| 00:00 | all right. It looks like we hopping now. Um, So as |
|
| 00:04 | mentioned last week, uh, this kind of the downslope. We're now |
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| 00:10 | that turn, and we're gonna start . Um, which I mean, |
|
| 00:14 | . Landing the plane is, you know, two months away, |
|
| 00:18 | but we're starting the descent, We were hitting up. This |
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| 00:21 | like, the last little bit So remember, if you haven't turned |
|
| 00:25 | a paper by today, you're not be able to turn it at |
|
| 00:28 | At least you get late. You , there will be a late penalty |
|
| 00:31 | , but after day, you can't that. And on is it tomorrow |
|
| 00:34 | Thursday that the peer reviews or do ? I'm glad you guys were paying |
|
| 00:39 | . If you don't do your peer , we just I just start taking |
|
| 00:43 | off your paper. It's just ugly. It's like a massacre. |
|
| 00:46 | like me coming in with with double axes and chopping you all up in |
|
| 00:50 | bits and selling you for fish And that is really, really appealing |
|
| 00:57 | . I mean, I'm just pumped I'm fighting with parking, and I |
|
| 01:00 | to go over there with double handed and I want to start chopping people |
|
| 01:03 | in fish with as fish bait. you know what I'm talking about Because |
|
| 01:05 | had to deal with parking before, you? Yeah. All right. |
|
| 01:09 | today we're talking about blood, which just gruesome just to begin with, |
|
| 01:14 | ? Yeah. Blood. What is ? No. Blood is the fluid |
|
| 01:20 | the cardiovascular system, right? it's a really complex material. It |
|
| 01:25 | a connective tissue, by definition, that's where originates from. And so |
|
| 01:31 | you think of it, you don't of it as fluid. I |
|
| 01:33 | you can. It is a but it is an actual connective |
|
| 01:36 | And normally, when you when you about connective tissue, you think of |
|
| 01:40 | that are connected, right? Because says in the name connective tissue like |
|
| 01:46 | . So this is a connective tissue specialized connective tissue. It has two |
|
| 01:50 | components. It basically has the fluid , which we call plasma. And |
|
| 01:55 | has the specialized blood cells, which know as the red blood cells, |
|
| 01:59 | blood cells and the the Haram or what you sometimes called platelets But |
|
| 02:06 | , those three things are called the elements. All right, now, |
|
| 02:11 | is the biggest side. All So you do not need to know |
|
| 02:13 | connective tissues. Typically what happens is cells of a connective tissue are responsible |
|
| 02:18 | creating the matrix of the connective Alright, so typically, that's how |
|
| 02:24 | connective tissue works. That's not how works in the blood, the |
|
| 02:29 | the formed elements do not make the the matrix being the fluid, the |
|
| 02:34 | . Okay, so this is one those weird things. Its's just an |
|
| 02:38 | issue. Where, uh, the comes from is a nem bree a |
|
| 02:43 | question, not a Does it look all the rest? All right, |
|
| 02:47 | it's a weird one. Now, you were to take the plasma and |
|
| 02:52 | formed elements and just put him in in a tube, all the formed |
|
| 02:56 | were just sink down, all because they have mass and put things |
|
| 02:59 | mass and fluid. They're going to to the bottom. But because of |
|
| 03:02 | constant circulation and because of the heart and moving that blood, these formed |
|
| 03:09 | stay well mixed and just well distributed the fluid matrix. Alright. So |
|
| 03:14 | I were to take a sample of from you right now and then wait |
|
| 03:17 | minutes, take another sample of They should look exactly the same because |
|
| 03:20 | it's circulation. All right, so we go. Let's deal with a |
|
| 03:28 | of terms. One of the terms probably saw his hematocrit. You'll hear |
|
| 03:31 | adequate all the time. Hamad A , by definition, is the packed |
|
| 03:35 | volume, specifically the number Arthur sites percentage of the volume that you're looking |
|
| 03:41 | . So again, if you take unit of blood and let it sit |
|
| 03:45 | actually really, you spin it and spin it down. If you look |
|
| 03:48 | that packed volume of red blood that is, your dramatic critic comes |
|
| 03:52 | to between 42 45%. Depending upon sex, males have a little bit |
|
| 03:57 | females a little bit less. that's normal. All right. And |
|
| 04:02 | reason for that is testosterone helps interest point in production, which results and |
|
| 04:07 | blood cell production. All right that definition is the specific or the |
|
| 04:13 | definition. But some people in some , for some reason, incorrectly will |
|
| 04:18 | it's the total volume of formed And so that means it includes the |
|
| 04:23 | blood cells and platelets. Alright, not the correct definition. But if |
|
| 04:27 | see that just understands like Oh, , Dr William told me There's some |
|
| 04:31 | out there who don't really understand But again, the Buffy coat, |
|
| 04:36 | things that Luke Luke sites and platelets such a small portion that it doesn't |
|
| 04:40 | matter, Okay, because 42 to red blood cells and then approximately 1% |
|
| 04:47 | the total volume will be that Buffy , which is the Lucas sites and |
|
| 04:51 | platelets. Now the plasma is primarily , all right. It accounts for |
|
| 05:00 | other 55%. So again, if take the a sample of blood, |
|
| 05:03 | it in a tube with an antique to prevent it from coagulating. Spend |
|
| 05:07 | down. You're going to see 55% plasma, and that is 90% of |
|
| 05:12 | . 55% is water. About 10% is less than 10% is plasma |
|
| 05:19 | and then you can see there's other in there that we just kind of |
|
| 05:22 | . All right. So, for , electrolytes. So they're your |
|
| 05:26 | Gas is, you know, the and the carbon dioxide that you're producing |
|
| 05:30 | in the blood. And so that up a component. There's other organic |
|
| 05:33 | that are found in there. When hear the word serum, you can |
|
| 05:37 | plasma, but it's a unique type plasma. It's plasma that has been |
|
| 05:42 | . In other words, you've taken the fibrinogen and other factors that air |
|
| 05:46 | factors. So when you're getting serum you're injecting serum into somebody, what |
|
| 05:51 | doing is you're not giving them any the formed elements. You're just giving |
|
| 05:55 | the plasma, minus the elements that clotting. So you give them all |
|
| 05:59 | good stuff. Clotting would cause that to just coagulate really, really quickly |
|
| 06:05 | . So those are kind of our definitions. We use this term a |
|
| 06:12 | . We talked about plasma proteins and importance and Osma regulation. Right? |
|
| 06:16 | said, where there's more plasma you've heard me say this that draws |
|
| 06:20 | from those environments into the blood. know. I talked about this |
|
| 06:24 | When we're talking about similarity, And so plasma proteins you've heard. |
|
| 06:28 | really, what is the plasma It's a protein that's found in the |
|
| 06:32 | . That's it's really strict definition. right. Now there's a lot of |
|
| 06:36 | and the goal here, The thing I want to understand is what they're |
|
| 06:40 | they're generic jobs are all right, they have specific responsibilities, which we're |
|
| 06:45 | kind of look at down below. you can see it here. What |
|
| 06:48 | have is we have these these groups proteins, these plasma proteins. And |
|
| 06:52 | job is to create a non osmotic in the interstitial fluid. You don't |
|
| 06:56 | plasma proteins inside the plasma. You have plasma proteins. Thes two compartments |
|
| 07:02 | interlinked. And so what that does draws water to where there's a higher |
|
| 07:07 | concentration. Other words, thes plasma help to serve as part of that |
|
| 07:12 | concentration. But they have more responsibility well. All right, And you |
|
| 07:17 | see that's gonna play a role. should point out in regulating blood pressure |
|
| 07:21 | blood volume. We're gonna come and with this a little bit later. |
|
| 07:27 | also plays a role in buffering your . Alright. Many of these proteins |
|
| 07:31 | negatively charged, and so they serve a buffering system. So when you |
|
| 07:36 | acidic materials and stuff like that, helps toe buffer. Your body is |
|
| 07:40 | natural buffering system. Now these are big, big players in terms of |
|
| 07:46 | plasma proteins. We got the album . You know what albumin is? |
|
| 07:50 | you ever heard of albumin? It's It's a little teeny tiny protein. |
|
| 07:54 | like the smallest protein that can pass the capillaries. I mean, through |
|
| 07:59 | capillary walls. It's the only really only one, and it's a real |
|
| 08:03 | protein. You've experiences you. Have guys ever cooked with an egg? |
|
| 08:07 | know the egg white before it turns ? Well, even when it's |
|
| 08:10 | that's albumin. Alright. That sticky is albumin, all right, and |
|
| 08:16 | job primarily is to bind to things a non specific manner to aid and |
|
| 08:22 | . We have the globulin, they up the next largest portion, and |
|
| 08:26 | of the molecules that you're looking here globulin. You have the Alfa globulin |
|
| 08:30 | globulin in the gamma globulin of the is thes air. Name comes from |
|
| 08:36 | protein. That's globulin of the You're most familiar with the gamma |
|
| 08:41 | It's but the fun word to If you say it long enough, |
|
| 08:44 | sounds like Goblin has done some horrible . Globulin. See globulin. You're |
|
| 08:51 | saying it in your head or at . Your say that globulin. |
|
| 08:56 | It's fun. It's fun work. gamma globulin are immune globulin. |
|
| 09:00 | that's the antibodies you've learned about antibodies some point in your life. |
|
| 09:05 | we're in the middle of a right? So we've all heard about |
|
| 09:08 | covert antibodies, right? Well, basically your body's way of fighting |
|
| 09:14 | One of the ways, well, of deal with that in a |
|
| 09:17 | All right, so the most popular can see, we've got big populations |
|
| 09:20 | them here. You can. If look at this carefully, you can |
|
| 09:22 | Look, there's I G. Excuse , fans. There's I G. |
|
| 09:27 | E g, D and E. I g m. There's I g |
|
| 09:30 | those air, the gamma globulin. Alfa glob ! Means you think you |
|
| 09:34 | find a couple of them up What do you think? Would they |
|
| 09:41 | easy to find if you had If I put a gun to your |
|
| 09:44 | and said I'm gonna kill you before go over to the parking lot parking |
|
| 09:49 | and kill them. What do you ? Yeah, because they're labeled with |
|
| 09:53 | alphas. You can see There they . All right. There's a couple |
|
| 09:56 | them, uh, many of the globulin. They're all over the |
|
| 09:59 | There's plasminogen, for example. Fibrinogen right there. That's actually its own |
|
| 10:06 | , but they're all over the Um, there's another beta. You |
|
| 10:11 | need to know them. I'm not ask you What are the alphas? |
|
| 10:14 | a debate is where the Gammas. I'm just trying to show you that |
|
| 10:17 | this massive group of proteins and they're over the place. Alright, They |
|
| 10:22 | a major role, at least the two in transport. The last one |
|
| 10:26 | a major role in, um uh in protecting the body and immune immune |
|
