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BIOL 4315/6315 Neuroscience (18564/17642) - NEURO Lecture 02 History of Neuroscience 2
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00:00 well, welcome back, this is to neuroscience and we continue talking about
00:09 of neuroscience. We over viewed the organization of the cns, which is
00:17 brain and the spinal cord and the nerves, rating it out of the
00:21 cord, the lobes, major lobes the brain. And started talking about
00:28 micro view of the brain at the of individual neurons, synopsis, synaptic
00:36 and we even mentioned synaptic plasticity and the ability for us to grow new
00:43 to get rid of the synopsis we're using. And this concept of brain
00:48 is concept that is very closely related learning and memory. It's a concept
00:54 which if you come to this country a very early age, you probably
00:59 have a detectable accent in english or english. But if you come to
01:04 country in your twenties thirties or even , even if you spend the same
01:10 of time of learning the language, pronunciation of them inevitably is not going
01:14 be as good as for those kids started studying a foreign language early
01:21 And that's because of the brain And in general we go to school
01:25 on, finished college and the most of plasticity ability for these networks and
01:32 connections and the synopsis and these networks change It is most abundant during early
01:38 in humans, into the teenage into an early adult it into the
01:43 that is related to the fact that have certain chemical trophic factors such as
01:49 factors that get released in the brain the developmental stages, that encourage and
01:54 the growth of the synopsis. But so you're actually born with a lot
01:59 synopsis that you carry into the So what happens is during early development
02:06 the brain, as the human gets to different sensory uh motor output,
02:14 inputs. Uh There is synaptic pruning takes place. That means certain synapses
02:23 pruned and eliminated. It only the that stain the networks that have a
02:29 of communication to communicate with each other a relevant manner. Which means in
02:37 the brain is really fast and neuron has to communicate the neuron to the
02:42 to has to register it. If does not get registered, the synapses
02:46 very weak. And so those there's a nutrition of the synopsis,
02:51 printing of the synopsis and then the of plasticity of course becomes the parent
02:58 during the aging. It's an aging . And of course if it is
03:04 by pathologies such as dementia on Alzheimer's pathology than you could have a more
03:12 loss in the synopsis and the plasticity in general connectivity of the brain.
03:18 this concept of synaptic plasticity will keep back to. But just in general
03:23 that you remember that there was a and there was a connectivity 40 years
03:29 for making a phone call and that and that connectivity for making a phone
03:35 for handling and using your phone for many different things has really changed and
03:41 evolved not only with technology is also with our brains, our bodies,
03:46 physics even uh uh young people are to have what is called a cellphone
03:54 and cellphone postures. So for some the key moments in history we talked
04:05 brain tra pronunciations and we mentioned that are procedures that were done that were
04:12 , that were done in multiple parts the cranium and that they were potentially
04:17 of the early neuro surgeries potentially used relieve pressure, build up fluid build
04:23 in the brain, blood, build blood clot build up uh maybe even
04:29 the pain that also can happen due the pressure build up from the
04:34 Yes. Mhm. Right, so a question in the class would are
04:46 of the ways to prevent the loss neuro plasticity as you get older.
04:52 know, it's a cycle of life from the minute you're born you're developing
04:58 then you're starting to die. So only way is maybe you can slow
05:02 the progression of the loss of what be a robust synaptic plasticity and older
05:08 , but there's so many factors that into it. Uh I can tell
05:13 that some of the more robust intellectually are the people that continue pursuing intellectual
05:20 and also physical activities so that inevitably see, you know, Women and
05:27 in their 80s and 90s and it's 21 and two go together, they're
05:34 physically active and they're still writing and and are engaged and are changing with
05:42 . I saw some of my for example, that never caught on
05:46 using computers that became really the world they didn't understand. And I think
05:54 a way that Canada doesn't help you part of getting all the part of
06:01 if you're forgetting or if you're getting sort of a dementia which is not
06:07 for everybody, dementia is a And you have a lot of people
06:12 pass on lucid for physical reasons whether cancer, whether it's an accident stroke
06:18 so on. But the brains are just fun. It's a great
06:22 And there's a lack of those trophic in the aging brains, there's a
06:26 of certain uh robustness and metabolism production the energy sources and so on.
