VideoPoints

• ••• • •• • ••••• • •
BIOL 2321_Microbiology for Science Majors (Fall 2022) - 10_06_22_Lecture
Help Tour
© Distribution of this video is restricted by its owner
Transcript ×
Auto highlight
Font-size
00:22 Yeah. No. Yeah. Okay . Welcome. Um So I'm operating
01:56 operating at about 80% today. I running yesterday. I was forced on
02:02 sidewalk which were in my neighborhood or caught my foot And I went bam
02:07 around like that. I didn't break rib but it was painful last
02:12 but I'm okay today. Just don't me laugh, sneeze or punched me
02:17 the ribs. Okay, so you're , right? Yeah. So um
02:28 , that's kind of loud. Hold . Uh Okay, that's a little
02:36 . Alright. Um Alright, usual . I sent an email this
02:43 So blackboard quiz due monday. Smart monday. We're gonna finish up
02:49 start 14 and then next week is this 14 and that, so this
02:55 is 33 chapters. So 6, and 14. So we'll finish it
03:00 next Thursday. So in yours? , yeah, it says Thursday.
03:07 says Ketchup day, but we'll definitely finishing up what's left of 14 on
03:12 day. And then so so that the next week, which is the
03:19 week of the 16th, 17th, . Not shown here. We'll start
03:28 three. Okay, so anyway, that's what I remember. The schedule
03:33 opens I guess 11 59 or 12 midnight tonight. Okay. Are 12
03:43 Friday. Okay, so um All , so we're gonna start off with
03:51 question. Okay, so look this . Okay, take a few
04:00 So let's see a recap. Um , so obviously we've been talking about
04:11 right? Energetic six. respiration fermentation basically lets you know equate this with
04:27 four on growth. Right? So growing things? They eat their
04:32 Get energy from through these processes. been talking about ultimately making lots of
04:38 ps among other things. Okay. So today in 14 we kind of
04:45 into um kind of the nuts and of respiration if you will starting with
04:55 reduction potential which can be uh kind hairy. That will hopefully make sense
05:04 it. So um in this. , alright. The timer on,
05:32 think you probably know what F. the yellow circle. Alright. Something
05:40 that? Yes. Okay. Wait f is the Krebs cycle that
06:08 I think you figured that out if wants to change your mind.
06:20 Okay. So people said C. , see now it's not See
06:34 The away is here. Oh sorry the rib got to my head.
06:51 . Oh my goodness, that's Okay. Yeah, I made
06:58 It's my fault. Right? Yeah. Okay. Of course.
07:02 goodness gracious. That is stupid. don't do it that way?
07:07 mm hmm. All right, let's back on track. I'll shake myself
07:16 here. Okay, so that's Alright goodness. Okay. Alright,
07:23 about that. So uh you going the horn here, We get glucose
07:28 pirate bait to be here. I cove way Krebs cycle E What might
07:39 . B. Yeah C. Um What would uh what might be
07:52 here, B and C. Series not repeated so be would be.
08:01 . Right. And A th A . P. Okay, these guys
08:09 or so. Um again, you knowing knowing the stages here,
08:14 What goes in, what comes So um here's a little recap what
08:19 been doing so again looking down here , so kind of the stages
08:25 I'm really not even asking to memorize numbers of these. Okay, when
08:31 get to um kind of uh maybe today but certainly at the start of
08:36 time there will be like a tally everything and so you'll probably want to
08:42 kind of the end numbers right, we end up with but for these
08:47 I don't ask how many of these made or anything just kind of again
08:52 what goes in, what comes out produce that kind of stuff.
08:56 Um so we ended with I think fermentation last time so and again in
09:02 you should know, let me get thing out the way. So if
09:05 see these terms you have an idea it means, right? Um And
09:11 you know as we get into more nuts and bolts of respiration and for
09:15 start of 14 14 part one I we'll reiterate some of these things.
09:21 But you know just uh you should able to compare and contrast respiration and
09:27 . Okay. Um What fermentation what's common with respiration fermentation of course.
09:35 like analysis. That's the get this after that. After that simple that
09:40 be pretty much ends. Okay As can see there's a lot more stuff
09:44 on beyond para bait that's not happening fermentation. Okay so and we'll uh
09:51 go we'll go through these things here . Um uh fermentation right? Basically
09:58 to sustain like colossus by uh providing it means. Right Sugar. Remember
10:06 can ferment lots of other things besides . Okay um so if you're in
10:12 your you learned that this week? ? Lactose and sucrose. Okay so
10:19 of things can be fermented And so that source of sugar if you will
10:25 then supplying an A. D. ? And A. D.
10:29 D. Sort of things that make go okay? And so um and
10:35 in order to keep this going for fermenter you gotta keep resupplying N.
10:38 . D. Right? That's what what these um in this example here
10:44 taking pirate and reducing it to lactate regeneration. A. D. So
10:49 kind of these help sustain like causes that's the only way to get
10:53 Okay in the fermenter. Right so let's see what we have next is
11:02 . C. A. Cycle. I think it has three different
11:05 T. C. A cycle? Krebs cycle and citric acid cycle?
