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BIOL 2301 Human Anatomy & Physiology I - 2301_lecture07_0615
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00:08 So I don't know about you, it feels like Wednesdays are really
00:12 Everyone's dead silent in here. It's you guys have run out of energy
00:15 the week already. I'm there. took every ounce of energy to get
00:21 of bed today. So today is to be kind of a marathon and
00:26 because any of the information is particularly . It's just a lot of
00:30 What we're gonna do is we're gonna at what bone is. That's the
00:33 half and then we're gonna look and all the bones in the body.
00:38 I think there's 212 bones. So will know all 212 bones by the
00:42 of class. And I like to that out there just because it sounds
00:47 . 212 bones, you know? the truth is remember your you are
00:52 mirror image. So there's basically pairs bones. So if you're looking at
00:56 side, you're looking we count like of everything. When you get down
01:00 your fingers and stuff, It's like , 2, 3, 45.
01:04 it's not as hard as it And our starting point is where we
01:08 off yesterday. Um and really what want to point out here is that
01:13 have uh specific markings and landmarks on or as part of them that anonymous
01:22 to help first identify what you're looking , but also to identify function.
01:28 . And so for example, there one of the, one of the
01:31 that you might see are things called and there's different names and I don't
01:35 you to sit here and memorize all names uh in the sense that I'm
01:38 to test you on them, I'm going to give you a question.
01:41 what's a thought, So or what's phobia or what? Say you're gonna
01:45 a mi a dis or something like . Instead use them as you're going
01:50 . And when we're learning through the and the parts of the bones is
01:53 , oh on this bone here is example of a depression and this depression
02:00 called, you know whatever. So the idea. Again, you're gonna
02:05 across in a thomas who think that is the most important thing on the
02:09 . It's like I got to know these little pieces parts, but that's
02:13 the important part that's missing the forest the trees. So for example,
02:18 might see grooves in a group as place where you'll have like a blood
02:22 or nerve traveling along the bone. might see things like a facet.
02:27 is a name that you are gonna to kind of pick up on,
02:30 is where two bones are gonna But you have like things like a
02:34 for example is another one alright. there's gonna be a cleft. So
02:39 that fossa see that little, that that's where another bone comes into contact
02:45 another bone, but it's not part the actual articulation. And if you
02:50 know the word articulation, articulation is fancy word for joint. Okay.
02:54 so where two bones come together as articulation or a joint. And so
02:59 Foster is basically where uh those two touch each other but they're not actually
03:04 of the joint structure. So these just examples of depressions. Um It
03:09 also help if I remember to do every time I'm clicking between one app
03:15 the other. That's why it doesn't that. Um Other types of markings
03:19 you might see our openings. You'll this word, especially with regard to
03:24 ear of the metis. It's not matus but you might also see
03:30 And so these are basically holes in bone that allow for a blood vessel
03:35 nerve to pass through the bone moving one side to the other. An
03:39 of one where that isn't occurring is for a moment. Freeman's can be
03:43 for for what I just described. we're gonna see a little bit
03:47 We're gonna see the frame and magnus the frame and magnus means the big
03:53 , right? And that's where the cord travels down from the brain down
03:59 the vertebral column. So far, is singular for mina which sounds like
04:04 Freeman but it actually means the plural foramen. Um Others are these projections
04:10 there's a whole bunch of different types projections condo is when you're gonna see
04:15 a bit and then the projection above I'll is called the epic con dial
04:20 example. And typically what you're gonna with these projections is that these are
04:25 where muscles or tendons or ligaments attached the bone. Alright, So for
04:31 , here's the ilium that would be the iliac crest. Alright. And
04:36 those are the muscles that attach that from the trunk that attached to that
04:41 are attached along that crest. And can find your iliac crest, that's
04:45 part of your hip that kind of up high. So there's a whole
04:49 of different types. I mean some the names are kind of self explain
04:53 a protuberance that sound like something that out. So for spine process.
05:02 these are words that you're gonna see and over again. And as you
05:06 them just kind of remind yourself, yeah, this means it's sticking
05:09 it's where muscle attaches or this is hole through which something goes through.
05:15 the reason why we look at Now, what we're gonna do is
05:19 gonna kind of walk through bone We're not gonna actually look yet at
05:24 bones. And so our starting point is that connective tissue that we call
05:29 . Alright. There's two different types marrow in the body. There's red
05:32 yellow marrow. Red marrow is what call hematopoietic. You might even see
05:37 term hem a poetic alright, hematopoietic a tissue or material that gives rise
05:45 blood cells. All right. And can kind of guess while it's
05:49 Why? Because I'm giving rise primarily red blood cells. All right.
05:54 , these are a retro sites. doesn't mean that there aren't Lucas sites
05:59 are the white blood cells being made . It's just that by volume there
06:04 significantly more red blood cells being made any given time relative to white blood
06:08 . Alright, now, typically you're see this in adults. So,
06:13 with you guys, it will be the in your spongy bone where you
06:16 a long bone. So, remember we looked at the epiphany sees,
06:19 going to be in those ends right there or it's gonna be in these
06:23 bones that are kind of hard to places. So that would be in
06:27 diplomacy. That special name that we spongy bone in Children, you're going
06:31 find them in the medulla the medullary . That's in that shaft of that
06:36 bone. That diagnosis. Alright. so to get red bone marrow,
06:41 you're donating red bone marrow, they're have to dig in some pretty horrible
06:45 to get to it, but to red bone marrow from a kid.
06:49 got all these long bones, You go right to that long cavity to
06:53 able to get it. Now, you go from being a child to
06:56 adult, what happens is the red marrow gets replaced. You don't need
07:00 produce quite as much all the Red blood cells all the time.
07:04 so what ends up happening is that ePA sites begin to Anacapa sites as
07:09 fancy word for saying fat cells, work their way into these structures and
07:14 accumulate in in these cavities. But doesn't mean that you don't lose the
07:21 to increase your red blood cell production you're just your home atop oasis in
07:27 . So you can see here here's little bit of yellow marrow and if
07:31 person needed more red blood cells, , you'd amplify the number of stem
07:35 that are producing red blood cells and yellow marrow would decrease. So there's
07:40 of this ability to kind of shift that red and that yellow marrow.
07:47 , there are four cell types that should become aware of when you're dealing
07:50 bone. All right. And this the list that you have the osteogenesis
07:54 or it's called the Osteo progenitor might the other term. You have the
07:59 . The Osteo site and then you the weird ones that sticks out over
08:02 the side. It's called the You can see they all begin with
08:05 . So when you see Osteo just bones Alright and three of these cells
08:10 related to each other. One is outlier. This is just like Sesame
08:14 . Did you guys watch Sesame Yeah. One of these things is
08:18 like the others. One of these is kind of the same. Do
08:22 remember that? Yeah. Two people nodding their heads. The rest of
08:26 guys were what when just waiting for to come on, he was like
08:30 worst part of Sesame Street. All , so this is how you learn
08:36 to actually, that's one of the important things you can learn from Sesame
08:39 is one of these things, not the others because it teaches you don't
08:42 everything, memorize the thing that's weird different and that means all the other
08:46 are related to each other in some or form, right? It's like
08:51 that's easier. You mean I can of four things, I memorized one
08:54 of memorizing for that makes things Alright, so here these are the
09:00 that are together, that means the outlier is like okay, we gotta
09:03 out what that one outlier is So the Osteo progenitor cell or the
09:07 cell is the main topic, stem of the, of the bone
09:11 Alright, so when you first begin , you start off with one cell
09:15 you develop into all these different types cell types, you know, at
09:20 times during development, the Osteo progenitor stick around and they give rise to
09:26 Osteoblasts. Alright, so typically where gonna find these is you're going to
09:31 them in the peri Osti. Um this is trying to show you development
09:34 time, that's what the pictures, do. So you can imagine this
09:38 be the point where we're actually have bone. And so you can see
09:42 here this would be like the formation the periodic here. You can see
09:46 perry Osti um right there and now have these cells that are that are
09:51 around and these are the osteo progenitor . And what they do is they
09:56 and they form what are called We always said whenever you see blast
10:00 the end of the name of a , that means this is an immature
10:03 , it's doing something and the doing is creating the matrix of that connective
10:10 . And so what you can imagine this cell divides and so you end
10:14 with a cell that's kind of a cell. And what it does starts
10:19 the Osteo Oid that's the matrix of bone. And so it kind of
10:23 in all different directions. And so would be an example before it turns
10:27 an osteopath side and it's it's producing matrix and it gets itself trapped in
10:31 matrix. And then once it can't any more matrix because if it did
10:35 would squish itself and say, okay can't make matrix any longer I'm
10:39 And then it differentiates again and becomes Osteo site. So the OsteO site
10:45 a living cell stuck within a bone . And the job of the OsteO
10:49 is to maintain the matrix to make that the matrix is functional around
10:56 Alright. So you can see it all these little pathways in the
11:01 And what you can imagine these little extend to other osteo sites within the
11:07 . So it basically be like you holding hands being spread apart as you
11:12 are. And what that allows is OsteO sites to actually communicate with each
11:16 . So they're talking to each They're sharing materials and nutrients through these
11:22 these little tiny channels and it allows to address the nature of the matrix
11:28 its structure based upon your need. right, so what does that
11:34 Well let's kind of look at the and we're gonna come back to what
11:38 means. Alright, so osteo progenitor are kind of the stem cell.
