| 00:00 | recorded on this computer and recording has . We are recording. And, |
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| 00:06 | , this is the second lecture of science 43 15. Welcome to the |
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| 00:13 | , I guess. Or after stormy , hopefully everyone has, uh, |
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| 00:21 | hurricane without any significant, uh, of personal damage. Onda, |
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| 00:29 | with the storm zone were cold in . As, uh, full swing |
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| 00:35 | it will subside so that we can rebuilding our lives back to normal. |
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| 00:41 | , but we all have to be part of this effort than we are |
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| 00:45 | of this effort. By doing this in orderto stopped, the transmission is |
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| 00:52 | . Enough time for science, develop the fact that vaccine to treat |
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| 00:58 | disorder. So now when you go your blind board page, you will |
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| 01:02 | several things on their first of all your syllabus. And when we click |
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| 01:07 | the syllabus, you'll see your syllabus . I want to make sure that |
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| 01:12 | in the still of Mr says that Wednesday you will have zoom meeting office |
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| 01:18 | last for a continuation consultation. We be doing it every Thursday. So |
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| 01:23 | when I finish, you can ask of the questions. The only thing |
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| 01:27 | the syllabus I want to address is exam days. Virtual Casa exam dates |
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| 01:32 | still not confirmed. So I'm hoping confirm them by next week. And |
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| 01:37 | I do, then we will have you session next week on what is |
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| 01:42 | . Teoh, take the virtual examined on and I will also be requesting |
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| 01:49 | . They could do a sort of demo, our virtual maybe test question |
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| 01:58 | that you could log on and take see how how this works. So |
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| 02:02 | have to make sure that they can this. But in any case of |
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| 02:06 | with me on these dates from the dates and is the change and it's |
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| 02:11 | changes several, then make sure that of you may be a couple of |
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| 02:15 | with some questions about on conflicts with cat and other things on the |
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| 02:21 | So we will resolve these as I the Kosta dates and we will leave |
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| 02:26 | Casa examination discussion on what it entails next week. No. In |
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| 02:37 | Teoh, your syllabus, your course also has Electra notes. So you |
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| 02:46 | see the history of neuroscience is the knows that we used there's ah, |
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| 02:54 | , other material that you will be . You don't see all of this |
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| 02:58 | I've seen, but you will see shortly more off the lecture notes being |
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| 03:04 | . Um, no. If you Teoh supporting Teoh research articles of |
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| 03:15 | which you will see there is that will see there the length to |
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| 03:19 | Matt. Good. We'll see this to pub net. And this is |
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| 03:24 | we talked about when you do your . So if you want to do |
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| 03:27 | search or called 19 this ghost directly but not to do the search. |
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| 03:33 | if you wanted to get a but through your University of Houston system, |
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| 03:40 | would go to the University of Houston . You live, click on your |
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| 03:46 | and long in, and I'm automatically long dim. So will lead you |
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| 03:53 | . The journal Surgeons citation searches data again. Inside database. You can |
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| 04:00 | a database like pub bad don't bring off. And now everything that you |
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| 04:06 | a pop mad will be through the of Houston system. So this is |
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| 04:10 | difference that if you go directly to that link is not recognizing the privilege |
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| 04:17 | auf institutional licenses of university Houston has many of the journal articles. But |
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| 04:24 | you log in through the University of library system, you will see that |
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| 04:29 | of a sudden even the same problem window has a slightly different view. |
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| 04:35 | shoes you an access so coded 19 . Let's say and free BMC |
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| 04:46 | If you click on the article, also find this item. This is |
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| 04:51 | access through University of Houston system, unfortunately, there's no available services for |
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| 04:58 | item. So you will not be to find everything. But you will |
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| 05:02 | able have to find a lot of things essentially in here using this search |
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| 05:09 | . So, uh, please make you take a dime, Fisher, |
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| 05:12 | what you have. Teoh, do . Uh, if you have interest |
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| 05:17 | specific topics, you can look them . The other very interesting link that |
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| 05:22 | have here is Brain Atlas Alan Brain . So I want brain outlets started |
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| 05:32 | sorrow like an atlas that you look the world map. We're Spain. |
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| 05:37 | is Morocco and and so no, snap became not off the brain. |
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| 05:45 | this is what known out of this . Neuroscientists, when we think about |
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| 05:50 | brain will think about it is a . It's sort of ah, nap |
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| 05:54 | different things. First of all, you have different cells. Cell types |
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| 06:01 | . So in the brain we have her and inhibit three cells. This |
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| 06:07 | two major groups excited, turn but within does excited inhibitory major groups |
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| 06:15 | classes of neurons and they're about 150 of classes of neurons. There's also |
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| 06:23 | cells. The real sauce are supportive , but also their much intricately involved |
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| 06:30 | maintaining the communication and the connectivity between active narrow. Ah, there |
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| 06:37 | uh, whole structures that get formed you can click, uh, on |
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| 06:43 | brain observatory. New approached open data a survey of in Viva recordings from |
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| 06:48 | mouse Visual Poor tax. It's really . It shows you basically map off |
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| 06:53 | cells as they are producing activity because now, apart from the dies, |
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| 06:59 | we talked about last electorally Golgi Now they're dies of electorally depict active |
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| 07:06 | , and so their mass here, you go into this letting that will |
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| 07:10 | you to these active maps off off . We'll show you what these cells |
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| 07:17 | the networks of these cells look like how they may be interconnected with each |
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| 07:23 | so well, There's a lot of here that's really cool, really |
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| 07:28 | You can look at the mouse brain less then so you can, Let's |
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| 07:33 | interest in cerebral cortex, uh, . Four. And it will show |
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| 07:41 | all of the different stands for different . Immuno, histology, protesting |
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| 07:48 | gated sodium channel and say that this . They will then show you the |
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| 07:56 | off the brand, and you can you download a plug him, you |
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| 08:01 | view the snap off the brain and free dimensions. But other than |
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| 08:08 | you can rotate the brain in You see these clumps off red regions |
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| 08:16 | the biggest presence of that particular In this case, potassium bolter skated |
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| 08:23 | some family G number four very specific channel that is labelled inside the |
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| 08:31 | This is quite remarkable, and you then click on another ah channel of |
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| 08:39 | or another gene of interest. Let's another potassium channel. And you can |