11:11 all the same thing obviously. So this um this is a you've ever
11:19 a maybe you haven't a metabolic chart all the metabolic reactions in the
11:25 You will see that this this one a lot of arrows going to it
11:30 going to it and away from Okay. That's what we call a
11:33 point metabolism because it serves both uh and serves an apple is um so
11:39 kind of a link between those Okay. And so there's a name
11:44 that pathways that are like that. an you erotic I think is the
11:51 . Don't worry about it. But you may see that but that's kind
11:54 what that means. Anabolic pathways serve both Annapolis metabolism anyway. So um
12:05 so we've so let's back up and back up for a second. Give
12:10 some context here. So we are we're going to now. So we
12:14 about fermentation. Right so this is here's pyrite, we can go this
12:20 . We can go this way. so we talked about fermentation already.
12:24 , so now we're looking at the option here. Okay we're gonna go
12:28 route. We're gonna see what the going on in this direction. Okay
12:34 and that's of course respiration. So again, intervention of bacterial archaea
12:42 species, what it can do? . Some are restricted to only be
12:45 to go to fermentation. Others can only to restoration. Okay. Um
12:54 one that can only use oxygen. ? And undergo aerobic respiration. You
12:59 call them A what kind of All big arrow? Right.
13:08 But it can only go this way only go this way if there's
13:12 right? There's no oxygen dead or . Right? So your fermenter goes
13:20 way. Um The uh E coli one that can have multiple options.
13:28 so it can go respiration with or oxygen. You know, fermentation.
13:33 way? Whatever go which whatever it , whatever it goes depends on what's
13:38 to it. Right at their Present not oxygen. Present. Is
13:41 the right terminal except er present that can use if there's no oxygen.
13:47 , so capabilities vary. Okay, again we're gonna go this route and
13:53 uh so next is then pirate. ? So we're gonna oxidize the
13:59 so um so like so with glucose going to use the space here.
14:07 we had glucose and we had to had to put some energy investment in
14:18 . Right? We had to use couple of a tps. Right?
14:21 that got us to think it's glucose phosphate. Right? Don't worry about
14:27 here. All right. We have put some energy in first.
14:31 Um and then uh and then we the ball rolling. Right? So
14:37 analogy here is right, we're starting top of the hill at the
14:40 Right? Lower energy. And now go downhill. Right? And we
14:47 a T. P. S. . A. D. H.
14:49 right. So the point here is we had to energize the glucose,
14:55 to speak. Right, putting these on. Okay. Get it to
15:00 know to be able to be more if you will. Okay. And
15:03 now during the course of oxidizing the pyre of eight, okay we're
15:08 back kind of in a lower energy . Okay now we gotta pump pyre
15:13 eight back up. Right? And and then um we'll get you
15:19 A. T. P. And D. H. Right out of
15:22 . So we have to um do . And so we do that.
15:27 with frost for letting it like we with A T. P. We're
15:32 add this thing called co. It just becomes a Seattle co
15:39 Okay. Um So the CO Is kind of an energizing type molecule
15:48 actually has uh gonna give me more than you what you need. But
15:54 has this S. H. Group actually a high energy bond squiggly
16:01 Right? You see that same same in a teepee right? You have
16:04 teepee. You have uh a. . P. And the terminal phosphate
16:10 that squiggly line. Right? High bonds the same thing in in this
16:16 that co a and so if you it to something, you can kind
16:20 impart that energy to the molecule. that's what we're doing. We're condensing
16:24 with tyra banks were taking the 02 off first. Right We lose
16:29 C. 02 but then we form seed the seed Eliza to carbon.
16:33 um but then we're adding this to so that kind of puts it back
16:37 energy state and then we can get back from it. Okay And so
16:42 is what actually enters the Krebs cycle existing. Okay so again this only
16:50 explanatory purposes. Right so um if look on a cereal box like eat
16:58 kind of food ingredient you'll see bunch stuff and a lot of these vitamins
17:02 things are involved in respiration. Your . One thiamine, B one B
17:09 B. 12 B six I think paradoxical something something all these are all
17:16 different parts of respiration enzymes reactions. Co A. Is panto authentic
17:23 Look on your food level you see authentic acid. What's that? Well
17:28 the precursor to make Co way. so anyway so that's why we're making
17:37 molecule. Okay um now let me this off the screen. Okay oops
17:44 a big mess. Hold on let's here. Okay so um Krebs cycle
17:52 obviously it's a circle A cycle. we have lots of different intermediates.
17:56 don't need to worry about specifics of intermediates but the uh the name citric
18:02 cycle about the formation of situations. first step here. Right. So
18:05 look away combined with oxalic acetic acid citric. Okay, I'm more I'm
18:11 concerned with the energy that's formed as result. Okay, so 12312345 places
18:22 energy molecules are made. Right? so you have to look at this
18:26 kind of two ways to look at . So we started way back at
18:30 front, right? Like colossus with . Okay, model of glucose six
18:37 . We end up with two. . And so each one goes through
18:44 cycle. Okay, so you can at in terms of energy produced per
18:49 of glucose by the Krebs cycle. . And so or by mold of
18:55 seed of kuwait. Right. And for each it's 311 in A.
19:01 . H H two and H. . P were going around twice for
19:04 glucose because we're making two of these glucose. Okay, so the net
19:10 is 6 to 2 in the Krebs . Okay, um of course we've
19:16 stuff before then. Right, So actually by this time we have altogether
19:22 10 of these two from psychosis to up here. Right. We made
19:29 here as well. And then um F A D H two s and
19:35 80 ps. And actually four total you made to the closest as
19:38 So anyway, like I said, tell you this up here in a
19:41 bit. But what you can see that the bulk of the energy molecules
19:47 coming from the Krebs cycle, right to the different stages, most of
19:52 being produced in the Krebs cycle. , now, as mentioned at the
19:56 , the Krebs cycle is one of um central points of metabolism.
