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BIOL 2301 Human Anatomy & Physiology I - 2103_lecture10_0222
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00:04 So are we all doing today? feels like spring yet it's spring in
00:09 . It's manic depressive right? It's it's gonna be hot next week it's
00:13 be down to be hot and after it's going to be heart. So
00:19 springtime in Houston today. What we're do Is we're gonna go over the
00:24 . Remember I said dem bones that's this is. 206 bones we're gonna
00:28 through all 206 by the end of you're going all the bones in your
00:32 , wow. Alright. And actually not really that hard. I mean
00:36 think it's just scary saying 206 and going to see how quickly we go
00:41 how it's not as horrible as you of when we look at the skeleton
00:46 is how it breaks down. Remember talked about the axis of the appendices
00:49 early on we started this class and where we're gonna start here is the
00:54 the skeleton breaks down into two different . We have the axial skeleton with
00:59 appendix color skeleton. The axial skeleton the one that's marks here in blue
01:04 can see and then everything that's normal color is going to be a perpendicular
01:09 you can kind of see how it down the axle is the skull.
01:13 vertebrae and the ribs that are attached it. Alright so the job of
01:17 axial skeleton is basically protecting supporting and the other body parts you can live
01:23 with your access you or you can without your appendices. Alright? So
01:29 you don't have if you lose parts your access it's it's kind of a
01:32 deal basically these things are going to there to protect those things that you
01:37 living. Now when it comes to appendix color skeleton, what we're talking
01:41 are the arms and the legs and things that attach them to the
01:46 right? So the things that are the limbs, so your upper
01:50 right? Your lower limbs, That the hip and the shoulder. Because
01:54 are the things that attach it to axis. It also includes the the
02:00 and the hands and the feet. . And what we're going to see
02:03 many of these bones are repeated over over again. Which is why the
02:06 is not that big of a Alright. There's some big ones that
02:09 got to know and then after that like this is bo number one,
02:12 two, number three. Number And that's why it makes it
02:16 The bones in the appendix other sculptures responsible for locomotion. Alright. Me
02:21 my hands like this is locomotion. , so a perpendicular skeleton locomotion,
02:28 skeleton primarily protection. So there is starting point and what we're gonna do
02:34 we're going to dive in. Well should make sure this thing is actually
02:43 and it is We're gonna dive in the skull when we start off at
02:46 school, we start off with 222 , it's probably the most complex structure
02:51 the skeleton. All right. When we say 22 bones, we're
02:56 start in the cranium, there's eight there. The face is made up
02:59 14 bones. And so what we're to see is that most of these
03:03 are going to be flat bones. we're talking about the appendix, we're
03:07 primarily long bones. But when we're , the axis is primarily weird
03:13 The flat bones for the most Now, what's interesting about the bones
03:17 the skull is that these bones are be united by a unique type of
03:21 called suture. We're gonna name the today, but when we come back
03:25 thursday we're gonna describe the joints. right. And so when we look
03:30 these, you gotta just think, , any type place where a bone
03:34 with another bone comes into contact with bone. That's an articulation or
03:38 These joints or sutures. And what have here basically to bones that are
03:42 with each other, just like a puzzle. So, there's very little
03:47 between those bones and you can test yourself, you can try to move
03:51 bones in your skull, any movement feel is your skin. All
03:55 The bones themselves don't actually move. there is one exception to this
04:01 When it comes to the bones of skull and that is the man moving
04:07 now on my body, right? that lower bone that makes up the
04:14 . It's the only one that doesn't a suture. It has a unique
04:18 of articulation which we'll get to on . Alright, so with that in
04:23 , this is kind of the big . 22 bones. We're gonna start
04:26 the cranium. We're going to start the cranium. It's gonna be one
04:35 those days. Alright Crane. here's the good news for this
04:41 And what's difficult about learning this stuff a lecture versus the lab in the
04:46 , you get your hands on one these structures, you put it in
04:48 hands, you turn it over, touch you feel you can see all
04:51 different parts and so it's really easy identify these bones in a lecture.
04:56 I got is the picture and I to point at it over and over
04:59 . Alright, so on the what will happen is you will see
05:04 that look exactly like what I'm showing here. They're even gonna be color
05:09 . So you're not sitting there everything looks like beiges bone with some
05:13 vague lines. Okay, so your is gonna be easy in that
05:18 All right, But that's not how real world works, you know?
05:21 you go look at a real It's not that easy to see the
05:25 sometimes. Alright. but knowing where bones are kind of gives you a
05:30 of structure. So our starting point the cranium, this is the structure
05:35 encloses your brain. The attachments to to your neck, to your
05:41 You know your head and neck are to be attached to the bones of
05:43 skull. You got tons of muscles make up your face as well.
05:46 we're focusing here on the crane. me being able to nod my head
05:50 this is a function of muscle being to the bones of this cranium.