11:43 divide and give rise to osteoblasts. make matrix that they build around
11:49 That matrix hardens and then the osteoblasts stuck. That's where you get the
11:54 site. Now the thing is when think about bone, we think about
11:58 tissue, right? I mean we of look as hard, it doesn't
12:02 like it does anything other than stick . It makes me it's something on
12:05 my body is built. But it's living tissue. It's very much alive
12:09 it's very functional in the sense that detects the degrees of stretch or stress
12:16 your body puts on it. And really and your body rebuilds bone
12:22 How do I rebuild bone? first I have to figure out what
12:25 want to break down. And that's the osteoclasts is for. The osteo
12:30 is derived from a different type of type. And what it does is
12:36 looks for bone that is unnecessary. other words, it's not doing the
12:41 that you needed to be doing. it breaks it down and it releases
12:44 minerals and it destroys the matrix that built by the osteoblasts. All
12:50 And so what you do is you up these chemicals and then the osteoblasts
12:54 use those chemicals to then go back rebuild bone where it's needed. I
12:58 the picture I show here, this not the best picture. Alright,
13:02 it's presuming, kind of like, , look, I've I've got this
13:08 . So, here, you can this is the osteoclasts. It's broken
13:11 some bone. So, what you presume here is that the stresses in
13:14 bone aren't doing the job that it to be doing. And it's
13:17 okay, so I don't need this of the bone right here. And
13:20 I'm gonna break it down. But as you continue to move and
13:24 the stresses are detected by the cells are embedded in here and they
13:28 wait, no, no, no, no, we need bone
13:31 . And so osteoblasts move into into that little area. Now,
13:36 love this little cartoon because the osteoblasts like the ghost from pac man,
13:42 that's inky blinky and Clyde. Only couple of you guys know what I'm
13:47 about. Great, All right. so you can see what do they
13:49 , they go through and they form rebuild the bone. Now. The
13:53 is that they're not going to sit the surface and do that. They
13:56 get in that thing and they start and someone will get stuck in that
14:00 and become the osteo sides. They make it and then kind of wander
14:04 , right? But what you've done is you've you've built bone back so
14:09 it's that it's now structured. So bone is constantly going through this process
14:14 reabsorption and formation going back and depending upon the needs of the stresses
14:20 you put on the bone. You recycle this I thought was an incredibly
14:26 number. You recycle 5% of your every week. All right now,
14:33 means you break down the bone and the bone in the exact same.
14:36 , it's just as you move, more you move and the more you
14:40 , the more you do stuff is more you put stresses on those bones
14:45 the bones, there's it's a It's called Wolf's Law notice, I
14:49 have it listed up here, so not gonna ask you what's the name
14:51 the law. Wolf Law says your will build themselves in such a way
14:56 resist the stresses put upon them. right. So for example, I
15:01 I told you guys, my my son, I have four kids,
15:05 my youngest son broke his ulna and both bones alright. And it was
15:11 a big you and when they put back together, his arm kind of
15:15 off to the side at about a degree angle of what it shouldn't have
15:18 , right. So instead of being and down like that, it was
15:20 of like tilted at at this but you go look at his arm
15:25 and you don't see that. And because the use of his arms and
15:31 he was doing with his arms slowly the bone to be remodeled and built
15:36 that it goes back into a position as close to the original position that
15:41 should. This is why it becomes to reset a bone when you break
15:45 bone right, because basically your bones how to repair themselves and then through
15:50 normal actions of these osteoclasts and They'll rebuild themselves to be able to
15:58 and do this to resist the stresses you apply to them. So if
16:03 become a couch potato what do you is gonna happen to your bone?
16:06 you going to get more resumption or gonna get more formation reception right?
16:11 sitting around your, but you're saying don't do anything except for potato
16:15 So we don't need that don't we ahead and mobilize that calcium for other
16:20 right? But if you go and , I'm not I mean I'm gonna
16:24 for example lifting weights but it could walking around the track right? It
16:28 be climbing up rocks, your body oh I can see the stress as
16:32 do. I'm experiencing those those osteo are going oh this bone is being
16:37 too much. We need to build matrix. So it tells for you
16:41 build more bone and stronger bones. when we break down bone and we
16:48 bone, what we're doing is we're releasing a chemical or absorbing up a
16:54 called calcium into the body. So you break down bone you release
16:59 calcium is used for a lot of things. You'll get to learn more
17:02 that in A. And P. . But the other way this is
17:05 of a way we can store up . So you can kind of think
17:07 bone as a way to store It's a bone. It's a calcium
17:12 for the body and calcium is a valuable mineral in the body.
17:18 bone itself is um Like I it's a matrix is made up primarily
17:22 collagen and what you just take the and you wrap them together and you
17:26 these triple Hillis is. And then happens is what's unique about bone is
17:31 we're gonna put a crystal and inorganic , it's just a mineral salt,
17:35 calcium, phosphate. And what you is you embed that into that
17:39 And so what is normally this uh of bendy uh fiber, like what
17:46 see in cartilage now becomes a stiff because that crystal hardens it up.
17:52 the organic portion is called osteo And primarily collagen resists stretching and it resists
18:00 , add in the salt and that's gives it rigidity and inflexibility. That's
18:06 bone is. It's real simple. it's arranged in these sheets and then
18:12 sheets are arranged in a unique way the structure of bones. Alright,
18:19 this is kind of the whole You can see this is the out
18:21 the bone, there's that medullary cavity . And so what you're looking at
18:24 you're looking at compact bone is you're at this kind of unique arrangement.
18:29 we call this unique arrangement an So asteroid is the stuff that makes
18:34 the Austrian. Austin is the arrangement the asteroid. All right now,
18:42 I said, here's the outside of bone. There's the inside of the
18:46 . Here's the piri Osti. Um it's these bull's eye looking things that
18:52 the austrians. All right. And they're basically a series of concentric
18:57 If you were to look at it the top, you'd see kind of
18:59 open cavity. So there's the open and then you see a series of
19:04 that are called Lomeli. Alright. a Have you ever heard of a
19:09 ? Well, if you pull out driver's license, that plastic that you
19:13 on the that's called lamination, It's basically two sheets of plastic that
19:18 heat it up and put your little of paper in between. So your
19:20 car doesn't get destroyed. Alright, Lomeli laminated when you hear those
19:27 just think sheets, Right? That's you have is you have a series
19:30 Lomeli. They just happen to be rings. So, it's a series
19:35 these. Now, if you look this, you can see in this
19:38 cartoon, what they've done is they've one out. They basically said,
19:42 your bonus, your compact bone and a whole bunch of austrians and then
19:46 just gonna pull one out and you see the series of concentric rings.
19:50 there's a central canal with blood vessels it. Here's ring. Number
19:53 Ring. Number two. Ring, three and so on. And you
19:56 see here there's lots of rings. not just three. There's lots of
19:59 . All right. And these are or torsion resistant columns. Did you
20:11 ever see the movie of the blind ? Yeah. You remember they opened
20:16 up and say, yeah, it's it's a, it's a movie about
20:19 or you know, being the left that protects the blind side of the
20:23 and that's where it got its And there's a reason at the very
20:26 , at the very beginning, the , you have Sandra Bullock telling the
20:30 of joe Theismann, you know, was the quarterback from the Washington Redskins
20:36 he was he was playing in a against the new york giants and in
20:40 game was one of the greatest linebackers all time. Lawrence Taylor who was
20:46 absolute monster of a linebacker. Now of you guys didn't know I could
20:50 less about football, but you understand this is important. So, LT
20:54 around the back side and he's on blind side of a Heisman, which
20:58 really pronounced these men. But because he was in college they wanted him
21:01 win the Heisman. The the people his name to Heisman. Yeah.
21:08 , so he's sitting there going lT around the back side, grabs him
21:11 the ankle and does what every good does basically twists them around so that
21:15 guy falls down, but his foot planted and he kind of was holding
21:19 foot down while he twisted and his literally was twisted to break and he
21:27 the snap and if you watch the which is at the beginning of that
21:30 watched that game live, it was the freakiest thing ever. He got
21:35 and not like yeah I got He was like looking at the side
21:38 I've done something horrible here. And he did was he did with the
21:42 is not supposed to do, he the bone. This stuff does not
21:46 to twist and it's because of this arrangement that I was trying to point
21:49 here, you can see they're pointing the fibers on one Lomeli are going
21:55 way and then the fibers on the Lomeli are going the other way they're
21:58 of criss crossing and you have this pattern and so that resists torsion and
22:03 get a whole bunch of these columns and they don't want to twist at
22:06 . They're basically nice and stiff and and they resist all sorts of stuff
22:11 for Lawrence taylor. So torsion very difficult to twist them.
22:21 what we've done again, here's that , we've separated out the little things
22:25 you can see the columns but here is from you know the cartoon
22:30 this is a micro graph, this an electron micrografx. And what you
22:34 to see here first is that the are stuck between the melody alright so
22:41 they're the ones laying down as They're laying down matrix and then they
22:47 stuck in the matrix and they still within that matrix. So there there
22:54 what you'd see. So they're very alive there in this little tiny
22:59 Alright. And they have extensions extending to the ones Nero. And so
23:03 communicating along this way. Now in center of an austin is the central
23:09 , central canals where you're gonna see vessels and nerves. Have you ever
23:12 that it hurts when someone kicks you the shin? Yeah. Okay.