20:02 a number of these intermediates in here you see serve as building blocks to
20:08 various types of molecules um no um um nuclear ties in some
20:16 So they have other purposes. So always see arrows going to it and
20:20 it as well. Other other metabolisms into this. So not just quite
20:26 from like causes but break down the uh feeds into producing these different
20:33 When you break down lipids in they feed up actually appear when you
20:38 down lipids, you typically form a of cool ways from that. And
20:43 they feed in the Krebs cycle. that's kind of where other foods that
20:46 eaten? Kind of where they will into. Okay, and get energy
20:53 um any questions about that. the intermediate other carbon based on
21:00 these oxo acetate away. And it's something I want to mention here.
21:06 yeah, those are the building Um Okay, so kind of the
21:13 thing here scheme. Um Okay, here's my colleague sis okay, so
21:21 started here, here's energy production. ? So remember substrate level versus occidente
21:27 relations. So the A. P. S we're making here in
21:32 . Uh That's oxidative I mean substrate foster relations. Okay. There's a
21:39 intermediate inter reaction and that gives a group to ADP Okay, So we
21:45 a couple four of those right Not a lot. Okay, but
21:49 foster relations. What's going on Okay, so that's all we get
21:56 level of 80 P production. 34 four. Big difference. Okay.
22:02 why a respiratory metabolism is is so because the amount of energy it
22:11 Okay. Um and of course, the oxygen phosphor relation relies on
22:17 right? This proton gradient descent. . We'll talk about that later on
22:25 today. Um And so overall process is glucose oxygen CO. Two and
22:31 . Right? So aerobic respiration. And so it's substrate level versus laxative
22:37 correlation. Okay, question. All . Um and so you know,
22:46 remember that and we'll mention this next . Not today, but because we're
22:52 to focus a little bit on anaerobic in uh twos next Tuesday. But
22:58 uh you can also you get you occur and aerobically as well, you
23:04 do this and you can have respiration 02 and still get lots of
23:08 Okay, so um the question That's good question while you're looking at
23:16 Um are there any questions or Okay, so I put a specific
23:24 put this question in here really just one of these responses because that's something
23:27 does okay, can be problematic. let's see how you do.
23:35 so which is true. And don't confused by source. Hey, I
24:14 I know what the majority answer will and I'm gonna wait. Obviously I
24:51 Right, Okay. Alright. 15 down. Okay, here we
25:32 I think the I think most people have answered um E I think most
25:45 answer E No, they didn't. , alright, good for you.
25:51 . Um so I did say don't confused by source or reason.
25:58 Because the source of um like respiration most of our examples is what mm
26:10 , glucose is the source. A. D. H. Is
26:14 certainly is the process. But the , the source is whatever is at
26:20 front, right? The glucose or sugar or whatever is being oxidized.
26:27 ? So that's that source at the , right? Because you're not going
26:31 form any DHS unless you have that of electrons. Right? The
26:34 E. D. H. Is one that actually interacts with the electron
26:38 chain. Okay, But the source the one that think of the source
26:43 the one that provides the electrons to to make any, th there's one
26:47 to think about it. Okay, um option becomes reduced to water in
26:55 . Um pirate becomes oxidized during the . Uh conscience does not require
27:04 And fermentation is not the same as as anaerobic respiration. Yes, they
27:12 don't use oxygen, but that's um know, and beyond like colleges.
27:19 pretty much the end of the Okay, so respiration is a very
27:23 thing. Okay, um a membrane electronic transport system in there and
27:30 T. P. Synth bass, stuff. Right? That's respiration.
27:34 it's certainly not fermentation. Okay, none of these are true. None
27:39 true. Okay, um Any question that? I All right, so
27:54 okay, so this here's one more then we'll move on. So
27:59 Okay, so see if there is going to be one or maybe
28:05 correct here. Okay. Okay. . Okay, Counting down from
29:04 All right. Yes. Very F is correct. Okay, so
29:10 uh it will be uh that and right. So to a trip.
29:23 . Alright. Um Let's all so the next the last here is
29:31 our reaction again. Right, just any question of fermentation, clearing
29:37 I hope so. Um let's is last thing on Chapter 13.
29:51 Uh anaerobic respiration cycle. Oh, it could be the same using the
29:59 parts as Arabic respiration. Except that have um like nitrates that auction as
30:06 normal except that's it. So that's cool. I can do
30:09 And many others. So we'll talk that. Uh Tuesday. Yeah.
30:17 , so aromatic compounds. So just example of some what you've seen in
30:22 lignin is found in trees, tree . Um Of course I assume everybody
30:31 or maybe not. That's fine that you see a bunch a bunch of
30:35 are one of these or more. ? That's the down there, you
30:42 , aromatic rings obviously. Right. you may or may not be aware
30:46 that, but that's what those Okay. Take organic chemistry, you'll
30:51 very familiar with those. Okay um so think about aromatic compounds, one
30:58 pretty stable. Okay. Which means don't go away quickly. Right,
31:03 a lot of these kind of things find in different types of pollutants.
31:07 . Um certainly find these in oil , petroleum or petroleum based compounds uh
31:16 and cans of paint certainly. Um have a distinct odor to them.