05:56 here in the cranium we have a of bones that are called single
06:00 In other words there's one of each then we have paired bones. This
06:03 what speeds up the process. If didn't know you are a mirror image
06:07 yourself, right? So if you a line or a mirror down the
06:11 sagittal section or the mid sagittal plane looked at that mirror, you would
06:16 a mirror image of you and it very much like what you look right
06:20 we're slightly not a perfect mirror image that in and of itself. So
06:24 that means is the bones on the , your left, my right are
06:28 to the bones on the right, left, your right. Okay,
06:33 when we see paired bones were really saying along that mid sagittal section,
06:38 is a pairing. So when you see a pairing, that means there
06:42 probably some place along the mid So the single bones include the
06:47 the occipital ethnobotanist, annoyed. All now we're gonna go back a little
06:52 later and we're gonna talk about the system, we're gonna talk about the
06:55 and the and the lobes of the . And you're gonna see these names
06:58 up again. So one of the you can remember for some of these
07:02 is that the named bone lies over name part of the brain. So
07:07 is your frontal bone and it lies your frontal lobes, right? That's
07:14 of easy back here in the very back is your occipital bone.
07:19 lies over the occipital lobes so So good. Alright then, Where
07:25 put your hat? Alright, There two bones side by side. Those
07:29 the parietal bones. Okay? And lie over the parietal lobes. You
07:35 where I'm going here and then there's more set of love and they sit
07:40 . Alright and there's this part. bone is what is called the temporal
07:46 . Alright, so we got frontal the front occipital, in the back
07:50 in the middle. That's where you your hat. I just rhymed
07:53 I feel like dr Seuss today. right. And then over on the
07:57 with the other pair temporal bones. here's the one paired, here's the
08:01 paired. So one single, another . And then that means there's two
08:05 that we didn't name up there. ? The uh sorry, the
08:12 Alright. The spin oid, you see because it's on the surfaces on
08:16 inside you can see right here. just annoyed. Alright. These different
08:20 right here, which you don't need know but if you're in the
08:24 they would say you need to know this thing right here is called the
08:27 Wing. This down here is called greater Wing. What did they kind
08:30 look like to you in the The purple thing. It looks like
08:34 bat or a butterfly or a bird can pick. Right? But so
08:39 these things to think about. Has these wings to it.
08:43 That's just paranoid. And then the that sits right above it. I
08:47 I say above it. It's really interior too is the ETh Boyd.
08:54 right. And so when you're looking into the cranium, that's where you're
08:58 see the solenoid and the asteroid. up here on the top, that's
09:02 be the frontal, the parietal, occipital and temporal bones. All
09:07 And so those are the eight you can count them 123, 45678
09:14 of the cranium. So the top is referred to as the vault.
09:18 bottom portion here is referred to as base. You can see in the
09:23 of the occipital bone is this big gaping hole and it's named the big
09:27 gaping hole, the frame and magnus . Whole magnus big putting gaping there
09:36 I like that word. All So that's the cranium. Now if
09:44 get kind of confused here and go well I'm not sure which makes a
09:48 you know the the vaulter which makes the floor. We can look at
09:51 are called the cranial fossa. these are depressions within the cranium that
09:59 as the floor to hold your brain place and you can see there's basically
10:03 levels. There's one 2, 3 your brain kind of sits on these
10:08 levels and is supported in that Alright so all we gotta do is
10:13 what bones make up these floors and shows you what makes up the floor
10:18 then all the other ones make up vault. So the one in the
10:21 is the anterior, the one in back is the post here. The
10:24 in the middle is the middle kind easy, right? So the anterior
10:29 the frontal bone you can see right . Plus there's the ethnic plus part
10:34 that bird looking structure so you can here and compared to where the bones
10:38 marked there. So the anterior has eth, annoyed and annoyed. Its
10:43 is to support the front of the . The frontal lobes. The middle
10:47 the spin oid and the temporal bones right. You can see there's a
10:52 bit of the parietal is kind of there but we kind of say that's
10:56 vault. Alright. So even though can see a little bit of
10:59 you can see the primary portions are spin oid in the in the temporal
11:04 and you're like well wait a my temporal bones are here.
11:07 but they come down like so And then when you look at the
11:11 superior, well, what do we there? Well we've got some of
11:14 temporal bone that's really kind of what line is there. You can see
11:18 of bound up and the occipital. it kind of shows you the floor
11:23 made up of some very specific bones then the other bones, as you
11:28 about the top. So this is the top that, you know,
11:30 frontal bone plays a double role, it plays a role in the top
11:35 it plays a role at the And this makes up the protective structures
11:41 the brain. At least the first of protective structure. When we get
11:45 the nervous system, we'll talk about other protective structures. All right now
11:52 said these things are kind of held by these sutures and I'm just going
11:55 name the sutures here. They're not . Again, it's just you know
12:00 bones are being attached to which by future? All right. And so
12:04 are immovable joints as I tried to , um We have the corona,
12:10 corona, remember we said corona plane basically a crown. That's what corona
12:15 for. And it's like the crown the statue of Liberty, not a
12:18 , like on the Queen of And what it does is it basically
12:21 the front from the back and that's the corona suture does. It separates
12:25 frontal bone from the two parietal right? If you go to the
12:32 , you can see here this structure kind of like a lambda. For
12:35 of you who are doing greek Lambda is easy for those of you
12:38 haven't been around greek letters. A looks kind of like an upside down
12:43 , The capital form, All And that kind of looks like an
12:46 down V. Grant. It looks a very wide upside down V.