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| 08:47 | that this potassium channel, which is voltage, gated channels, a shaker |
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| 08:53 | . This was potassium channel. that was some G family. This |
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| 09:01 | one now for one time of potassium in in the mouths of rodent |
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| 09:06 | This is a map for another potassium . You can see on the right |
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| 09:09 | lights up. Very different colors. . It useful resource, uh, |
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| 09:17 | looking around on understanding, just like have. Ah, human brain at |
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| 09:24 | for jeans. So these air the heat map, so to speak, |
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| 09:29 | genes that may be up regulated or , regulated. And in this case |
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| 09:34 | Alzheimer's disease. And you can click every one of these genes and find |
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| 09:39 | more about it. You can look more of these charts that strolling essentially |
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| 09:44 | or thousands off gene probes and how change with with with Alzheimer's disease |
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| 09:55 | you go back again, you will . I ve glioblastoma worthless project that |
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| 10:01 | is all agreeable. Stolen. So , in science, you take the |
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| 10:06 | apart. Glia last Oh, mcg glial cells last hour blast. |
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| 10:11 | last aside, last oma is a . Cancer Glee is a type of |
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| 10:17 | , so especially feel real. Our was cell that has a blessed oma |
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| 10:23 | cancer can. And in general, look at the map, you |
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| 10:29 | the connectivity mouth and whether it's mice a man. Aziz Neuroscientists, We |
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| 10:39 | think of this map. Very much . Mapas. You would think off |
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| 10:46 | local neighborhood map. So imagine every of these dots being there. One |
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| 10:51 | them being They should be another one specks, Supercuts, whatever is in |
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| 10:57 | strip all around here. Then you the best buy over. There's of |
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| 11:03 | stations, each one of these This is some of our map. |
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| 11:08 | we need tell somebody on you're you know, three blocks, and |
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| 11:12 | you turn south of you turn left you see Exxon U turn life. |
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| 11:17 | is how we as neuroscientists, describe to to each other. So if |
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| 11:22 | go to the ventral lateral portion of hippocampus and you go toe ah, |
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| 11:28 | orients layer and you will find this this. And for us, it |
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| 11:34 | the same as it means for many you are getting around your neighbor. |
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| 11:40 | , I saw a very, very resource. I encourage you to look |
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| 11:43 | it. The brow stood, Now we're gonna go back to course |
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| 11:52 | election nerds on and give me one . Continue with the recording and, |
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| 12:06 | , share the screen with you. where where what we did last time |
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| 12:16 | we discussed some very important points along way. Let me check the |
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| 12:24 | Make sure, OK, everyone can the presentation screen of myself. Thank |
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| 12:34 | . Appreciate it. So we just some significant stops, not only along |
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| 12:40 | way of their sides history, but humanity, history. And today's, |
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| 12:47 | , office hours are in general every , a going to be designed. |
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| 12:51 | every Thursday, I will review the that we covered Zach week. |
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| 12:57 | it's Ah, Bowlful five now, I'm actually reviewing the material now that |
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| 13:02 | covered on Monday Teoh Tuesday. So will be a little bit different this |
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| 13:07 | , and I'll just launch and let questions right after we'd stop lecturing. |
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| 13:14 | prehistoric times in South America. Native populations, parquet Indians around the |
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| 13:22 | Africa, North Africa. Little least , Mesopotamia, You're finding a lot |
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| 13:27 | the Tremper Nations grain chopper nations. this is a tool depicted here on |
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| 13:32 | of the tool. You have a off the actual procedure where there openings |
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| 13:39 | inside the skull on And, these openings or multiple on the skull |
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| 13:46 | sometimes they're performed multiple times as So as, uh, these air |
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| 13:54 | discovered, we think that these the first neurosurgeons and that these neurosurgeons |
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| 14:02 | actually performing procedures. And so we about the fact that these procedures with |
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| 14:13 | off potentially just being like, maybe just their alleviating some sort of |
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| 14:20 | , uh, evil spirits. But reality, we discussed that you could |
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| 14:26 | the skull. You could cause a of pain if there is a pressure |
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| 14:31 | up. If there is a build of fluids uh, intracranial e. |
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| 14:38 | nowadays you have modern tools to penetrate criminal in the skull or to open |
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| 14:44 | skull with a little borehole in order relieve the fluids in order to drain |
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| 14:49 | blood. Sometimes if there is intracranial Jane, then we jumped from these |
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| 14:57 | times. Teoh in the title, Edwin Smith Surgical for Piras and accomplishments |
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| 15:03 | was in her tab was recognizing head . Traumas was recognizing the distant the |
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| 15:10 | of CNN ESA. He saw that somebody had injury on the right side |
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| 15:14 | the head that all of a sudden left arm was not working. And |
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| 15:19 | is a distal lift. After the to the CMS, the came up |
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| 15:24 | the moral day triage system, essentially with this system, uh, |
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| 15:33 | But at the time it was ailment be treated, maybe treated not to |
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| 15:36 | treated. But it's also the first to calm. Tinto hired list of |
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| 15:41 | brain, the convolutions, the gyre the south side of the membrane, |
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| 15:46 | of brain and organs off the brain cerebral spinal fluid. The fluid surrounding |
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| 15:54 | , our Egyptians don't consider brain is main Oregon off the body with Greeks |
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| 16:00 | especially Hippocrates to the property. Supposed to help people and to help people |
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| 16:06 | Dan Teoh have them. Hippocrates was forward, thinking it was a |
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| 16:13 | He was, ah, medicine He was a really the father of |
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| 16:19 | modern day medicine and health care practitioners DS one, the gradient to take |
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| 16:24 | populace off to help people. and he thinks that brain is the |
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| 16:32 | controlling Oregon center of the body. Aristotle, Great. Uh, Greek |
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| 16:39 | still thinks that the brain is just air conditioner, just releasing the heat |
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| 16:45 | the heart is the most important. that's which is already happening. We're |
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| 16:51 | here over the sky cold gallon. you remember that he was doing a |
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| 16:57 | of dissections on the we talked about gladiators, and he did a lot |
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| 17:03 | pig anatomy dissections in the intersections that the neural anatomy and anatomical field until |
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| 17:09 | 16th century on bond with Renaissance and been transfer Soliah's to question gallons anatomical |
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| 17:19 | on a Saulius has, uh, . A lot of the dissections has |
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| 17:27 | rewritten the anatomical repainted anatomical structures that changed some of the course off off |
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| 17:41 | day anatomy of the time. During Renaissance Times. When he opened the |