23:17 reason it hurts is because it's living that has nerves. Alright, so
23:22 can only exist if you actually have that and receptors that can actually detect
23:27 . So this is a living Alright, if you have living
23:31 those living cells have to have blood actually travels through that tissue. Now
23:39 have these blood vessels that are found the central canals and they have capillaries
23:45 stuff that that penetrate deep into And so what ends up happening is
23:48 can leach out the nutrients and then they do is they follow these small
23:54 which are called curricula and within the that's where you're going to have these
23:59 processes from the Osteo sites. So Osteo sites are receiving their nutrients from
24:04 blood from the uh the extra cellular that has been leached out from the
24:13 , the name that we call these are going to be called Concentric
24:17 And it's important because we're going to that there's some other types of Lomeli
24:20 are further on the osteo sites live what are called lacuna, which is
24:26 fancy latin word for saying a little lagoon. Alright, so you can
24:32 I have an osteo site kind of in a fluid bath, these little
24:36 going out through these clinically. I'm in my fluid bath in my
24:40 . I'm stuck between a series of Lomeli and all my nutrients are arriving
24:46 blood vessels that are found in the canal. See how we did all
24:51 . And that's all within the Now, you can't get a blood
25:00 into a central canal unless there's some of blood vessel that travels to
25:04 And so between different blood vessel or different central canals, you're gonna have
25:09 canals or Volkmann canals. Perforating is fine. All right. And then
25:16 bone itself. So, if Austin's perfectly round, you can imagine if
25:21 get a bunch of perfectly round I'm gonna have space stuck in between
25:24 and then of course the outside would all bumpy and weird. And so
25:27 don't want that. And so what gonna have is you're gonna have
25:31 So in the austin it is concentric on the outside of the bone.
25:36 on the inside of the bone we what are called circumferential. They go
25:40 their circumference alright. If they're on outside right? And so remember
25:46 we'd have those osteo progenitor cells that dividing and giving rise to osteoblasts.
25:50 the ones that are laying down that Lomeli and building it outward. So
25:57 would be the external circumferential. And on the inside we have the same
26:02 , we have progenitor cells, we osteoblasts and they're creating this internal
26:10 O'malley and then in between the little between each of the round austrians were
26:16 have other structures that are gonna build oid in those areas. And so
26:22 have a special name for those, call those interstitial in between Lomeli.
26:27 you can build them yourselves or the thing is when you break down an
26:31 you might leave material behind. And that's and as you build a new
26:35 , you're basically already have your interstitial already there. So it can be
26:40 remnant or what you can do is can create it itself alright. But
26:47 you now have is a completely solid structure for your compact bone. Osteoporosis
26:54 by Lomeli that basically encase them still tissue still have osteo sites still have
27:05 on the outside that are producing these so far so good with the compact
27:12 . Okay spongy bones easier. spongy bone looks like sponge. So
27:18 organized a little bit differently. We these these structures that are part of
27:23 latticework that are called tropically and they directed along lines of stress. So
27:29 picture that we saw way back these would be ridiculously right. This
27:34 be spongy bone. And what you're is you can imagine is as you
27:40 the bone, it kind of feels . I'm getting stressed in this
27:44 So we need to build a structure moves along that that vector and that's
27:49 you end up with one of those you see structurally they're kind of concentric
27:53 we don't call them concentric. We them parallel. Um Ellie. And
27:59 again there's no central canal. It's a series of osteo sites that have
28:03 stuck within the matrix that they So here on the outside, that's
28:09 you're gonna see osteoblasts. You'll see and break those suckers down if they
28:14 it. What's gonna happen? They're build out this direction. You'll trap
28:17 osteoblasts when they get trapped. They osteo sites. Again you'll still have
28:25 you can see the little dots. an artistic choice is just trying to
28:29 the opening of the curricular go out the extra cellular fluid found within the
28:33 cavity or found within that uh spongy that dip louis that we saw.
28:41 right. So it doesn't look quite same but structurally it does the same
28:48 or functionally. it does the same so far so good. Is it
28:56 ? You can nod your head it's . Sometimes things are boring sometimes you
29:01 find stuff that's like I need to more. Right? So how do
29:09 get bone? Oh man. Yes . Mhm. Unfixable. I that
29:46 don't know the answer to. So asking a bioengineering question and I'm not
29:52 bioengineer right? I mean it's a a good question but you're asking something
29:57 you know the only surgery I've ever . All right you ready ready for
30:01 ice? Right? And I'm not vet. I mean it was basically
30:06 a mouse if I kill it um okay I can go get another
30:09 So um that's true. That's kind how it works in my field,
30:16 ? I mean it's not a dog a mouse, right? So I
30:21 you're asking a question that's a little more you know that's outside of my
30:24 that I just don't know the answer . So if you're talking about if
30:28 you know, so the first thing argue is that bone is all bone
30:31 repairable. Just not at the pace you wanted to write. So if
30:34 dig a hole through your skull it's going to repair itself naturally going oh
30:38 just refill that up. Like No I mean you're gonna have to
30:42 that that that piece of bone that took out and kind of replace it
30:47 then what will happen is it will itself based on the osteoblasts that are
30:52 already prevalent in the system. But you chuck that piece away, could
30:57 put a piece of false bone? mean like like I said a
31:01 Sure. I mean they do that the time. I mean it used
31:04 be you put a plate. I don't know if you've seen that
31:08 they like if you watch old enough , like I got a metal plate
31:11 my head, that's what they used do, you know? But in
31:16 of blood vessels and stuff like that's blood that would be traveling
31:19 You're not gonna have to go through , you're gonna just go around
31:22 I don't know if I've answered your at all. Yeah. Okay.
31:29 and now you know that I've done on mice. They didn't like
31:38 So where do we get bone How does it, how do
31:40 how do we produce bone? It's a process called ossification or osteogenesis.
31:46 again, this is what we call freshman level class. Even those 2
31:49 level classes, the freshman level if you ever get really excited about
31:53 stuff, you can take the comparative class and we get to deal with
31:56 of the evolution of of these structures one of the things that we talk
32:01 for a ridiculously long time is how is formed. Because it's really,
32:07 fascinating its origins. Alright. But we're gonna do, we're just gonna
32:12 of take the kindergarten version of this I when I say that just means
32:16 simplified version. All right. osteogenesis begins very early on in development
32:21 the embryo. All right. And we're gonna do is we're gonna use
32:24 of two different types of processes. have this process called inter or intra
32:30 nous. Alright. And into remember means we have this uh this membrane
32:35 in our bodies that's called Mezzanine kind within the Mezzanine kind, what's gonna
32:40 is these cells are gonna organize themselves you're gonna start creating bone through this
32:47 structure. Alright, So it builds within this mesen kind. The other
32:54 is we're going to first build we're gonna create a cartilage skeleton.
32:58 then what we're gonna do is we're replace the cartilage skeleton with a bone
33:02 . In other words, the cartilage there is going to be replaced very
33:05 through this ossification process and that would in control. Right? So intra
33:10 nous yield your flat bones. And I said, if you take the
33:14 level class of comparative anatomy, you're to see how your bones are actually
33:18 upon layer. There's actually these primitive that are then covered with more um
33:24 layers. And so like that's primarily your skull and stuff. It's really
33:28 of interesting to see how that Alright. So typically when you're dealing
33:33 in a condo, you're dealing with long bones as well as some others
33:37 are not flat bones. So the shaped ones go use this. All
33:44 . The other thing I'd add is bone formation, it doesn't stop here
33:49 puberty or adolescence for the most part does. But there are bones that
33:54 are being made even into your Right? And I'll kind of point
34:01 out as we go along The void is an example of one.
34:04 Ma'am. It is the same terms interchangeable. So osteo is bone genesis
34:18 so and then ossification is basically the of making bone with with a network
34:25 material here. So, we're going look first here at the intra member
34:29 . All right, so this would uh an example. So here this
34:34 that mezzanine kind that I mentioned. just imagine it's like the source of
34:39 all connective tissue comes from. And you have this this material that's already
34:44 of just sitting there and cells are differentiate in there and become these osteo
34:50 cells and what those osteo progenitor cells to divide and produce the osteoblasts.
34:55 so what you end up with is series of osteoblasts and they start producing
35:00 , there's your Osti. Alright. that's step one. and as that
35:05 is made the blast kind of are away from each other. But because
35:09 in this with other other osteoblasts, might have osteoblasts on all side of
35:15 and so you're starting to push them and you're making this matrix at the
35:20 time and all of a sudden now stuck in your matrix and that's what
35:24 have there, you are stuck in matrix and so it becomes ossified.
35:28 that means the calcium phosphate comes in it becomes hardened. And then those
35:34 differentiate from osteoblasts to Osteo site and their job now is responsible for maintaining
35:40 matrix. Now over time, what's end up happening is you're gonna start
35:45 this stuff that's called woven bone, can see the blood vessels start working
35:48 way in and so that's allowing these to start um receiving nutrients and stuff
35:54 they're stuck in their Osteo oid, start seeing a little bit of organization
35:59 it as you begin pushing outward that begins to get pressed and pushed.