12:50 it's nevertheless, it looks like hence the term lambda. Oid.
12:55 . It's kind of like a but not quite. And what it
12:57 , it separates out the occipital from two parietal and you can also see
13:02 a little bit of the temporal there well. Alright. But we're gonna
13:08 there's a little bit of that Alright? We have the sagittal
13:12 Remember the sagittal plane separates your left your right? This happens to be
13:17 the midline. So it's really a sagittal joint and what it does is
13:20 separates the two parietal. And you see here there's pride on the
13:24 parietal, on the right, there's sagittal suture and then the last one
13:28 squamous squamous. Remember means scale So I don't know why they came
13:32 with this bad answer that could have up with something or a bad
13:35 But in essence, what we have , here's the squamous suture and it
13:38 out the parietal from the temporal. right. So those are the primary
13:45 major sutures. And you can see are other ones and I want to
13:48 kind of point these things see these green things that have been marked
13:52 Those are examples of sigma r r bones. Alright. They have names
13:57 them but we don't worry about All right. So those are sutures
14:03 hold your skull together. At least cranial vault. And then what we're
14:10 do is we go to the The fate seems more scary because there's
14:14 lot more different names. All You can see there's two bones that
14:18 gonna be single bones and then everything is paired. Alright. So if
14:22 was eight we said there's 22 of skull. Eight were in the
14:26 that means 14 are going to be the face. All right.
14:30 one of the things you can do learn this is go find a friend
14:33 doesn't mind you touching their face and just poke at them. All
14:40 Hard to find people like that. what we do is we just kind
14:45 walk through and look at the names see do the names make sense to
14:49 . Alright, so I'm gonna start the paired bones here. The nasal
14:52 . You can see there's two of . Where do you expect the nasal
14:55 to be part of the nose? . And then when I cry,
14:59 tear ducts are located here near that bone. That would be where the
15:04 of bone is. Okay. And one on each side. Okay,
15:09 that's two. That's easy. The bone. That's a hard one in
15:13 of names. I don't really know zygomatic means. Okay, well feel
15:17 bump right there your cheek. That part of the zygomatic arch, which
15:22 a feature of the zygomatic bone. zygomatic bone makes up your cheek so
15:28 far so good. Right next on list is we have the palantine.
15:33 right, we're going to come down and look at the palantine. Have
15:35 made yourself gag? Right? Get finger go back and find that special
15:41 in the back of your throat. . What do we call this part
15:44 the mouth? The hard palate and the trigger in the back of the
15:49 . The soft palate. Alright that palate is made up of two
15:55 One is going to be part of maxillary, the other is the Palin
16:03 . Alright prepared palantine. That's a bit further back. We'll see a
16:08 picture on the next slide. It's another angle to see that. But
16:12 where the palantine are. Alright. then we have the paired maxillary which
16:16 kind of fuses together and creates a structure but it's actually two bones fused
16:21 and then we have the inferior nasal shell which is inside the nasal cavity
16:26 it sits kind of on the side it's not easy to see in any
16:30 . If you look right up That's the only picture we'll see and
16:33 can see it's right inside. So means there's two bones we said that
16:38 singles. One of them is the . Alright, so Bowmer, Bowmer
16:43 what decides to defy or divides the cavity into left and the right
16:49 All right. You can see here a large bone but it's very very
16:54 so it just sits there and goes the way back and then the other
16:58 is your mandible, your lower your mandible. So the maxillary,
17:03 upper jaw mandibles, lower jaw and picture right here. Get a little
17:08 better so you can see the two of the maxillary here, you can
17:11 the two halves of the valentine's and can see the single bomer underneath that
17:18 right there, if you're wondering wait a second, where am
17:21 That's that spin oid that makes up floor of the cranial vault. So
17:26 can see it from that angle and are just different angles. Again,
17:30 can see there's my latino bone, my nasal bone right here. This
17:35 part of the maxillary, there's a six. So it's just looking at
17:39 from different angles. And again, would be easier if you had a
17:43 in your hand and you could sit and wander around it. This is
17:46 best we can do. I think textbook actually has a school that you
17:50 wander around if you want to, know? But these are the pictures
17:55 see on the exam, literally the same pictures color coded the exact same
18:01 . Okay. Will there be a of labeling? Uh, no,
18:05 it's all multiple choice, but it like which of the following is the
18:09 , A B C or D. sort of thing. Yes. What's
18:16 ? No. So the reason we do is to fill in the
18:19 So are you confident in your No. And that's the problem is
18:24 computers have to have every possible answer every possible misspelling and that's why we
18:32 do that. So it's just easier to do the multiple choice. And
18:36 truth is is that if you're planning a career in the health professions,
18:39 your exams for the rest of your . Oh, and by the
18:42 if you didn't know this, you're to be tested for the rest of
18:44 life. All health professions have continuing to ensure your license ship. And
18:50 you have to do a certain number continuing education hours for your entire
18:56 Yeah. Tests. Mhm. it might as well teach you how
19:01 do it now. Right? My , I think has to do 30
19:06 of continuing ed. And it's not 30 hours like, oh if I
19:10 literally 30 hours, that's it's each kind of like college where it's like
19:15 taking three credit hours, but I'm some odd hours. All right,
19:21 . Let's see. Oh. So is the whole point of all these
19:24 bones? Um Why do we care them? Well, they play a
19:30 in creating the cavities for your special and your special senses. If you
19:35 familiar, these are three of the of them. So it's sight,
19:39 and taste balance and and hearing are other two. And that's going to
19:43 found inside the temporal bone. Uh creates a terminate for the heirs.