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| 17:46 | , he saw these massive ventricles, because of that and ventricles still with |
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| 17:53 | , there was a very strong notion it's ventricles that contained really interesting |
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| 17:59 | and the information from the ventricles is sent. Teoh parts of the brain |
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| 18:04 | the periphery through five, so the are more or less like pipes. |
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| 18:10 | , white matter is being distinguished from matter. He presses the finger in |
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| 18:16 | gray matter and says it's kind of and spongy, with most before |
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| 18:21 | And indeed it. This is where so most Donal cell bodies glial cell |
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| 18:26 | are located. White matters harder because have insulated fibers since alighted insulated nerve |
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| 18:33 | desolated accents are running through the CNS into the spinal cord. And this |
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| 18:39 | how information is being carried within different of the cortex in between different parts |
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| 18:46 | the brain. So, uh, ventricular function off localization still persists. |
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| 18:54 | we talk about Renee to cart into 17th century, who initiated a reflex |
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| 19:02 | and came up with bodies of I really interpreting the body is a |
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| 19:08 | mechanical machine is in interpreting this whole off mind and body through the ice |
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| 19:18 | contact of the pineal gland. And this pineal blend, you have a |
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| 19:27 | with a soul. So has the with the body. Pardon me, |
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| 19:35 | so comes up with a very famous cookie targ assume which is I |
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| 19:41 | Therefore I am. And so I that into I eat Therefore I |
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| 19:52 | and depending on what I eat, me think different things. So it |
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| 20:00 | to the same thing as food is and the intake off off what were |
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| 20:06 | taking. So everything is correlated. mind body, of course, is |
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| 20:12 | . There is no soul contact out someplace that we believe in the modern |
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| 20:17 | . We just do believe in that basis off off the brain. |
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| 20:26 | okay. And non until 18th century 80 when Luigi go bombing using this |
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| 20:34 | styling and look just to be generator frogs, nerves and zaps frogs |
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| 20:41 | Since these contractions off these muscles and that nerves are electrical conductors, they |
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| 20:51 | generate electricity and very much like So insulated wires that carry that electricity |
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| 20:58 | point A to point beads on the . You can imagine on a server |
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| 21:04 | merger off the wire like robotic like human body, where these wires in |
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| 21:15 | case, we're talking about insulated But you also have the vasculature running |
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| 21:21 | the body. So there's another water of channels. No more ventricles from |
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| 21:29 | . Some fluid carries something from And here and pipes something drives pumping |
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| 21:36 | the muscles. It's now a very system in is producing electrical activity. |
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| 21:44 | is producing chemical activity. It consists the central nervous system and peripheral nervous |
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| 21:50 | . Uh, peripheral nervous system, , is a sympathetic and the parasympathetic |
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| 21:57 | system eso sympathetic. Nervous system is fight or flying system. And parasympathetic |
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| 22:05 | , uh, opposite a sort of relaxation system. CNS is divided. |
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| 22:11 | story brooms or a ballon brain stem spinal cord Spinal cord will then have |
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| 22:18 | nurse that exit out and deplete the . And along different, uh, |
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| 22:23 | of this material column different. There's sub served different parts of your body |
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| 22:28 | the way to the most extreme on in your toes and your fingers. |
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| 22:35 | , CIA, nasa grayness, the cerebral was divided into as we |
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| 22:42 | the frontal lobe. The parietal of occipital lobe in the temporal lobe. |
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| 22:46 | of the major loves these lobes and surface of the brain is not even |
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| 22:52 | , you have the salt side which essentially there indentations or imaginations between the |
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| 23:00 | I, which are the richest These, uh um a little, |
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| 23:06 | , Rijs surrounded by sell side. essential self sisters pretty deep in that |
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| 23:12 | a friend Hello from parietal lobes. sounds like there is a complete space |
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| 23:16 | them, but it's a pretty deep imagination. It could be recognized by |
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| 23:20 | the brain, uh, in hand looking up the brand. From |
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| 23:25 | the Sicilian venture is sort of a deep Psaltis that separates the temporal lobe |
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| 23:33 | the pride all and, uh, lobes is a clear separation between the |
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| 23:39 | lobe. But there is a connection bring the temporal over the pride alone |
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| 23:44 | , the back of the brain we served our home. Uh, the |
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| 23:50 | of the brain is your executive functions , um uh, emotions, |
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| 23:59 | in the front here before the frontal , salada motor cortex or motor |
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| 24:05 | And the parietal lobes. Just sensory sensations. Occipital lobe is dedicated. |
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| 24:12 | very a large areas dedicated to vision processing visual information, temporal lobe, |
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| 24:18 | Teoh hearing information. And there's many of these loves that are interconnected and |
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| 24:24 | many parts. Majority of the brain concerned with processing information from multiple senses |
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| 24:30 | the same time, not just form for these nerves to reach the very |
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| 24:37 | . Information from the brain gets scared the brainstem, into the spinal cord |
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| 24:42 | in the spinal cord. If you inside the spinal cord, you have |
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| 24:47 | gray matter, so looks like sort a great butterfly. And this great |
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| 24:52 | I. The neurons are the so of the bodies of the Bader Narrows |
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| 24:58 | the whites matter. Around the great are the tracked these air, the |
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| 25:04 | and descending tracts that are taking the from the brain down, Teoh the |
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| 25:12 | cord and down to the periphery and versa, sending tracks that they're taking |
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| 25:19 | from the periphery and carrying it through spinal cord to inform the rest of |
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| 25:24 | brain. Now, if you each one of the spinal nerves is |
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| 25:30 | after dorsal ruins, which is the . It's in the back and ventral |
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| 25:36 | , which is in the front of vertebral call the door sold roots and |
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| 25:42 | door so shown a fibres year. , if I was shown in red |
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| 25:48 | sensory fibres to all the sensations from skin from the muscle from the |
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| 25:55 | Spindles from the joints connected to the and the periphery. And the bones |
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| 26:01 | be communicated through these red fibers through axe ons. Peripheral axons running through |
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| 26:11 | dorsal side, forming the dorsal root . This bulb here before it answers |
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| 26:19 | the spinal cord, which contains the , is off the door. Soldier |
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| 26:23 | cells in projecting the sensory access into spinal cord. So censor information and |
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| 26:30 | coming from periphery don't in the dorsal of the spinal cord, forming the |
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| 26:36 | part of one of the spinal And you have a total of 31 |
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| 26:42 | pairs of spinal nerves. Each one these spares exiting our in between each |