31:23 . Um but they can be quite as well, it can be quite
31:27 in small amounts. So uh in of interest um bacteria because bacteria are
31:36 only ones that there may be some giant thing that can break these
31:41 Okay. And um interest of course from a bio remediation perspective right?
31:48 using microbes to do various kinds of for us. Okay and um so
31:59 me get this out of here. so let's look at let's look
32:07 Okay, so let's go here. we go. Alright so again from
32:14 micro perspective we've engineered various bacteria pseudomonas . Real caucus are very good at
32:22 down aromatic compounds uh using them putting the environment to you know, to
32:30 these compounds when they're spilled into the to various types of pollution. And
32:36 this is often these pathways which are that long. Okay to degrade these
32:42 compounds um often found in plasmas and transferred between cells. Um the the
32:50 so what happens is all the pathways to break these compounds down. They
32:57 just feed into the pathways Already. already talked about they feed into Krebs
33:02 and and so forth to make Okay, so it's about really breaking
33:07 this down to make it be able enter these pathways you've already talked
33:12 Okay, so here is an example some types. Don't worry about the
33:19 structure of these things. But the all ultimately feed into this compound called
33:29 . Okay, so what has to to break this aromatic ring? So
33:35 very stable. You have to add to it. Okay, That's typically
33:39 this works. You add oxygen and becomes more reactive and can and it
33:44 cleave that bond. Okay. And die oxygenates. Is that ends up
33:53 , So bacteria have the dioxins and can they can deal with these aromatic
33:57 . Okay. Um and uh with , a little different has to go
34:04 bends away. But ultimately they all up through this central uh component here
34:10 . Okay, you can see the that are on the ring.
34:16 And so once that happens then we form this, so the ring breaks
34:21 . Right? So this is the common form of this is when this
34:25 done aerobically, there's anaerobic ways of this as well, but the more
34:29 is the aerobic metabolism of aromatic And so so we break the
34:36 And then once that happens, then quickly funnels into these pathways you already
34:41 talking about? Okay. And so the there we go. So and
34:52 where it does that. Okay, we can go two routes. It
34:56 depends on um the the the position these hydroxyl groups. Okay, it
35:06 be one too. As you see can be 23. again, don't
35:11 so much about that. They used know about this process are um you
35:16 add oxygen to the molecule that's gonna to be broken. Right?
35:20 you want to break that ring you auction, the auction, this enzyme
35:24 that catapult is essential intermediate here. , those are kind of things that
35:31 . All right. And then once get there, then we can break
35:36 ring. Okay, And then fall the usual contracts, you see the
35:41 way right, pyre of eight, on what route it goes.
35:46 And so these funnel into of TC a cycle, you get your
35:50 . Okay, so um and so doing so of course it breaks it
35:56 to eventually um C. 0. right in water. And so getting
36:02 of the pollutant. Right? So the bacteria that can do this of
36:09 must have because being a toxic compound this um they have to have resistance
36:15 the toxicity very often. They're not don't they're not always also super water
36:22 . So you'll find many bacteria do . They produce these things called
36:28 surfactants kind of help soluble eyes. Non polar compounds like this. And
36:34 that enables them to break it Okay so they typically have these kind
36:39 additional characteristics to enable them to do . Okay adaptations right from being able
36:45 use these kind of compounds. Um let's see is there anything else
36:54 Okay. Anything else? Alright so is 13. Okay and so we'll
37:01 on to 14. So we're gonna a little bit about um reduction
37:07 So to set this up. So mission way back. You had that
37:14 diagram which I think you're gonna see Yeah about two slides just fast forward
37:22 I'll come back to this. So this one. Okay so um so
37:30 so we're talking about respiratory systems Okay, focusing on kind of what's
37:36 on here in the electron transport Okay so remember one of the important
37:43 is maintaining flow, Right? I you the example of you don't believe
37:47 . Put the plastic bag over your , for example, right to tie
37:50 off. Right? So you'll stop flow pretty quick. Right? So
37:54 flow is important because that keeps the going because that that is how you
38:00 your A T. P. Okay. So, so then it's
38:05 how do you set the components up this? Because there's multiple components making
38:08 this chain. So there is a to putting these components together. Let's
38:15 , putting it together. Okay. so it's about molecules on this side
38:21 the left that are what we call electron donors, giving up electrons to
38:29 stronger and stronger. Except Ear's That's really that concept is the crux
38:35 this reduction potential stuff we're gonna talk in a few seconds. So that's
38:40 of what the leading to. so because we have so microbes right
38:45 here in the environment, obviously trying do the same things. They can
38:49 presented with different types of donors and Ear's. It all depends on what
38:54 can capable of using. Right? they can kind of mix and match
39:00 . And except ear's to get the favorable or try to get the most
39:04 combination. Right? And so we'll an example of how you can determine
39:09 . Okay, so it's kind of this is going with the with the
39:13 theme here is this is understanding this reduction potential. And so it does
39:19 to delta G. Right? So a relationship between these two ease the
39:25 potential. And so it does relate energy, Right? Delta G.
39:29 . And so it's also remember these energetic things are additive, we can
39:35 these things together and if the net is it gives off energy right then
39:42 good. Okay, so well that's we're gonna get into. All
39:46 this is back up a second. , so there's so many examples of
39:52 of course we look at things inside single cell. This process of redox
39:57 electronic transfer and whatnot. But there bacterial types that can actually be on
40:04 outside of a cell. So you combine themselves together. And the cells
40:08 are I'm not gonna say one cell being oxidized ones being reduced. But
40:13 kind of that idea where you have source right acetate in this example in
40:19 factor is that one that can kind carry out what we call interspecies electron
40:24 . So it can combine with this bacillus and transfer electrons to it.