19:48 what that inferior nasal conscious a terminate when you breathe in instead the air
19:53 laminar or straight. What happens is air begins to roll over itself alright
19:59 purpose of which is to warm up air and humidified the air so that
20:02 the air enters your lungs it's not cold and damaging um provides the openings
20:08 the passage of air that would be your nasal passage as well as for
20:12 . That'd be the oral cavity plays role in securing the teeth which we'll
20:16 with regard to mexican a mandible and face muscles of which there are
20:20 many many face muscles. All So I've mentioned cavities. Alright.
20:32 I'm just gonna point them out, said that there's three at least for
20:35 special senses. We'll look at But it's also the cranium.
20:39 so this is the largest cavity. it is basically a big hollow space
20:42 the skull. That's where your brain . So that'd be the cranial cavity
20:46 we have the orbital cavities. And can kind of see which bones That
20:50 be a question is like which bones up these? For which bone doesn't
20:54 not a way to go because it's me. But it's like which bones
20:59 up part of the orbit? Uh the cranial cavity or the orbital
21:04 orbital cavity. Just think about All , well where am I?
21:07 here's my orbit, right? So you can see on the front that
21:11 be the frontal bone back there. a still annoyed. There's also the
21:15 annoyed which you can't see in this um You have the zygomatic. There's
21:20 cheek, your palantine which is inside behind the maxillary is the obvious one
21:28 there As well as the lacquer mall , which is a little tiny green
21:31 right there. All right. This why it's hard to do this stuff
21:35 just the pictures with the bones. can actually see that, right?
21:39 this is where your eyeball is going be and the blood vessels and the
21:42 and the muscles that are responsible for . As well as the lachrymose glands
21:46 coat the eye with your tears so your eyes don't dry out nasal
21:55 Is this big giant space. I it's divided into by the bomber.
21:58 this is where the passage of air . There's special sensory neurons there there
22:03 for the sense of smell. Um also the first part of your respiratory
22:09 . So when you get to MT learn about the respiration, that's the
22:12 place you're going to be focusing It's where you're going to humidifier and
22:16 the air so that septum that sits is the Volmer plus portions of the
22:24 . You also have the spin You can see there's the spin
22:28 there's the eth, Boyd right There's the other side of the ethnic
22:32 . That's why it makes up the um the palantine. You said back
22:37 . There's that green little bone sitting there. That's the palantine. We
22:41 the nasal bones right? Which make the front portion there we have that
22:46 which is the orange portion right in . And what you can't see in
22:50 picture is the inferior nasal conch shell are those two little green things that
22:54 off. All right. And there's off the side of the void
23:00 They're attached to the asteroids. So is where I breathe in air.
23:05 you can breathe in air through your . But that's what the nasal cavity
23:08 designed for. Finally we have the cavity that's primarily formed by the mandible
23:14 the maxilla palantine also forms portions of as well. This is where your
23:19 are embedded within the maxilla and It also contains the tongue. This
23:24 where food is traditionally passed through the although if you've ever laughed while drinking
23:31 you know that food can pass also the nasal cavity And if you well
23:36 no longer on. But David Letterman stupid human tricks and there is a
23:39 who could actually drink it was gross he got on T. V.
23:47 um also salivary glands. Lots and of celebrating glands are located within the
23:52 cavity. So those are the cavities the skull. And you can just
23:56 of see how do I bound What are the bones that make up
23:59 structures? Now bones actually are heavy so heavy things we don't like to
24:06 around? Have you noticed that that prefer not to carry heavy things
24:11 You notice that when you're just sitting , your head kinda gets lazy.
24:16 of you already sitting here in the like this, right? Because your
24:21 is heavy. How do we make lighter? Well let's put big giant
24:24 in the bones and that's what sinuses . There are pockets within the bones
24:30 help reduce the weight of the skull also are useful in helping to humid
24:38 and warm air. That's its primary functions. All right. So there's
24:43 of them, they're named for the in which they're found. Alright,
24:48 we have the frontal sinus that sits up here. Okay? You have
24:54 paranoid which would be within that f bone further in you have the spin
25:00 which you know, is that bird thing? There's holes there and then
25:04 have the maxillary sinuses which sit out here. All right, So there's
25:10 frontal look that would be kind of side you can see I've created these
25:14 in spaces they are opened up to nasal cavity. So they are mucus
25:22 . In other words, they are spaces that actually can enter into.