36:05 so what you end up now is get a group of cells are aligned
36:09 the outside of the woven bone and this is where you're gonna see those
36:13 progenitors, osteoblasts and osteoclasts so they start making compact bone and then that
36:19 kind of starting to get pushed and , becomes that perry Osti um cells
36:24 get stuck in that woven bone are in that end Osti. Um And
36:28 they're able to organize and modify those and become spongy bone. So you
36:38 how it started not any sort of , it doesn't have any real organization
36:45 over time because of just the pressures it, it becomes organized. And
36:49 when you're now dealing with pressures on , you're now building those typically along
36:53 stress lines. But it starts in membrane. You don't see a bone
36:59 there, do you in that But the bone shape forms by virtue
37:05 where you start. So these are the flat bones that work this
37:11 When we deal with indo con what we're gonna do is we're gonna
37:16 off with a cartilage bone. So right here is a 10 week old
37:21 . And what they've done is use stain to show where the cartilage is
37:28 . So you can see where this of bone already exists. Alright,
37:34 start off with the fetal cartilage and happens is is that away from the
37:40 of of of fuel in other away from blood, you start seeing
37:45 ossification. In other words, calcium brought in and it begins starving those
37:52 those condo blasts and those Condra sites so they begin dying off and then
37:58 happens is you start getting blood vessels in so you get the formation this
38:03 cause of the formation of a bone . The cells on the inside begin
38:08 die. Blood vessels penetrate in and in osteoblasts. And the osteoblasts begin
38:14 start uh creating a network of bone instead of cartilage material. It uses
38:21 cartilage in that place as a structure which to build. But it's not
38:28 you know, doing the same thing we saw over here was just kind
38:31 like I'm just pushing stuff around. here we see the primary ossification center
38:37 going to be in the diagnosis and blood vessels begin penetrating into the
38:42 So you start seeing secondary ossification And so now what you have is
38:47 have a bone here, along the . You get bone formation and the
38:52 Asus and all your cartilage is left this region between those two. What
38:56 we call that region? Dia All right. Now notice where we
39:03 . I mean we're now walking around . Well not quite toddling yet.
39:08 guess that's that's too much. So almost toddling. Alright, so by
39:13 time you're born you're still made up cartilage. Now I have four
39:18 And the truth is is you you've got to let kids roam and
39:22 stupid stuff. Right? How many you guys have always ridden bikes with
39:29 ? No, none of you guys guys, you guys disobeyed your parents
39:33 I've seen your parents and your parents like put put bubble wrap around
39:39 right? I had one of my because I don't care about that
39:42 I mean I know what kids are of, they're made of cartilage,
39:45 bounce when they when they hit the , one of my kids fell out
39:49 a tree and he comes to I hurt my wrists, look at
39:54 . Did that hurt? No, okay. Alright, go play a
39:57 of days later, it's not going in terms of swelling. Maybe we
39:59 take him in and see what's going . I had a little bone,
40:02 little broken bone at the end of of the condos like okay, well
40:06 he did break something. Yeah, I mean I watched the kid bounce
40:11 like eight. Are you really No. Alright. Go play.
40:24 . Mostly kids cry not because they're , it's because they look at the
40:29 of of their mothers oh my Oh that was something bad, I
40:34 I need attention and so they started their cartilage for the most part in
40:42 . Excuse me, cartilage is bendy ? Maybe see look how protected this
40:52 child is, the world's a dangerous . Anyway, so here you can
41:00 now is the epithelial plate for the part you now only have bone in
41:06 diagnosis and the pith Asus the exception that epithelial plate. And so while
41:12 growing, what you're gonna do is gonna move to where that cartilage is
41:16 cartilage is basically able to multiply and and it pushes the epiphany is away
41:22 the diagnosis. So, as you , your bones are going to elongate
41:26 that direction. Alright. We're gonna what that looks like. Eventually the
41:32 catches up and it replaces the cartilage bone. And that's where you get
41:37 epithelial plate. Alright, When does happen? Well, depends in
41:42 it typically happens a little bit earlier response to the hormones that you get
41:46 puberty. So that causes the closure the official plate. If we were
41:50 take all the women in this room measure them and take the average
41:54 we'd find that the average height of women in this room is less than
41:57 average height of the men in this . All right. And the reason
42:00 that is when you enter into puberty . Right? Remember that all the
42:06 were still icky and gross and Right? And then eventually they kind
42:12 catch up and it's like, they're kind of interesting now,
42:15 And that's about two or 3 years . Alright. So, men enter
42:19 later than women do. So, the epithelial plate is more susceptible to
42:26 than it is to testosterone owns. so what ends up happening is is
42:30 you guys stop your growth spurt earlier men keep going and that's why we
42:35 up being taller for the most I mean, that's on average,
42:39 right. But when does it actually completely? Depends Be as early as
42:45 Can be as late as 25. diagnosis. Oh, I'm sorry the
42:55 . So the metamorphosis um is really region between the diagnosis and the epithet
43:03 . Yes. So this would be the metamorphosis right here. Again,
43:07 artist kind of put a little bit there, but you know, So
43:11 think of where you see that epithelial , that's where the metamorphosis, that's
43:15 junction between the two. Alright, , just to be labor this point
43:21 here, I used to work for basketball program a long time ago and
43:26 I was in an elevator with four the basketball players and you can tell
43:30 a real tall person. I was a guy who is six ft 11
43:35 ft two and someone who was six four or something like that. And
43:38 still felt like a dwarf next to guy who was six ft four,
43:42 know? And these were freshmen, were still growing, you know,
43:46 was really kind of interesting because the was seven ft two, I think
43:49 up at like 75 or something. crazy. So it can keep
43:56 So there's two different types of growth we're dealing with the long bone,
44:01 mean all bones grow these ways, ? But really when you think about
44:06 in length. So with the bone , that's that interstitial bone growth and
44:10 called interstitial because we're inside the This is what we're growing in
44:13 And what we're gonna see is that laying new cartilage on the epiphany epithelial
44:20 . All right. So, you're you can imagine your or your condo
44:24 on this side and it's laying bone going I'm making or I'm making more
44:27 and it's growing this way. So you're pushing that direction so that this
44:33 up. That kind of makes right? It's basically if I put
44:37 here that pushes me back this So, if the epic Asus is
44:40 me, I'm pushing the epic Asus from the diagnosis. And so that's
44:45 this gets further and further and further . But on the other side,
44:51 have bone growing bone is replacing cartilage is trying to catch up with the
44:57 cartilage. So even you know that growing that way, you're actually replacing
45:02 cartilage that you left behind and you see right here that little brown line
45:07 supposed to represent new bone that is the cartilage that was there All
45:14 The rate at which the cartilage grows slower than the rate at which the
45:19 grows. And so eventually the bone up with the growing cartilage and it
45:23 it. And that's when you stop that's where you get the the formation
45:26 that epithelial plate, this is kind being able to see this at the
45:33 level. So up here this is you have like the osteoblasts and what
45:39 do is they start producing and so refer to that as kind of the
45:44 zones. That's right, That's probably right up against the epic epic Asus
45:48 is where the growing portion is. so it's basically creating more and more
45:52 which pushes that up and pushes that or push it away from this
45:57 And then what happens is as you further and further away, then this
46:02 falling apart and then eventually it becomes , it's no longer near the
46:09 And so it gets hard and then new bone comes in and replaces that
46:13 cartilage and classifies it. And eventually will catch up to the proliferating zone
46:18 then when it catches up to proliferating , basically kill up all the osteoblasts
46:22 sorry, the condo blasts. When cut off all the condo blast,
46:25 get nothing to grow and then you're . So that's how that works for
46:33 most part notice I'm not gonna sit and ask you all these different things
46:37 want, you just kind of visualize laying bricks, but you're catching up
46:40 the bricks that you're laying and replacing with something else. Now bones don't
46:48 grow up down, you know, the elongated way they have to grow
46:53 too if your bones just stayed the . Think about a little kid,
46:56 about how big that little bone is about like that. Imagine if your
46:59 stayed that that big in diameter. mean you'd be like a little
47:05 long thin bones that were easy to . So bones also grow outward.
47:11 what we had on the outside, have the perry Osti um we had
47:15 and osteoblasts and osteopath janitor cells. osteoblasts are laying new bone and so
47:21 making the bone thicker as we grow . So basically your bones getting thicker
47:25 thicker and thicker and thicker. But don't need all that bones from the
47:30 with the osteoclasts they're they're breaking down so the inside is breaking down bone
47:36 the inside is becoming you know you're breaking down that thickness that you're building
47:42 but the rate of growth on the is faster than the rate of reabsorption
47:48 the inside and so when you finally growing the bone which you end up
47:53 is something that's not thin but something thick but you increase the internal cavity
48:00 to what you had over here. it's a bigger inside but also a
48:05 bone and that's why your bones are than they were when they started.
48:09 so this is called oppositional bone makes my bones fatter thicker. Alright
48:15 that gives you the thick, strong so far you with me?
48:24 let's see where we are. Perfect . Let's take a seven minute break
48:30 we'll come back. You're like thank , seven minute break. Then we
48:34 back and then we're gonna do the bone's connected to the thigh bone
48:37 Okay. Sounds good. Alright. do recommend caffeine. All right,
48:52 now comes the time where we get go through all the parts of all
48:55 different bones in the body. All now this is the one where we
48:59 have to name the different bones. . But the good news is it's
49:03 as hard As you might hear. sounds right like I said there's like
49:08 bones might be 216. Those numbers depending on whether you're a child or
49:12 you're an adult because things fuse there's all sorts of things that go
49:16 here. So the actual number doesn't matter. But what I want to
49:20 out here is our starting point is same way we started off the anatomy
49:24 where we said there are two parts the body, there's the region and
49:28 there's the appendix a region. So the skeleton is the same thing,
49:31 an axial skeleton, that's the the vertebrae and the rib cage.
49:36 . And so this is parts of skeleton that are responsible for protecting or
49:43 or carrying other body parts. So their design is is in that
49:49 . So when you look at them can think, oh yeah, I
49:51 see how they serve as a thing protection or how they cradle stuff.
49:55 you're dealing with the appendix color you're talking about the girdles.