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| 26:49 | vertebra in the last on the right . So the dorsal sign is responsible |
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| 26:55 | sensation and the eventual side. This the blue access coming out of the |
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| 27:02 | cord coming out from the grave. neuron cell bodies going through the white |
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| 27:10 | , creating these blue accents and go a part of this dance show, |
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| 27:16 | of the spinal love in the fronts the virginal college. And these are |
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| 27:24 | into the Monse ALS to originate the and contraction off the muscles and sophisticated |
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| 27:33 | in the periphery. So red dorsal ganglion, a sensory. All of |
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| 27:39 | sensations feelings, temperature heeds, touch coming into the spinal cord of |
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| 27:47 | hop and informing the cerebral the CNS what is happening, the rest of |
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| 27:53 | and the hope. But I want move my hand guns from the central |
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| 28:00 | commands and the cortex of travels down spiral spinal cord. If you want |
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| 28:04 | move your hand, one of the nerves are a couple of them. |
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| 28:08 | all of them get activated, depending the characteristic of will bet that I |
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| 28:13 | start off with one finger for the arm or wrist? Okay, then |
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| 28:19 | motor command comes through the eventual roots forms the muscles to contract and rules |
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| 28:25 | the muscles moving. Malone's move the accordingly. All right, so this |
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| 28:31 | , uh, we will know these in great detail. We will know |
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| 28:35 | neurotransmitters that these mirrors released will, the whole sequence off, producing a |
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| 28:41 | in the muscle. But let's continue finish with the history of neuroscience that |
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| 28:46 | talk about this science of phrenology that proposed by friends. Joseph Colin. |
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| 28:53 | was really revolutionary in many ways because was trying together the the specific of |
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| 29:00 | of different areas of the brain. , in other words that was tryingto |
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| 29:06 | , was trying to identify would parts the brain responsible. But what function |
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| 29:13 | friends Jones of God, this Socratic Austrian physician came out with the |
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| 29:22 | of phrenology and these air the main of golf system, the brain is |
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| 29:28 | organ of the mind. Okay, agree. The Egyptians, you around |
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| 29:33 | wrist only around the brand is Another mind. I agree. The |
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| 29:38 | is composed of multiple distinctive need I believe that the mind is composed |
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| 29:44 | distinct faculties. I believe that some them are in Dave. We know |
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| 29:48 | it's nature versus nurture nature plus Give the final product. Okay, |
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| 29:56 | distinct faculties. I'm going with Joseph. Because their distinct these faculty |
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| 30:02 | suffering cedar Morgan in the brave. right is saying because we have distinct |
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| 30:08 | . So we have ah, emotion anger than We have emotion of |
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| 30:13 | They're very distinct. Have generosity. you have greed. They're very distinct |
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| 30:19 | and faculties. And we're not talking speech here. We're talking about these |
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| 30:25 | of amore. Like a name faculties as benevolence even, um, now |
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| 30:32 | developed long just to may. so each faculty must have a separate |
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| 30:37 | . I agree. I agree that parts of the brain are responsible for |
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| 30:41 | functions. He says of the least of these different parts of the |
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| 30:47 | these different seats. Okay, She it down, but Okay. |
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| 30:53 | He knew what he knew. 35 different parts of the brain, |
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| 30:57 | for different functions. I I'm with just the size of an organ. |
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| 31:02 | things being equal was a measure of power. Yes. You arrived before |
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| 31:07 | work out of my muscle on pump muscle. The larger than muscle, |
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| 31:10 | more weight I give left. you're right. Wait a second. |
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| 31:17 | means that the larger somebody's head or , the more brain or sinking power |
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| 31:26 | have. Good. Well, I have a particularly big brain or |
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| 31:34 | Last time I tracked the Al of have the biggest brains in the |
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| 31:41 | And does that mean that elephants rule world? Like in that old painting |
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| 31:50 | elephants carrying the world on the Cem telling people what to do. |
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| 31:57 | , okay. You lost me here . I understand you can exercise the |
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| 32:02 | and grow it, and it will more power. But now we're talking |
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| 32:08 | the brain. We're talking about the . And what is that? Really |
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| 32:12 | . And the bigger the brain the of the Lord. However, |
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| 32:18 | Joseph Gala give you this? That are someone dry it. That number |
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| 32:24 | . The shape off the brain is by the development of the various |
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| 32:31 | Great. So what is he suggesting ? So he has this map |
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| 32:34 | You see the image of the and you have these sort of, |
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| 32:38 | , block trist mapped around my And these air the 35 zones that |
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| 32:43 | responsible for a name. Faculties. saying that because you have a certain |
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| 32:48 | underneath this skull in your brain and Skagen shaved by your brain. |
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| 32:57 | you have started bumps and indentations on skull, and then this skull |
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| 33:04 | The shape of the brain is the takes its shape from the brain. |
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| 33:09 | I can read the surface of the is inaccurate index of psychological attitudes and |
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| 33:18 | . Does that mean if somebody has bounce in the front, I can |
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| 33:22 | that they are more psychologically. Ah , advantageous. And have certain be |
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| 33:30 | tendencies over the person. It doesn't that bump in the skull. |
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| 33:36 | okay, let's see where it does truth lie. So, first of |
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| 33:42 | , when the skull takes shape during development, it is soft. The |
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| 33:47 | well adjusted, the forming brain tissues it is soft. The new boys |
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| 33:53 | have a soft spot year response. here, the place of the |
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| 33:59 | refusing, refusing the first year to years of life until they're completely |
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| 34:06 | All right, Waas, you have neurological conditions. That's just hydrocephalus, |
|
| 34:13 | is accumulation of fluids in the And then ventricles start pushing. Don't |
|
| 34:21 | . Start pushing on the skull. . The ventricle start pushing on the |
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| 34:28 | tissue, and they started pushing on style developing skull, and it can |
|
| 34:36 | reshape that skull. Okay. It reshape that skull. So in very |
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| 34:44 | conditions, yes, if you have hemorrhaging, if you have a tumor |
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| 34:50 | early development is growing in the soft . You can reshape that scholar on |
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| 34:55 | surface, but it's not going to the aptitude. Oh, or psychological |
|
| 35:03 | . You can't read a book by cover, so you cannot read the |
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| 35:11 | by its skull and different formations and skull. But nonetheless, in the |
|
| 35:19 | century, you would walk into for office, like Dr Jones of Guile |
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| 35:25 | , and you would sit down on . Depicted here and there will be |
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| 35:30 | tool, multiple tools, different different measurements performed on you had the |
|
| 35:37 | , the size of your head the bumps, the shapes of |
