split this We'll take a little break here and
197:17 we'll finish up the day here will be finished before five. And uh
197:22 going to talk about the these fall , digest plays. I really want
197:27 . I really want to get into to show you how these reactivated basement
197:33 dr deposition and the digest history of of these carbonates. And we'll do
197:40 first with a case study from Western Devonian. And then when we come
197:45 on friday, I'll take you through Ellenberger in West texas. Everybody calls
197:49 Ellenberger a near surface Karst related I disagree. And I'll show you
197:55 evidence for that. I'm not saying car every Ellenberger pool is like what
198:00 going to describe, but at least going to show you an alternative because
198:05 course people have a big problem. know, they rely heavily on freshwater
198:10 systems, but they can't show where fabrics are. And the Ellenberger,
198:15 only thing they could show is Right? So they just take the
198:18 to be an indication of near surface . So any, any questions about
198:24 we've covered so far before we stopped pause, the recording. Yeah.
198:29 right. Well let's take a people start back up in about 10
198:33 or so and and we'll call it day. All right. From
198:48 30 rounds. Yeah, that's all group. Yes, get it.
198:58 is to the roads part. Uh . With all this possible, we
199:04 said that it was the lower right? Not that that's right.
199:13 one of the key, the key with the orbital sciences also the that
199:21 not Yeah, clamshells probably similar to he found on his sister gin up
199:27 like texting little calcification oysters called X . They have to see the ribs
199:34 them preoccupied. So what you're talking the growth bridges, uh, they're
199:40 of curved a curve like that one's actually more like this shit. They
199:46 , they were, I think they're . Yeah, they're not bracket pots
199:51 die out by the end of the . Mm after that. Anything that
199:57 like looks like a clam shells So we found the big models.
200:02 of the world's biggest, Yeah. door Catalina, they were going to
200:07 . It would take these sands. the extra hats. Actually pick it
200:13 . It's just that no secure explained weather out. I said,
200:18 collecting these little loans and actually be orbit. It's very interesting.
200:26 I mean trinity group includes, I 5 to Mr chair. I think
200:33 is part of the trinity group. . I don't know if sister city
200:38 into that. Yeah, you should . I just find all, that's
200:44 that's starting graffiti use of Peter say , I'll, So I don't know
201:00 any evaporates with the glen rose that up in the Edwards. It's really
201:05 to that belt up around products for area. It's what people call a
201:13 for Frishberg of apparatus or Frishberg on other side of the planet to uplift
201:21 north west or north. Yeah, . And then if you, if
201:25 drive up, You drive up the , I think it's like 281.
201:29 you go up to 81 or some those other roads that go north.
201:33 of the outcrops, you see these collapse features broke out. Those are
201:39 to leach evaporates by some people I think that's very hard to
201:44 That's true. That's what's up Yeah. I mean would have petty
201:52 , you know, it was there it's missing. Yeah. Unless you
201:56 maybe you pick up some random gypsum something. The sequence. Yeah.
202:03 a good point. Really. Done looking. No. Yeah, the
202:09 off look there. I would actually Chanet rock right before the semester
202:15 Sorry, there. That's interesting if get down to the southwest over whole
202:23 of whether. Mhm. What? . Okay. Yeah, there's there's
202:31 lot, there's several guidebooks published their . You have to help. I've
202:38 on a couple of field trips in area. Yes. Somewhere out there
202:46 . So is a section where based limestone actually tweets oil. Right.
202:56 . Yeah. Yeah. Think it's Edwards basil. Edwards deposit magic dark
203:04 a laminated, Yeah. Mhm. . Okay. Mhm. Yeah.
204:09 . Yeah. Mhm. Yeah. . Right. Oh yeah. So
205:16 a football game today, but it's on campus. Right. They're
205:20 they're playing rice actually bryce. So they'll be here next weekend.
205:34 don't have class on saturday. So good. Yeah. Mhm. That's
205:50 . Mhm. Certain losses. Yeah. Mhm. Yes.