50:00 So the girls include the shoulder, the hips and then it includes the
50:04 that are found in the limbs. ? And so you can see
50:08 So these are bones that are involved locomotion. And again, you can
50:12 of look at the skeleton. I can see this because structurally they're
50:16 very different than the protective ones. what we're gonna do is we're gonna
50:23 at the skull. And again, reason we do that, it it
50:27 from how when we first started um we first started exploring anatomy, the
50:37 in how it's derived is unique relative the other bones of the of the
50:42 . But that sort of exploration just of carried over into this type of
50:48 . So we kind of go, , we start with the head first
50:51 we work our way down. All , It is the most complex.
50:56 we're gonna spend a little bit more than anything else on the other
50:59 But it's not as complex as it's out to be. There are 22
51:02 here. There's eight bones that are of the cranial region. There's 14
51:06 that are part of the facial Most of these are considered flat bones
51:10 they're tied together. Or they're articulating a type of joint called suture.
51:17 right. So suture is like a puzzle, basically the pieces are interlocked
51:23 one another and they don't have much . They have very little degrees of
51:28 , is what we refer it Now. The one exception to this
51:31 is your mandible. And so here's mandible, if you didn't know this
51:35 the mandible. And so that's the that's freely moving. That's one that's
51:38 right now as I talk right? so what we're gonna do, we're
51:41 to start with the cranium and I'm point these out. And what we're
51:45 to see is that I got different so that you can see them.
51:49 again, they're all color coded in little tiny uh starburst colors or
51:53 For easy identification. And for the , that's how this will be
51:58 You might see a picture like this a picture like this or you
52:02 something along those lines, Maybe a like this. Alright, So you
52:07 have to freak out by going, I have can identify these without
52:12 Alright, for our class in the , who knows? Like I
52:15 you might get that little old lady gives you like a black and white
52:18 picture with no lines and say, this? All right? So with
52:23 cranium we have a couple of bones are called paired bones and we say
52:27 bones. That means there's one on side of the body. So that
52:30 us reduce the actual number of bones have to have to memorize. And
52:33 there are bones that we call single . In other words, they're not
52:36 , they actually are not mirrored on side of the body. They basically
52:40 the midline. Alright, so the bones are the really easy ones.
52:45 right, This is called your right? That's what you refer to
52:49 . It's called the temple. Because you first age your hair starts turning
52:55 . So it's an indicator of time . Right? That's that's actually where
53:00 name comes from. The bone that it is the temporal bone. So
53:05 have a temporal bone on either It's paired above the temporal bone.
53:09 up here are two bones. They're the parietal bones. So two parietal
53:14 to temporal so far so good. right. The bone in the
53:20 it's called the one in the the frontal bone. Alright. The
53:24 in the back. It's a single . It's called the occipital bone.
53:29 . And then we have two others they're a little bit harder to
53:32 So this is again this is a sagittal cut. So you can see
53:37 bone and it kind of comes and together the void bone sits there and
53:43 right there in the middle. So makes up a little bit of the
53:47 . This little itsy bitsy teeny tiny is part of the cranium but most
53:51 it extends down into the facial And then this bird looking bone right
53:56 is called the spin oid bone. right. And it has three dimensional
54:01 . So you can see it kind sits up high and then it dips
54:04 and you have this lower region right there. Alright, so those are
54:08 bones and you can kind of see different angles there's the spin away
54:11 it doesn't look like a bird from angle but from that angle it
54:14 here's the eth avoid, there's the , here's the frontal bone, you
54:17 see it comes up and it kind goes down and creates floor. There's
54:21 temporal bone but it's there on the as well. Here's the parietal bone
54:25 here's the parietal bone on the side on the back side there's the
54:28 you can see it comes back on backside. All right now if you
54:32 at this cranium you say there's basically parts to it, we have the
54:36 which is the roof of the cranium then we have the floor and that's
54:41 base of the cranium and you can in the base of the cranium.
54:45 have this big giant gaping hole. already mentioned it to you? It's
54:48 the foramen magnus. It even tells its name. Big hole.
54:53 So this is where the spinal cord out and the floor is what supports
54:59 brain. All right? So the , you can see what's it made
55:04 of frontal and parietal and then the . What's it made up of its
55:10 , temporal and occipital? Not much the parietal is finding its way onto
55:15 base. Now we said, the sits against the floor. It doesn't
55:24 sit on the floor, It's actually up above it. And we'll talk
55:26 that when we get to the nervous but it's cradled or held into place
55:31 protected by the cranium. And so shape of the cranium is there to
55:37 that structure. And so what we are series of depressions that helps support
55:42 brain. So these are what are to as the cranial fossa. And
55:45 are three of them. There's one the front, there's one in the
55:47 , there's one in the middle, can see the anterior, the middle
55:51 the posterior. That's what they're named right. And you can see which
55:55 make up these. So here you the frontal boy in the void that
55:59 up the interior plus a portion of solenoid when you get in the
56:04 what do you have, You have solenoid and you have the temporal bones
56:07 a portion of the, of the and then primarily down here, when
56:12 done, the posterior fossa is primarily parietal, although a little bit of
56:17 temporal makeup that but you can see sitting there and I'm holding and protecting
56:23 brain um um with these structures and little indentations follow the shape of the
56:32 structures. So the fossil, we the joints, the sutures alright,
56:41 lots of them, but I want point out four of the major
56:44 They're not hard to remember their actually tell you a little bit about
56:49 , the one that goes across the . So here you can see it's
56:52 across the top, so it starts the side and goes all the way
56:55 and around is called the corona. when we talked about the three different
56:59 that you can do? The one looks like the crown on the statue
57:02 Liberty is the coronal. And there is the one that does right through
57:08 mid sagittal uh portion of the words divide your body directly in half.
57:13 called the sagittal suture separates out the parietal bones. I should have pointed
57:18 the corona separates the frontal from the , if you kind of twist and
57:23 , you know? And so now looking from the back, you can
57:25 we have the suture that goes up then comes back down again for those
57:29 know your greek alphabet that looks a like a lambda. So they call
57:34 the lambda. Oid. Kind of a lambda. Alright. And then
57:40 and that's separating out the occipital from two parietal. And then what separates
57:44 temporal from the parietal is called the . Now squamous means scale like.
57:52 I don't know why they call it squamous. You know why is it
57:55 more scale like than the others? don't know right? But that's the
58:00 suture. All right. So you kind of just say where do these
58:04 ? What are they separating? And what we're dealing with are the sutures
58:07 separate the bones of the cranial So you just kind of arranged and
58:12 , okay, this one lies So it's frontal versus parietal between the
58:16 varietals between acceptable and varietals between the and the parietal. You look at
58:26 face, There's 14 bones in Now again it's paired, right?
58:33 mean just take the thing and cover half and you can see that they're
58:38 in there. There's only two bones are single. Alright. The first
58:43 that's single is called the bomer. here's the velma right there and it
58:50 the left and the right side of nasal cavity. All right. You
58:55 have the mandible. The mandible is up of a single bone. It's
59:02 really two bones that fused together. I don't know why they call
59:05 but it is one. All The rest of them are all
59:10 So if you take out two from , that means there's 12. 12
59:14 by two is six. That makes a lot easier. Doesn't it?
59:17 got six bones. Okay. So we start with the nasal
59:21 These are the nasal bones so you squeeze them right there right there,
59:24 hard part of your nose before you to the squishy part of your
59:27 So they sit high. Those are purple ones that you see right here
59:30 the middle, the bones that are on the interior portion of your
59:36 so the medial side of your orbital called the lack Rimmel bones.
59:40 They form part of the nasal cavity that you can actually form your tear
59:46 into the nasal cavity. Another fancy for tears are lacquer, most
59:53 Alright, so the lacquer more bones up that side your cheekbones. So
59:59 thing right here is called the zygomatic . So we got nasal lack
60:05 Zygomatic. We have the palantine. of your palate not the one that's
60:14 in the front, the harder one up in the back before you get
60:16 the soft part. We don't press soft part. Why don't we press
60:20 soft part? It's your gag That's right. So you have your
60:25 palate and you have your hard palate your hard palate consists of two
60:28 The one that's in the further and back. That's the one that's called
60:32 palantine. So here it's marked in green. And on this slide you
60:37 see a little bit better marked in green. You can see there's your
60:41 right there, the one that divides nasal cavity. All right in the
60:46 direction. I guess I can stay . Then we get the max illa
60:50 max il A. Is this bone here. It's two parts. You
60:54 see it quite clearly having its divide there. But it makes up the
60:58 part of the hard palate inside the cavity. And finally this is the
61:04 one to see because there's no good of it without chopping up the nasal
61:10 is called the nasal concerts the inferior conch. And so if you look
61:14 carefully and you look in there that tiny green thing. So those things
61:19 there. Not the red thing but green things, those are the inferior
61:23 conscience there on either side. They make up part of the outside wall
61:27 the nasal cavity. All right. the nasal contra are there um to
61:35 cause air to start twirling and That's its purpose is to terminate the
61:41 is the term that we use. . So all of these cavities form
61:47 or all of these bones help form for the different uh special senses.