06:34 depletes with regular aging as we are into a different phase in two different
06:43 . Um, can I ask another on top of that? Um So
06:47 been seeing commercials lately for like you're tropic vitamins and stuff, Do you
06:52 that actually can play a role or it kind of insignificant. Well,
06:58 not sure if it's a neurotrophic but it's maybe new tropic. Uh
07:08 yeah, I mean, you'll see also for this algae protium privilege in
07:13 something like that. That is being as something that will supplement your body
07:20 your brain in order to keep up just normal brain function and potentially normal
07:26 . But there isn't anything that so has been proven, hey take this
07:31 this will really improve your plasticity because something that's very difficult to measure.
07:37 we will come to this at the end of the lecture, you'll realize
07:40 it's not very easy to see what's on inside the brain, especially inside
07:44 living brain and especially non invasively. whether these things help again, I
07:52 that it's a I'm a proponent of holistic approach. If there are supplements
08:00 dietary components that can help you feel and live better fine. It's just
08:07 placebo, but the placebo effect is plus percent improvement of whatever you
08:13 not feeling, I'll take the placebo if it has to be combined with
08:20 , diet, exercise and mental Uh and challenging yourself mentally. I
08:28 things like puzzles things like people doing are usually not having difficulties with their
08:36 abilities. So it's a great question some of these supplements help. I
08:40 in general if you think about the or supplements that would reduce inflammation,
08:47 something to think about because inflammation also in general with the asian process to
08:58 I hope this answers some of your here and then the zoom. Now
09:05 next station we touched upon, that important for Neurosciences Egypt and it was
09:11 hotel and Imhotep as we talked had an unprecedented opportunity to have a
09:17 into human body into human brain because the injuries, it was not allowed
09:22 take a human body and dissected until talents, bodies for noble man
09:30 Davies were preserved. But he was first one that's starting describing the
09:36 describing somehow writing about what is the . What are the convolutions on the
09:42 of the brain? These are the paralytic written explanations off the brain anatomy
09:51 potentially the brain function because you have surrounding it. And you have distal
09:57 of the brain injury onto the peripheral , such as an injury to the
10:02 side of the brain may cause the of the right hand, which is
10:09 away from the brain. We jump ancient Greece. And that's because there
10:15 many different things that happened of between uh Egypt 3000 Bc. And
10:23 ancient Greece of about 400 to 300 . The modern father of medicine.
10:30 and Hippocrates oath it is not, is to serve people, it is
10:36 heal people that has actually to prioritize individual to prioritize the health of that
10:43 over yourself. It's a real true dedication to practicing medicine and helping and
10:51 others. So when you finish medical , you take the Hippocrates oath and
10:58 both essentially is to serve the well of other individuals in general, not
11:05 uh nation to nation or people to , but all over the world.
11:11 Hippocrates just dubbed with the start of we call the modern medicine and this
11:19 , 380 BC, he proclaims that brain is the major controlling Oregon center
11:26 the body, which is a major from Egyptians. Remember Egyptian scooped out
11:30 brain and said that the heart is main controlling organ at the body.
11:35 is the seat of intelligence at the . Medicine is still practices craft and
11:42 think it remains to be practices craft the start of the 20th century and
11:49 middle of the 20th century with introduction FDA, which is food and drug
11:54 , where the drug trials, formulations and stuff like that became controlled
12:01 an entity by government entity. nonetheless, there is medicine. There
12:07 uh discussions of what is the What is the intellect? What is
12:12 heart Aristotle, which is uh older , Hippocrates, He does not agree
12:23 Hippocrates and still has the school of where heart is the center of
12:29 Brain is merely an air conditioner of blood and body because it's located up
12:34 top. Still, the heat It kind of made sense. Maybe
12:37 coming out through the years or So there's still this toss up where
12:43 brain is really important, you 3000 years later and what's happening.