| 10:31 | transparent up there. That's when I to circle. Transparent. What do |
|
| 10:38 | think? Transparent does based on its transfers and then transports iron? That's |
|
| 10:50 | , Fair and see the fair. that awesome, isn't it? so |
|
| 10:54 | how they name things for what they . It makes your life so |
|
| 10:57 | All you gotta do is kind of that step back and go. |
|
| 10:59 | now I understand. So never, be freaked out by if you see |
|
| 11:03 | big work. Just kind of All right, let me see. |
|
| 11:06 | do I break it down? Scientists that clever. They're actually really, |
|
| 11:11 | kind of slow and methodical. All , All right. Uh, fiber |
|
| 11:16 | in this place played a major role homeostasis, which is a fancy word |
|
| 11:20 | saying blood clotting. We're gonna learn fiber engine in a little bit, |
|
| 11:24 | that's kind of at the end of . And then there's other proteins in |
|
| 11:27 | that are considered plasma are considered really proteins, but they're kind of in |
|
| 11:33 | all time. These other enzymes and molecules that are in circulation. All |
|
| 11:39 | , so this kind of give you big picture of what blood is |
|
| 11:42 | Blood is plasma. It is cells its stuff inside the plasma. |
|
| 11:47 | And what we're gonna do is we're look at the individual cells in a |
|
| 11:52 | kind of an overview Kind of like big look. And then what we're |
|
| 11:55 | do is we're gonna look at the of human spaces. So we're gonna |
|
| 11:58 | at red blood cells, white blood , platelets, and then we're gonna |
|
| 12:01 | at the role of what platelets That's what we're gonna look at the |
|
| 12:03 | of class. All right, so is kind of an easy, |
|
| 12:08 | easygoing class in terms of what we're . So the formed elements, the |
|
| 12:15 | cells are created through a process called police ISS, I want you to |
|
| 12:21 | Hamada polices because that's a fun Amato police ISS tomato polices. So |
|
| 12:29 | try to get him atop Oasis. , See, it's hard when you're |
|
| 12:33 | Oh, my goodness, there's only of us and people can hear my |
|
| 12:36 | . Hamada police um Ato Police iss right, see that? That's that |
|
| 12:44 | part the poet's park means to make right, So it's blood making All |
|
| 12:49 | , that's what I'm doing. I'm blood cells and what we have here |
|
| 12:52 | the entire process to make the major of blood cells. There's actually subtypes |
|
| 12:58 | each of these at the very bottom that we're not gonna worry about. |
|
| 13:01 | right. And there are two basic . Alright, so you start off |
|
| 13:06 | a stem cell what we refer to in our little graph as a long |
|
| 13:09 | hematopoietic stem cell, which is a long word. So just think of |
|
| 13:13 | as a stem cell. This thing already committed to going down the blood |
|
| 13:17 | path, and then it basically goes a another process of refinement. So |
|
| 13:23 | basically keep the stem cell behind and differentiates and becomes a short term matter |
|
| 13:29 | stem cell. So again, the is is I'm maintaining my pool so |
|
| 13:33 | can constantly make new blood cells. then what happens is is depending upon |
|
| 13:39 | hormones in which sort of signaling molecules side of kinds are available. I'm |
|
| 13:44 | go down one of two pathways. gonna go down the my Lloyd line |
|
| 13:47 | going to go down the lymphoid And so, in our little graph |
|
| 13:50 | , you can see here is our . This would be the lymphoid |
|
| 13:53 | That would be the myeloid line. you can see how they're kind of |
|
| 13:56 | up right? there, All And so the lymphoid line gives rise |
|
| 14:00 | the T cells and the B the lymphatic cells. All right, |
|
| 14:04 | these are the immune cells that we're familiar with, All right. But |
|
| 14:09 | other line, the my Lloyd gives rise to the blood cells. |
|
| 14:12 | gives rise to a variety of white cells. So the T cells and |
|
| 14:18 | B cells are a type of of we refer to as a munis |
|
| 14:24 | But the white blood cells are the . The monitor our center fills the |
|
| 14:29 | fills the the neutrophils and the Monas , and it also includes the macrophages |
|
| 14:36 | well up there at the very You can see there's also the mega |
|
| 14:40 | sites to make. A curious sites the cells that give rise to the |
|
| 14:45 | . All right, now, in to get down each of these individual |
|
| 14:48 | , you have to have these specific specific side of kind or hormones, |
|
| 14:53 | on how they define them, to that differentiation. So you can |
|
| 14:58 | for example, here you have a stem cell that is basically a stem |
|
| 15:05 | that gives rise to both the neutrophils the Monas. I'd so given which |
|
| 15:08 | of hormone you get, you get pathway or the other. I don't |
|
| 15:14 | I've ever asked this question. like, what are the specific side |
|
| 15:18 | kinds? Um, and part of reason is is that we really just |
|
| 15:22 | of rushed through it. So it's don't think it's really that important. |
|
| 15:25 | should be aware of these two right ballpoint and Aretha police. All |
|
| 15:31 | throw. My point is for making mega carry cites a richer appointments for |
|
| 15:35 | Aretha sites of red blood cells so names are actually throwing. Besides, |
|
| 15:40 | are are are the by products of plate. There, basically the |
|
| 15:45 | the other ones. I don't think quite so important, but you can |
|
| 15:49 | of see that Give Rod. like at the top of the GM |
|
| 15:52 | , that's great insight, mountainside But you what? The point isn't |
|
| 15:56 | at this is that it's it's stimulating down a specific line so that you |
|
| 16:00 | give rise to the specific cell So what I want to do is |
|
| 16:05 | want to talk about red blood cells Aretha sites and how we make him |
|
| 16:09 | tomato police IHS or he mo This is the other word we could |
|
| 16:12 | is the grand process of making a cell of any of those types of |
|
| 16:19 | the different types red blood cells, blood cells or drama sites or |
|
| 16:24 | Aretha Rope Oasis is making a renter Alright, so its name. And |
|
| 16:31 | this is going to occur specifically in red bone marrow in adults. Your |
|
| 16:36 | Boehmer is very, very limited. found in the flat bones and very |
|
| 16:40 | flat bones that's found in your found in your ribs found in the |
|
| 16:44 | ends of the long bones. basically, in the up in the |
|
| 16:50 | , um, there's some in the Cox as well. They're in places |
|
| 16:54 | aren't really easy to get to, it's a lot of fun if you've |
|
| 16:57 | been a red blood cell donor or , bone marrow donor. They go |
|
| 17:02 | some really horrible places to get that because it's just hard to find in |
|
| 17:07 | . In kids, most of your are filled with red bone marrow. |
|
| 17:12 | could go pretty much anywhere and grab marrow. Alright. Your long bones |
|
| 17:15 | completely filled with it so you can go right on in. In |
|
| 17:19 | You don't have bones. You are a cartilage skeleton if you have a |
|
| 17:24 | at all. So the red blood are not made in the bone. |
|
| 17:29 | , they're made in the liver and spleen and priority. Those two organs |
|
| 17:33 | created, they're made in the yolk . All right, so you're producing |
|
| 17:38 | red bones. Are these red blood ? Very early on in development. |
|
| 17:44 | , what regulates or what promotes the of red blood cells is simply the |
|
| 17:50 | carrying capacity of the blood. It's not how much oxygen you're |
|
| 17:56 | It's the capacity to carry. All , You could be 100% saturated, |
|
| 18:02 | if you don't have enough red blood , you're not getting enough oxygen to |
|
| 18:05 | tissues. All right? Or you have all the red blood cells in |
|
| 18:09 | world literally. Just an infinite number red blood cells wouldn't work in your |
|
| 18:15 | , but just imagine. But if have no oxygen, then you're basically |
|
| 18:19 | carrying. Capacity has gone down to . And so your body is going |
|
| 18:22 | say, Wait a second. I'm getting enough oxygen. Go find me |
|
| 18:26 | oxygen. Make more red blood All right, So it's the auction |
|
| 18:29 | capacity of the blood. And but , the structure that is measuring this |
|
| 18:35 | the kidney. So when blood arrives the kidney, if the kidney doesn't |
|
| 18:39 | enough oxygen, the kidney is responsible producing Aretha Apu eaten. Alright, |
|
| 18:45 | then is a hormone that goes into blood, circulates through the blood, |
|
| 18:50 | in the bone marrow and stimulates the of their retro site. Okay, |
|
| 18:55 | that's kind of the process. If not carrying enough oxygen, usually that's |
|
| 19:00 | indicator. It's I mean, I say it's an indicator in quotes of |
|
| 19:05 | , uh that I don't have enough blood cells. It may not mean |
|
| 19:09 | you don't have a red blood, red blood cells, but that's how |
|
| 19:11 | body interprets it. And so it , Oh, I'm not getting enough |
|
| 19:14 | . I need more red blood make more red blood cells, and |
|
| 19:18 | is a ah process. It takes 10 to 14 days to to up |
|
| 19:23 | the number of red blood cells. there are lots of steps involved. |
|
| 19:28 | really, I don't need You don't to know, You know, |
|
| 19:30 | what am I doing? What are of the individual steps? All |
|
| 19:33 | The committing step is dependent upon a point. All right, so that |
|
| 19:39 | can see right down here between the F. U e and the C |
|
| 19:42 | u e, that's cf you is committed step. All right, so |
|
| 19:46 | this point, we can still go a in a different direction. But |
|
| 19:50 | you committed down that line, what's happen is is you're gonna start amplifying |
|
| 19:55 | number of cells, and you're gonna making modifications to the cells that air |
|
| 19:59 | , all right. And that's what these little steps they're trying to show |
|
| 20:02 | , and they have a specific names upon people who study these. They're |
|
| 20:06 | , Oh, you can see that has happened and you could see that |
|
| 20:09 | has happened. You could see that has happened. And so, looking |
|
| 20:12 | a microscope, I can tell at stage of development this pre or pro |
|
| 20:17 | site is. And so the key here that I need, you understand |
|
| 20:22 | the first thing that's gonna richer site . It needs lots and lots of |
|
| 20:27 | . So the one of the very early steps is that it starts accumulating |
|
| 20:31 | and tons of hemoglobin. Now, is the job of hemoglobin? Anyone |
|
| 20:36 | , Carrie? What? It's not oxygen. That's right. We're gonna |
|
| 20:41 | that the next slide. If you know, we're gonna see it in |
|
| 20:43 | next slide. So you want lots lots of hemoglobin so you can carry |
|
| 20:48 | ? That's the job of the retro is to carry oxygen. Alright, |
|
| 20:52 | it starts accumulating the oxygen, it realizing Wait. And I don't have |
|
| 20:55 | space for all the hemoglobin I wanna , So I'm gonna start getting rid |
|
| 20:58 | things I don't need. All So what do you do? You |
|
| 21:02 | through the closet and you throw out the old stuff you don't need. |
|
| 21:04 | don't need a nucleus. Why don't nucleus? Because I don't want. |
|
| 21:09 | I gotta do is carry oxygen. don't need to rip replicate myself, |
|
| 21:13 | I'm gonna get rid of my Do I need a smooth and apply |
|