206:16 Mhm. Credit. Yeah. Oh, okay. The last thing
206:35 the agenda is to talk about this last style of what I called unconventional
206:43 play type and this is the this the fall controlled diabetic plays. So
206:49 are these are one of the other play types modified by deep seated reactivated
206:54 falls. You're going to see that basement faults not only play a role
206:58 a trapping the hydrocarbon, but they the dye genesis. Okay. And
207:03 really the takeaway that I want you get from our discussion here today and
207:08 friday. All right, So, going to start first with a a
207:14 study down here in the keg So I mentioned that there are five
207:18 a mega sequences in Western Canada that oil and gas productive the keg
207:23 Uh, the baby beaver Hill, group that's judy creek that we'll talk
207:27 next friday. All right. And the LaDuke reefs. I think I
207:32 how those things get dull monetized to you the super permeability reservoirs.
207:37 And then the Nevsky, we mentioned pinnacle reefs in the Nevsky the tabulate
207:41 . And then we abdomen would be last sequence. And the woman is
207:47 mostly shallow water. My critic but his fault controlled by genesis there
207:51 . That sets up these dramatized plays the waterman, right. So,
207:56 can see the topography in the keg . Right? You've got these isolated
208:02 sub basins with clinical reefs. We about those pinnacle reefs before and then
208:07 to it are these little carbonate All right. So, we're gonna
208:13 talking about a famous area up here Northwest Alberta. Right. And this
208:18 called the rainbow Zama area and the that you see here is all related
208:24 these integra tonic basil sags. So, these little sub basins of
208:29 scale course, That's pretty small scale here. These are pretty big sub
208:34 . Alright. And they end up in with the evaporates. Eventually the
208:38 evaporates and that's what the pink That's why they call it a restricted
208:42 . But initially it's open marine carbonate and then it goes hyper saline.
208:48 . And then you can see the represents the shallow water carbonate platforms
208:53 All right. And the trojans you see here coming off of what's
208:59 the Peace River Arts, The Peace arches like the Atlanta uplift in Western
209:04 . Right. Another one of these tick bath lists that gets eroded.
209:09 then the open ocean and green is to the north, as I said
209:13 . All right, So, I'm to share with you a case study
209:19 I got involved in as a client and we subsequently published on this.
209:23 , you have a couple of papers the travel drive that basically show everything
209:28 I'm showing here. Okay with some to go with it to support
209:33 but appreciate where we're at. We're this little platform called Comet platform.
209:38 , So, this is shallow water light blue. And then this is
209:41 sub basin rainbow sub basin That ends filling in with evaporate deposits. This
209:47 where they found the classical pinnacle reefs the KGG River back in the
209:52 Okay. And then companies just stepped their expiration up on a common platform
209:57 they found little subtle bumps on seismic they thought were related to the pinnacle
210:02 . So they thought the parents were in deep water, They thought the
210:06 were up on the platform. That's the play concept For 25 years.
210:11 right. And I want you to how close we are to Master Wrench
210:17 system called the Hay River Falzone. Hay River is of the scale of
210:22 the san Andreas today is in California it's been a active reactivated false system
210:28 back from the Devonian, up through cretaceous. Alright, so it has
210:33 effect on not just the devonian, the younger carbonate, mississippian carbonates in
210:38 area and also the younger classics that mostly Jurassic and cretaceous age. All
210:45 , so just appreciate, we're not far away. You can see the
210:48 , there were less than 20 miles from the Master wrench fault system.
210:53 , remember, I think you all this, but master Ranch false systems
210:58 conjugal faults, right? They come at different angles. You have a
211:02 wrench. Then you have faults that off at high angle 70-90°. And then
211:07 have faults to come off at low 20-30° to the master wrench. So
211:13 keep that in mind as I developed story. So here's a little cartoon
211:18 shows the play concept that was Developed in the 60s companies like S.