61:52 the special senses that we're concerned with sight, smell and taste,
61:57 openings for the passage of air, cavity or your mouth sort of,
62:02 really supposed to be breathing through your . But we do throw mouths at
62:07 , creates a cavity for food, a structure onto which teeth are gonna
62:12 secured and this is where all the muscles are going to be attached
62:17 Yeah, so because you're different bones the bones have to connect to each
62:27 in some way, shape or Right, so very so again this
62:33 to do with the evolutionary development. everyone go la la la la
62:37 Right. So the idea is that had bones that were formed from what
62:42 called dermal structures and so they were first in fish to protect you from
62:48 eaten by other fish. And so dermal bones formed and that created unique
62:53 in the skull. And so that's they're just individual structures that develop
62:58 And then as they get bigger and , they kind of push up against
63:01 other and that's how they attach to . You've seen a little newborn baby
63:09 , that soft spot. Right? there is no suture there. But
63:13 bone will end up hardening and you know suturing up the cool thing
63:19 fentaNYL is when a baby cries goes and down, yep. Sorry?
63:28 right, so what are the cavities the skull cranial cavity is the
63:33 That's the one that surrounds the We have the orbital cavity that surrounds
63:36 eye. You can see in terms what structures are there. I'm not
63:41 listening for the cranial cavity because we've gone through those. But we have
63:44 frontal bones. So here's the we have the spin Oid um which
63:49 can't really see in this picture. Actually you can it's the it's the
63:54 um the void which is that red that sits in there. The
64:00 right? The zygomatic as your cheek well as the palantine and the
64:05 So there's the max illa The palantine the palette and it's going to be
64:11 the back side and then the lack bones are all part of making that
64:18 nasal cavity. This is just another . So it's easier to see.
64:22 basically is divided in half. Its is to terminate the air as well
64:26 to provide a structure on which the of smell is going to be
64:30 So there are cells that are going be found in there. So it's
64:33 by the void in the bomer. you can see there's the there's the
64:37 . Uh And then in terms of , here's the spin oid we've mentioned
64:41 eth annoyed as well. Making it the palantine. There's the max
64:46 Um And then you can't see in picture but you can look in
64:49 there's those inferior nasal concha. So just kind of makes up each half
64:54 the chambers and that one is divided the oral cavity is primarily formed by
64:59 mandible and the maxilla. But you have the palantine as well that makes
65:03 that oral cavity. So those are basic cavities of the of the
65:11 Ever wonder what a sinuses. Now get to know A silence is simply
65:16 big giant hole inside the bone. right. It's a cavity inside the
65:20 or chamber inside of the bone, name for which bone they're found
65:24 So you have a frontal, you an ethnic spin oil and maxillary and
65:29 is not just an empty space, actually lined with epithelium. It's opened
65:32 to the nasal cavity and what you is there. When you breathe in
65:37 it goes into those cavities and it uh those cavities have a little bit
65:42 moisture. So humidifiers the air and warms up the air before you breathe
65:46 downward. So basically it's just a to help make the air more hospitable
65:51 your lungs. All right. Also producing mucus in them. And of
65:56 when you get infections you produce more and all sorts of other fun
66:00 Um The other thing that it does that it helps lighten the skull bone
66:04 heavy and if there are ways that can lighten the skull without affecting
66:10 that's what you're trying to accomplish And that's what the sinuses do.
66:14 also creates those unique resonances in our , right? So we each have
66:19 unique sounding voice. Have you noticed ? I hope. Right. When
66:24 calls you, you guys actually talk phones still? Are you sure?
66:29 mean, I've seen you guys. never seen anyone talk on the phone
66:31 your age. You're always just doing just saying. Anyway, so everyone's
66:39 know when you pick up the hello? As you can recognize the
66:42 . It's because of the unique residences air vibrates those. They vibrate uniquely
66:48 our in our sinuses. So it to enhance that. So, we've
66:55 through 22 bones, verse 22. . Next bone is the hyoid single
67:01 found on throat. All right. on top of the larynx. So
67:07 can see right here, it's not articulation with any other bone. It
67:12 sits on its own. Alright now job is held well, it's held
67:18 a bunch of ligaments and muscles, its job is to aid in the
67:22 of swallowing. All right. And there's some processes that stick up.
67:27 we have the lesser horns and we the greater horns. And that's where
67:30 gonna have those sites of attachment so you can swallow. So it's all
67:36 its lonesome. So there's a ligament its attachment. That's $23. We
67:47 to the vertebral column. There's a bunch of bones. Now you can
67:52 in the big list what we We got vertebrae named for a specific
67:57 in which they're found. We start with the cervical vertebrae down to the
68:01 , down the lumbar, down to sacral and ultimately down to the
68:04 Egil vertebrae. All right. How we remember which one's which and how
68:11 the numbers and stuff like that? real simple. Okay, You have
68:16 think like a normal human and not a college student. And you have
68:20 ask what time do I eat breakfast a normal human? seven. There
68:28 go see. And then when do eat lunch as a normal human?
68:32 . And when do I have Five five. Right. So you're
68:39 you weren't thinking like a normal You're thinking like a college student.
68:42 then what do you have? Seconds five at 5? You're not having
68:50 different meal. You're having seconds. ? And then you wake up in
68:53 morning and then you have Snack at AM. No, that's how I
69:03 . It's 7 12 554. All . And so meals are very important
69:07 my life. So that's how I , how you memorize these things is
69:11 to you. Just find something to you remember those numbers. It makes
69:14 really, really easy. All right , when you're born, the vertebrae
69:21 a unique curvature, you are shaped the letter C. All right,
69:27 it is. Alright, So, you look at a newborn, they
69:32 a single curvature. That's like Alright, So it's kind of like
69:35 letter C. But you can see , is that what you end up
69:40 is a spine that does that that's going to happen over time.
69:45 , these unique curvature. And so can see all right up in the
69:50 in the cervical region. I have concave curvature and then I have a
69:54 and concave and convex. And then , when you get down to the
69:57 digital, we just kind of ignore and don't talk about it so
70:01 But the reason that we do this because by by creating this curvature,
70:05 we're doing is we're creating kind of spring like structure with the vertebrae.
70:10 so not only does it create greater , but it also reduces the amount
70:17 weight that your legs have to Alright, well, not so much
70:22 that the legs have to bear, your spine has to bear. So
70:27 can see if I have a curvature I'm basically changing the direction in which
70:33 is being born. And so I'm gonna try to draw this.
70:38 if you think of this curve right , I've got weight that's going this
70:41 . but then on the next one going like this and so on down
70:45 line. And so I'm actually not straight down in terms of putting all
70:51 weight directly down through that spine. kind of makes sense. If you
70:58 watch nature shows, you ever watch nature show, like when you have
71:01 the big cats like a cheetah chasing little saddle of gazelle and you're watching
71:06 and it looks like a spring. like it spreads, compresses, spreads
71:10 compresses. Now we're not quite as as a cheetah is, but when
71:16 move we have that same sort of emotion I've heard and I don't know
71:20 is true. You know, this one of those things like that,
71:23 taller in the morning, the new at the end of the day by
71:26 a couple of millimeters or something. don't know if it's true, I
71:30 we could Yeah. Right, so basically relaxes out and then as you
71:35 , you compress back down so we test this, we can measure ourselves
71:41 and just do this over several days see what happens. You have to
71:45 of course that you're not growing. , so very early on. So
71:59 is an example of fusion. So early on in development. Their individual
72:04 . So that includes the sacrum. , so the sacrum is you can
72:09 has fused together to form a larger , right? But during development they
72:16 individual bones. The cock sigil is same thing as a series of individual
72:21 . But they fuse together and they one bone. So we call it
72:23 coccyx. You wanna hear ever bruised broken? Their coccyx, One
72:29 two people. Was it like the best thing ever? No, it
72:34 . You can't sit, you can't anything. It is the worst thing
72:38 because there's a series of ligaments and that are attached to that little
72:42 And if you break it, every in your life is just excruciating
72:48 Right? Yeah. Okay. All . So we're going to look at
72:54 one. Alright. And we kind ignored the coccyx. Um But it's
72:59 still there. It's still functional now way the vertebrae look. Alright,
73:04 they have a shared structure. So we start off uh we have
73:14 hard body basically. This is a structure. This is the body right
73:18 . And what I want to show here is that you're gonna form a
73:21 and through the middle of it and that frame and that's where the spinal
73:24 sits. And so you can see is the spinal cord. So it's
73:28 traveling through the frame and of different . So when you think of the
73:32 think there's a hard body that body sits on top of body when
73:37 were talking about this and then the cord actually is found within a tunnel
73:42 by a series of frame and stacked each other. All right. And
73:46 that foramen is formed by what is the vertebral arch. So that's your
73:53 arch at the body and then the arch and then the vertebral arch has
73:57 to it. This is the so the two walls and then kind
74:00 the roof is called uh lamb Alright. So there's two laminate to
74:05 . But it's basically you can just vertebral arch and then vertebral framing through
74:10 . And you can see that we a whole bunch of stuff sticking out
74:13 all sides of this. And so are called processes. So the one
74:17 sticks out in the back. So you're giving that back rub and you
74:19 that bone is that's the spinal Alright. That's the one that sticks
74:25 the back. And then there's two set off to the side.
74:29 And so here these are gonna Now I'm trying to see how the
74:33 did this. Um It's not really to see. So there and there
74:38 that one and that one that one one those are the transverse process.