| 21:15 | make particular man. No, I need that. Do I need any |
|
| 21:19 | these organelles? Nope. I'm just be a big, giant bag of |
|
| 21:22 | . So once I make all the I could possibly make, I'm getting |
|
| 21:25 | of everything. And so that's what is we get rid of and restructure |
|
| 21:32 | red blood cell. Now, once extruded the nucleus, you now are |
|
| 21:44 | an immature Aretha sites called a ridiculous . At this point, you can |
|
| 21:48 | into circulation and you can start carrying attached to the hemoglobin. All |
|
| 21:55 | but you're still not done. You have to finish up the process of |
|
| 21:59 | , which takes about another two or days before you become ah, full |
|
| 22:02 | Aretha site. All right, but of the things that you could do |
|
| 22:06 | as a you know, a physician a scientist. You go in and |
|
| 22:09 | can look for particular sites in a smear. And if the particular site |
|
| 22:13 | is up, that's an indicator of Aretha Aretha poetic activity. Alright, |
|
| 22:20 | there's like a There's a normal number ridiculous sites that you'd find circulating in |
|
| 22:24 | blood. Yeah, if you're not with red blood cells is what it |
|
| 22:30 | like. It looks like a, , kind of like a bagel with |
|
| 22:33 | whole still stuck in it. Question my out off. No, |
|
| 22:43 | . So you'll always have those stem . And so if your body is |
|
| 22:47 | need of ramping up the number of blood cells, it actually starts changing |
|
| 22:53 | concentration of narrow. So the answer the question is, is you know |
|
| 22:57 | , Really? The question is, kind of narrow do we have? |
|
| 23:00 | the bones aren't empty. All so when you're a child, it's |
|
| 23:03 | filled with red bone marrow. But you grow older, you don't need |
|
| 23:06 | You're not actually growing physically. You need to keep making Maura, |
|
| 23:11 | Maura red blood cells. So what do is your body starts replacing the |
|
| 23:15 | bone marrow with something. It's called bone marrow. Now, yellow bone |
|
| 23:19 | is a lot of different cells, one of the primary cells in there |
|
| 23:23 | fat. So when you say you're got big bones, you're you're really |
|
| 23:28 | very truthful. As an adult. saying I've got lots of fat in |
|
| 23:30 | bones, and I do have a of fat fat in my bones, |
|
| 23:34 | let's say you get damaged, You you you have a hemorrhage and |
|
| 23:38 | lose a lot of blood. Now body needs red blood cells, |
|
| 23:44 | So what's it going to do? starts ramping up the production of Aretha |
|
| 23:48 | so it expands its production, which that that yellow bone marrow starts changing |
|
| 23:54 | into red bone marrow. You don't change cell types. You're changing the |
|
| 23:59 | of of stem cells relative the number fat cells. And so it becomes |
|
| 24:03 | read in nature. I hope that the question, right. Any other |
|
| 24:13 | ? Yes. So the ridiculous site a is functionally capable of carrying oxygen |
|
| 24:18 | just not in the mature state. it's still kind of round doesn't have |
|
| 24:22 | beautiful appearance that you see right here the flattened beret. Ladies, you |
|
| 24:26 | what I'm talking about guys is and the beret. It's that that cute |
|
| 24:30 | hat, you know, that you in the fall when it cools down |
|
| 24:34 | you get to where you're high boots your genes for the first time in |
|
| 24:37 | big sweater. Right? For that day? Yeah, in Houston, |
|
| 24:43 | in the Northeast, they're doing it September and October. All right, |
|
| 24:49 | there are a lot of these red cells, All right? I love |
|
| 24:52 | number. And again, I'm not ask you what? The numbers, |
|
| 24:54 | that's inconsequential. Right? But just kind of give you a sense |
|
| 24:57 | About five billion cells per mil of . All right? And I told |
|
| 25:03 | very early on, I said men about how maney leaders of blood, |
|
| 25:11 | , about 5.5 women. You're about bottom in 4.5. So you can |
|
| 25:16 | set that. Take that number multiplied 5000. And that tells you how |
|
| 25:21 | red blood cells you have a right? Still not the most numerous |
|
| 25:25 | in the body. That's a A lot of cells. All |
|
| 25:30 | You'll notice its shape, its flat is disk like it looks like a |
|
| 25:34 | basketball or a deflated volleyball or something that. Just like you just pressed |
|
| 25:39 | the air out of it. And this does, it makes the cell |
|
| 25:43 | . Think about a basketball. Basketball nice and round. Can you bend |
|
| 25:48 | basketball? No. Can't bend around , but if you take all the |
|
| 25:53 | out, you can bend it just . And this is beneficial to the |
|
| 25:57 | because it allows it to move rather through the capital Aries. And the |
|
| 26:02 | picture shows you a capital capital areas itsy bitsy teeny tiny things, and |
|
| 26:06 | could see what part of what they is they tend to stack up and |
|
| 26:09 | up in a row and kind of together as a unit called a |
|
| 26:13 | But in essence, this shape allows to have greater surface area relative to |
|
| 26:19 | oxygen that's found inside it. And saying, Wait a second, if |
|
| 26:23 | around, doesn't have have the same areas when it's flat. Yes, |
|
| 26:27 | if you think about a round all right, I'm gonna try to |
|
| 26:31 | this. I don't have way to it online. Think about around. |
|
| 26:36 | yourselves a circle. All right, of this. See if I could |
|
| 26:38 | this right. Draw yourself a circle put a dot the center of the |
|
| 26:41 | like it's a bull's eye. It's for you to get that dot to |
|
| 26:47 | the edge, isn't it? Now draw yourself something that looks like |
|
| 26:51 | kind of kind of flattish. And a dot in the center of that |
|
| 26:57 | . Is it faster to get to edge? What, do you think |
|
| 27:03 | gonna draw it here so that you can see it at, um in |
|
| 27:08 | in the classroom I have round. , that's terrible, pin. No |
|
| 27:15 | can. Of course, Yeah. I'm around, there's my circle. |
|
| 27:23 | a dot in the center equidistant no which way I go, if I |
|
| 27:30 | red blood cell put an auction in middle of that might be the same |
|
| 27:37 | to get to the edge of that . But to get to the flat |
|
| 27:40 | a lot quicker so I could deliver . Ah, lot quicker, because |
|
| 27:45 | don't have us far to go. , if I'm in a cap Ilary |
|
| 27:52 | trying to do in exchange across the R E wall. I don't have |
|
| 27:56 | lot of surface area in which I'm contact with the capital wall if I'm |
|
| 28:01 | south, but I'm traveling through a Ilary. I have a lot of |
|
| 28:07 | to do exchange against that surface. . Can you show them that with |
|
| 28:16 | camera? I don't know if it work. Actually, you probably they |
|
| 28:21 | can't see yours. Yeah, Let's if I can. I'll do |
|
| 28:28 | Uh, I'm going to share my now. Are you seeing me? |
|
| 28:38 | you still seeing the thing up Oh, let's do that's not helping |
|
| 28:49 | all. That's just making it Well, so I'll just do |
|
| 28:57 | We'll just be stuck like that. draw it on here. If I'm |
|
| 29:03 | versus this. The distance for me travel from there to there. I've |
|
| 29:13 | lots more surface area. The distance get to the edge is ECU addition |
|
| 29:20 | here to there. But this is lot easier, a lot, a |
|
| 29:24 | smaller. So we've got a structure that you can bend. A structure |
|
| 29:31 | greater surface area relative to the Capitol . Wall has an opportunity for auction |
|
| 29:36 | escape a lot easier. Uh, back in a lot easier, so |
|
| 29:40 | an easy way to movement. Oxygen and forth is also true for carbon |
|
| 29:46 | . So if you think about a blood cell it's a nuclear. Alright |
|
| 29:51 | no nucleus. It has no organelles kick them all out and essence. |
|
| 29:55 | we have here is a bag of . So the way to think about |
|
| 29:59 | red blood cell. It is a of hemoglobin. The purpose hemoglobin, |
|
| 30:02 | course, is to carry up It makes up 97% of the cell |
|
| 30:08 | . And of that, that means are roughly about 280 million molecules of |
|
| 30:14 | . Poor red blood cell. We do the math again. The nine |
|
| 30:17 | cells time per mil times 5000 There's a lot of hemoglobin in your |
|
| 30:23 | . Still not the most abundant protein your body. Nevertheless right. It |
|
| 30:29 | generate uh a tpv a glycol assist sorry, it does generate via glycol |
|
| 30:35 | . It does not use the oxidative related passed away. All right. |
|
| 30:41 | this kind of makes sense. How guys have been in Texas for a |
|
| 30:44 | ? You guys know Bluebell High scream it like the best ice cream |
|
| 30:49 | Yeah. Even with listeria, it tastes good. Alright, alright. |
|
| 30:54 | you're familiar with. There used to an ad for Blue Bell. It's |
|
| 30:58 | a model motto of theirs, but not. They don't do the ads |
|
| 31:01 | much. We eat what we can we sell the rest. All |
|
| 31:06 | that's that was their motto. And you've ever gone and if you've never |
|
| 31:10 | to the Bluebell factory in Brenham, need to go. You just make |
|
| 31:14 | say, this is going to be weekend trip. Find out if they're |
|
| 31:18 | . If they're open right now, like this weekend go Alright, because |
|
| 31:22 | they do is you walk through the and you can see how they make |
|
| 31:24 | listeria laced ice cream. No, just kidding. You get going. |
|
| 31:28 | like it's like a 20 minute and then you get to go have |
|
| 31:31 | cream. You know it. It's free. The first scoop is |
|
| 31:35 | after that's a dollar scoop, but you're walking through the factory, you |
|
| 31:39 | to walk by the break room, this is the part I'm trying to |
|
| 31:42 | to. The break room has a of freezers, and they have pints |
|
| 31:48 | every ice cream that they make, every one of those points has |
|
| 31:52 | uh, employees name on. They grab whatever they want and put it |
|
| 31:56 | there, and it's theirs to eat they want to. We what we |
|
| 32:03 | , then we sell the rest. you imagine? That's an awesome |
|
| 32:08 | Of course, you could walk around this all the time, but but |
|
| 32:13 | has a cost, all right. I went down that pathway is because |
|
| 32:21 | you're a bag of oxygen carrying right? Do you want to make |
|
| 32:27 | teepee with the thing that you're The thing that you are charged to |
|
| 32:32 | is take the oxygen and deliver No. So here's the commercial. |
|
| 32:38 | guy starts working for Blue Bell ice and stopping off, stopping off. |
|
| 32:42 | finally gets to the last stop, he has no more ice cream because |
|
| 32:46 | driving along. He's eating the ice as he goes and delivers. That's |
|
| 32:50 | this would do if it used oxidative relation. To make a teepee would |
|
| 32:54 | through all your oxygen and would arrive your muscles right when you needed |
|
| 32:57 | When I'm being chased by the you guys saw the video of the |
|
| 33:01 | . Yeah, when That awesome. . Don't West mess with Mama |
|
| 33:07 | Yeah. If you didn't see the , go watch. The video will |
|
| 33:10 | you out. You're like, I'm going outside ever again. Yeah, |
|
| 33:14 | . You'd be like, Here's a . There's no oxygen because I ate |
|
| 33:18 | all. So that's why uses like is you get a little bit of |
|
| 33:22 | teepee. You don't need all that with recites circulate for about 120 days |
|
| 33:26 | the body. So what is Well, it's a red wreg. |