211:25 . Out of Calgary and shell. drilling off a two D.
211:29 They discovered these pinnacle reefs. Some one well wonder. Some take four
211:33 five wells to develop. They found of these within a few years and
211:39 they stepped up their production expiration up the platforms. And you see,
211:44 discovered on size, make these subtle features And by subtle, I'm talking
211:49 16 to 28 m of closure. right. So on seismic, they
211:54 like little pancakes barely. And they those, they thought they were
211:58 They thought they were baby pinnacle reefs . All right and true to the
212:03 approach to, to petroleum geology. drilled the devil out of these things
212:08 they court them tons of core In fact, the Canadians were hung
212:14 on whole core analysis. Right. did all this whole core analysis for
212:19 permeability. But what did they never . They never slapped the cords.
212:24 ever looked at them. They didn't . They're happily producing 300 - 500
212:30 of oil a day. Multiply that six. So 1800 to 3000
212:35 3000 barrels of oil a day for . And these pools And they produce
212:41 that for 25 years. And then happened in the late 80s production dropped
212:47 . Right. So that gets the attention and that's what led to this
212:53 study. All right. So this a two man your study. I
212:58 involved obviously, and then my uh, Ian Mirror, who worked
213:02 esso resources, was the the guy I worked with on this study.
213:08 . And so The goal was two first to get production back up.
213:13 , Because that's that's really what the cared about most. And then
213:18 they had all this unexplored land over . And so before they went searching
213:24 here, they wanted to understand what play concept was. Were these really
213:28 pinnacle reefs? I mean, it no sense right up on a carbonate
213:35 ? Or was there some other play ? So the second part of our
213:38 was to figure out the play So they could use that and start
213:43 another surrounding platforms. Okay, so the starting graffiti for this part of
213:51 . First of all, the you to appreciate the pre Cambrian basement rock
213:56 very shallow and this part of in fact, she a thermally,
214:01 is the hottest part of Alberta. , this is the hottest part of
214:07 because of that shallow Grenet basement And then what do you see out
214:11 the basin? The strategic a fee the basin where you get the pinnacle
214:14 is you've got red beds and evaporates the pre Cambrian and the lower keg
214:22 , which is a broad shallow or platform, not high energy. And
214:26 what nuclear it's off of that are pinnacle reefs these recent group to Anywhere
214:32 6 to 802,000 ft of vertical They end up being encased in a
214:39 , lower salt, Black Creek, and then the musk ag.
214:44 And then there succeeded by the sulfur , which is another carbonate unit through
214:49 carbonate unit on top of that. obviously sea level came up and created
214:53 accommodation and then a classic unit on of that called the White Mountain.
214:58 what's not shown here is the next succession called the Slave point. I
215:03 those because what I'm going to describe the keg river and up on these
215:07 in terms of die genesis and ferocity . Whenever those faults reactivate up into
215:14 sulfur point or slave point, you exactly the same style of die
215:18 Okay, so I just want you appreciate that. All right, so
215:24 approach was to get our hands on much rock data as we could.
215:29 you can see the data that we . We looked at 145 wells,
215:35 of which were cord and most of were cord through the Keg River,
215:39 is sort of interesting because most companies drill into the top of these formations
215:43 that's it. But to their they did core into deeper successions.
215:48 organized our data into uh 12 east cross sections. We made both structural
215:55 , graphic cross sections. We tied with three north south lines. We
216:00 in the pinnacle reefs as well into study because neither easy nor I had
216:04 worked a strong not operate pinnacle So if we're going to evaluate baby
216:10 reefs on the platform, we needed know what the parents look like.
216:13 we actually started with the offshore satellite reefs and we looked at those first
216:19 make sure we understood those. And we had a basis for comparison to
216:23 we see for these little pools up on the platform. So you see
216:28 dark lines here and the letters Pool and pool? S pool deedee
216:34 B B, Pool BBB. There's called, let me get rid of
216:45 . There's one called bunny. So don't know why they changed the name
216:48 , but they call that one I always found that funny.