40:29 using a conductive type material between Okay. Or they can have these
40:35 of appendages which is basically like wires they're conducting electrons right. That's pretty
40:39 . And there's this is creating a of interest for various uses from uh
40:48 reducing pollutant levels of this world pollutant you do oxidize it. Um That
40:53 I think the Department of the Navy looking at technologies using involving these types
40:57 bacteria and others but very interesting that bacteria is kind of conducting electricity to
41:04 cell. And that's how the redox occurring. Okay so um anyway but
41:10 all revolves around you know accepting and electrons. Right? So that's what
41:15 focus on here. And so again to recap, right? So we're
41:20 at respiration right? Which is the bottom one down here. Organic respiration
41:27 um the some sort of terminal except right it's gonna maintain flow right?
41:36 be auction it could be something else respiration, anaerobic restoration. And uh
41:41 already talked about fermentation which is kind its own thing. Okay so let's
41:46 at this. So what's confusing is just already mentioned this let me just
41:52 remember again source right? Source is of the one supplying the electrons.
41:58 . N. A. D. 88 or any of these gonna carry
42:02 . Right? And this is typically physically interacts with the chain transport
42:06 But you're gonna have a source could organic and organic. So that's your
42:10 trough versus um header trough uh difference here. Uh then electron flow to
42:21 sort of accept. Er So again anaerobic aerobic difference is here is an
42:26 or something else. Right? And it's all about feeding this um electron
42:31 system. Energy is coupled to produce protons out and we get energy again
42:39 protons slow down the gradient using that form a T. P. So
42:43 other concept of energy releasing processes to requirement process putting those things together.
42:53 . Um All right, so so this table typically confuses everybody understand
43:01 . So it's just think of it a ranking system. Okay? It's
43:07 ranking system for the um ability of to accept electrons. Okay, so
43:19 left common pink is the ranking. , so we're going from worst at
43:26 top two. Best at the Okay, so best worst.
43:41 um and so what that means is two, we're gonna pick an electronic
43:47 . Don't pick C. 02. the worst choice you can make.
43:53 ? Um We're gonna pick the best sector. Take oxygen and you take
43:59 anyway. You can't help but not oxygen. Let's do the bag over
44:03 head thing. Okay? Uh so so now we're also gonna do
44:16 if something is not a good except then it may be a good
44:23 Okay, so you have to look it. There's two ways to look
44:26 each one of these reactions. Okay you go down uh if it's not
44:32 good except er based on the ranking the purple column. Okay, well
44:37 it may be a good donor. , so there's always going to be
44:42 sides to that coin. Okay, and so if we look at this
44:49 . Okay, so reduction potential is ability to accept electrons. So that's
44:54 I mean, reduction potential table is on how good of a except
44:59 is it? Okay. I suppose can also sit at the table to
45:03 what's the best donor and just flipped around. All right. But you
45:07 , I don't write chemistry books. is how it's done. Okay,
45:11 , um, so there's different ways look at it. You kind of
45:15 to, I guess to be You want to pick the way that
45:19 you to best remember this to know . Okay, and there's different ways
45:23 do that. So if you look the negative values over here on the
45:28 . Okay, so this is your potential is E. Okay, so
45:33 these values. Okay, so you have minus value plus value.
45:39 so if if at the very top the paint column were the worst,
45:45 worst except Ear's. Those are the negative values that equates to negative
45:51 negative reduction potentials, equate to Bad except Ear's or what they call
45:56 week. Okay. Week, except okay, weak versus strong.
46:01 so, as I just mentioned, , if it's not a it's not
46:06 strong except er, it's week or it's the opposite going the other way
46:11 it actually that's the case. and so we'll get there.
46:15 so again, of course more positive strong except Okay, so oxygen being
46:21 best, of course. Okay, so then we have the values
46:26 So you always have that's what they a redox couple redox pair. You
46:34 hear the term and so on on sides of the slash here.
46:38 looking at looking at this one hydrogen. Okay. That you have
46:44 form Of course, that's that's the form. That can become reduced.
46:48 ? And you have a form H two is the form that can
46:52 oxidized. Okay, And so the for that reduction value is -420.
47:00 she's also equates right to a difference delta G. Alright, positive delta
47:08 . Right, So that's something that require an energy input. Okay,
47:14 conversely then with oxygen. Right, again, here's the form to that
47:19 reduced. H two can become Okay, so reduction potential areas plus
47:25 20. Right? Which equates to pretty big um delta g.
47:33 And so uh that's good. And for us certainly, and it has
47:40 most electron grab ability, if you . Okay, that minus 8
47:46 And so, as mentioned, there's there's a relationship between delta G and
47:51 attention. Okay, um and so can use plug it into this
47:56 You're not gonna you're not gonna do calculations. But, you know,
48:00 end is the of course the electrons . Typically two electrons is how these
48:06 transferred after what's called the Faraday That of course is the reduction
48:12 Okay, so, um you could those in and get a delta
48:17 Um and so the point here is generally stronger, higher reduction potentials equate
48:27 higher energy released. Higher negative delta s. Okay. Um so,
48:35 so let's look at this in different because I said, microbes in the
48:40 can look at this and they can presented but in many different types of
48:44 elements compounds and you can put them in different ways. In a way
48:50 most favorable for them to grow, ? To get energy from.