|
| 35:41 | You walk out there with the Agnes that you're a very generous person because |
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| 35:48 | have a burn in the area And that is generosity, that |
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| 35:54 | a generosity is on, and it's best has seen goodbye well, so |
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| 36:05 | responsible for Dempster did different intellectual aptitudes character trade. So we do know |
|
| 36:10 | they were on to something. They on toe localization of the brain |
|
| 36:16 | But no, they were wrong by it from the skull. And then |
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| 36:20 | less of you walked into a bookstore library in 18 48. Yeah, |
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| 36:27 | would be American phonological drone. Know South Know thy skull knows I'm bumps |
|
| 36:36 | that will help you understand your psychological invade characteristics and aptitudes. Great nature |
|
| 36:50 | Nature magazine Science that was American Phonological Volume town numbers three Lots of |
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| 37:02 | lots of publications, loss of interpretations like it is because it is born |
|
| 37:08 | psychology and physiology, it is bordering psychological observations of an individual in his |
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| 37:17 | character trades and trying to relate, to physiology and trying to correlated to |
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| 37:22 | parts of the brain doing it by anatomy, which is wrong. We'll |
|
| 37:29 | for Broke Asseri Broca's area. He a patient and has expressive aphasia. |
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| 37:36 | threats of officials difficulty in conveying thoughts speech and writing. The patient knows |
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| 37:43 | he wants to say. He understands he's writing. He understands what he's |
|
| 37:49 | . We cannot find the words that needs Teoh right down or to |
|
| 37:58 | But speech and so broken. Discover postmortem after death with this patient has |
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| 38:04 | area here that is missing a portion the brain. And, uh, |
|
| 38:10 | I jokingly say, he then immediately all of his colleagues on the national |
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| 38:20 | and, um, enter and electronic . But he couldn't do that. |
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| 38:28 | he road letters to all of these psychologists and neurologists and emerging neuroscientists. |
|
| 38:38 | , I have a patient that he this expressive aphasia. This was the |
|
| 38:42 | problem he had. No. When look at his brain afterwards, I |
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| 38:46 | whole here. So luckily, he several brains sent back to him that |
|
| 38:53 | is college described as having very cereal of expressive aphasia and hiding same |
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| 39:01 | the same area in the brain that damaged. This area is called the |
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| 39:07 | area, and Broca's area is very located. Two motor cortex in the |
|
| 39:12 | lobe. That motor cortex is originating motor commands and including your speech motor |
|
| 39:19 | or so by effective, uh, Broca's area, you're affecting that formation |
|
| 39:25 | the production expression of the speech, in in language or in writing for |
|
| 39:33 | aphasia, is a different form of and walls. Difficulty understanding spoken or |
|
| 39:39 | language. Patient hears the voice or print but can make sense of the |
|
| 39:46 | . So now the patient is, is he basically, uh, cannot |
|
| 39:54 | any information inexpressive official you receive the cannot express it in there, something |
|
| 40:00 | , you can't receive the information. that area is, uh, due |
|
| 40:05 | a very specific clerical diverting Cassandra Brain Asseri in the brain is at the |
|
| 40:12 | that blame the temporal lo, which for speech and for hearing parietal |
|
| 40:22 | which is so matter sensations. Receiving information as well was accepted alot, |
|
| 40:28 | is for visual seeing information. Patients a gnomic. Our third type, |
|
| 40:37 | or amnesia aphasia is Julius least severe of aphasia. You have difficulty in |
|
| 40:42 | the correct names for particular objects. place the servants, and it happens |
|
| 40:48 | the best of us. Uh, happening once in a while, or |
|
| 40:53 | it happens to fewer. I had Cem traumatic event or if you had |
|
| 40:58 | migraine, you may have ah, Tunisia aphasia not remembering certain things after |
|
| 41:05 | . Nick and I have trans Indonesia . After too much partying, you |
|
| 41:10 | have transient amnesia. Aphasia. After too much partying, you can have |
|
| 41:18 | permanent amnesia. Aphasia. Uh, all of these things are Mile. |
|
| 41:26 | is the mildest form of a Andi. There's usually a recovery if |
|
| 41:32 | a four term. If it becomes long term that you're looking at severe |
|
| 41:37 | chronic problem. You could potentially looking the start of the eventually onset global |
|
| 41:43 | beiges um, most severe form number Knicks. The most extensive damage to |
|
| 41:47 | language areas of the brain. Patients almost all language function, both comprehension |
|
| 41:55 | expressions of global aphasia. Uh, cannot understand. You cannot speak |
|
| 42:02 | You cannot bride. The global aphasia happen as a consequence of something, |
|
| 42:07 | example, that we distrust last lecture high poxy, he has a deprivation |
|
| 42:12 | oxygen globally to large parts of the that involved with many different courses. |
|
| 42:19 | parietal occipital. It's along and you a damage overall to these parts of |
|
| 42:23 | brain. You could have a global off not being able, Teoh |
|
| 42:29 | express ourselves. I don't even So we talk about localization of the |
|
| 42:37 | function again. This is a very individual that is depicted here. This |
|
| 42:41 | today s gauge, uh, use because he's probably the most famous, |
|
| 42:49 | , neuroscience patients and psychology station for 18 forties. Uh, they're railroads |
|
| 43:00 | are being laid in New England, this is a picture of actual photograph |
|
| 43:04 | finance occasion for the ask Asia's yes, metal stick, which |
|
| 43:11 | ah, metal stick link for packing . He's a master explosive evil. |
|
| 43:20 | is the guy that is packing explosives the crimson nannies and the rocks to |
|
| 43:27 | them to clear the pathway so that railroads can be laid. And one |
|
| 43:33 | is he's backing the explosives and accident . An explosion goes off. Excuse |
|
| 43:42 | explosives. And this rod, this stick rod that he is holding canon |
|
| 43:50 | . If cross us, it goes his bone chic on the left side |
|
| 43:56 | the face and shoes out, leaving cracking the skull, opening the skull |
|
| 44:03 | was later closed up and shooting out top of their You would think that |
|
| 44:10 | suffering such a trauma would be But then, as gauge is not |
|
| 44:17 | . And this is why this case so famous Because the injuries are |
|
| 44:23 | But the consequences of this injury, would think, would be a lot |
|
| 44:28 | serious. But you would look at guy has a droopy eye. |
|
| 44:33 | obviously had some trauma injury. hair on his head. So you |
|
| 44:38 | tell that his skull was all in Milito You Actually, he goes bold |
|
| 44:44 | old agent and in museum, you see the sculpture of them older where |
|
| 44:50 | scholars exposed, and also his actual with the with a fracture in the |
|
| 44:57 | and the hole in the skull. as gauge shows up a few months |
|
| 45:01 | and us for his job back. , uh, and he's not |
|
| 45:09 | And, uh, he doesn't get job back, but he doesn't get |
|
| 45:13 | John Bagna Koski is a rude He's and he can't control himself. Seems |
|
| 45:18 | be quite aggressive. Now. Accounts how bananas Gage was affected by this |
|
| 45:27 | are very diverse or actual books written this particular incident. And what happened |
|
| 45:35 | the names gauge after? And there a debate where some neuroscientists and psychologists |
|
| 45:41 | say that his injuries were so exemplifying the idea that even stint beer |
|
| 45:49 | brain injury could have minor loss of , mild minor damage consequences on the |
|
| 45:58 | . And yet there is another contingent psychologists in neuroscience, promulgating and |
|
| 46:06 | historically based on facts into the D . Phineas Gage was a madman after |
|
| 46:13 | injury that he found his way to that he somehow was borderline like psychotic |
|
| 46:23 | . He killed people, then found way back on a boat through the |
|
| 46:29 | of Mexico. Maybe it got washed by one of these Mexican or one |
|
| 46:37 | these Gulf of Mexico. One of Louisiana, uh, Texas storms washed |
|
| 46:46 | that is gauged backing and island stains found his way into the museum and |
|
| 46:52 | picture and so on. Well, don't know exactly the exact amount of |
|
| 46:58 | , but what is important and it to us is that he had a |
|
| 47:03 | loss of memory. He also was irritable and very aggressive. And so |
|
| 47:08 | now know that the frontal lobe and damage to the frontal lobe can cause |
|
| 47:13 | of these things. It is also for the executive function for being ableto |
|
| 47:20 | executive function, stones, so to . So again. Then, |
|
| 47:26 | he is a very important example of it damaged the massive vanished in front |
|
| 47:32 | love doesn't deprive him of all of functions. It's not like all of |
|
| 47:38 | functions air effective. It's not like can walk and talk, and right |
|
| 47:43 | he specifically is aggressive and the functions are affected related to the functions off |
|
| 47:51 | frontal lobe. Also 19th century. have cortical simulations that are taking |
|
| 47:59 | and so the skulls were being And during an anesthesia and animals such |
|
| 48:04 | monkeys and the brains, we're being with electors. And scientists now can |
|
| 48:09 | that we stimulate right side of the you will see approaching in the left |
|
| 48:15 | . And these cortical stimulation studies are delineating precisely the circus in the person |
|
| 48:22 | the brain that are responsible for different . Motive functions, emotional functions and |
|
| 48:29 | on. Eso were starting to understand and more about the brain function. |
|
| 48:36 | needs to be mentioned here because there is doing a lot of interesting observations |
|
| 48:45 | the Galapagos Islands is the archipelago off coast of Ecuador. I may have |
|
| 48:52 | University of Houston undergraduate students actually have to Galapagos Silence on under our biology |
|
| 49:01 | program. And then he comes up the theory of evolution of wise, |
|
| 49:07 | of volition is important for us because as animals, are evolving as a |
|
| 49:12 | of our environment. So Charles Darwin observing the finches. He was observing |