|
| 33:33 | a red pigmented protein that's found in red blood cell. You've probably seen |
|
| 33:38 | picture 1000 times the moment you started . This is the very first thing |
|
| 33:42 | taught you about proteins right there talking primary secondary tertiary Quaternary structure. And |
|
| 33:46 | show you a picture of hemoglobin and first introduced to hemoglobin. It's |
|
| 33:50 | okay, and this is the example use every year when we talk about |
|
| 33:55 | . All right, so you can there's your four sub units has four |
|
| 33:59 | chains in adults. We have to chains into beta chains uh, infants |
|
| 34:04 | other younger, um, younger, , humans, kids, whatever. |
|
| 34:13 | have different change. So as you , you change which of the globe |
|
| 34:18 | change you're gonna be using. And of each of these global's have a |
|
| 34:22 | , and it's the khim is a molecules that you can see circled in |
|
| 34:25 | blue up there, this is the not a protein, it's a |
|
| 34:29 | and it binds upto has iron that's it. And this is what binds |
|
| 34:33 | oxygen. All right, so most the oxygen your body is gonna be |
|
| 34:40 | bound up to, um, So most of the oxygen in your |
|
| 34:46 | is gonna be found in red blood , but not all of them. |
|
| 34:49 | right, we're gonna learn about this we go into respiration here. In |
|
| 34:52 | couple days, we're gonna look and that. Like, Yeah, there |
|
| 34:54 | oxygen in your blood, dissolved in blood. But most of the oxygen |
|
| 34:59 | being carried around here on the so each hemoglobin carries how many oxygen's |
|
| 35:07 | it has four pigments. How maney can't carry four. There's gonna make |
|
| 35:12 | life really easy because 100% saturation means is for oxygen's if you're 75% saturated |
|
| 35:20 | then 50 and then 25 then, , love it easy. All |
|
| 35:25 | Now, when blood goes under the and this is kindergarten level stuff, |
|
| 35:30 | I apologize. If you look at good doctor point when the de oxygenated |
|
| 35:34 | goes in the lungs, oxygen binds to the iron. And that's when |
|
| 35:38 | get oxygenated hemoglobin, what we call Hemoglobin. Alright, when you go |
|
| 35:44 | into the tissues and you deliver the , oxygen is released from the iron |
|
| 35:48 | so your hemoglobin becomes D oxy All right, so they're basically the |
|
| 35:54 | states that we're gonna be existing and and de oxygenated. So oxy, |
|
| 35:58 | deok seem a global now hemoglobin combined other things. All right, It's |
|
| 36:04 | just auction it combined up to carbon . Typically, you bind up to |
|
| 36:07 | dioxide on the globe and molecule, at the heem portion of the |
|
| 36:13 | All right, so when you bind carbon dioxide, you have a new |
|
| 36:17 | from the, uh, hemoglobin. call it carb amino hemoglobin, which |
|
| 36:22 | just hard to say. Car bomb new. All right, you combined |
|
| 36:27 | to protest, which is from carbonic , which will learn about when we |
|
| 36:30 | about respiration. Why that's there. right, so that's another way that |
|
| 36:35 | another thing that we combined up this upto either carbon dioxide or with the |
|
| 36:41 | with can result in the release of oxygen. And this will make sense |
|
| 36:46 | . When we do respiration bind up nitric oxide. All right, there's |
|
| 36:51 | values of dilator, Another fun stuff combine up to carbon monoxide. You've |
|
| 36:56 | learned about that, you know? don't suck on the tailpipe of a |
|
| 37:00 | or anything like that, because it so irreversibly. And it forms another |
|
| 37:05 | of human woman called Khar. Boxy . So carbon Beano versus car |
|
| 37:10 | And then you can see there's other binding with other gasses that are found |
|
| 37:15 | the body, um, which are significant, which we won't really go |
|
| 37:20 | . So the big ones is Carbon dioxide and protons are the big |
|
| 37:25 | as well as oxygen. Alright, because everyone asks, What about carbon |
|
| 37:29 | ? Well, you could do too, and you're competing. What |
|
| 37:33 | it binds irreversibly to the iron, so you have to get rid of |
|
| 37:38 | hemoglobin. It's no longer functional, so you have to get new ones |
|
| 37:43 | order to be able to bind up . That's why carbon monoxide is so |
|
| 37:49 | . Now there's some other molecules that part of red blood cells that are |
|
| 37:53 | significance that you should be familiar So hemoglobin is a big one, |
|
| 37:57 | right. You should understand to three PG, which is 23 die fossil |
|
| 38:03 | . We're gonna learn a little bit about this when we get into |
|
| 38:06 | but I'm introducing it here. It a role in reducing the affinity for |
|
| 38:11 | oxygen. In other words, it a signal for the red blood cells |
|
| 38:16 | say, start releasing oxygen and that's that's how that works. Glutathione is |
|
| 38:22 | a molecule that helps against oxidative You have a whole bunch of |
|
| 38:27 | Oxygen. Oxygen could be dangerous, you protect against that. Carbonic and |
|
| 38:33 | plays a role in converting carbon dioxide bicarbonate. This is a bicarbonate is |
|
| 38:38 | molecule. Carbon dioxide normally travels as forum. It travels, as in |
|
| 38:43 | blood. So this is the mechanism converted into. Makes it more |
|
| 38:48 | easily transportable with chloride bicarbonate exchanger. is how we get the carbon dioxide |
|
| 38:56 | of the red blood cell back into blood. Alright and or vice |
|
| 39:00 | Beginning carbon dioxide into the blood We'll see this when we talk about |
|
| 39:05 | . Introducing it now just for Lastly, Aqua Porn's. Why do |
|
| 39:09 | need Aqua porn's well, uniquely this porn. Normally, aqua porn's air |
|
| 39:13 | to allow water passed back and forth the membrane. This increases the permeability |
|
| 39:18 | the red blood cell to carbon Carbon dioxide moves back and forth through |
|
| 39:22 | particular aqua porn. And so it allows for carbon dioxide to move in |
|
| 39:27 | out of the cell, depending upon you're looking. Where would you have |
|
| 39:30 | carbon dioxide concentrations in the lungs and tissues? Tissues? Very good. |
|
| 39:36 | answer all of you guys A's for . I'm just gonna be like Oprah |
|
| 39:41 | a online just passing out with amongst other. All right, so you |
|
| 39:45 | see the direction carbon dioxide would move the aqua. Porn would be in |
|
| 39:48 | tissues And then when I'm in the , carbon dioxide would move out through |
|
| 39:54 | aqua forms. All right, that's quick run through with the red blood |
|
| 40:02 | . Lucas sites. This is an part of my my my my lecture |
|
| 40:08 | . So my training waas in an department? I didn't know immunology |
|
| 40:14 | I did all reproductive work. So is that? That's just the way |
|
| 40:17 | worked, all right? And, course, everybody in the department worked |
|
| 40:22 | immune insights like the T cells and cells. And so, my |
|
| 40:27 | if he saw how I taught this of the lecture on the important blood |
|
| 40:31 | , he would just shake his head just say, this is sad. |
|
| 40:35 | right? So just understand. We're doing the kindergarten version of Lucas |
|
| 40:41 | White blood cells. All right. are two basic groups of white blood |
|
| 40:45 | . We have the granular sites in granular sites. You can see already |
|
| 40:48 | their name. They have a One has Granules. One does |
|
| 40:53 | And so their name for how they under a microscope. All right. |
|
| 40:58 | granular sites have multi lobed nuclei. other words, there nucleus aren't |
|
| 41:03 | Little tiny round things. They look someone went through and squeezed them and |
|
| 41:07 | them off. So they got these of Loeb's. It's weird. |
|
| 41:11 | weird stuff. Alright, A granule , they don't do that. They |
|
| 41:15 | the single nuclear. We have three types. The neutrophils Usinor fills in |
|
| 41:21 | base of fills Those air, the sites they're named is Sanifill neutral Phil |
|
| 41:27 | bas a field based on the type dye that you're using to bind up |
|
| 41:32 | those Granules. So you guys all you take micro All right. Did |
|
| 41:38 | guys work with him? A toxin s n h any alright? So |
|
| 41:42 | right there sn sn is an acidic . And so what it does it |
|
| 41:47 | up too acidic agents, I should That's the way it works. It |
|
| 41:51 | up to things that are sitting is not acidic. Die, All |
|
| 41:54 | And so that's where it came Eos NFL, because that die bound |
|
| 41:59 | to the Granules, Besa fills They have basic or alkaline um, |
|
| 42:06 | and then the neutrophils. They bound to both innocent and to whatever the |
|
| 42:11 | die they were using. I don't if it was human toxin or |
|
| 42:13 | but in essence it basically bound up both. And so you can look |
|
| 42:16 | a microscope in one's pink ones, ones kind of purplish. And that's |
|
| 42:20 | they know that if that's how they were able to identify them and and |
|
| 42:25 | them out. All right. Now A granular sites, there's two |
|
| 42:28 | We have the modest sites, which the term we use for immature |
|
| 42:34 | Alright, so Amman aside is a fades that hasn't grown up yet. |
|
| 42:38 | then we have the lymphocytes, which the T cells and the B |
|
| 42:41 | Now, I'm not gonna ask you , uh, identify anything on an |
|
| 42:46 | . All right? I'm not gonna up a picture and say, What |
|
| 42:47 | this? Because this is an anatomy , and it's not a histology |
|
| 42:52 | but I just want to kind of the picture so that you could visualize |
|
| 42:55 | it is that we're talking about. , So the most common type of |
|
| 42:59 | leukocyte, most common type of white cells and neutrophils alright, they have |
|
| 43:04 | multi lobed nuclear, So you can what the multi Loeb looks like, |
|
| 43:07 | ? It's pretty weird, right? basically are referred to as PM GS |
|
| 43:15 | More phone or PM NGS polly More nuclear granular sites. Alright, so |
|
| 43:21 | another name you might see them And basically they're the first line of |
|
| 43:26 | . They're part of your your innate system. They're just hunting for things |
|
| 43:30 | are in your body that shouldn't be . They are fag, acidic in |
|
| 43:34 | . So if it's not, if not supposed to be there, it |
|
| 43:36 | it up. And then it be to present those antigens to the community |
|
| 43:41 | to the adaptive immune system to fight down. So you could think about |
|
| 43:45 | when I skinned my knee and the or something. Or I eat something |
|
| 43:49 | I didn't follow the five second rule basically life by the eight second |
|
| 43:54 | You know where the 12th rule, it is or that's just a spider |
|
| 43:58 | , you know, whatever it's this there to fight the infections. Bacterial |
|
| 44:05 | . It plays a major role in responses. So this is your innate |
|
| 44:10 | system, not your adaptive Alright, immune system. Is it just a |
|
| 44:14 | ? Whatever is foreign. Alright, comments. So if you look at |
|
| 44:18 | about 57% of leukocyte population is Then we get into these weird |
|
| 44:23 | All right, so here we have S NFL. This is a very |
|
| 44:25 | percentage. 124%. All right. , in essence, what we have |
|
| 44:30 | is something that consumes or faggots chastises antibody complexes. So if you if |
|
| 44:36 | adaptive immune system to bounce stuff the antibodies bound things up, it |