12:49 are going to bypass this very dark that's referred to as dark ages and
12:55 into the renaissance nuance and talk about man that his name Andreas vesalius and
13:05 I have placed here is question gallons description. So who was gallon and
13:12 ? Andreas with sally is was questioning , gallon was present during the time
13:21 cozy Inn was bustling with all of gladiator and other wars that were set
13:28 in the coliseum. Italy at that had lions roaming in Italy and they
13:35 bring lions and different animals to go sam and they would set up real
13:41 on the ground of the co If you have an opportunity to read
13:46 little bit about rooms history for the of the colosseum, it's really
13:54 The environment was very different and the were the hot stuff. They were
14:00 just slaves, they were the slaves people wanted to be around and even
14:05 royalty wanted to get together with. and gallon was working at the time
14:15 presented him an opportunity to look at of the injuries that the gladiators were
14:21 . But even at that time during Gladiator times surgeries are not allowed.
14:26 you're still not allowed to dissect an . So what Galindo's gallon has again
14:32 tremendous window do these battles and injuries look at different anatomical arrangement of the
14:39 and the brain. But gallon also a lot of the sections on the
14:45 . And so he discovers for the cranial nerve and brain stem that
14:50 responsible for making the big squeal. . And so from this limited view
14:57 into human body and the brain that caused by the injuries in combination with
15:04 dissections of the pig, you have new atomic aled description and anatomy study
15:14 dominates into the renaissance times. And know that there are certain differences between
15:23 and humans. Uh Unquestionably there's some as well. Now, what is
15:35 salary is due? So the sally in this privileged situation during the time
15:39 renaissance, where there is a the rebirth of arts rebirth of
15:45 their celebration coming out of the dark of the of the religious persecutions.
15:54 now there is development in science and are finally allowed. And so the
16:01 is the first one to gain this into actually being able to dissect the
16:07 and noticed that there's quite a few between human brain and gallon swine slash
16:14 human brain that was described and was this field for hundreds of years.
16:20 so when the salus opens the he sees these massive ventricles in the
16:27 of the brain, These empty chambers he realizes these chambers are filled with
16:34 . He also realizes that there is gray matter that appears gray and white
16:40 which appears more white. The brain is actually pretty translucent if you take
16:48 thin slice through it and the white is all of the axons that arm
16:55 or they have a sheet that covers accents. Those are the fibers that
17:00 neurons from one region another region. , poked the brain. And he
17:06 , looks like the cortex or the matter is soft. And he poked
17:11 white matter and he says, it like the white matter is a little
17:14 . And that is the case actually you take the brain and your
17:18 the gray matter tissue softer than the matter. And so he said,
17:23 , great matter must be like a . So it may be absorbs information
17:29 it serves as memory, but at same time, because he's looking at
17:35 brain that has these giant chambers that now know as the ventricles, there's
17:42 ventricular or localization of brain function that dominating his view. He thinks that
17:49 something inside these ventricles. Some flu something that had that gets shuffled around
17:56 brain and potentially into the body. is really the seat of the most
18:01 thing that is happening in the brain this ventricular localization of the brain
18:08 So the tissues are but important. the ventricle is more important. Renee
18:15 cart which is responsible for the western of mind and body distinction. And
18:24 the way this mind and body distinction dates back to the ancient Greeks at
18:28 same time. So uh Aristotle and Hippocrates. The mind, Body distinction
18:38 not unique to the Western culture, not unique to greek culture. It
18:45 concurrently being studied, philosophizes about, about an african, Mesopotamia, Middle
18:56 . However, rene to card comes with one of the most famous phrases
19:01 Elgar assume which is I think therefore am. It's a lot, he's
19:08 french mathematician. So he's interested in things. He's also a philosopher and
19:17 . And he not only was the one to contemplate what is this relationship
19:23 mind and body. And in his this relationship was pretty interesting. He
19:28 that there is a there is a out there, there's some information,
19:32 something undefinable and there's some energy That company is one that also affects one
19:39 spirit or energy enters through the eyes goes into the pineal gland. So
19:45 you look at the pineal gland in brain is the structure that doesn't have
19:50 and right side. It doesn't have lateral arrangement as we call it the
19:55 in the right panel. But it's one pineal gland in the middle,
19:59 the bottom of the base of the . And so he says this got
20:04 be so important because the structure, just just guesses it is so
20:09 That structure will receive input from the which is not the case. There
20:14 no input from the retina that goes perennial one. So and then somehow
20:19 pineal gland and this entrance of the and whatever you want to call
20:25 the external stimulus enters, connects through pineal gland and now through some fluid
20:37 through some nerves that serve as pipes carry some fluid or some gashes
20:45 That's what he's thinking about from the , from this pioneer into the
20:51 being able to raise the hand and do motor functions and to produce a
20:57 . So that's his view of how process information, how it enters him
21:04 his U. Is also based on mechanical theory. So he thinks that
21:10 body is like a very sophisticated mechanical that you can take apart and then
21:17 of put it back together and that the case and especially in the periphery
21:21 can put bones together back nerves together the cns, that's not really the
21:27 , which you have a stroke, have permanent damage to the brain,
21:30 brain cells do not regenerate. So has this fluid mechanical theory. And
21:37 also initiates reflex theory. So in book, when the car describes a
21:44 reaching island to fire and reflexively withdrawing which means that he's thinking that these
21:51 specialist functions of the communication with the and the ghosts and intellectual properties.