25:28 there's a layer of epithelium that produce mucous cells and goblet cells in
25:34 Um And so that's why you're able moisten that air. Alright? And
25:41 blood vessels that are close to the that allows you to warm up the
25:44 as well. All right. you know what happens when you get
25:48 infection or you have an immune response get all clogged up and you get
25:52 stuffy and everything sounds terrible and you don't feel good and you get that
25:58 , the slightest pressure. You know I'm talking about? So, but
26:03 small openings. The other thing that do is they help to resonate our
26:10 . Have you noticed that everyone doesn't the same kind of sort of
26:15 That's partly because of these these There's other reasons within the vocal
26:20 But basically, you have these areas create unique resonances. And so it
26:25 unique sounds for our voices. that's 22 bones ready to speed
26:35 You're like, no, that's These are the hard ones. That's
26:38 we do them first. All the are just kind of like easy
26:41 All right. In our neck. have a lone bone. It doesn't
26:48 any other than articulate with any other . It's called the hyoid bone.
26:52 can see it's associated with our All right. And it has this
26:56 weird funky shape to it. All . It has two features to it
27:02 the lesser and the greater horns. are attached to ligaments and muscles so
27:07 it helps aid in the process of . If you want to feel it
27:10 can just put your hand on there you go and you can feel it
27:15 moves when you swallow. All basically the muscles are pulling. The
27:21 of a bone in some cases is attach to a muscle so that the
27:25 have something to grab onto and hold create that local motion. That's 23
27:31 of 206. Yes. No, completely separate. Um If we were
27:41 a lot of the developmental stuff, see its origins. It has to
27:46 with I'm not going to go down . One of the things that we
27:52 very early on in what are called slits which all vertebrates have differential slits
27:56 into the mandible as well as the . So it's a unique bone specifically
28:01 to help us swallow in organisms that not quite as developed as we
28:07 It helps in terms of buckle So think of a more, have
28:11 ever seen a moray eel? No. Okay, basically it's an
28:16 that sits in the ocean. And it does is it pulls in water
28:19 breathe. And so the highway would there and allow it to have something
28:24 tug on to pull air in and breathing is that's how you refer to
28:29 . If you've ever seen a frog , it's using the same sort of
28:35 . So that's what that bonus for its source is one of those.
28:40 of those structures are just happens to us with swallowing um Along with some
28:46 organisms. All right. So it's part of the Vertebral column. That's
28:52 . Let's get to the next group color. Alright, let's just add
28:58 up real quick. Just because I to do the numbers. So we
29:01 seven plus 12. That's 19 plus 10, plus another 3,
29:07 That gets us up to 46. how quickly they go. Just like
29:12 . All right now you can see when you look at a vertebral column
29:15 has a unique shape. Notice that these con cavities and these convex curvature
29:21 them right from behind. It looks a straight column. But you can
29:25 it has all the unique shape. unique shapes allow you to distribute the
29:30 in different directions so that all that is not being carried directly down the
29:34 . It's being dispersed along the All right now we have different
29:41 The upper regions referred to as a followed by the thoracic, followed by
29:45 lumbar followed by the sacral. And we have these four of vestigial cox
29:51 vertebrae that we just kind of say , yeah. There there you can
29:55 number wise how many there are. seven cervical followed by 12, followed
30:00 five, followed by five. And four. How do I remember how
30:03 each of these do have or Well, it's real simple or at
30:08 I come up with different clues. this will help you. What time
30:13 normal people eat breakfast in the seven a.m. What time do normal
30:19 So you notice I'm not saying college because students eat breakfast at 11,
30:23 have lunch whenever they feel like it then they'll make eat dinner at six
30:27 something. So we we can't use students. It doesn't work. All
30:30 . So seven is what normal people breakfast? What time normal people eat
30:35 ? 12 noon. All right. then when do normal people have
30:39 5? And then when does when dr Wayne have seconds? Five oclock
30:46 ? Right. And then some people to get up in the middle of
30:49 morning and have a midnight stack at a.m. That's how you remember it.
30:55 12 55 and then four is Okay, that's how I remember.
31:01 , I started the top seven cervical , thoracic five lumbar five sacral and
31:08 that weird four cocks Egil. that's the numbers. Now, if
31:13 want to remember curvature tres we start life with a single curvature as one
31:20 . We refer to it as the curvature because basically you look at a
31:24 being born and their basically their whole column is like a letter C.
31:30 right. But what happens is is only retain a little bit of
31:34 And so what you end up with these the cervical curvature which is going
31:39 be concave and then you can see it's convex and concave again and
31:45 And then the regulars just fused vertebrae , cycles also fused. All right
31:53 , the purpose of this is that provides uh wait being distributed along that
32:00 . So you can see here this is pushing the weight out this
32:03 This one is a little bit a little bit less. And then
32:05 start moving the weight this way and it comes back down this way.
32:09 that's why I'm saying it's distributing the . The other thing it serves as
32:13 spring for your movement. You don't see it because we're upright. It's
32:18 to see, especially with the weight pulled down by gravity. But if
32:21 ever watched a video of like a running, have you ever watched any
32:26 those nature shows? And basically they like spread out like a spring
32:30 then they squish together getting spring And it's because of the way the
32:34 cord works. All right now, that in mind, those 23
32:44 let's look and see what vertebral bone like. What does the vertebrae actually
32:50 like? It has parts to It has a body. So right
32:56 over here, the thing that's stacked itself is the body so you can
33:01 bodies are stacked on top of And then what you have is this
33:07 that's formed by this outer bone Alright. That hole is called the
33:13 foramen. That's where the spinal cord . So the body is a solid
33:18 and then you have this little tiny or a hole through which the spinal
33:22 goes through. And then you have protective bone portion that is there to
33:27 the spinal cord in that hole. protective portion is called the vertebral
33:33 And so you can think that this arches made up of three parts.