|
| 49:16 | beefs of these birds and the He was observing that colonels and different |
|
| 49:25 | and on in these animals and these small variations were justus a factor off |
|
| 49:34 | on the one island separated from another by just a matter of miles. |
|
| 49:41 | these islands, that's slightly different environments therefore in animals, were adjusting with |
|
| 49:45 | slightly different violence through the generations. surviving these different environments better and adapting |
|
| 49:52 | the and these you look at the is weak. Oh, involved with |
|
| 49:59 | environments, we still hark. involving with our environments, we are |
|
| 50:05 | changing. Our brain maps was a below is the brain. And if |
|
| 50:11 | look at the little patch of the lobe in non human primates of monkeys |
|
| 50:17 | the same, actually, if you that in human primates, you would |
|
| 50:21 | a very sophisticated doc like system here , which is representing the visual |
|
| 50:28 | And that is because a lot of information and how our brains is dedicated |
|
| 50:32 | visual system. You saw how large the occipital lobe for processing visual information |
|
| 50:38 | the very front of the monkey's Here you have this little nosh hanging |
|
| 50:44 | olfactory bowl. That's the smell, you can see the very little, |
|
| 50:49 | , information, and the area of brain is dedicated. The information processing |
|
| 50:54 | dedicated to the sole factor. If look in demand alone road as it's |
|
| 50:59 | because first of all, you see big bulge in the front. What |
|
| 51:02 | that tell you? Moon rats Now lot of their brain is dedicated to |
|
| 51:06 | . Another thing is, the surface rat brain is pretty smooth. There's |
|
| 51:10 | that much of the surface area actually out. Great. But okay, |
|
| 51:15 | big part is dedicated to a factual ? Because rats get around by smelling |
|
| 51:20 | piece. Humans get around by looking things, listening to things. |
|
| 51:24 | these parts of the brains are very developed. Rats also whisks about how |
|
| 51:30 | whisker pads system and they look around we whisk around in the sniff |
|
| 51:36 | That's what brands do. That's what environment This. So if you look |
|
| 51:40 | their parietal lobes somatic sensory cortex what you see are these dots |
|
| 51:46 | It looks like sorrow. Like brown . We call them barrels. You |
|
| 51:51 | what these dots represent? Each one these Das represented individual whisker to whisker |
|
| 51:58 | , actually five rows of whiskers on whisker pad. And therefore there are |
|
| 52:03 | rows of these barrels each one of brown barrels Sabb serving the deity of |
|
| 52:10 | individual whisker processing a somatic sensation. information from one of these whiskers. |
|
| 52:18 | is the map off the whiskers. have a map of your fingers in |
|
| 52:25 | brain environment that you live in this , sensory mops and the Prioleau. |
|
| 52:33 | all the change. I always use example on what we come, |
|
| 52:37 | So matter sensory system. You will understand this example very well, but |
|
| 52:41 | use this example all the time. making a focal until 20 years |
|
| 52:46 | 30 years ago To tell coming off the phone, grabbing the phone, |
|
| 52:54 | on the dial or pushing about Some of our fellow speaks to |
|
| 52:58 | And so oh, they're not Okay, So called back or leave |
|
| 53:03 | message. Okay, I'll call. said, there's no texting. There's |
|
| 53:07 | e mailing. There's no button There's no screens, nothing. There's |
|
| 53:12 | streets, nothing. There's a phone is not a screen 25 years |
|
| 53:18 | Come back five minutes later. is she then please come and talk |
|
| 53:22 | her. So you're stalking somebody You would be calling on, |
|
| 53:26 | 15 20 times. That means you be picking up using your phone 15 |
|
| 53:30 | times 25 years ago. Use your 20 times. You're insane or possessed |
|
| 53:37 | you're stalking somebody. Bone useless. . Hello. I talked to |
|
| 53:42 | Great. You know, sitting in and imagining things, maybe writing some |
|
| 53:48 | down. That's my experience with the . My fingers. I'm not doing |
|
| 53:54 | . My eyes are not staring at . And my brain is not thinking |
|
| 53:58 | those things. This is not the of the front conversation five years |
|
| 54:04 | All right, here we go. to this cell phones all day |
|
| 54:11 | click and tam and type and tab click and swipe and that the the |
|
| 54:16 | screen time and look a screen time and three times screen time with screen |
|
| 54:20 | . Eight hours, 10 hours. told somebody 25 years ago you couldn't |
|
| 54:27 | staring at the phone for eight hours day. They would think that you |
|
| 54:32 | or not from this planet that you . Ah, some sorrow, but |
|
| 54:37 | not saying that to criticize or just it's the reality, you |
|
| 54:41 | We click and tablet all the What are we doing? What are |
|
| 54:44 | sensations? These were moving fingers were our systems. We evolved our phone |
|
| 54:51 | from this 3 to 5 days, maximum a day, and putting down |
|
| 54:58 | this phone and phone experience and from is hours a day. A lot |
|
| 55:04 | micro sensations in our fingers, a of fine motor control. We didn't |
|
| 55:08 | a lot of fine motor control from , also which we didn't have 34 |
|
| 55:13 | ago. Not everybody was finding if tigers do you want I today that's |
|
| 55:18 | classy were typing. You'd already didn't have a typewriter for documents. I |
|
| 55:23 | it's for everything we are involving and the environment will dictate our cortical brain |
|
| 55:33 | the map of the world, the of the world him four dimensions, |
|
| 55:40 | dimensions and time. Your balls presents now creates certain and upon because anatomical |
|
| 55:49 | in the brain in the cortex and evolves with trying. It evolves with |
|
| 55:54 | that the rats stop whisking. This will go away. If you cut |
|
| 56:00 | the whiskers from the rats, the goes away. Yes. The map |
|
| 56:06 | , just as suddenly has in 23 cutting off one whisker and one of |
|
| 56:12 | barrels will melt away and disappear. brave Mapple no longer before this is |
|
| 56:19 | fast these changes are. Some of on the matter of minutes, others |
|
| 56:23 | powers on this of days. Some them are longer, persistent as |
|
| 56:29 | So, Darwin stay with us as watch our co evolution with smartphones and |
|
| 56:37 | device system. How that effects are not a sensor system, our usual |
|
| 56:43 | . And what? How in So brain Annapolis istan brain massive. |
|
| 56:48 | were just looking right. So we have these very important developments in |
|
| 57:00 | , but you know in order for to see these barrels in order for |
|
| 57:04 | to see these DOS in order for toe, visualize the nervous system. |
|
| 57:11 | need stains, we need stains and need microscopes. So that doesn't really |
|
| 57:16 | around until 19 century. And this where we start talking about neurons and |
|
| 57:22 | because we're staying suddenly. The microscopes actually start distinguishing between different Sal |
|
| 57:28 | different parts of the brain that we're using these microscopes that are becoming increasingly |
|
| 57:35 | powerful in the 19th and 20th neurons and glia nurse comprised 10% of |
|
| 57:46 | of the South's In their central nervous , neurons produce action potentials. Neurons |
|
| 57:52 | synaptic translation neurons, half chemical communication neuron on that works. The 90% |
|
| 57:59 | what you have in the brain is cells, rial cell support neurons. |
|
| 58:05 | also also not just passive real cells actively influenced neuronal synapses, formacion neuronal |
|
| 58:14 | transmission, the plasticity of the synaptic , inflammation in the brain all of |
|
| 58:21 | days without which narrows couldn't exist. neurons are like chips on the chocolate |
|
| 58:26 | cookie and Gloria, the old Greek of grease glue is like the |
|
| 58:36 | So can you have but cookie without chips? Yes, yes, we |
|
| 58:46 | have a cookie without chocolate chips, it's boring. Is this dough And |
|
| 58:53 | need me? Iran's Teoh really light their action in the brain and the |
|
| 58:58 | the distant that works and narrows are fast one. So you need fast |
|
| 59:03 | because we're super fats, We react things are level off microseconds and nanoseconds |
|
| 59:12 | even unconsciously, we perceive visual information the order off the off the off |
|
| 59:19 | nanoseconds. So Okay, can everyone uh, the slide? I'm showing |
|
| 59:29 | slide of neurons and glia and I'm that somebody's not seeing this like |
|
| 59:35 | OK, that's not seeing it. line board, it should be |
|
| 59:40 | Uh, it should be. It be a police looking may be the |
|
| 59:45 | that says lecture one and two. should be able to find it if |
|
| 59:48 | all double track that it is there the last show. But just for |
|
| 59:52 | sake of timer will continue lecturing if can see it on the screen. |
|
| 59:59 | . So what is so important that discover in the 19th and 20th century |
|
| 60:06 | . The gain in the brain is in the state. Yes, the |
|
| 60:13 | and the brain is mainly in this the rain and Spain is most |
|
| 60:20 | The plane, the rain and Spain mostly in the play of the |
|
| 60:27 | and the brain is mostly in this . So there's, ah, really |
|
| 60:32 | novel, Cold Chameleon about language. so this this work play comes from |
|
| 60:41 | that particular well, a now then , uh, language therapy in language |
|
| 60:49 | , Really? So let's talk a bit about their anatomy and cell |
|
| 60:53 | 19th century until 19 century, the of or quality and then you have |
|
| 61:00 | century microscopes that air capable of resolving south. The usual Sal is 10 |
|
| 61:07 | leaders. That's what you have to you can't see with the naked eye |
|
| 61:13 | the micro stroll. And at that in 19 century, all of then |
|
| 61:19 | . It's not just the people that looking in the brain. Ah are |
|
| 61:24 | the, uh, even proponents of theory or particular theory. If you're |
|
| 61:31 | at the brain and you take out brain, it appear like a cap |
|
| 61:36 | vascular system surrounded by lots of blood and nerve fibers. And when a |
|
| 61:42 | of new, anonymous look at the like this, they thought that it |
|
| 61:47 | actually more like a census You. other words, it's more like in |
|
| 61:55 | of living material. That's all, that has multiple nuclei all over the |
|
| 62:02 | nervous system. But it is one side of plants with half side of |
|
| 62:07 | continuity, one place in the network the way to the periphery. Just |
|
| 62:12 | essentially particular theory is a theory of brain is one giant massive sell. |
|
| 62:23 | new hours billions off nuclei essential? one thing insufferable. Is it |
|
| 62:34 | And on the opposite side there's a theory or the neuron doctrine and your |
|
| 62:41 | doctrine and still theory held that nervous or each cell, uh, each |
|
| 62:48 | tissues composed of discrete cells. They're in this case of the brain called |
|