21:58 absurd by the pineal must be somehow from these very reflective things. Like
22:03 put your hands on the fire that don't have time to contemplate about.
22:10 I remove my hand from the It seems like my fingers are really
22:15 . So he is the first one to introduce these concepts of reflexive
22:21 of intellectual behavior and potentially different mechanisms this fluid mechanical model that mediate these
22:31 interactions. Luigi Giovanni In 1780 at university, will belong in Italy,
22:44 the lions were probably no longer They went uh extinct in Italy,
22:51 believe in the 18th century Luigi Giovanni the University of Bologna is using the
22:59 jar, the static electricity generator. he is dissecting little frog legs and
23:06 puts a little charge from the electric electricity generator. And he shocks the
23:14 muscle and the frogs muscle contracts. then he shocks the nerve that goes
23:20 the frogs muscle and the frogs muscle . And he then says that nerves
23:29 generate electricity. So nerves are not pipes or channels conducting some sort of
23:39 from the ventricles into the periphery through magical fluid mechanics. But it is
23:46 generating electrical activity. Nerves are wires our organisms are wired with nerves from
23:58 spinal cord nerves coming out. Athens in connections in the brain. And
24:04 is electrically driven. And we also that is electro chemically driven, but
24:10 don't know that until later years actually there is chemical neural transmission. Chemical
24:16 transmission comes into play only 100 years . What I'm sorry, 100 years
24:24 . Which would be writing 1921. here we are still in the 18th
24:33 . Okay, a little quick over so that you don't forget the
24:37 The lobes frontal, central self is it from the parietal lobe. Cast
24:44 fissure here that separates parietal in front the loaves from the temporal lobe.
24:50 have an exhibit a lobe cerebellum. dock of the brain. Brain stamp
24:54 , medulla oblong gotta spinal cord And pairs of spinal nerves that radiate out
25:03 between each one of the vertebra And at about lumber to Lumber three proper
25:10 spinal cord where it becomes what we horses. Scale according to queen off
25:16 bundle of fibers running into the lower into your feet, including in the
25:26 nerves, all of the sensor all of the sensations from the neck
25:33 , as I described the last time processed by spinal nerves. All of
25:37 information. And so all of the mosquito bites. There's a lot of
25:43 out and uh burns temperature changes, temperature, touch, any any sensation
25:58 in from here. Right? Because here you're not, you don't have
26:02 . You don't have any sense Your skin is the largest organ in
26:07 body and it's the largest sensor So all of the information goes into
26:12 dorsal part of the spinal cord, is the backside, eventually is the
26:19 side. And so these affair ins the skin where muscles fibers and run
26:26 after and fashion into the door so of the spinal cord, these are
26:32 sensory neurons. And then the motor comes from the motor neurons putting their
26:40 out through the ventral side of the cord. All of the motor commands
26:46 from neck down. Everything that you now. Its initiated here, but
26:52 is dictated by your spinal nerves, to move your hand to ride to
26:58 and so on. Appropriate reception. where your body is located, where
27:06 joints, muscles and skin is located respect to the outside world as it
27:13 also part of the world that has . So We have a certain
27:25 Were two legged animals standing up and a two legged animals standing up,
27:33 to be more sophisticated and to try understand more about the brain function.