33:37 right. We have the lamb in Which is this outer portion here,
33:41 then the two sides are called the . All right. So, it's
33:45 a pentacle, pentacle, and then arch over the top which would be
33:49 laminar and then extending from the lamb a are going to be these processes
33:55 each have a name. Now, can go and palpate these. That's
33:59 fancy word for saying touch them, get a friend again. The same
34:03 is comfortable with you touching their face I want to play with your spinal
34:06 now and you can go and touch middle of their back and you can
34:10 these little tiny spines sticking up. right. That would be one of
34:15 processes. Alright. That would be spinal process. All right. And
34:20 what we're kind of looking at in pictures, these things sticking out are
34:24 processes. And so there's actually a of different ones. All right.
34:29 , the one that's sticking straight out back and and in the post their
34:34 . That's the spinal process. Only of those. For each of these
34:41 , the ones that stick out to side, which is what you're kind
34:44 looking at here sticking out like. those are the transverse processes, so
34:50 stick outward to the side. These overt in the cartoon over here.
34:55 not quite so overt. But if you go and look at the
34:58 , you can go and say, yeah, I can see how it
35:00 of looks like a star going to out this way, one out of
35:03 back, and then we have the ones. These are called the articular
35:08 . The articular process says in the that they are involved in a
35:14 right? Articular, Whenever you see word, I think there's a joint
35:17 . It's bone against bone. And , what we have is on either
35:22 . So, if you can imagine a transverse process sticking upward on either
35:27 and sticking downward. On either side the articular processes. Alright, so
35:33 here, what we're doing is we're down on top of a vertebrae.
35:38 this would be the articular process of superior articular process on the other side
35:46 we can't see would be the inferior process. And on the ends of
35:50 processes, this is where you're going see the facets. So when you
35:54 the word facet, that's where the actually takes place. So the process
36:00 the extension on the end is the . So looking at this, you
36:06 see here right there, that little . That would be the inferior articular
36:11 that right there underneath it, That be the superior articular process of the
36:18 underneath it. So an inferior process with the superior articular process and they're
36:25 at the facet. That kind of sense. So for each vertebrae you
36:31 a spinal to transverse to superior articular inferior articular. Okay, you can
36:47 a little bit better. The here's this uh the spinal process and
36:53 you can see there would be the there, right there would be the
36:57 in there, working their way up each body. You don't have bone
37:04 up against bone. You have an vertebral disc. The inter vertebral disc
37:10 a fibrous structure that allows you to force between each of the bones.
37:18 there's two parts to it. The is kind of like a gel structure
37:25 kind of liquidy or spongy. All , it's like a doctor shoals
37:31 you can step on it and it pushes the fluid where there is
37:37 Alright, so the bone is not could be out towards the sides to
37:41 it from tearing and ripping apart, have an outer uh portion. This
37:45 called the annual list fibrosis. It's up of cartilage and fiber fiber
37:50 And so as that force presses you basically you squish and it kind
37:54 expands outwards. That kinda makes Just like stepping on something squishy.
38:00 kind of expands outward. So the of everything above is being dispersed out
38:08 these inter vertebral discs. This textbook we're using is the only one that
38:15 an inter vertebral disc that's not So this would be what a normal
38:20 vertebral disc is. So you can there's the annual fibrosis, there's that
38:25 propulsion sis every other textbook, They focus on the one picture of a
38:30 disk where it's like torn because they to show you, oh look,
38:33 is what a herniated disc looks but they never show you what a
38:37 one. So this would be the . You can see there's a tear
38:40 the Angeles fibrosis. And so the of that nucleus propulsive gets pushed out
38:46 gets applied up against the spinal And that's that pain that you would
38:50 all right, But this is what normal one would look like from the
38:54 view. Red beans damaged. So looking at these, you can see
39:06 doesn't matter where you are. If cervical thoracic lumbar that you're going to
39:11 this same sort of structure. Here's body right? There's the the foramen
39:19 ? The vertebral foramen, this is vertebral arch, right? Here's the
39:24 process. There's a transverse process. can see here and here or there
39:28 there or there and there. That be one of the articular processes whichever
39:34 we're facing now in saying that there unique features that some of these different
39:41 have and I'm not gonna ask you do that. That's more important when
39:44 can actually physically see these. But for example, C one cervical one
39:50 also called the atlas. Alright. called the atlas because it's the bone
39:56 which the skull sits. Atlas was demigods or titans. Thank you.
40:02 could not remember the titan that put world on his shoulders actually was punished
40:06 do that. It was I think Zeus yeah, but he basically said
40:11 you've got to carry the world on shoulders. And so that's what atlas
40:16 . Alright. So that's what that is the one that sits underneath
40:20 C two is called the axis and the one that lets you say no
40:24 , no, I'm not gonna do . Okay. So but they have
40:29 unique features which you kind of listed there. Again, I'm not asking
40:32 know this. All right, I'm telling you because someone's going to ask
40:37 some point in the future And you're , oh yeah, dr when he
40:39 something about that. All right, going to see the thoracic here in
40:44 a moment. Has a place for ribs to articulate. All right.