216:52 They use lettering systems for most of other ones. But anyway, that's
216:56 database. So we ended up with ft of core and, and then
217:01 of this stuff was highly altered dramatized . Right? In fact, in
217:06 I always joked, you know if just look at a few cores to
217:09 with, we never figured out what going on. And this is the
217:13 to be learned that when you work dramatized sequences that are highly altered by
217:17 genesis, you have to look at lot of core and in order to
217:23 little windows of opportunity where you can some of the better preserved fabric.
217:27 by doing that, we're able to together the deposition all story. But
217:31 had, we had to describe the first and then we get thin
217:35 I come back to Houston. I'd time working up the thin sections using
217:39 white paper technique or the fluorescent technique try to see through the masking
217:44 And this is how we built our graphic faces framework. Okay, so
217:50 , here's what the reservoir rock looks and you can see why it?
217:54 so never bothered to slab the Right? In fact, they never
217:57 rock like this for whole core analysis the edges are too rough. Engineers
218:02 nice little tight cylinders, right? they can put in a sleeve and
218:06 for porosity and permeability. But this the prime reservoir rock right here,
218:11 zebra Dolan, my fabric. We about before that buggy porosity related to
218:17 dissolution. And sometimes I told my expanded to give you the big buggy
218:22 like you see here and sometimes that the expanded to give you a ferocity
218:28 enough to get solution and collapse. . These are the barrel branches we
218:32 about because the style lights within those might plastered all different angles to each
218:37 and the horizon. That has to barrel brecca. All right. But
218:43 very difficult to put this into an context. Right. You can't see
218:47 of the fabric because of the over of dehumanization and the over print of
218:52 of that dramatized fabric. But as said, when we looked at enough
218:57 , not all the cores highly And you can start to see little
219:01 of opportunities here. Some of the looks like this. Well, this
219:04 the dullest own where you can see robust branching storm atop roids.
219:09 That's not necessarily part of the That can be a more open marine
219:13 part of a platform. All And then we see that build up
219:17 the little stick like after poor after likes to live in restricted lagoons or
219:27 materials. Okay. And then we some of that great up into the
219:31 laminated or crypt alga laminated fabric. the finesse to fabric, no
219:38 Right. So it's restricted. This title flat. All right. And
219:42 basically the story we put together is on the platform. We're not dealing
219:49 baby finical reefs. We're dealing with stacks cycles. All right. These
219:55 , 2, 3 m thick It's to go from sometimes deeper open
220:01 , we call granny lagoon, all platform interior carbonates up into the anthill
220:07 ? More restricted deposits. And then sometimes by title flat and they repeat
220:12 and over again. All right. it's the stack cycles that got structured
220:19 reactivated basement faults that created the structural Of 16-28 m. That's what created
220:25 seismic expression they took to be All right. Just had nothing to
220:30 with reefs. In fact, they chasing everything up on the platform
220:34 And if there is a restriction up the platform, then what has to
220:37 out here? Some sort of high marginal faces. Right. Either re
220:43 you. It's right. But you people about who is in Western
220:47 Oh, no. There's no use Western Canada. No words except right
220:54 . They actually korda. Well, , that looks just like the Jurassic
220:58 over. People have just been looking the wrong side of these of these
221:03 . Right. So, they've just focused on seismic. They don't really
221:09 the de positional part of the All right. All right.
221:13 so we resolve that part of the , Right? We're producing from these
221:17 stacks cycles that are offset by reactivating faults. Now, the question
221:22 what's the timing of the porosity Is this the classical Dolomites story where
221:28 just replace the limestone and maybe generate toward the end of the decolonization
221:34 Or is there another part of the that involves this solution of dramatized
221:40 Alright, so the way we got handle on that was from the detailed
221:44 using the white paper techniques. So can see These two paired photographs
221:51 You got the you got proxy And I think you can see even
221:54 this photograph, partial dissolution of some the crystals of dolomite. All
222:00 But you can't relate it to deposition fabric in that upper photograph. But
222:04 the lower photograph you can see the of the relic grains, right?