27:38 a whole field of localization of specific of the brain that gets set off
27:46 the very sophisticated science which is not science that there is somewhat of a
27:53 that gets initiated very much process e by this idiosyncratic viennese position, franz
28:03 gal is different from gallon and the tenants of gas system with the following
28:10 ? The brain is the organ of mind. Everybody is good without the
28:16 is composed of multiple, distinct and faculties. That's different from, you
28:22 , saying that there are ventricles and pumping things or saying that there is
28:26 electricity. It's different because now we're to say, what is the front
28:31 the brain responsible for? What is nucleus in the front of the brain
28:35 in the back of the brain? is the specific functions? And it
28:40 the mind is composed of multiple, in their faculties because their distinct.
28:45 faculty must have a separate seat or in the brain. So they hypothesized
28:53 there is at least 35 important locations or organs in the brain that
28:59 responsible for the brain function Because their each faculty must have a separate seat
29:08 there's 35. The size of the . Other things being equal is the
29:15 of its power. So, an would be, if you have a
29:24 biceps, you can lift a lot ways, you know, the small
29:29 , you're gonna lift a little You've got strong legs, you're gonna
29:32 able to do a lot of weight squats. If you have weak
29:36 we're gonna do a little bit of spots, the size of the
29:41 right? That's the shape of the , the size of an Oregon is
29:46 measure of its power. The bigger brain, the more power you
29:50 Who has the biggest head in the . There must be the most power
29:56 that hat. That means that elephants rule the world. Like in that
30:03 ancient picture, four elements holding up the globe in the world. So
30:10 , they have the biggest brains. if their organ is the biggest and
30:14 function is the best for the biggest , just like lifting weight, elephants
30:18 rule the world. Yes. Yeah. Which ones? Yes,
30:30 , dolphins have larger brains too. they should all be running the
30:36 not me. So it's not completely . The size does not mean that
30:43 are the smartest or that you're most of doing something, maybe it does
30:48 . So for the muscle, you're at the power of the muscle.
30:52 me ask. I'm not for the , But they partially the shape of
30:57 brain is determined by the development of various organs. So they say there
31:02 35 organs inside the brain and some these. Because you're born in one
31:07 , we have certain experiences. You're innately be more generous and number 17
31:14 , which is responsible for generosity in brain is going to be so big
31:20 there's going to be a measurable bump your skull around that area.
31:27 So as the skull takes its shape the brain, the surface of the
31:33 can be read as an accurate index psychological aptitudes and tendencies. Whoa !
31:43 now joseph gal and a whole bunch Fran ologists. It's the science of
31:54 , decide that they're going to take human skull, They're going to draw
32:01 35 different areas and the human okay, they're going to make a
32:09 of tools that measure the circumference of head angle. Did walk into the
32:19 ologists office to get a consultation of you're so depressed or angry or
32:26 giving away all of your wealth or . So it was typically faculties and
32:35 that they were trying to get And the technologists would take out a
32:41 of these tools which sit you down measure your head, Move your hair
32:48 , make sure they get around that around area 17. And as you
32:55 done with a procedure and with all these mathematical angle and measurement calculations,
33:03 the patient. The reason why you're generous is you have area 17 and
33:08 just tremendously large that there's even a on your head problem. I
33:14 No so well in eight changes shaping the scalp. Those are all of
33:22 things that are right the wrong things you can judge the book by its
33:26 . You cannot judge the power of by the shape of the skull or
33:34 ability in AIDS faculties and such like by the shape of the skull.