| 62:55 | and each with just one nuclear's and by its own saw membrane with a |
|
| 63:01 | cycle classes So discreet units Newman Doctrine Theory. This is a clump off |
|
| 63:10 | big brain with multiple nuclear and in to really resolve this argument. You |
|
| 63:18 | to stay in the Bryant to visualize the brain uh, looked like. |
|
| 63:26 | , in this case, would Seeing on the left is an image |
|
| 63:32 | Camelia Ecology. So there are three prominent scientists there, pictured in the |
|
| 63:39 | , and you should know their names . Millio Golgi, Santiago Ramon, |
|
| 63:45 | Hall in the middle. I am Charles Farrington, the media goldie in |
|
| 63:52 | 73 publishers and massive This is again said, this is the beauty of |
|
| 63:58 | science. I'm gonna go on a expedition. I'm gonna catch officially nobody |
|
| 64:05 | seen before your bowl or good And you're going on a fishing expedition |
|
| 64:11 | three years for five years. Some are laughing at me and they don't |
|
| 64:14 | you. And then you show something , Oh, look at what |
|
| 64:19 | The basic science allowed him to ask question. What if I used the |
|
| 64:23 | Still, the re agents that are their use for photographic development and they |
|
| 64:29 | the neurons, uses these free It stands the brains, and he |
|
| 64:34 | the brains in the skulls, the skull with a brain, and that |
|
| 64:38 | , and he takes the brain out the skull and the brain and he |
|
| 64:43 | the brain, and he puts it the creation until he dissolves some method |
|
| 64:47 | which a portion of the sauce only to 5% of neurons pick up this |
|
| 64:53 | stain, then staying beautifully. Beso and all of the processes Denver rides |
|
| 64:59 | accents, showing all of the precise and projections of each one of these |
|
| 65:06 | narrows Emilio Golgi and then sustain a is Spanish, uh, student Ramon |
|
| 65:15 | , one of the greatest thinker. , Science World and Ramon. Alcohol |
|
| 65:21 | to draw images of the cells and he drawing these images of the |
|
| 65:28 | He's very dedicated person. So it a very inquisitive, dedicated person communion |
|
| 65:34 | to discover that you can use these agents to stain brains. Then it |
|
| 65:40 | a very dedicated individual for morning call hours, going to the live and |
|
| 65:46 | at the microscope, and he's sitting in front of a microscope that's very |
|
| 65:51 | . It has a complex of so whatever he's thinking, the i |
|
| 65:56 | on the microscope slide here that's being . He's also capable of seeing it |
|
| 66:02 | the Maris in producing these drawings of beautiful cells. So he used a |
|
| 66:08 | microscope with Mary system called Camera Lucida order to visualize and very precisely reproduced |
|
| 66:16 | cortical networks of the brain. And Ramon, alcoholism, proponent of neuron |
|
| 66:22 | . But guess what? Despite the that he invented the Golgi, |
|
| 66:26 | Golgi is a proponent of particular Two of them, except noble price |
|
| 66:33 | in disagreement. Stand your ground You have a passion about an |
|
| 66:42 | Do you want to prove it? he drew those house. He noticed |
|
| 66:46 | gaps between lovely noticed. There's directionality communication was pounding our hours and our |
|
| 66:54 | on that desk, going at night the brothels and, uh, seeing |
|
| 66:59 | friends at night coming back at working in the line again for the |
|
| 67:04 | of science, arguing with his believing those air discreet units accepting Noble |
|
| 67:11 | , still arguing with his boss. stop believing men and what you really |
|
| 67:17 | wanting to do. A destined to . Sir Charles Sherington is important because |
|
| 67:23 | require, in the term off the seven accepted nerve physiology noble prize of |
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| 67:30 | , Sir Charles Farrington. This synapses actual you describing the synapses a specific |
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| 67:37 | location between two neurons where the specific happens. But normally alcohol was very |
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| 67:45 | thinking he understood a lot about these . And he also was the first |
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| 67:51 | to start talking about brain plasticity or connections between the South. Of how |
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| 67:57 | connections change with experience. All And so this is some of |
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| 68:08 | uh, images of for morning You can see that he and not |
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| 68:16 | noted how beautiful the cells lift but he also put these arrows, |
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| 68:21 | indicated that he basically was showing that is a specific way in which these |
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| 68:27 | communicate. There's a structure. There's to this network's There's connections so now |
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| 68:35 | , and that there is a way which these, uh, cells and |
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| 68:39 | networks are all interconnected. So these three important names Emilio Golgi believing in |
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| 68:47 | theory. Golgi stain on harmonica. biggest proponent of known doctrine, using |
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| 68:55 | bosses goal. Just stand producing these and theories off domesticity search all |
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| 69:02 | honing in on describing the synapse as very special place in there Another very |
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| 69:10 | stain that was developed at that time missile stain and missile stained does not |
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| 69:17 | precisely the processes that stands. All the so most of neurons and |
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| 69:22 | all of them gold. You staying 23 to 5%. And, |
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| 69:29 | this will stains stains all of the here, revealing the side architecture. |
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| 69:35 | , as we will learn when we back in the following lecture that comedian |
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| 69:42 | month used this missile stained in order describe what is still accepted as the |
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| 69:48 | day side Tarkett tectonic maps or five maps of the brain is a mass |
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| 69:54 | the brain that air, compared to knowledge, is where massive the |
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| 69:59 | These are massive the brain in the . Uh, now you can look |
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| 70:04 | the anatomy of the brain bear and obviously the next stages mound, |
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| 70:09 | the function off these very imprecise of locations. And this could not be |
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| 70:15 | without the help of microscopes and the that in 19 fifties we have the |
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| 70:21 | of the electron microscope and we can the space up to 0.19 m, |
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| 70:29 | is enough to visualize the space between are switches 20 nanometers in space and |
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| 70:34 | can actually now see the actual synopsis 19 fifties. So 19th century and |
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| 70:41 | 19th century was start seeing their arms we have the stains in the microscopes |
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| 70:47 | the middle of 20th century, we seeing the synapses because now we have |
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| 70:54 | only the stains, but we also very sophisticated electron microscopes and further development |
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| 71:01 | a focal record stoves as well as , visualization and visualization off active nerves |
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| 71:10 | just stained arounds by the howled activity grand happens. So as we come |
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| 71:16 | , Teoh the next, uh lesser we will review these last few |
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| 71:25 | on staining and keep on pushing on and glia. Uh, this |
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| 71:32 | ah, really, uh, fun , because we will look at some |
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| 71:37 | the data from my own line and actual images pictures off neurons that now |
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| 71:43 | can visualize without staying. So I explain to you how that is |
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| 71:48 | Okay, so that is terrific from row in the regular lecturing time and |
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| 71:56 | , I will take any questions that may have about the material on the |
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| 72:02 | or if you want to raise your even way, I don't want to |
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| 72:06 | you that if you have questions about testing, please hold them until next |
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| 72:12 | because I should finalize the dates over weekend. And I should have the |
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| 72:18 | days. And we should have all the confirm instructions for Casa next |
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| 72:23 | And as I mentioned, I will if there's a way that there's, |
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| 72:28 | , practice log in. Did you do a practice Couple of questions to |
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| 72:34 | do to make sure that the system working as all of us, including |
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| 72:38 | is muted. Okay, I'm gonna the chance now to see if you |
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| 72:42 | any, um, relevant questions. , maybe a missing questions during electrolysis |
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| 72:55 | . Relative size is important relative size yesterday, when we discuss the size |
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| 73:01 | the organs or the size of the , you said the bigger the the |
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| 73:07 | size of that particular part of the , the more area of the brain |
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| 73:14 | dedicated relatively to the rest of the or important is that part of the |