74:43 kind of stick off to the Like so and then we have two
74:49 processes. So we have two that sticking out towards you this way and
74:53 there's two that you can't see that going the opposite direction. And so
74:57 can see them here. Here's the that are sticking up and then there's
75:01 that are sticking down. There's the right there. Those are called the
75:06 processes. What does articular mean? joint. So what we have here
75:12 processes that are touching each other. this is basically saying where the two
75:17 touch each other and it serves as joint between the two. So we
75:21 two superior articular processes to inferior articular . Two transverse processes are sticking
75:30 This is where ligaments and muscles are and we have a spinal process,
75:33 and muscles are attached. There's not real good pictures show, but I'll
75:40 use this. So this right do you see where my finger's
75:43 That would be an inferior process. would be the superior process,
75:48 Yeah. Word. Well, if I mean, if you break
76:09 you can probably get it. You . As you said, you can
76:12 get work done and probably have that refused back on there. Would it
76:17 a lot of fun to get that ? No. Well, yeah,
76:22 mean, any time, same thing breaking an arm or a leg,
76:25 going to affect your movement, but can exercise and again create that proper
76:32 again. Then it can go back its original functionality for the most
76:38 Again, I'm never going to say . A 100%. But as long
76:42 you work through it, this is many guys playing on physical therapy school
76:48 . Alright, good. So that's you that's what your job will be
76:51 is in essence retraining people how to bones and muscles in a way that
76:58 for full functionality as close as you get to it. It depends on
77:02 type of P. T. You're to do. My wife does primarily
77:05 people so it's less of of that of stuff. But yes, you
77:12 do that. That's that's the All right now, bone doesn't sit
77:19 bone in this case, what we is we have a series of cushions
77:23 actually help bear the weight outward. these are called inter vertebral discs.
77:29 is the only textbook I've ever seen actually shown a working vertebral disc.
77:35 always have this picture up here of herniated. They never show the actual
77:39 one. So you can see it's basically a functional disc basically has
77:44 outer surface that's called the annuals. is basically a series of of connective
77:49 that kind of holds in the squishy . The squishy bit is called the
77:52 propulsive. It's kind of like a shoals cushion for your shoe. You
77:58 a hard portion on the outside and squishy portion on the inside when you
78:02 on it, the gel on the bulges outward. Then the outer portion
78:06 of holds everything into place. It the energy and holds the energy in
78:11 or distributes energy. And so you imagine compression downward is your bearing more
78:19 more weight if you tear. And is what why they always show
78:24 If you tear that angel's fibrosis then squishy bit can push outward and if
78:30 pushes out on the wrong side it actually press up against the spinal nerves
78:33 the spinal cord cause damage and severe . Now all your vertebrae have different
78:44 to them, depending on where you're . You're gonna see different shapes,
78:47 don't need to know which ones which I'm gonna reserve for the lab.
78:51 When you go to the lab you see some special names. Alright so
78:56 cervical one has a special name, called the atlas. You know who
79:01 was? He was the titan, was the greek titan write in greek
79:07 was a titan that bore the earth he didn't hold the earth, He
79:11 the heavens up. That was his . That was his job. So
79:17 what atlas does basically bears your And then the next one down
79:24 Two is called the axis the access you to say no I'm not going
79:28 do that. Okay So those are easy ones and after that then
79:34 so on and so forth. Yeah with for so. Alright so can
79:54 spinal cord be broken? And then couldn't hear the other. Mhm.
80:03 not fixable. So think about like . Think about your spinal cord which
80:06 haven't talked about yet as a series very very itsy bitsy teeny tiny
80:11 They're not but just do it like and imagine taking wire cutting wire cutters
80:17 cutting them all and then saying okay want to glue all the pieces together
80:20 there's only a million of these wires I have to get in the right
80:24 . Which is why if you break neck For example you can become quadriplegic
80:30 you break at around L. four become uh you know basically crippled from
80:35 waist down. It's because what you've is you've severed the fibers that allow
80:41 that movement to take place. So you break those? Yeah severely.
80:46 is why we wear helmets and football do all that fun stuff or why
80:50 mom made you wear your helmet while riding your bike. No. As
80:57 of right now the answer is All right now in the future.
81:05 is possible in the future. Like he was paralyzed after an accident
81:11 something that they go through physical therapy can relearn there are some yeah there
81:17 some real interesting things. Alright we go down the path of interesting things
81:23 day long. So the coolest one this this is an actual done in
81:27 proof of proof of concept. Taking cranial nerve for example, that's responsible
81:33 oh I don't know, rerouting it innovating it into a muscle and then
81:38 training to reuse the muscle through the nerve. Yeah, I mean it
81:44 an actual surgery because crane owners are thick but it's again what are,
81:48 are nerves? Just like spinal a series of wires. And if
81:52 clip those wires now you gotta figure how do I get those wires back
81:56 ? But they're microscopic and there's thousands millions of them lack of better
82:02 But what happens if you have a like let's say you get an accident
82:05 you you get some sort of You can train around the paralysis or
82:09 it is, it could be temporary . You know those types of
82:17 Yeah. So shape matters depending upon you are. It provides different sorts
82:21 functionalities. All right. Just like a molecule shape provides functionality. Same
82:26 in a bone. The thoracic vertebrae a unique one. Alright, so
82:32 we have cervical then we have thoracic lumbar. Alright, so thoracic is
82:38 and that the transverse process? So the transverse process has a facet
82:44 it's called the costal facet. The bones are the fancy name for your
82:50 . And so all of the thoracic articulate with a rib? Alright so
82:57 go through it real quick cervical. many bones did we say? We're
83:01 . How many are thoracic? How ribs do you have? Okay.
83:06 many ribs do you have? 12 pairs. So but yeah.
83:11 all of a sudden now you can those two dots together. Right?
83:14 like, Oh, how do I the number of ribs I have?
83:18 , I just know that they're all to the thoracic vertebrae. There are
83:22 thoracic vertebrae because I remember breakfast Okay, it's lunch. And so
83:26 12. See how we do We get sneak ease. All
83:34 As I mentioned, the sacrum is series of fused vertebrae. So there
83:37 five of them. You can see we have is the form these
83:41 So these are collectively referred to as sacred for Amina. And so this
83:46 what allows blood vessels, its final to pass through and then down into
83:51 lower limbs when you get down to toxic. That's about Um four
83:57 they fuse notice that the age at those fuse. All right.
84:02 they're still kind of cardiology. They're quite solid. And then you get
84:05 and then everything starts becoming bony. another one. So this is as
84:11 said earlier. Sites for ligaments too . Yeah. Yeah, we'll get
84:25 . So that's that's that's bringing it to the rib cage. And I
84:28 already see where your brain is gonna going with this. but hopefully I'll
84:31 your question and we'll see remember if don't answer your question, just raise
84:34 hand again, right? All So, we're gonna start on the
84:39 side. We're gonna start with the . Alright, So, when you
84:41 the thoracic cage is referring to the and the ribs, the sternum is
84:47 three bones together. All right. have the body sometimes called the Gladiolas
84:52 the Gladiolas. Gladiolas. Gladiolas Now, I'm confused. I think
84:59 Gladiolas. Gladiolas is the flower. guys know Gladioli Gladioli Ir Alright,
85:06 means sword that looks like a Yeah, it's a Gladiator's sword.
85:12 . Gladiolas, I see you guys it up. Gladys. Thank
85:16 Gladiolas is the flower so confusing. up here, that's the manubrium,
85:24 gonna articulate with the clavicle as well the ribs. And then that little
85:28 down here, the thing that if punch, you lose your breath,
85:30 know, if you ever have the knocked out of you, that's
85:32 If Boyd process. The diaphragm is to that the zip Boyd process Ossified
85:39 around the age of 40, so still gonna be cartilage and you and
85:43 guys and it's starting to turn the . It's actually bone and meat.
85:47 right, So, manubrium body zip process. That's altogether is collectively called
85:54 sternum. You can see it's a bone. What does it protect my
86:00 , right? It's also serves as attachment site on the other side for
86:03 ribs. Now we get to your here and go wait a second
86:08 we have two ribs. And we false ribs. When I first read
86:12 I said, well we're talking about rib and pork rib. I mean
86:15 true rib is the beef rib. ribs are the pork ribs.
86:19 Really? What it does? It , how are they attached? So
86:22 first seven ribs are attached to the sternum directly. Right? So you
86:27 just follow. So you can see rib comes around. Here's here's the
86:31 comes around and attaches via cartilage to sternum. So we have here attached
86:36 the manubrium test. Manubrium sternum sternum attached to the sternum, attach the
86:43 attached to the cartilage. Right? you can see this one is
86:50 There's nine. There's 10. 11 12 are not attached to anything.
86:55 floating. All right, excessive false ribs don't attach directly. So
87:02 can see here, here's my direct here, not a direct attachment.
87:06 attached to the cartilage which is attached the stern. So that would be
87:09 false rip. Then did I answer question. Uh huh. I think
87:28 , that it can puncture through But I think when we say that
87:33 not ossified that it's not completely It's not pure cartilage, right.
87:38 you know, it has mass to . It is stiffer or hard?
87:42 it could puncture? Yeah. In terms of structure. Alright,
87:50 we're doing is we're attached over here the vertebrae were going around so we're
87:57 at it from the posterior side, going around and this would be the
88:01 and up here. That would be the sternum is. Okay, so
88:05 looking at it from behind. And you can see here is structurally that
88:10 is a bowed structure. It's still flat bone. If you took it
88:13 looked at it on its side, see that it's mostly flat.