48:54 and there's ways because you have to , we can we can look at
48:57 in two ways. Right? You look at these molecules as except ear's
49:01 then there's donors. Okay. And we do that, we're gonna do
49:05 flip flopping around. Okay, so look at this example here.
49:12 again, another way to look at . Okay, another kind of way
49:18 it kind of dumb. But if have a molecule, so this one
49:24 a very positive reduction potential. so, we know that electrons have
49:31 negative chart. Right, So negative are repelled by negative charges.
49:37 So if something has a very positive potential, is it something that would
49:45 repelling electrons or attract them attract. , so it's from chemistry sense,
49:51 doesn't make it doesn't I'm just thinking terms of practical, Right, what
49:56 help me remember this? Right. that's one way to look at.
50:00 , if you have a very negative potential, that would be something that
50:06 repellent. Right, So I'm just just only presenting this as a way
50:10 remember that's all. Okay. Um but you can also look at this
50:16 here. Right, more positive means a and reduce the electronics sector yields
50:23 energy. Right, so a positive potential means uh that's gonna release energy
50:30 gonna be negative delta G. it's gonna be favorable. The negative
50:34 means it's going to be a week , but a strong donor.
50:39 So the flip flop analogy. so, again, if we look
50:44 in this way, right, um , so, so that's the flipping
50:54 the reaction. Right, So looking this guy as donor, Alright,
51:00 is looking at it as except her H two, but rather H
51:09 Right? That as except er this donor. Okay From this this
51:19 Okay, and so the over Alright, we're gonna have aged 20
51:29 to this plus And yeah, that's plus two electrons. Right, so
51:37 gonna have water going to oxygen and . Right, so that's H2 as
51:44 um donor. Okay, and of vote too as acceptable. So these
51:52 different ways to look at this. ? Looking at both members of each
51:56 these redox pairs. Okay, so can evaluate them on this basis?
52:02 , so the one on the left to oxygen and electrons, Where does
52:07 occur? No very specific process H is the donor of electrons. In
52:24 process? We haven't talked about it , synthesis Yes, synthesis reaction.
52:33 . That requires a lot of energy you might guess. Right. So
52:37 the other thing if you're flip flopping reactions around just to look at it
52:41 either the donor except or depending on the reaction is, then these signs
52:46 going to change. We this becomes a positive delta G. Write this
52:57 here will become 20 million volts and negative delta G. Okay, so
53:11 that's what can happen when you evaluate members of a pair. And is
53:15 is it better as is this or it better? Is that? And
53:17 how you make your decision? And so what supplies the energy for
53:24 reaction light? Right. So um a good thing because a lot of
53:32 and light. Right. And we absorb light. Not we but plants
53:35 absorb light allergy and then carry out photo this reaction. So um and
53:41 energy is needed because it takes a to do that. Okay, so
53:46 , so let's look at kind of out here anyway again, so these
53:52 couples. Right? So which which of the couple is is more energetically
53:58 . Okay, so again, as er um and then as donor.
54:04 ? So remembering that we're gonna switch signs which means we will likely will
54:11 in terms of delta G as Okay. And so so this this
54:18 box thing. I always do this lot. So here's your membrane,
54:22 ? The black line here's the electron chain in the membrane and donor.
54:28 except her. Right. So area . So we're combining uh sort of
54:35 terms of matching these things together. , respiration. Right? So use
54:42 two as a donor because that's going give you a very good positive delta
54:48 . Uh that negative uh I'm this positive reduction potential place to a
54:55 delta G. Put it up front production at the end. Right.
54:59 donor. All right. Uh Strong . So that's what you try to
55:04 . That's what respiratory systems are Right. The electron transport chain.
55:09 donors with strong except ear's Okay. that's what makes electronic flow go,
55:15 . And again, this is all . So if the net result is
55:19 big reduction potential, then that's a a high negative delta G energy
55:27 Right? Of course this energy from donor in the front of source strong
55:34 in the back. That energy directly to energy in this box. Which
55:41 that energy is used to do this right pumping protons the energy to do
55:50 . That's where it's coming from. so and you basically combine you know
55:57 food sources you eat alright carbohydrates etcetera in the front with auction at the
56:04 and you're pretty much you know you're big negative delta G. And sustain
56:08 proton gradients that way. Okay um again just read area this one more
56:16 . Okay because what we use in just to back up a second.
56:22 using H. Two is actually get lot of bang for your buck with
56:27 one. So um re spire ng with H. Two as your source
56:35 very very common among in the microbial bacterial world. A lot of bacteria
56:41 do this e coli can do that because it can be gives you a
56:47 of energy and so those that can that. It's a term we'll talk
56:51 next week. It's called hydro Oh trophy eating with hydrogen basically.
57:05 That's very it's not an uncommon feature many bacterial types because H. two
57:11 be a you know can be relatively in cases H. Two is often
57:18 byproduct of fermentation and so bacteria living in proximity to fermenters they can get
57:24 . Two. So H. Two a byproduct of lots of metabolic
57:29 And so it's not that uncommon encounter bacteria they can use it this way
57:35 get a benefit. Okay so um again because we look at N.
57:42 . D. A. D. . A lot in respiration that there's
57:48 course there's a couple as well and . D. And A.