222:08 are smaller pieces of and fry They've been demonetized and they're structured and
222:14 dole might over lies the future So that's burial Dolomites. The first
222:18 we learned was this is all barrel . And then what happened to that
222:24 fabric? It got dissolved out to degrees. But look at the distribution
222:29 the ferocity, it's random, it's confined to the centers of grains like
222:33 showed you remember the normal story is front comes after big grain. And
222:39 when you get 70, you leach the center here, it's all over
222:43 place. Plus we see evidence of crystal dissolution. Alright, So that
222:48 to be accounted for. You need fluids to do this. You need
222:51 to dramatize and then you need one dissolve that dramatized fabric. Alright,
222:57 this is where we started suspecting the framework came into play, right?
223:02 provide the right kind of fluid to the door of my dissolution. And
223:07 of course that ferocity expands right? expands from two moulding ferocity like you
223:12 here filled with Bitumen to a larger buggy ferocity and then this would expand
223:18 the zebra fabric or the Brescia fabric I showed you before. Right?
223:24 a grander scale of dolomite dissolution. . All right. In other
223:30 this kind of fabric. Your all . So, we've had the discussion
223:33 these brunches, right? These are scratches, right? It never made
223:39 sense that you would get cursed in part of the devonian because you have
223:43 dry climate, you have co evil associated with these devonian carbonates. So
223:50 would you get a lot of freshwater ? And then we talked about the
223:55 fabric being controlled by style. Ites by fractures. Right? When the
224:01 come up like this, they move along the style lights because the style
224:05 are right there and then they die . They get cut out by buggy
224:09 . Then you pick up the style on the other side. All
224:14 And then we noticed in core that we had a lot of zebra fabric
224:17 where we had british aviation. What we see? Always hanging around these
224:22 stage and hydrates. Alright. So saw the fractures feeding the zebra filled
224:28 an hydrate where we saw these stolen , stone bridges with a and hydrate
224:34 . And we suspected that these calcium fluids were the driver for the
224:39 This solution. Okay. So, we started plotting, after we integrated
224:44 initial core description with the with the section work, we finally built our
224:53 graphic faces framework. Right. And it's really a simple story deposition
224:57 Right. We've got mostly restricted subtitle dominated by an for bora grading up
225:04 tidal flat. And it repeats over over again. All right. And
225:08 at the scale of these cycles. is the 123 m thick cycles that
225:13 talked about that are characteristic of what of the deposition profile, the inboard
225:20 . Right? The inner part of platform. You don't find 123 m
225:24 cycles at the margin. You find any cycles out in the
225:28 Right. So, this is characteristic platform interior. All right. And
225:34 , because we suspected, well, wanted we also want to understand what
225:40 the zebra fabric was their faces controlled zebra fabric. So, you see
225:44 we describe the core, we plot distribution of the zebra fabric and Z
225:49 again, we suspected. And hydrate a role here, along with the
225:53 . So, wherever we can see in core, we plot that and
225:57 we saw replace of and hydrate or and hydrates cement. We would we
226:04 map that as well. Okay. this is how we built our
226:08 Graphic face this framework. Now, did we put this into a context
226:12 regional correlation? We did it by these small scale cycles into the composite
226:19 we talked about the other day. these small scale cycles? The lower
226:25 are thicker with a greater subtitle faces . And then subsequent cycles tent.
226:30 then and then you turn around to cycles with more subtitle faces. So
226:38 are the composite cycles. These are 7-12 metre thick cycles made up of
226:42 123 m thick cycles. Good gam at the base. God damn expression
226:47 the top. This is what we correlate all the way across common
226:52 This is how we set up our strategy graffiti. And then these cycles
226:58 we had the well control within the would correlate for hundreds of meters or
227:03 few kilometres. Alright, because those minor cycles. Major cycles always correlate
227:11 a greater area. Okay, so is how we built the framework.