88:16 It's not round. All right. large bulk portion part that comes around
88:22 what we call the shaft. All . So, you can imagine this
88:26 be the shaft coming around this way then this portion is called the
88:32 The portion that's attached to the body the thoracic vertebrae is called the
88:38 The portion that's attached to the costal of that transverse process is called the
88:44 coal. And the portion of the that turns is referred to as the
88:50 . Alright. So here you can the angle. So starting at the
88:52 , cool. You got the angle is part of the shaft and then
88:56 the to brickell to the head sitting between that that's the neck. So
89:00 the parts of the ribs. Have noticed that I stopped counting the number
89:04 bones that we've actually learned anyone keeping . Okay. Alright, so that
89:11 parts of the rib. You should able to identify those. Alright,
89:16 now what we're doing is we're moving from the axial skeleton. We're now
89:22 into the appendix color skeleton. All , because we're part of what we
89:27 the shoulder girdle. Shoulder girl consists two bones. It has the clavicle
89:31 scapula. Clavicle is very, very . It's a bone that attaches to
89:35 manubrium and then attaches over to the . It sits right here in the
89:39 . The scapula is a bone that in the back wall of the muscles
89:44 your back. So it's away from ribs. It kind of floats
89:49 And the reason that that scapula doesn't float anywhere in the body is because
89:53 clavicle holds it into place. We it the collarbone. Alright? If
89:58 break your collarbone, watch what your does. It falls inwardly immediately in
90:02 body forward. Like. So, the clavicle holds that outward because it's
90:07 the scapula in position. So the parts of the scapula, the parts
90:12 for where they're attached, We have that's attached to the manubrium so it's
90:16 to the sternum. So we call the sternal and the other side is
90:20 to the scapula specifically at the So we call it the acro meal
90:27 . That's an easy bomb again, . Very, very confusing because they've
90:33 a whole bunch of stuff here Not all that stuff is important.
90:39 ? The shoulder blade or scapula has couple of features that are important.
90:44 example, if you look at the side, which side is dorsal towards
90:49 back. So away from the the ventral side would be towards your
90:53 cage. Okay, because it sits your back, it's gonna be you
90:57 remember. So this portion right here near the rib cage, eventually phased
91:03 means it's pointing backwards. You can here it has this raised portion.
91:10 right. You can't see it on side because we're looking at the wrong
91:14 . I was hoping it was the side. So you have that raised
91:17 . This is when you get in lab and you can hold that thing
91:18 your thing. You can see this portion is called the spine. All
91:23 . One end of the spine is the chromium processes. Alright, So
91:28 basically sticks up and that's where the comes into contact with it. The
91:34 thing that's really important is where it with the upper arm. The
91:39 right? We call that the glen cavity. So here you can see
91:43 glen oid cavity over there is the caverns. We go back here,
91:47 the glen oid cavity right there. , you can imagine this is where
91:51 humerus is going to be sitting and there's some fossil that becomes significant for
91:56 to understand on the front side of scapula. So basically it's on the
92:02 that would be referred to as the scapular fossa. All right. So
92:07 in inside on the back side. would be the supra scapular fossa.
92:13 one that's above the spine and one below. Alright so super spin this
92:20 for spiciness. All right below the . See it says the name
92:24 Above. Below infra the spine. those was where muscles go. That
92:30 you to do stuff. This is bound. That isn't humorous. It
92:41 a dad joke. I got the . Yeah. I know. Sorry
92:45 we doing on time? We got of time. Alright so the humor
92:49 it's not a funny bone. But you've all banged your funny
92:53 Yeah. Not funny is it? only funny when someone else does
92:58 Alright. So structurally what we have a couple of things. We have
93:03 head. This is where it articulates the cavity of the scapula. We
93:07 a series of tube Rickels, user sites for the rotator cuff muscles.
93:11 muscles of the rotator cuff. We an attachment about midway down for the
93:16 muscle that's going to come along with rotator cup. It's part of the
93:18 cup comes down. All right, at the bottom. We have articulations
93:24 the next two bones, the ulna the radius. The bone that are
93:28 the portion that articulates with the radius called the capital. Um It's found
93:33 the lateral side. And there's gonna a way to remember this in just
93:37 moment or at least for the way remember it. And then the one
93:40 articulates with the ulna is the trow the portions that kind of stick out
93:46 to the sides and you can grab and you kind of feel them.
93:49 are called the con dials because technically two structures are con dials their consular
93:54 nature. All right. We don't them that. We just call it
93:57 compendium in the truck leah. So the outside sticking outward. Those are
94:03 attachment sites. Those are the epic dials. One on this side would
94:07 media one on that side would be . Then on the forearm we have
94:15 bones. How do I remember which which? Well we have the owner
94:18 the radius. So long time ago learned about diameters and radius is remember
94:23 in a circle. So the radius from the center of a circle out
94:27 the circumference, the edge of the . So it goes to the
94:32 That's how I remember it. You remember whichever way you want to.
94:36 this is my radius. Remember which does my hand have to be has
94:39 be like this if I do like . My bones are gonna crisscross.
94:42 it's like this. this is the , this is the ulna,
94:49 So I'm articulating with the humerus. articulating with the humerus. The radius
94:56 to the capitulate um the monarch articulates the trocadero on the ulna. We
95:06 something called the Trow clear or That's how I remember which one is
95:10 ? So the troll clear notch articulates the troll clear this thing right
95:15 that little pointy bit that's called ural on process. Alright, so when
95:22 call your elbow is the AL acronym here, they mislabeled it so you
95:30 scratch out that little line and point to that little point right there,
95:33 prominence. Okay, that's the AL process down here on your wrist.
95:40 can see it, you can just of look here that little bit right
95:43 and that little bit over there. are called the style oid processes.
95:48 , so there's one for the owner there's one for the radius. They're
95:55 together by connective tissues, introduces membrane sits in between them. So there's
96:03 a lot of play in them. said she was going to be my
96:07 guinea pigs. Let me have your real quick and just put it up
96:10 I can see it. Her arm move all that much. Right?
96:14 the only radius are basically being bound by the intra member this membrane.
96:23 worst part of memorization when it comes the bones is the next structures.
96:31 wrists, the carpal bones. All , the best way to do this
96:36 to pick up some sort of Alright. Now, typically the pneumonic
96:41 star basically phrases that represent the words we have to remember in the order
96:46 they're they're given. Typically they're usually dirty vulgar because those are the easy
96:52 . Easiest ones to remember. I found the cleanest one. I
96:56 . Alright, so it's some lunatics positions that they can't handle and there's
97:00 artist who gets who gets people and they're contortionists like twists them and turns
97:04 and then takes pictures and so there go. I think we're all mature
97:08 to understand, right? We're all enough. We're all adults.
97:13 Just making sure. All right, the wrist bones there's eight of
97:16 So you can think of it as two different rows. Alright? And
97:20 we're gonna do is we're gonna start the side with your thumb. All
97:26 . And so we go bump up we can move laterally. So it's
97:29 and then we come back and 1234 . So it goes scaphoid loony
97:34 atrium pissy form trapeze. Iem trapezoid hamate some lunatics try positions that they
97:43 handle. That's where it comes Now, if you have a better
97:48 or a better way to memorize Please find it right now. What
97:54 not gonna do is I'm not going give you a picture like this and
97:59 what's that about? What I may you more likelihood is which row is
98:05 scaphoid found? All right. So idea is do you understand its
98:11 Because again, when you look at picture like this, not easy to
98:16 it when you go into a lab you can actually see and turn and
98:19 , it's a lot easier to learn . So, I tried to make
98:22 simple. What's that? Is it to go? Oh man.
98:30 Oh yeah, it's 10:45. All right. We'll get through the
98:37 and then we'll do the legs tomorrow the articulations are easy. Alright,
98:42 let's finish up with the hands. hands. Alright. So what we
98:46 here uh when you look at your it kind of looks like there's there's
98:51 there, right? But instead there's a bunch of long bones that have
98:56 in between them and you can see easily with the skeleton. So here's
98:59 fingers. Those are the phalanges. . So those and then here those
99:05 the metacarpals. So the car pools the wrist, the metacarpals are in
99:09 hands and then the phalanges are your . The flanges are real simple.
99:16 what you know as fingers there are bones within each finger. The way
99:20 can remember this on a test. I said you are your own cheat
99:22 , you can get your finger and like this and you can see there's
99:26 bones, you do your thumb, got one too right? So your
99:33 you're pollocks has two bones. The that's furthest away from your body is
99:38 proximal. The one sorry the one first ways distal, the one that's
99:42 as proximal. When you're dealing with , we got proximal distal and
99:48 And so we number them. Your is called number sorry metacarpals are number
99:54 , the same thing with the It's one or the pollocks 2345.
100:00 then when you're talking about the metacarpals with your thumb 1234. So you're
100:04 laterally medial, you get both Easy peasy. Yes sir.
100:17 Okay. Some Europeans have an extra . Is that what I just
100:28 Oh yeah. So so an extra . Yeah. So. Alright.
100:32 yeah that's why I say it's important me, speak up. Some Europeans
100:37 an extra thumb. Pandas know? so there is a trait in um
100:45 actually a dominant trait but it's not common trait and that is a six
100:52 . All right. And so what you call that? You'd call it
100:54 six digit. So it's not like not like you would re number I
100:58 you'd still go 12345. And then that extra digit you have, you
101:03 a homicide is dominant for that. it's such a rare trait that it
101:08 dominated in the population in terms of not a majority. So no one
101:12 has six fingers. Right? I you may have been born and they
101:16 said we don't like that and snipped off because they do do that.
101:21 ? But that's just an example. another weird one. Alright, so
101:24 many cervical vertebrae? Seven. 15% the population of eight. Yes.
101:34 of the population has eight cervical Mhm. The world population.
101:44 Huh. It would be just within context. So it wouldn't be one
101:48 two. It would be within that to number seven. We don't teach
101:54 because we want you to put down many cervical vertebrae. seven.
101:59 But there are weird things in the that we just kind of say,
102:04 , weird things happen when we come . We will go through the legs
102:08 the in the hips. Okay yes
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