57:50 H. D. Oxidized and reduced . And so the reduced form the
57:55 that becomes oxidized rather than 88. good energy output. Right so again
58:00 we're looking at A D. As uh except er and A.
58:05 H. Is a donor Right? a stronger as a donor? Okay
58:10 again we combine this with aerobic Okay all additive. And so we
58:16 a net negative delta G. Right is what our systems do right in
58:22 mitochondria. Right And th is the way we have a source?
58:28 Remember we have the source but then produce a dhs from that source and
58:33 what they do their job. So we have lots of energy being produced
58:38 . Energy for again proton gradient. okay so um let's let's go through
58:50 haven't asked for questions yet because I to go through this example and then
58:54 can address any questions. Let's go this one here. Okay so again
59:01 kind of a mix. Mix and kind of um Process. Okay if
59:08 a bacteria it can be that right out there? What can I combine
59:12 ? That's gonna be best. Okay um so could a bacterium obtain energy
59:20 section eight as a donor and nitrate an except er Okay, so there's
59:26 part of the table and just see I was asking you looking for a
59:31 or no. Okay, so so all comes down to energetic. If
59:39 favors then it's possible. Okay. may be possible. Where you might
59:45 it would not be possible. Section eight is a um organic
59:59 It's part of the it's in the cycle actually. Really, I
60:44 but you said who's an organic You got this one then? A
60:49 bit. I don't know if you this stuff, you talk about reduction
60:56 in there, don't you? Alright, Alright, okay, counting
61:20 cat, what did what did you ? Okay, we'll see if you're
61:28 . All right. Did that sound an asshole saying that? Alright.
61:35 Alright, so I haven't worked out . Let's go through. Okay.
61:38 we go. Alright, so I like to keep things simple for
61:43 So I usually set up what's going here. Right, so we have
61:46 eight. It's gonna be uh donor electrons oxidized perfumery. Okay. Feeding
61:53 electron transport system obviously at the end have nitrate accepting becoming nitrate. So
61:59 that's what's going on in terms of question being asked. Okay, so
62:04 is this even feasible? Can this ? Okay, so uh we have
62:11 look at the what we have on table. Right, So Saxon eight
62:17 a um Don't. Right so we flip. Right so plus 33 reduction
62:24 now minus and positive delta G. wait a minute I think that's gonna
62:30 . Okay. Um So we'll So then we combine um that with
62:38 this stuff is additive. So we it with nitrates. This is basically
62:42 a very common um for those that respond and aerobically nitrates a very common
62:47 to do that. So we use oxygen. That's a very good um
62:53 potential uh equates to a negative delta . Okay and so but the net
63:00 is what is what matters. Okay so making ability. So um it's
63:07 it's a net positive reduction potential. it does equate to you know it's
63:14 favorable. It could work right because that result is a positive reduction potential
63:21 negative delta G. Okay so again you know bacteria out there can can
63:29 have these very types of substrates. ? And it can inspire and aerobically
63:33 course it can may be able to nitrate and then combine that with whatever's
63:38 there possibly. Okay and of course choice is not always uh super
63:46 Right? It couldn't pick something else it were available other than sucks as
63:51 donor. Right? But sometimes you only you know that was what you
63:55 . And so but you can't combine in certain ways that it becomes
63:59 Okay so and this and this would would work theoretically. Okay um one
64:07 question and then I'll see if you questions. Okay? You have a
64:13 . Oh sorry voices in my Okay. Um Alright. Which statement
64:20 false? Okay. Which is false relax reactions shown. So you have
64:27 . Alright then these statements. And so this is kind of get
64:32 to the familiar with the you call a stronger this or a week or
64:39 stronger donor weaker except er that that understand that. Okay, so again
64:49 used to use the table to answer to evaluate those statements in a through
65:08 . I'm sorry God. Okay I All right, sorry about that.
66:21 . All right counting down from Like the # seven. Hey,
66:33 last minute stragglers? Here we Okay. Yes it is.
66:42 D. Is correct. Okay. . Okay. Um Alright. First
66:53 a right. It requires energy to an A. D. H.
66:56 we can see that. All Thanks Energy. Okay. B.
67:02 . E. D. H. it stronger slash better electron donor than
67:08 02 minor nitrite. Okay so we to reverse this. Right? So
67:13 have to look at it in terms N. A. D.
67:16 Right? Two A. D. I'm not gonna write it all out
67:24 blah blah. You can see Um So that's gonna mean a 20
67:33 . Okay and then uh then I okay so then this going backwards and
67:39 tried to nitrate uh that and that we have a change in the delta
67:52 . There right? It's now positive we look at nitrite as a
67:58 Okay so because it uses energy That's Germany. Something that's not energetically
68:06 . Alright so we'd say that uh b. Is true then right in
68:11 is stronger Better donor than nitrate because will yield energy in the process not
68:18 energy. Right? Um So true . And then night trait is a
68:26 trouble accepted than any D. We can see that straight up
68:30 Just look straight across here. Right we have these values for it these
68:36 right? And so again nitrate as . Except er energy release. So
68:44 that's what makes it more favorable. um Hence the is the correct answer
68:50 questions. There will be a one two of these on the blackboard
68:56 I think one on the blackboard So again it just um the process
69:03 that's going to be more favorable What you call it stronger better is
69:08 one that it's gonna be the one gonna be releasing energy. The one
69:12 either positive positive reduction potential negative delta . Okay but not always. Right
69:21 we saw from the example with right success were saying can you suction it
69:27 that succeed as a donor was slightly DELTA G. It could still work
69:32 we had such a strong accepted. that that will work because the end
69:38 is if you add them together and net result is one that's you know
69:43 one that releases energy then and that fine. Okay. Um Okay so
69:52 um so this the rest of this kind of um here's what a respiratory
69:58 looks like. Here's an electronic train system looks like and they're all you
70:03 whether your aerobic anaerobic, what have ? They have kind of the basic
70:09 component what we call cida chrome's um . Okay. Um these are kind
70:15 the electron accepting and donating molecules in system. Okay. Of course it's
70:22 about a membrane because we're gonna stuff things into a membrane. Okay so
70:28 of course bacteria don't have um mitochondrial but they can take their cytoplasmic membrane
70:35 fold it up which they will do stuff and full of the same
70:41 So you have things like in So note that very large ring shaped
70:49 usually with some kind of central metal in it. Okay. That's where
70:53 where the reduction oxidation takes place. have always have like non polar parts
70:59 this because it's stuffed into a Right? So that's you have to
71:02 it for that purpose very often iron proteins are part of the process.