|
| 44:40 | those and is able to bind it and take it and take it in |
|
| 44:43 | consume whatever the antigen waas the one I really like because I took this |
|
| 44:49 | course when I was your age was medical parasitology. So I got to |
|
| 44:53 | about all the horrible, nasty things trying to kill us in this |
|
| 44:56 | mostly the big ones. And so are like worms and flukes and all |
|
| 45:00 | of stuff in these yesona fills attack types of parasites, multicellular parasites. |
|
| 45:06 | of course, you're dealing with little , itsy bitsy selling a massive multicellular |
|
| 45:10 | . So what does it, Well, it's kind of like a |
|
| 45:12 | ship comes alongside it and binds up it. Then it just starts releasing |
|
| 45:16 | that basically bulls blows holes in the of the parasite and causes it to |
|
| 45:21 | . Awesome. That's in this Alright. Also play a small role |
|
| 45:25 | allergic reactions. All right, And can see the Granules are pretty clear |
|
| 45:30 | there. And look at how s , look at the one up in |
|
| 45:33 | top right corner that I put the around and you're gonna see we're gonna |
|
| 45:36 | down to the one below it. is the base of Phil, and |
|
| 45:40 | can see how the Granules are very different in this one. All |
|
| 45:45 | , thanks. Makes even smaller portion your leukocyte population plays a role in |
|
| 45:51 | . And, uh and, coagulation. In other words, what |
|
| 45:56 | is it stores up to chemicals. are familiar with histamine and heparin. |
|
| 46:02 | is a vase, a dialer and inflammatory. Right. So when you |
|
| 46:06 | breathing in all those oak pollen's what happened? You get topped |
|
| 46:10 | So what do you do? You a anti histamine right, and What |
|
| 46:16 | does is it blocks the role of the history history. What is trying |
|
| 46:20 | do is causing vaso dilation, and causing, um to allow more blood |
|
| 46:24 | come into the area. And the thing that it does is it causes |
|
| 46:28 | . And so it kind of um, antigens in a location. |
|
| 46:32 | when you get a bee sting orbit a fire ant, which is more |
|
| 46:37 | to happen down here, right, do you get? Localized swelling. |
|
| 46:41 | so that's a result of of these coming in releasing the histamine so that |
|
| 46:47 | from the blood localizes in that area inward flow toward the worthy. The |
|
| 46:54 | agent is prevents it from escaping and then it allows or tracks other |
|
| 47:00 | of the immune system to come in attack that particular location. Heparin is |
|
| 47:05 | anticoagulant. If you have all these coming in from the plasma into in |
|
| 47:08 | localized area, you don't want it coagulate. You want to stay |
|
| 47:10 | So heparin is the chemical that it to prevent coagulation. And if you've |
|
| 47:18 | enough medical dramas, or if you in the operating room one of the |
|
| 47:21 | that you do is you want to to people who have blood clots is |
|
| 47:25 | want to use heparin to prevent clotting occurring. All right, they also |
|
| 47:32 | a major role in allergic reactions. have a close relative. You do |
|
| 47:36 | need to know them. Close relative called a mast cell. M A |
|
| 47:39 | T cell. That's the big bad that plays a role in all those |
|
| 47:44 | responses. You have to all those things that you get in your |
|
| 47:49 | We got the Monta sites as The Monas sites are, as I |
|
| 47:53 | , they are the immature form of macrophage. About 28%. They're the |
|
| 47:58 | leukocyte. So they're really easy. if you ever have to identify and |
|
| 48:01 | like, look through the big cell a big nucleus. Monta sight. |
|
| 48:05 | right. Now you could see the spirit, not just anywhere in the |
|
| 48:09 | . Alright? Notice it doesn't have relative to the other ones. All |
|
| 48:13 | , so these are the things that the faggot sites. They're the |
|
| 48:16 | So neutrophils are the first line of . Macrophages also play a role in |
|
| 48:22 | against, um, foreign materials. that's what a modest side is, |
|
| 48:27 | the immature form in circulation last or the lymphocytes thes air your T |
|
| 48:34 | in your B cells. They make 20 to 40% of population. They're |
|
| 48:38 | than the mon, aside by a margin, their nuclear primary or take |
|
| 48:42 | most of the cell, so they're easy to identify. In that |
|
| 48:45 | B cells are called B cells because mature in bone marrow T cells called |
|
| 48:51 | cells. Because they mature in the . They're both born or created in |
|
| 48:56 | marrow. They just one migrates way the famous one stays local. The |
|
| 49:01 | of the B cell is to produce . Alright, so when it's presented |
|
| 49:05 | an imagine what it does, it and becomes a specialized cells called a |
|
| 49:10 | cell and that plasma cell responding that energy and produces the antibody that that |
|
| 49:16 | Jane activated and starts producing tons and of that antibody, the specific plasma |
|
| 49:22 | that there can only produce that one antibody. So the fact that it |
|
| 49:25 | activated is a function of it being to recognize the energon. Alright, |
|
| 49:30 | what we refer to as Huma RL or antibody mediated immunity. Do you |
|
| 49:35 | how I said This is like the version? I'm not talking into any |
|
| 49:38 | of detail here. It's just B . Antibodies good to go. Correct |
|
| 49:44 | cells, on the other hand, looking for foreign cells or compromise |
|
| 49:49 | So when your cells get infected, cells come along and say, Wait |
|
| 49:54 | second, you don't have the right . You're you're infected. You need |
|
| 50:00 | go die in a fire on the goes okay and it kills itself. |
|
| 50:05 | that's a again kindergarten view, That's what we refer to a cell |
|
| 50:11 | immunity. So it's looking for cell telling cells what to do. It's |
|
| 50:15 | specifically attacking Theano region itself. There tons of sub classes of T cells |
|
| 50:23 | there are other classes as well. air circulating our third sell. Our |
|
| 50:30 | class cell is the platelets thrombosis I think the correct term in humans |
|
| 50:35 | always gonna be platelets. I think besides were found in lizards. All |
|
| 50:38 | , I may be wrong about They might be lizards and birds you |
|
| 50:42 | , But you'll see in some textbooks they use them interchangeably. And the |
|
| 50:46 | who work on platelets really get angry that. So, um, I |
|
| 50:50 | to point out here, uh, is a good place to do on |
|
| 50:53 | side. That is something that you know are red blood cells. |
|
| 50:59 | What do you think you got? . Anyone here? Think. |
|
| 51:04 | let's see. What do they Do they have nuclei? No. |
|
| 51:07 | they have organelles? No. What they? Bags of hemoglobin. So |
|
| 51:13 | they go through the maturing process, really no longer sells. I |
|
| 51:17 | they still have cellular function, but not capable of reproduction. Their basically |
|
| 51:22 | end of life. Alright, So blood cells have kind of migrated a |
|
| 51:25 | from migrated away from being an actual at that point. All right, |
|
| 51:31 | are the same. Yeah. no, no. There's still a |
|
| 51:36 | membrane that contains some machinery to keep . I'm gonna use the word cell |
|
| 51:41 | quotes, Functional. You know, it keeps it alive for about 100 |
|
| 51:45 | days, but it can't repair Most cells can repair themselves. It |
|
| 51:50 | reproduce itself. It doesn't carry any because it got rid of its |
|
| 51:55 | So all that stuff has kind of by the wayside. It's now a |
|
| 52:00 | function structure. So technically, we still call it a cell. But |
|
| 52:05 | , I mean, we still call sell, but it's technically incapable of |
|
| 52:09 | function other than that one role that has matured into. All right, |
|
| 52:16 | I'm pointing that out because the platelet kind of like that as well. |
|
| 52:21 | right, you start off with the Karius site. Alright? The mega |
|
| 52:25 | site has you can see down on on the left side. Here it |
|
| 52:28 | off as your progenitor cell that goes and under the influence of thrombin |
|
| 52:34 | it becomes the cell called the Mega A site. And under the influence |
|
| 52:39 | drama Putin that make a carry A will start doing these really weird dances |
|
| 52:44 | they're planted Membranes kind of do this kind of thing. If you don't |
|
| 52:47 | what I'm doing, It's kind of a I don't know, hula slash |
|
| 52:52 | arms are all doing weird stuff. you can imagine the plasma membrane kind |
|
| 52:55 | extending outward. And then what happens is the force of the plasma going |
|
| 53:02 | shears off this this blab plasma membrane that blood plasma membrane carries within it |
|
| 53:09 | materials necessary for the function of the . So, in other words, |
|
| 53:14 | has a couple of Granules. He's the Granules. Intense core Granules. |
|
| 53:19 | , as a couple of organelles in you can kind of see in the |
|
| 53:21 | picture here it has some side is elements. It has some, |
|
| 53:25 | side of skeleton. And so what now have is you have this sub |
|
| 53:29 | structure. It's not a cell because can't reproduce itself. But it can |
|
| 53:35 | around for a little bit of time do cellular like things right. And |
|
| 53:39 | cellular thing is very, very specific a role in human Stasis. All |
|
| 53:44 | , so they sit around for about days. After about 10 days, |
|
| 53:48 | get they kind of fall apart, get taken up by the body and |
|
| 53:52 | . And so you're always making new r new platelets. So let's see |
|
| 54:01 | Huma Stasis is. Any other questions ? Yeah, I figured that it |
|
| 54:06 | be about now, if you consider be alive, since you can't. |
|
| 54:11 | one? Red blood cells? So, red blood cells. I |
|
| 54:16 | say they're incapable reproduction. So if went and took out all your red |
|
| 54:19 | cells, we couldn't clone you and kind of cool? Oh, |
|
| 54:24 | no, they're not, because they seven characteristics of life, right? |
|
| 54:30 | of those characteristics is capable of right? So viruses could reproduce. |
|
| 54:38 | what are they missing? There's some characteristics that they're missing. I'm not |
|
| 54:41 | go through it right now, so know you work on viruses. Viruses |
|
| 54:45 | living. It's very sad. But put him in biology because, |
|
| 54:48 | where else we're gonna put him, right? I don't know. |
|
| 54:54 | Yeah, I know. It's non biology. There you go. |
|
| 54:57 | like, be like a biology. don't know. You're not rocks. |
|
| 55:04 | the fun part, right? So the answer is you know, based |
|
| 55:09 | what the definition of what life Red blood cells do not fall under |
|
| 55:13 | category here. You wanna hear some ones? Here's to other cells in |
|
| 55:17 | body that aren't really sells. All ? Sperm and eggs, right? |
|
| 55:26 | ? Why wouldn't they be? Do think, say? Well, |
|
| 55:32 | They do have nuclei. We'll learn this. I mean, this is |
|
| 55:36 | a ha. You don't know This is really kind of like to |
|
| 55:38 | you think a little bit of a bit more about this. So they |
|
| 55:42 | their nuclear. Both of them have own nuclei. They can't survive on |
|
| 55:47 | own. But why can't they? reason we've got an answer here, |
|
| 55:52 | have it. That's right. They're cells. They have a half a |
|