227:18 , so there's the top of the river. So these are the composite
227:23 . K one to K two K K three, Right, 7 -
227:27 metre thick cycles. And you can the smaller scale cycles go from
227:31 subtitled the green title flat, repeat and over again. You can look
227:36 the zebra distribution here. It turns that most of the zebra fabric is
227:41 not to the title flat, but the subtitle carbonates that were riddled with
227:46 highlights and style, I suppose were conduits for the fluids moving this
227:51 All right. And then Where was of the production? I told you
227:56 , what the companies did back in 60s. Right. They drilled a
228:00 or they drilled a reef like an bucket. Where do they drill?
228:04 drilled structural high point and they just into the top assuming the whole thing
228:11 be filled to spill point. they didn't realize that their cycles and
228:17 boundaries are permeability barriers to flow. right. They produce for 25 years
228:23 from this upper cycle. And Ian this out within a few weeks.
228:29 told his engineer, you need to your wells, deepen your wells and
228:34 going to find more oil. They their wells, they got production back
228:38 to where it was before we started study. So we're not two months
228:42 our year long study and and they've got production rates back up. They've
228:46 paid for our salary and we haven't finished. Okay. So that was
228:51 of satisfying that the two of us figure this out. All right.
228:55 there's play potential down here too. just have to deepen the wells.
228:59 right. Which is what they ended doing. All right. So here's
229:04 some of our regional across sections that put together. I mean, we
229:08 at all the core data we could including any core that cut the mustang
229:14 point or slave point. And by the combination structural extra graphic cross sections
229:21 . You could demonstrate that there were periods of reactivated basement vaulting,
229:27 The first period was lower to middle river structuring. That's what creates this
229:32 right here. Okay, these faults up the fluids. The fluids get
229:37 laterally because there's faces controlled dissolution of dolomite. So the porosity extends away
229:44 the false. And we could demonstrate our core control that proceed the fluid
229:50 out at least several 1000 ft from well board to create this prostate.
229:55 think it's further, but we just have the data to show that.
230:00 , But where's the oil and trapped oil and trapped is not in the
230:04 areas. It's up against the Is classically entrapped oil. All
230:09 But the ferocity is all through right on both sides of these
230:14 Okay. That's that's the that's the the faulting right, bringing up the
230:19 and then whenever this fault reactivated up the sulfur point, you would get
230:27 upper mustang structuring wherever you got you would get the same kind of
230:32 developed in the sulfur point. And if it popped up into the slave
230:36 , you get the same style of genesis. Alright, so this is
230:40 fall controlled die genesis. It's entrapping hydrocarbon, but it's also creating the
230:45 ferocity which is due to dissolution of fabric. Okay. The net effect
230:52 is the 16 - 28 m of closure. And that's what they picked
230:57 in that position right there. All . So just just look at this
231:02 . This is a hand drawn structural map. Remember where our master fault
231:08 ? It's down here to the southeast look at the structural contours. They're
231:13 mimicking the conjugal faults that come off a high angle right here and then
231:18 another little wrench the customer here. you see deflection of the contours and
231:23 the false go like that. All . So just mentally put this in
231:27 brain now and let's look at the of the pools and the ferocity.
231:32 , so what we It's interesting that engineers only used a 3% ferocity cut
231:38 for their economics. And why did do that? Because they did hold
231:42 analysis on the tighter Dola stones. they didn't want to touch the highly
231:48 stuff because of the irregular nature of borough of of the core.
231:53 So we just use their 3% proxy off. We plotted for each composite
231:59 . We plotted Greater than five m greater than 3% ferocity. We did
232:04 for the three composite cycles and look they mimic the distribution of that structural
232:11 . That's just that's just telling you faults are controlling the ferocity development.