71:07 are also on the redox reactions. , um and so you have arrangement
71:13 of the front here is what we any oxygen reductase and A.
71:17 H. D. Hydrogen is this what interacts with um N A.
71:23 . H. And then hands off to cytochrome of different types. Um
71:31 also have molecules in between other shuttling . Quinones do that. Okay,
71:37 um but again, they're lined you can see here in order of
71:42 and greater reducing potential. Okay, molecules that can really are really good
71:49 accepting electrons. You put those in of how well they do that the
71:55 at the end. And that's what flow going. Alright, this is
72:00 Arabic restoration but could easily be anaerobic . Right? Um and so uh
72:08 look so remember of course this is seen as a bazillion times by
72:13 Right. Remember the energy is used doing this, right. And um
72:20 that whatever this negative delta G value , that's what's used to pump the
72:28 is used to pump protons. Um okay, so again this is
72:33 showing you e coli membrane here is we talked about before. So we're
72:40 call this T. C. A here is where you generate your
72:42 A. D. H. And um and so these these components can
72:50 receive and uh donate electrons at the time using energy to pump protons.
72:57 . And so quinones are these kind shuttle molecules between these larger components.
73:03 ? These are big multi protein Okay, so cytochrome B.
73:09 Uh E. Coli and other bacteria have these can have have versatility.
73:17 can have multiple side of chrome's and them for different purposes under different
73:24 Okay. Um they will certainly have different one if it's responding and aerobically
73:31 that one specific for that terminal except so we'll have a different one here
73:36 it's using nitrate to aspire for So there's there's there's versatility built in
73:41 on what it's using and what the are. Okay. Um Okay.
73:49 so terminal oxidase. I'm sorry, oxidase. That's the one that interacts
73:56 the terminal acceptance. So that will specific for whatever the except er
74:00 Okay, so uh and of course can see the protons being pumped out
74:08 a result of the electron transfer Okay. Um and the proton motive
74:17 . Okay, so this is the will be the last thing we'll talk
74:20 today. So let's um just I mentioned this already before. So
74:27 Okay, so what's feeling? It is what we just talked about electron
74:33 flowing through the system electronic transfers a to energy release. Okay, we
74:39 that. Right. The delta Right. From strong donors too strong
74:42 as you get a negative delta G . That's the energy used to pump
74:45 out. Okay, so, so membrane of course is instrumental in this
74:50 the membrane allows you to have Right. So you can stuff molecules
74:54 one side creating a gradient. And so uh so a proton motor
75:01 . You see the equation there? cy is the charge difference.
75:08 And because we're dealing with protons, . So, you all we all
75:12 that um ph is a function of concentration. Right? So we certainly
75:19 creating a ph difference across the membrane having a difference in protons across the
75:25 . Okay, So you have two . You have the concentration difference.
75:31 . Uh ph difference if you will call that the chemical force if you
75:39 because we call this thing the electrochemical . You think of the chemical force
75:45 of that is the separation, the reform um with these protons.
75:51 you also because our charge there's a a charge force as well.
75:55 you have both those things. That's electric, the electro force part of
75:58 term. Right. And um so the charge on the side of the
76:04 . Okay. Um the negative charge primarily due to the proteins in the
76:14 . Right? For proteins, when made. Certainly the ones that are
76:18 the site is all. That's where hang out right there not.
76:22 you have proteins that are secreted. you're gonna have always have a set
76:27 of proteins inside the cytoplasm and at ph there generally are negatively charged.
76:32 in large part what generates the negative in all cells are the same
76:37 Okay. Yes you have various cad and ions. Okay. That come
76:43 go in and out, but proteins always there, they're the biggest contributor
76:47 the negative charge. Okay. So now you have a charge attraction.
76:53 obviously positive protons like negative charge. you have that attraction, you have
77:00 things going on attraction for charge. then the the the um ability to
77:08 down the gradient. Right? So have those two forces. And so
77:11 just need to give it a conduit these will not pass through on their
77:19 , repelled by the hydrophobic memory. to give them a conduit it's an
77:24 . T. P. A. . And now the energy released as
77:28 go down, fueled by the charge leads to a negative delta G.
77:34 that's used to form a tps because teepee formation is in itself energy
77:42 Okay, so um Oh goodness ! right. Uh That's it for good
77:49 . Your lab we'll start here on , have a good
-
+