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| 73:19 | function. Uh, there is, , positive correlation with minimal we'll talk |
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| 73:26 | is that if you look at the species animal species, which you see |
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| 73:32 | that their brain of the cortex uh, primarily dedicated to primary information |
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| 73:40 | . So very large parts of their very large parts of the brain are |
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| 73:45 | Teoh processing visual information, just visual , not thinking about it. But |
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| 73:52 | information, which is seeing humans, that relative size of the primary processing |
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| 73:59 | to the rest of the brain is smaller in humans, and so much |
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| 74:04 | of our areas of the brain are . Teoh association areas are much of |
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| 74:12 | brains, are dedicated and processing and different senses. Different modalities together. |
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| 74:20 | thinking about Theismann ality So we'll get that little that more. But these |
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| 74:25 | all good questions. 10%. I said tell percent. Then let's |
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| 74:32 | up 10% of this cells in the . Thank you, Louise. That's |
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| 74:35 | , Cash. I want to tell that maybe the confusion here is that |
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| 74:39 | say, Wait a second. We use 10% of our brains. Is |
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| 74:42 | Bryant? Wow. You know, can use 100% of your brain But |
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| 74:49 | is called a generalized seizure. Epileptic . That's not good. 100% of |
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| 74:54 | brain doesn't flight out 10% of the . That might be instances where 10% |
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| 74:59 | the brain this act being since 25% for some different parts of the |
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| 75:03 | There is no such thing that we use 10% of our brand. |
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| 75:07 | this massive 90% of somewhere there on and boy, if I could tap |
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| 75:13 | that, I would probably ace this . No problem. That's maybe words |
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| 75:19 | Okay, if you're not seeing the , please tell me I will make |
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| 75:24 | you have the slides listed on BMB called Electra Woman to say so. |
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| 75:29 | are seeing it. Uh, easy only office. I was I |
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| 75:33 | Uh huh. Mom, um, off the name after left after |
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| 75:39 | Now, the dreams of studying for would you say the slides of the |
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| 75:44 | resource is in the text. Much more for reinforcing concepts. You need |
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| 75:47 | understanding all that will be information that expert that isn't on the size that |
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| 75:52 | show up on the fast. I say the slide material is the |
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| 75:56 | and also the additional resource is like of the articles that I go |
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| 76:01 | Some of the links are very, useful. If you do have |
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| 76:04 | if you have access to taste better you like. I said, If |
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| 76:07 | want to pursue neuroscience, that's Reading some texts in the text book |
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| 76:11 | reinforce the May. Provide some additional that I may not have gone |
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| 76:17 | but you will be tested. What presented a class over lecture a lecture |
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| 76:24 | is all lecture about your idea that are volitional selecting for fine motor |
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| 76:30 | What did that mean? But those better fine motor skills are more likely |
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| 76:33 | procreate. Well, it's a good . I'm not so sure because procreation |
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| 76:45 | just involve fine motor skills revolts, act of procreation, uh, which |
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| 76:52 | both the, you know, coarse fine motor skills. But I guess |
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| 77:00 | could argue that you would be more to the environment that is driven by |
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| 77:07 | is you have fine motor skills, if that environment is driven by technology |
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| 77:12 | it procreation is doing by technology or least dating his journal by to cause |
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| 77:16 | even u minus more successful and dating you handle the technology Procreation, I |
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| 77:24 | like a little stall. Still, down Teoh chemistry hormones, pheromones |
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| 77:32 | uh, the beauty off love, and emotion of love, which, |
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| 77:39 | is created by the brain often that hard to measure impossible with the additional |
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| 77:45 | list for graduate students. Damn, would thank you very much for minding |
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| 77:51 | graduate students will have an extra assignment this course and that I will go |
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| 77:57 | this assignment with just graduate students next . Okay, So thank you very |
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| 78:05 | for reminding me When were, when I was supposed to talk about |
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| 78:09 | mentioned this to you and you will a separate email graduate students next week |
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| 78:15 | us to schedule a session for you do an extra assignment for graduate |
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| 78:21 | Are you taking it down to? how you take Well, you are |
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| 78:26 | . Ah, You are, zoom. So I can see that |
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| 78:35 | this resume this first week. I'm taking attendance because it's a Hurricane |
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| 78:41 | In addition to all of us swirling technology next week, I will come |
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| 78:46 | with a scheme for attendance. We're . Don't would serve more really to |
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| 78:53 | an increase in survival size in the . Potentially. Um uh, Sarah |
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| 79:01 | is the fine motor Motor command tuning . So you could see the increasing |
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| 79:09 | size or maybe no, this is increasing the size but the complexity about |
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| 79:14 | self serving the cells old way so and serve already have these pro Kinji |
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| 79:19 | and 100,000 synapses someone Ciao. Imagine computation going around there the night of |
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| 79:26 | . 100,000 points of contact being so can. But let's wesser |
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| 79:53 | Well, I mean the anatomy of brain. So yeah, it's nature |
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| 79:58 | nurture. If you're talking about some these fine motor maps that you |
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| 80:05 | did they get passed on? Is a genetic alteration that happens is probably |
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| 80:10 | the level of epi genetics That would my best gas actual. And if |
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| 80:17 | we are, if we are the science, where we're thinking that empty |
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| 80:22 | trades get past are hereditary, are of at the genetic regulation is |
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| 80:31 | Well, then you would be more than with that at the genetic regulation |
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| 80:36 | on from a very advanced fine motor map. Teoh to potentially have that |
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| 80:47 | aware that evolution isn't deterministic I than external pressure. Couldn't fine motor skills |
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| 80:52 | reverse the fitness of a few. Gina. Five do today. Another |
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| 80:57 | factors? Absolutely. Absolutely. And actually call the technology and devices as |
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| 81:07 | factors. Just temperature. Very Very interesting for me to guys. |
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| 81:16 | . These are all very good We think that at this stage, |
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| 81:22 | gonna end the recording and, save the recording and we'll offload it |
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| 81:30 | your blackboard. So you should be to be seeing the first recording already |
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| 81:35 | the line ward. And shortly today takes a few minutes toe upload this |
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| 81:41 | . Today should be able to see second lecture as well. So with |
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| 81:46 | , I'm stopping the second lecture. will see you back virtually on |
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| 81:52 | Have a safe hurricane and Coleman 19 . Please be careful. And, |
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| 82:02 | , see you next |
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