| 55:58 | and their and their Their role is to merge with their other half. |
|
| 56:07 | . So sperm cells sole role is find an ovum and merge with |
|
| 56:11 | A novem sole role is to find sperm and merge with it so that |
|
| 56:15 | can create a complete organism, a cell. So we think about the |
|
| 56:20 | cells, right? Because they have the stuff that you'd expect. But |
|
| 56:23 | have an incomplete, uh, chromosome , right? The half of |
|
| 56:31 | And what's even funnier in males, ? We have males have mitochondria, |
|
| 56:35 | actually here, here, here. is your sorry sorry. Male. |
|
| 56:43 | sperm can survive for about six They have enough machinery and stuff to |
|
| 56:47 | alive for about 6 to 8 That should scare the hell out of |
|
| 56:51 | of you. All right? Like ? Now you sure about that? |
|
| 56:58 | . Over. You know, can survive for about 24 hours? |
|
| 57:04 | When we get to reproduction, I'm scare the crap out of every single |
|
| 57:07 | of you. You're never gonna leave house ever again. I'm just warning |
|
| 57:15 | . All right, let's move Because I could get really, really |
|
| 57:19 | when we talk about reproduction. This just a interruptive, All right? |
|
| 57:24 | wanna talk about blood viscosity for a . Alright? Blood viscosity is simply |
|
| 57:27 | relationship between the sheer force and the rate. Alright, So in |
|
| 57:32 | what What is viscosity? It's how the blood is. All right, |
|
| 57:36 | what are some of the factors that increase viscosity? Make it thick? |
|
| 57:41 | , basically, how much? fiber energy and you have. All |
|
| 57:44 | , fibrinogen. Is that plasma More plasma protein. You have the |
|
| 57:48 | the blood gets. All right, , hematocrit, more red blood |
|
| 57:53 | I have the thicker. It's going get that Z kind of an easy |
|
| 57:57 | vessel radius. All right, the the vessel with less of viscosity. |
|
| 58:03 | the reason for that is because it out the number of red blood |
|
| 58:08 | right. So the smaller the it's hard to get them in |
|
| 58:11 | so they have to kind of spread to kind of pass on through. |
|
| 58:14 | right, linear velocity That's basically Viscosity and temperature increases viscosity as |
|
| 58:21 | All right now I bring this up this viscosity can have an effect on |
|
| 58:30 | blood clotting occurs. Alright, so clotting or Hema Stasis? If you |
|
| 58:35 | don't like blood, you need to out of health professions. So here |
|
| 58:39 | go. Write him a Stasis is the prevention of hemorrhage. All |
|
| 58:45 | that's a fancy way for saying, your own band aid. That's really |
|
| 58:49 | human state says. It's to prevent from leaving your body. It's an |
|
| 58:54 | measure measure that says this is vital my survival. I need to keep |
|
| 58:58 | inside instead of letting it go and so therefore, basic steps to |
|
| 59:03 | a scab Alright, which is basically arrest the bleeding. Right? The |
|
| 59:07 | step is called the vascular spasm. a function of vessel constriction. This |
|
| 59:12 | gonna be followed by an increase in amount of tissue pressure on that |
|
| 59:16 | followed by the formation of what is the platelet plug, followed by the |
|
| 59:20 | clot itself. All right. And what, we're gonna we're gonna walk |
|
| 59:24 | these four steps, hopefully get it in the next 20 minutes so that |
|
| 59:29 | can understand. Alright, So vascular , simply what a vascular spasm is |
|
| 59:34 | recognition that damages occurred to the All right, so when a blood |
|
| 59:39 | gets tourney so you can see down in the bottom, keep wanting to |
|
| 59:42 | on my screen with ease expo So I get better put them |
|
| 59:46 | because that would be bad, You can see here. I've |
|
| 59:51 | All right. You see that? cut their. And so what happens |
|
| 59:54 | is that the muscle recognizes the smooth that surrounds the blood vessel, recognizes |
|
| 60:00 | damage to the tissue. So It does it naturally contracts. So |
|
| 60:04 | can imagine. Here, I've got blood vessel. All right, you |
|
| 60:07 | see online? You can't see the vessel. I'll have to draw |
|
| 60:10 | I guess. So. If I a blood vessel like this and I |
|
| 60:15 | through it like that, what's gonna is is all the way around. |
|
| 60:21 | three dimensions right on both sides. I'm gonna try to do is I'm |
|
| 60:28 | to do that on both sides of cut. All right, so for |
|
| 60:33 | here in class, here's my blood . I cut the blood vessel, |
|
| 60:38 | I'm gonna squeeze like that. Can't through it. I've just included the |
|
| 60:42 | of blood, Frank. In other , I'm clamping down on the blood |
|
| 60:48 | to prevent things from passing through. , if it's a small blood |
|
| 60:52 | is he gonna do a good Sure. What about if it's a |
|
| 60:56 | blood vessel? No, because now dealing with greater pressure. Grady |
|
| 61:00 | Right. So what you're trying to is you're just trying to prevent the |
|
| 61:03 | of blood through that area. All ? The bigger the damage, the |
|
| 61:08 | the response. But it becomes more more difficult as the vessel becomes larger |
|
| 61:13 | larger and larger. Right? This gonna be reinforced by the activity of |
|
| 61:19 | platelets that are gonna be coming into area that is later in step |
|
| 61:24 | So step number one is the vessel in response to the damage closes off |
|
| 61:32 | ends of the vessel, right to the flow through the vessel. All |
|
| 61:38 | , that's number one second is to tissue pressure. What we're gonna do |
|
| 61:48 | there's gonna be a decrease in that pressure. Remember what the transmittal pressure |
|
| 61:53 | ? It's that pressure across the blood . So with that loss of |
|
| 61:58 | what that's gonna do is it's gonna in less blood flow. Less blood |
|
| 62:03 | means now the pressure outside of the is gonna be greater than inside the |
|
| 62:08 | . So it's gonna actually squish down reinforce what the blood vessels already |
|
| 62:13 | which is including the flow. All , now what we're doing here naturally |
|
| 62:20 | ? What? What the physics is is what you would do is if |
|
| 62:23 | had a cut, right? I , I went fishing the other weekend |
|
| 62:26 | the kids. I've got a nice hook right in the end. What |
|
| 62:30 | ideo. After I pull out the . Suck on it, spit out |
|
| 62:33 | blood. And then what do I ? Press on it really, really |
|
| 62:36 | , right? One, because it it not hurt so much. |
|
| 62:41 | You notice that when you press on wound, it's like, Oh, |
|
| 62:43 | doesn't hurt is bad because what you're is you're actually spreading out the |
|
| 62:47 | so your brains trying to figure out is going on. But the second |
|
| 62:50 | , what you're doing is you're actually the flow of blood by pressing down |
|
| 62:53 | creating that greater pressure. So you're is doing the exact same thing. |
|
| 62:57 | is not real blood, by the . This is actually a training |
|
| 63:01 | you know, like when they used have those like dirty bomb exercises. |
|
| 63:04 | what that pictures from. So it's . She's not dying. So this |
|
| 63:14 | the first two steps pretty easy, they? Vessel cuts clues its own |
|
| 63:19 | surrounding pressure from the tissue surrounding it down and reinforces. Third step is |
|
| 63:24 | formation of platelet plug. Alright, platelets are in constant circulation. They're |
|
| 63:30 | circulating through the body there, just of looking around looking for damage in |
|
| 63:35 | , their job is they can't what mean by virtue of how they're |
|
| 63:39 | They cannot bind to Theo inside of entity Liam of a blood vessel. |
|
| 63:44 | , they're not capable to recognize that they need is they need something foreign |
|
| 63:48 | bind to. And there are three steps to form one of these platelet |
|
| 63:53 | . Plus, there's a lot of in their platelet plugs. The three |
|
| 63:58 | because we have to make things Start with all A's first step is |
|
| 64:03 | . The second step is activation. step is aggregation. Adhesion basically says |
|
| 64:07 | platelets bind either themselves or so If already platelets, they're gonna bind |
|
| 64:12 | or I'm gonna bind to something that belong. All right. In other |
|
| 64:18 | , I'm gonna find something foreign that's cause me to bind once I |
|
| 64:24 | Once I hear that's going to cause change in the activity of the |
|
| 64:28 | and I'm going to start releasing chemicals attract other platelets and also change the |
|
| 64:34 | of my structure. So what was cell? I'm going to try to |
|
| 64:38 | my shape so I could block the of blood out of the blood |
|
| 64:42 | The third is that aggregation in response the chemicals that I've released in in |
|
| 64:48 | activation stage is I'm amplifying what's going both in accumulating, um platelets and |
|
| 64:55 | more and more chemical to reinforce thing that I've started here. So in |
|
| 65:01 | detail, what does this look Well, and he Asian is responding |
|
| 65:07 | a foreign surface. All right, say I have a bloody nose and |
|
| 65:12 | just gushing out of my nose right . You can picture it right in |
|
| 65:16 | gross and nasty. It drops on table. Will that drop of blood |
|
| 65:21 | on the table? Yes or no be liquid the entire time. What |
|
| 65:28 | happen? We'll calculate. The reason will collaborate is because it's coming into |
|
| 65:33 | with a foreign surface. That foreign is the signal for it, |
|
| 65:39 | um, to bind, to activate platelets that are found in the |
|
| 65:44 | All right. In the theory, produces a new element that prevents the |
|
| 65:53 | of or aggregation of platelets. Adherence platelets. The way I like to |
|
| 66:00 | this is ever gone to one of parties that was just like a |
|
| 66:06 | I don't know, Snapchat party or party. You know, someone. |
|
| 66:10 | make movies about him all the The idea is like you and your |
|
| 66:13 | . Parents are out of town. have a party at your house, |
|
| 66:16 | send it out toe one friend, they somehow are evil and get it |
|
| 66:19 | social media. And so it invites entire city. You know, you |
|
| 66:23 | know I'm talking about They made, they make a movie a year about |
|
| 66:27 | stuff. It's always college kids or school kids, usually high school |
|
| 66:32 | Now, you don't know I'm talking You know what I'm talking about? |
|
| 66:36 | had one of these parties that your , haven't you? Yeah, I |
|
| 66:42 | she's Oh, all right. Who's next door to where the house parties |
|
| 66:51 | got old man? Uh huh. will be part on. What are |
|
| 66:58 | ? Are you the old man next ? What are you screaming, banging |
|
| 67:01 | the wall? He's I see You're polite. See, in real |
|
| 67:10 | you got people calling the police, ? They're having a party there after |
|
| 67:15 | o'clock. It's keeping me up. off my lawn. It was a |
|
| 67:19 | with Seth Rogan, right? Remember was Seth Rogan? And it was |
|
| 67:23 | there was a frat house next I don't even know the name of |
|
| 67:25 | movie was, But you already know the plot is. A battle going |
|
| 67:28 | between the old man who thinks he's , who's no longer cool. And |
|
| 67:33 | got the kids who are partying and just gonna have problems. You know |
|
| 67:37 | I'm talking about now? Yeah, right. That's what adhesion is. |
|