33:41 , the skulls are soft during early when you have a newborn. It
33:48 to soft spots. One here and here and those soft spots don't close
33:54 about one year of age. And can literally take a finger put it
33:58 the babies soft spot here. And weird because it feels like it's
34:05 like there's no skull there. Then the first year of life it fuses
34:11 . Those are the skull plates that together. The one in the back
34:14 a little longer but they're all fused permanently. That means that during the
34:20 year of life as the brain grows first few years of life as the
34:27 grows the skull bone this soft and shapes around it and it grows around
34:34 . So if you have a massive in cerebrospinal fluid production and you have
34:40 disorder called hydrocephalus, it will actually your head and will increase your
34:47 And they could have done that diagnosing of the abnormalities as it relates to
34:54 shape of the head, especially during development. There would have been much
34:58 to the truth technologists rather than remaining a pseudo scientists, But demanding quite
35:06 lot of attention. And there's an chronological journal of 1848. Know thy
35:14 with all of the faculties here that showing, I don't know what this
35:18 is. It looks pretty interesting. one here, it looks like maybe
35:22 with somebody. Um and you could up at your local bookstore and greeted
35:30 your local library. This is all to just showing you the evolution of
35:38 about things, dissecting things, looking the anatomy, being a philosopher and
35:44 psychologist, trying to understand behavior, to understand the interactions of the
35:50 the distinction between body and mind. going down into the details of what
35:56 brain cars are responsible for. Dr Broca In the 19th century has a
36:09 and the patient has what is called aphasia. The patient has difficulty in
36:19 thoughts through speech and writing. The knows what he or she wants to
36:26 , but cannot find the words that or she needs to say. I
36:33 express its expressive evasions, inability to your thought. Train post martin,
36:41 Broca's patient passes and paul broker dissect brain and finds this whole and in
36:49 frontal lobe that we now refer to Broca's area. So I always make
36:56 joke as they talk about the phones cell phones. So paul Broca calls
37:02 colleagues around europe, oh sorry, there's no phone in 18 sixties.
37:15 he sends them an email. No a second. There's no email of
37:22 60s. Yeah, Imagine Just Just that how different this this is
37:32 what world we live and if you this to Paul broke 200 years
37:36 if you like what you don't walk us, you know? So anyways
37:45 writes a whole bunch of letters to medical doctors and scientists in europe and
37:51 university hospitals and he says look I this patient, it's very peculiar as
37:59 expressive aphasia has injured in this part the brain. So he writes there
38:04 that point there are banks, there brain banks, people are dying from
38:08 diseases and they say can we have brain and start in the bank so
38:12 can later understand their brain banks. a lot of NFL players brain bank
38:19 brains after death because they want to about chronic traumatic encephalopathy which is a
38:26 that occurs after multiple concussions and contact , not just an NFL, so
38:32 have a brain bank. And he to obtain several brains from patients that
38:38 expressive aphasia. And he studies those and won't behold of course they all
38:44 an injury or missing area exactly in same spot in the frontal lobe which
38:51 Broca's area. Since then we also that there's another area which sits at
38:58 border of the parietal temporal lobes And that area is referred to veronica
39:04 s area. Veronica is another medical that discovered a form of receptive aphasia
39:10 involves difficult in understanding spoken or written . The patient can hear voices see
39:17 print but cannot make sense of the expressive, You cannot express yourself,
39:24 , you cannot receive word word patterns language correctly. And this is veronica
39:31 damage to vernick Assyria would resolve in evasion, damage to broke this area
39:39 result in expressive aphasia. Now we're to the fact that different parts of
39:47 brain are responsible for different functions. getting to localization of specific brain functions
39:56 specific organ specific networks in the There's also another form of Aphasia economic
40:05 Masia aphasia, it's the least severe of aphasia have difficulty in using the
40:11 nails for particular objects. People places events. I almost feel like all
40:16 us go through economic amnesia aphasia at points of life and I still really
40:23 with remembering people's names for example. so maybe I'm somewhat economic or amnesia
40:33 , but you definitely don't want to a global aphasia because that's really bad
40:38 or no news for you because it's excessive damage to language areas of the
40:45 , patients lose almost all language function both comprehension and expression. They cannot
40:51 understand speech nor can they read or . That's why I said it's no
40:57 . You cannot understand speech, you write global aphasia is really, really