40:49 then fast. The lumbar, you , has other features that are
40:53 When we get down to the we're going to see that this is
40:56 fusion. So, some of the that we just described there there,
40:59 they've been fused away and we can't them any longer. So, when
41:05 look at the thoracic, here's that process that has a facet for a
41:11 . Now, how many thoracic did have? 12? So how many
41:14 do you have? 12 pair? . Isn't that easy? I mean
41:18 of a sudden now it just kind drops everything into place. So,
41:21 like if you ever get the question how many ribs are there, you
41:24 that that trivial pursuit question how many in the body? It's like,
41:27 , I can connect the dots and , okay, well, I know
41:30 12 thoracic. I know that the have a place for an attachment for
41:34 rib. That means there's got to 12 ribs or 12 pairs of
41:38 All right. And that's what this . Just trying to show you there
41:40 the transverse. That would be the right there. And this is going
41:44 be the rib going off it. refer to that as the costal facet
41:49 the river called the costal bone. down to the sacrum and you can
41:58 everything was there. But what happens these vertebrae fused together. So you
42:02 this larger structure. This would be anterior view. This is the posterior
42:08 . All right. So, you see what we have is we have
42:11 little tiny for mina, right? just plentiful framing and what they
42:16 This is where blood vessels and nerves through to get down to the lower
42:22 . All right. The coccyx Is the four cocks Egil vertebrae fused
42:30 All right. This is an attachment for several ligaments. If you ever
42:35 that bone moving hurts terribly because of ligaments. But if you look at
42:42 structure, it's only about this All right. And you're getting to
42:49 point where it's almost fused Refuses around age of 25. Right? There's
42:58 a little bit of cartilage in between . Alright, so 46 bones so
43:10 , the thoracic cage is made up the costal bones which are your ribs
43:14 well as the structures that make the . There's three bones that make up
43:19 sternum we have the manu bri um is the upper region. It's gonna
43:25 with your clavicle, which we'll get in just a second as well as
43:28 ribs. We have what is called body. In other historically it's referred
43:34 as the gladiolas. If you don't what Gladiolas says, that's the sword
43:38 a gladiator uses too pokey pokey. right. It's also a flower.
43:44 reason it's called the gladiolas has a is because it looks like a
43:48 Alright. So that's going to articulate ribs. You can see here that's
43:51 body and then finally at the very . That's the zip void process.
43:56 is again a portion that is primarily up of highland cartilage. But as
44:00 get older it Aasif eyes and becomes . Alright, this is where many
44:06 the abdominal muscles are going to be . So it's really simple. If
44:10 look at it kind of looks like tie. You have the knot of
44:12 tie, the manu brie. Um have the body of the tie which
44:15 the Gladiolas or the body and then the very bottom you have that tip
44:18 is the maneuver or sorry, which a different process. £49. When
44:27 get down to the ribs. How ribs are there? 12 pair?
44:33 pair. Alright, so just adding 24 on top of our 49,
44:38 out 73, you see how quickly goes all right? The first seven
44:44 are going to be the true All of these ribs are gonna be
44:47 to the thoracic vertebrae just be clear that. The true ribs come back
44:52 and are attached directly to the Really, they're attached via um uh
45:00 directly to the sternum. The ladder are what I referred to as the
45:07 ribs. So you can see I'm just gonna use number one as
45:10 example here. So you come there's the cartilage, it's attached attached
45:14 to the sternum. Alright, come and making sure number seven right
45:19 here's the cartilage. That cartilage goes to numbers, goes directly to the
45:26 . When you get to number notice it's connecting to the cartilage which
45:31 to the sternum. So the cartilage the cartilage to the sternum.
45:34 that's why it's a false robe. , It's not directly to its connecting
45:40 the thing above it. When we down to the last two, these
45:44 ribs don't even have cartilage they're referred as the floating ribs. Alright.
45:50 89 and 10. Let's make sure doing that. 89, 10.
45:55 are going to be the false ribs by the two floating ribs. All
46:02 now, structurally, the rib is flat bone. Alright, It has
46:10 features to it that you should be of. All right. And so
46:14 way I want you to think about is over here is where we're attached
46:18 the vertebrae. Okay, over here where the cartilage would be that's attached
46:23 the sternum. So we're kind of from the posterior side, towards the
46:28 side. So we can see So this portion right here is that
46:33 right there. And what you can is that long portion is called the
46:37 . Very flat. So that portion comes around here, alright. Where
46:41 turns on itself, that's referred to the angle. So as it comes
46:46 , that would be the angle and on the other side of the
46:50 That's when you're gonna get to all other names structures. The first thing
46:54 gonna see is the to brickell. to brickell is what is articulating with
46:58 transverse process. So you can see my angle. This would be where
47:02 shaft is. That we don't The first thing we see is the
47:06 brickell. It's where the joint is between that transverse process. Then the
47:13 that precedes that comes next is the . All right. And then the
47:19 is going to articulate with the body the thoracic vertebrae. So there's two
47:25 of contact, the head and the and the place in between is the
47:31 coming around the edge. That's the . And then you get the shaft
47:35 shaft, then there's going to be that connects to the sternum. This
47:53 us into the axial skeleton. Or , in the appendix color skeleton.