| 67:41 | recognize the party going on, There's a tear foreign surface. What's |
|
| 67:46 | foreign surface? Well, it's not Dauthuille IAM Now it is connective tissue |
|
| 67:51 | something else, and the platelets binds thing and it says, Well, |
|
| 67:54 | party? And it starts sending out signal everywhere going. Come on. |
|
| 67:57 | were having a party here. Platelets like, Well, who, who |
|
| 68:00 | ? And they start accumulating and accumulating accumulating. And if all else |
|
| 68:04 | what would happen is they would just up, and then your entire blood |
|
| 68:08 | would be blocked, and you'd never able to live ever again because you |
|
| 68:11 | blood would never be able to flow the surrounding and the feeling was releasing |
|
| 68:18 | to cycling. And it's the old saying, Get off my lawn. |
|
| 68:23 | calling the police. That's what keeps party saying All right, so the |
|
| 68:30 | is very, very small. It's functioning in that one small area. |
|
| 68:36 | doesn't spread outward. All right, , remember I mentioned your force. |
|
| 68:41 | is part of the reason there's an in that sheer force. There's also |
|
| 68:45 | the signal by the tissue itself can a signal. But there's also the |
|
| 68:52 | endothelial surface that is or not in theater surface, but the connective tissue |
|
| 68:56 | there now their receptors on the platelet is von will brand factor that binds |
|
| 69:02 | that receptor. That is a Also, as I mentioned, there's |
|
| 69:05 | collagen. And then there's some other of the base membrane like fiber naked |
|
| 69:10 | lamb in in, in other foreign surface that that platelet confined. |
|
| 69:15 | it finds it, it binds um, you know that when that |
|
| 69:21 | to it, what we're gonna do we're gonna start activating things. All |
|
| 69:24 | , so there's a signaling cascade. is through fossil like a C and |
|
| 69:28 | . So that's a callous. That's cascade that we've already looked at. |
|
| 69:32 | what we see is we start seeing release of these Granules. So with |
|
| 69:36 | to the dense granule releasing 80 p p serotonin calcium, these are all |
|
| 69:40 | molecules, and they're gonna amplify the . And then we're also going to |
|
| 69:45 | Von Will brand factor clotting factor in . That's gonna be, um, |
|
| 69:50 | , gonna be released a well. these are gonna play an important |
|
| 69:53 | The clotting factor. Five fibrinogen in of forming the clock. All |
|
| 69:58 | they're releasing another chemical from boxing a and not so important, which one |
|
| 70:02 | is. But they're releasing another signal is resulting in the accumulation and activation |
|
| 70:09 | nearby. So basically, when one the start, activating all the |
|
| 70:12 | they're sending signals to each other to their activity to do what's going |
|
| 70:17 | And the signals result in a morphological in the platelets. So all the |
|
| 70:23 | air now binding up to each All right, remember there at the |
|
| 70:27 | . It's a limited party now, they're all hooking up. You're |
|
| 70:30 | Hey, How you doing? I'm all right. How you doing? |
|
| 70:33 | they're connecting. And then what they're is they're going through morphological changes. |
|
| 70:37 | sounds really, really dirty, doesn't ? Morphological changes. What does that |
|
| 70:41 | ? They're flatten them themselves out spreading very, very thin. And |
|
| 70:45 | they're doing is they're creating a barrier the flow of blood through that that |
|
| 70:52 | or that goal. In other they're literally glowing. That thing |
|
| 70:57 | All right, so the aggregation is that amplification. They're basically attracting other |
|
| 71:07 | to come in. And basically these platelets are binding by Brenna gin fiber |
|
| 71:12 | , and we're going to see in a moment gets converted into another molecule |
|
| 71:16 | fiber in and these air fibers that bind everything together. It's like silly |
|
| 71:21 | sticky stuff that basically holds everything in place. So we now have the |
|
| 71:27 | , all right, so think of flood, put sandbags down. You |
|
| 71:30 | the flow of fluid, right? what we need to do is we |
|
| 71:33 | to fill in the gaps and the and is kind of holding everything |
|
| 71:36 | And that's kind of what the fiber does. All right, So this |
|
| 71:39 | how we're sealing the break. And the last thing is that because they |
|
| 71:42 | the side of skeletal elements in basically they contract and tighten on each |
|
| 71:46 | , and it basically seals everything up basically prevents anything from coming through. |
|
| 71:55 | a scab. In a nutshell. and fibrous. So how does this |
|
| 72:03 | get started through this nasty little pathway the coagulation Cascade Coagulation Cascade. There's |
|
| 72:11 | beginning steps. You're either coming down intrinsic pathway or the extrinsic pathway. |
|
| 72:16 | means. Everything that's in the blood already there necessary to cause this to |
|
| 72:21 | . This is what I was using an example in that blood hits that |
|
| 72:24 | . I don't need a signal from table to tell that blood to |
|
| 72:28 | Simply put all the elements in the already there present to initiate this cascade |
|
| 72:34 | . The extrinsic pathway, on the hand, is a pathway that occurs |
|
| 72:39 | to the blood. It's a signal comes outside of the blood and tells |
|
| 72:42 | blood what to do. All but they have a common point, |
|
| 72:47 | , and you could see right there the inter into what is called the |
|
| 72:50 | pathway. So whether I'm starting through intrinsic pathway or through the extent extrinsic |
|
| 72:55 | , the final steps are what is to as the common pathway. And |
|
| 73:00 | this little slide over here really just of says, basically what those what |
|
| 73:05 | just told you. But intrinsic versus . You just need some sort of |
|
| 73:09 | surface that can activate the factor, ? That's the intrinsic and then all |
|
| 73:14 | elements inside. So you can see are all these factors that air named |
|
| 73:19 | on like you could see a 12 Factor, 11 factor there, |
|
| 73:23 | on the order in which they were . So it really screws things up |
|
| 73:28 | what doesn't turn on to two doesn't on 33 No, it's you can |
|
| 73:32 | 12 turns on 11 which turns on nine, which turns on number seven |
|
| 73:37 | number seven gets turned on. Together turn on number five or number 10 |
|
| 73:41 | just like don't worry about what turns what? Okay, that's not |
|
| 73:46 | Just understand that we have the It takes about 3 to 6 minutes |
|
| 73:51 | act through the intrinsic pathway to get blood clot. The extrinsic pathway, |
|
| 73:56 | the other hand, is very, quick. It takes about 15 seconds |
|
| 73:59 | start getting a blood clot. So you cut yourself and basically that tissue |
|
| 74:04 | now sending a signal to the blood I've been damaged, you need to |
|
| 74:08 | sure blood doesn't escape. So that is initiated much, much quicker and |
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| 74:12 | uses thes factors that are external to other words, the cells release them |
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| 74:18 | tell the system what to do. the system continues onward until the plot |
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| 74:22 | actually formed. Now what we have is an amplification process, alright? |
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| 74:29 | allows us to decide how I mean to respond. So probably one developed |
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| 74:33 | another developed independently and they converged. I want to look at here is |
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| 74:38 | common pathway. Alright, color coded to make it easy to understand. |
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| 74:44 | right, so what we have is have what is called the pro thrombin |
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| 74:48 | . Alright. The pro thrombin activator one of these factors. Factor 10 |
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| 74:53 | already been activated through either intrinsic or takes a molecule called pro thrum, |
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| 74:57 | it's the plasm protein. It's in and what it does, it takes |
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| 75:01 | other factor. Five again. I'm interested in 10 5. I'm not |
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| 75:05 | ask you what's part of the Once you understand the pro thrombin with |
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| 75:09 | pro thrombin does it converts it into active form into thrombin and thrombin has |
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| 75:15 | major role in activating a whole bunch other fun stuff. The key thing |
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| 75:19 | it does, it takes that molecule engine that we mentioned. It's the |
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| 75:23 | . This is another thing is a protein that's already in circulation and what |
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| 75:28 | does, it says, I'm gonna fiber energy, and I'm gonna create |
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| 75:31 | and fiber and are the little tiny strings that bind up to everything. |
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| 75:35 | when thrombin is available, I get string when thrombin is not available. |
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| 75:39 | don't have silly string, no silly , no clots, silly string |
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| 75:46 | Which one is the silly string? says it in the name. It's |
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| 75:51 | fiber vibrant. Alright. And then ends up happening is you cross link |
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| 75:57 | fiber in molecules. Cross linking means , they bind together and they |
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| 76:02 | All right, so that's what the pathway basically shows you it shows you |
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| 76:05 | activation of thrombin from its inactive And then ultimately what you're getting is |
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| 76:11 | getting fiber in which cross links and helps reinforce the clot in more |
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| 76:18 | What is thrombin do? It's the molecule to this whole pathway, all |
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| 76:24 | . It activates a whole bunch of components. So you can see here |
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| 76:29 | activating their It's activating their right. serves as a positive feedback loop when |
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| 76:36 | make from and what I do is make more thrumming. So is a |
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| 76:40 | feedback loop. I'm gonna make Maura, Maura Mawr And what can |
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| 76:43 | do with Maura? I can make fiber. And as a result of |
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| 76:47 | this, the other thing that I is I reinforce my two pathways. |