41:02 . And somebody had a question to yesterday about COVID-19 and bouts of global
41:08 which was really interesting and I think was a case that was described about
41:14 . Yeah. Localization of specific functions and we enter the world of uh
41:22 gauge, probably the most famous patient character In Neuroscience World in the 1840s
41:32 England is laying railroads and you have cut through a lot of the mountainous
41:41 in New England and Phineas gage serves the master explosive. All the master
41:52 master explosive semester he backs up explosives the rocks to explode them so that
41:59 can lay the railroad And as he's some of the explosives one day and
42:06 is the tool that he's holding. released this picture about 12 years
42:11 This is the tool that he was packing up the explosive. It looks
42:15 a metal spare really and metal spare off. The explosion happened, penetrated
42:22 underneath His bone chic and through the of the brain leaving him blind in
42:30 eye sending him into emergency in the and everybody was certain that he is
42:40 much done but a few months later comes back to us for his job
42:48 he has difficulties, he's very he's swearing a lot, he can
42:53 himself and they don't give him a back wow. This guy had a
43:00 rod that went through his brain taking chunk of it out and this is
43:07 skull actually reconstructed with the injury side and this is his actual picture,
43:14 not dead, He's walking, he's a stick, he's asking for his
43:21 back that tells you that certain parts the brain are responsible for certain
43:27 And we know that frontal part of brain is responsible for executive functions for
43:34 your emotions, but also for some the emotional things, but also related
43:40 of the injury was the hippocampus. was a loss of memory too.
43:47 this is this is really remarkable if think about it, really strong injury
43:52 the brain and the person survives. , the story of finance gauge
44:00 There's books written about finance gauge and actually uh conflicting accounts of what Dennis
44:07 did and what happened to him, of the most wild ones is that
44:13 somehow from New England ended up being Mexico. He may have murdered somebody
44:19 Mexico and then he got on a and sail back to texas, came
44:26 Houston and came to Houston. But Houston was not around uh 1840s.
44:35 Houston was a small village in You guys know that 1906, do
44:42 know how many people lived in Maybe five, maybe 10,000 was a
44:49 village. And that was only 115 ago, That's our city.
44:59 So now we're understanding a lot more different parts of the brain or understanding
45:04 is a specific function localization Also at same time in the 19th century cortical
45:11 studies are now allowed, especially in . And there is a stimulation of
45:16 tissue going on and trying to really very specific regions of the brain that
45:22 responsible either for speaking or writing or and so on and so forth.
45:32 um on the previous slide, is critical that we know for a gnomic
45:40 ? Global aphasia? What part of brain that that affects when that is
45:45 in patients? Because like for the two, you said like Broca's area
45:50 we're Nikki's area, Is it We know the other two as
45:54 It's a good question because it's really is something that you can't really pinpoint
46:01 a specific area and global aphasia, just a very extensive damage. So
46:06 isn't one or two areas of the , it's typically several areas of the
46:10 . But the question you have is good because it also reminds me to
46:14 you that there are several places in brain that are responsible for different aspects
46:20 speech. But we're talking about expressing and receiving this speech. Okay,
46:25 even either part of the brain motor that will be producing the command to
46:32 and then the brain stem and there's be actually moving your tongue and your
46:38 and your lips and so on and the speech. That's a it's a
46:42 a process that has several brain structures brain areas involved. Good question.
46:51 Charles Darwin, what do we have here Charles Darwin. And then uh
46:59 guys here and then we're going into neurons and histology in networks. So
47:10 think that for all of the intensive of this being the second lecture and
47:18 would like to spend about 10 or minutes on this concept of maybe a
47:26 bit of evolution on different brains and we moved into being able to observe
47:33 neurons and glia and petition. And will save it for monday. So
47:39 will end it here today and thank very much for being in class.
47:43 you everybody zooming in and continue what feel is right for you. Given
47:49 unprecedented situation, we had even more given from proboscis faculty to assess our
47:57 personal situations for now. We'll continue first two weeks as we're doing and
48:03 will get doctor on the caSA test there will be fully virtual or we'll
48:08 both components for your exams, so a great rest of the week.
48:13 a hum day and I will see again on monday or some of you
48:20 Tuesday if I end up hosting this . Yeah,
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