232:16 . Mhm. And then we also and hydrate being moved up along some
232:20 these fault planes to create side closure some of these reservoirs. So,
232:25 actually did the same thing. We we mapped the distribution of these replace
232:29 an hydrates. We looked at some that caught that cuts through the fall
232:36 That had 80 or 90 ft of white and hydrate. Okay. And
232:42 this was important for sealing off the of that reservoir. Alright. But
232:46 was also part of the story of these calcium rich fluids to drive the
232:51 dissolution. All right. And then the here's the faulting worked out from
232:56 two D. And three D. data from the geophysicists. Again,
233:00 Master wrench followed us down here, you can see the the different sets
233:04 faults. Right? So, it's tied back to the to the deep
233:08 reactivated basement faulting. And it's not deep. Right? You're only a
233:12 1000 ft from frenetic basement rocks. that's the beauty that you're not that
233:17 . All right. So here's the sectional view. Again, the pinnacle
233:22 turns out that they're not just deposition origin. They are also controlled by
233:27 reactivated basement faulting. That's what creates initial topography to kick these things
233:32 All right. And then up on platform those low relief traps that we
233:37 about with 16-28 m of closure. ? They're they're due again to the
233:43 basement faulting. And what's what's the that we had these hot fluids coming
233:51 of frenetic basement rock? What's associated all this die genesis the kinds of
233:56 I've been talking about before. Mega . Let's sing mineralization. Okay,
234:05 florida was analyzed for geo so mama hydrothermal. Okay. The fluoride was
234:12 . And then here's the clincher reservoir . You know where helium comes
234:20 That's a radioactive decay product of frenetic rock. The helium is so mobile
234:26 to capture any helium in the DST significant. Well, they captured commercial
234:32 helium in some of their D. . It's a first of all,
234:36 amazing that anybody would look for helium they did that routinely on all their
234:41 . Sts. For these wells. right. And so some some you
234:46 commercial grade helium is this .1% Some these wells had .3% helium.
234:54 so that's the clincher that you have reactivated basement faults bringing up these hot
235:00 . They have to be acidic or rich or both in order to account
235:04 the dolomite dissolution. But also to for the emplacement of the mega courts
235:09 the most of the lead sank Okay. Yeah. But you could
235:18 could solve it obviously because of the data. Right? If this is
235:24 here in the U. S. me companies would not drill like the
235:28 drill. Right? And then with hold their data anyway. Right.
235:33 in Canada, as I said, province has a huge core warehouse.
235:39 the half the data gets archived with government which then allows anybody to come
235:44 and all you do is pay a to get the course laid out.
235:48 right. I mean, it's it's that expensive. So that's a
235:54 That's the beauty of uh of doing kinds of studies in Canada.
236:00 And that's why I said, I I said early our di genetic understanding
236:04 the last 20 years has really come of Western Canada because of that core
236:09 . All right. All right. there's a couple of papers on blackboard
236:14 summarized this and then there's a paper talks about the Ellenberger that I'll talk
236:20 next week and contrasted with what I showed you for the keg river in
236:25 . So that's it for today when come back next friday. Uh
236:31 I'll send you the answers to the exam uh tomorrow sometime. Okay.
236:37 then I'll grade your exams. And y'all get y'all got the scan.
236:41 ? So I'll scan them and send to you and then give you the
236:45 back next friday. And then next we can talk about the exam from
236:52 and then we've got only a couple things to talk about. Next
236:55 Uh We're gonna talk about the here's another fall control, digest play
237:01 then um I'm gonna make some summary about carbonate plays and and things to
237:08 of. And then we'll talk about a carbonate reservoir. That will be
237:13 judy Creek example. I'll take you that in details. You see how
237:17 built their strata, graphic faces And then I'll got some cross sections
237:23 maybe give you and we can talk . And then the last thing we'll
237:27 on friday is we can have a about the final. Okay. Uh
237:32 . All right, good service. , saturday off. Yeah, me
237:43 . Yeah. Uh huh. It's to get up on saturday morning and
237:48 in early
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