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| 76:54 | , right. So I reinforce the pathway and reinforcing the extrinsic pathway. |
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| 76:58 | I'm making sure I'm making more thrombin the way. And then on top |
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| 77:02 | that, I reinforce the activity of activator to make more thrombin. So |
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| 77:08 | get a little bit of from you end up with a a lot |
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| 77:11 | trumping. All right, now you imagine about making a lot of |
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| 77:17 | I kinda wanna control it a little . Don't you think it would be |
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| 77:22 | of be a good idea? All , so one of the things that |
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| 77:25 | does it activates all these systems that regulators of these pathways. And that's |
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| 77:30 | this is. There's thes, these, uh, other molecules that |
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| 77:36 | a role in negatively regulating him. , Stasis because I don't want the |
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| 77:43 | thing to just clot. And then of a sudden, now my whole |
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| 77:45 | is full of of just clotted that would be useless for all of |
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| 77:50 | . And you die very quickly, ? So we want to regulate |
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| 77:53 | All right? And the other thing , do I want to keep a |
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| 77:56 | forever? No. All right. friends here, right? Waken talk |
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| 78:02 | , right? Have your picked at scab? Yeah. I mean, |
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| 78:06 | know, it's like it's like, that scab and you're, like, |
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| 78:11 | came off. And what do you ? And then it's all solid |
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| 78:19 | And what do you do? I you guys right? We all do |
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| 78:27 | . All right. We like to at scabs. What is a |
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| 78:31 | It's a Band Aid that needs to off, but it only comes off |
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| 78:36 | you're done with the Band Aid All right, so what we need |
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| 78:38 | do is we're gonna wanna break down clot, But we also want to |
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| 78:42 | how big the clock gets s. that's one of the things that from |
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| 78:46 | does is it plays a role in the creating the regulators. Alright, |
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| 78:54 | this is these are the regulators. right, so we have nitric oxide |
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| 78:57 | one of the prostaglandins. They play role in inhibiting the aggregation, the |
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| 79:04 | of the platelets. All right. other words, basically, you |
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| 79:08 | it's it's the warning that the cops gonna be called. In essence, |
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| 79:12 | like, slow down, slow slow down. So it's like you |
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| 79:14 | sending out tweets, right? party. You know, at renews |
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| 79:22 | . Dr. Carter wants you to hang out of her house tonight. |
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| 79:27 | . We have the anticoagulants, all . It tells you the name. |
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| 79:30 | is an anticoagulant dio blocks coagulation. so these air all negative regulators as |
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| 79:36 | and again I wanna be careful here just kind of say, I don't |
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| 79:41 | you need to know the specific specific . Um, some of them are |
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| 79:46 | straightforward anti thrombin. What do you ? It does it against thrombin. |
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| 79:52 | ? Right. The tissue factor path basically says stop the extrinsic pathway. |
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| 79:58 | . We have these protein season um, which play a role |
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| 80:03 | um, uh, basically interfering uh, co factors. Five and |
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| 80:11 | factors. Eight in the intrinsic So they're just basically their regulators, |
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| 80:16 | regulators in the pathway. But the thing and then we're done. I'm |
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| 80:22 | . I took a little I got little excited, started telling a little |
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| 80:24 | more stories, and I know your turned off about 25 minutes ago. |
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| 80:27 | okay, all right? You can come back and listen to recording. |
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| 80:31 | last one is that I said is make a clot. We want We |
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| 80:34 | want it there forever. And so we have is we have a molecule |
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| 80:39 | plasma plasminogen is converted into its active by thrombin. Surprising. Right. |
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| 80:48 | what it does is its job is serve as the scissor to the fibers |
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| 80:54 | So as you are making clots, comes along and breaks the clot. |
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| 81:00 | differences in the speed at which those are being broken down. So when |
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| 81:05 | think of it, I'm making a . I don't want it there |
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| 81:08 | I want to start breaking it down I start breaking it down. But |
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| 81:10 | doing it very, very slowly, then eventually the plasma will catch up |
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| 81:15 | the tissue has repaired itself, and where you lose that close. There |
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| 81:18 | regulators of the regulators, and that's what that last little bit basically says |
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| 81:23 | . Look, there's an activator which is really confusing. So if |
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| 81:27 | have plasminogen activator thin, you have molecule called plasminogen activator inhibitor, which |
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| 81:33 | the activator. So it's a break the gas pedal brake, a break |
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| 81:38 | stops the gas pedal from doing what does. So this is just another |
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| 81:42 | to regulate on the top end, right, But ultimately, what you |
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| 81:48 | here is a method of regulating When clock is gonna be broken down, |
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| 81:55 | activated through the same system, so the blood I don't know we're talking |
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| 82:01 | . Next are there any questions online they did They all give up about |
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| 82:04 | minutes ago? Yeah. Oh, a question now. Okay. |
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| 82:16 | Mhm. Very high. Thank Um, so it is by |
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| 82:26 | So, for example, if you to Colorado and hang out for a |
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| 82:29 | while, your body is gonna wait second. Getting as much auctions. |
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| 82:32 | used Thio. So what I need do is I need to go about |
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| 82:36 | , uh, make more red blood . This is actually a process called |
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| 82:40 | mia. Uh, and in what I'm doing is I am I'm |
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| 82:45 | to the hypoxic conditions of the altitude creating more red blood cells. So |
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| 82:51 | combined up to more oxygen to meet needs. So it's not that |
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| 82:57 | I mean, even though the oxygen doesn't change in the atmosphere by having |
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| 83:01 | red blood cells that allows you to up and carry more oxygen for your |
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| 83:05 | need. That makes sense. That's we have the training centers. You |
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| 83:11 | , Colorado, four horses. If raise horses, you go. And |
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| 83:15 | you go, send them to race California, you go train them in |
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| 83:19 | . so that they have greater auction capacity. You do the same thing |
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| 83:23 | the US biking team. Three US and field does training at higher |
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| 83:29 | All these things, the idea is basically blood dope without actually sticking you |
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| 83:35 | needles and, uh, synthetic which is illegal. Are we all |
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| 83:45 | ? Okay. Well, you guys a great day. I will be |
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| 83:48 | here on Thursday to teach you mawr things about the cardiovascular system. I |
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| 83:53 | it's cardiovascular Still. Are we moving respiration yet? I think I've won |
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| 83:57 | cardiovascular capture, and I'm gonna get and I'm gonna go yell at the |
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| 84:02 | and transportation people. So you guys a great day and I will see |
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| 84:07 | on Thursday. Stay safe. Stay . |
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