48:00 all those things that we just looked from up to this point is the
48:06 and everything moving onward. Now is to be looking at the appendices,
48:13 going to start in the pectoral So this would be the pectoral girl
48:19 here. That extends for the That's how the arms attached through the
48:24 . And then when we get down the hip girl or the hip
48:28 that would be the the girdle. blanking right now because my brain has
48:35 up. Bush, I'm getting kind excited here because we're gonna go
48:40 All right, so this bone right , you can feel it. That's
48:44 clavicle. Alright. Its job is articulate with the scapula which sits in
48:50 back over here and it holds your out away from the axis.
48:56 basically it's a brace and it connects the sternum and it connects to that
49:00 which is going to get on the . Alright now there's specific places where
49:05 going to attach. So here you see the scapula. Alright, so
49:09 the clavicle, it's that nice long , it attaches to the manubrium and
49:14 to that clavicle. It attaches to manubrium which is part of the
49:21 So we have the sternal end of clavicle on the scapula attaches to the
49:27 Ian process. So we refer to other side as the chrome ian
49:32 So the chromium is lateral, The end is medial. Alright. So
49:38 here, that would be the sternal and then as I moved outward,
49:43 would be the lateral end. When get to the scapula, it gets
49:52 a lot of stuff on there that don't have to learn. Okay,
49:56 one of the things that publishers like do is they like to overload your
50:01 with information, you don't need to because they don't know who's going to
50:04 what is right? And there are professors like you need to know everything
50:07 and you're like, I'm getting So try to ignore these things out
50:15 and just focus on what I'm saying there. All right? So when
50:19 look at a scapula, it's kind like a shovel. It's actually one
50:22 the first tools humans kind of figured how to use and take a scalpel
50:26 they use it to dig because it of looks like that shovel.
50:31 And when you wanted to beat people stuff. Got a humorous now,
50:36 not talking human. Maybe they I don't know, but it's
50:39 you know, kill a moose. the scapula. Alright. Killer,
50:45 mammoth. Got a club. Really club. Probably wouldn't use that
50:49 All right, So, this is shoulder blade. All right. And
50:53 can see why do we call a blade? It has kind of a
50:55 . Like look to it. All . So this is the side that
51:00 your body. This is the posterior , right? So that would be
51:04 out through the back. Alright. if you look on the back,
51:08 can see it has this raised processes which is called the spine, that
51:15 there's a region above the spine. a region below the spine. The
51:19 above the spine is called super The region below is called the infra
51:25 . Because these are indentations where muscles attached. We refer to it as
51:29 super spinals fossa and the intra or , the infra spina fossa. So
51:36 are attached in those two locations. right. On the other side,
51:41 gonna be muscle attachments. You can of even see kind of the raised
51:44 . But there's this region where it of dips down. That's also a
51:49 . That would be the sub scapular because it's below the scapula. All
51:55 now. And mention the acro me because that's where the clavicle connects.
52:02 can see at the end of the that is the chromium process. I'm
52:07 just pointed out now because we'll see a little bit later. There's the
52:10 coid process when we talk about the , the shoulder joint that's gonna come
52:14 play. But you can just kind see it kind of is a region
52:19 is a portion of the bone that of sticks up and outward. All
52:22 . But you're not gonna need to it. Just know that it's there
52:26 you when we get back to The thing that's most important for us
52:30 understand is this right here? The oid cavity. All right. The
52:36 oid cavity is the point of The articulation with the humerus and the
52:43 . Alright, so that's the pectoral , pelvic girdle was the other one
52:50 was trying to think of my brain off. All right. The humerus
52:55 the bone that isn't All right. you ever banged your humerus?
53:02 they were just kind of done something this. Is it funny when that
53:08 yet? We still call it the mom. Yeah. Has nothing to
53:15 with funny notice it's spelled differently. right now we start off with the
53:22 that's approximately end. All right here can see we have these bumps where
53:28 attach. Those are the two There's two of them. There's the
53:31 and the lesser to brickell underlying The first thing we're going to go
53:37 to is a bump that sits in middle of the humerus. Alright,
53:40 again it's an attachment point for the muscle. It's the deltoid tuba ross
53:45 . So you see this head, two little lumps that are kind of
53:48 to it and then down the middle where you're going to see that too
53:53 when you get down to the distal . This is where we're going to
53:58 with two bones. The radius and ulna. Alright. So the capitulate
54:04 is going to be on the lateral . Alright so just think about your
54:09 . Where's media, where's lateral? the media? Right? This is
54:15 . So the lateral side is where radius is. That's going to be
54:23 articulation. There's going to be the on the medial side. That's the
54:28 clia. Alright so capitulate um Now this will be easier when we
54:34 at the owner of the radius. you can feel out here these extensions
54:44 bumps, right? That is the con dial. All right. The
54:50 that's really easy to notice is going be the one on the inside.
54:55 the medial epic on dial. So kind of shows you that's above where
55:00 trophy is located, right? You find if you want to dig around
55:04 little bit you're like okay there it . That's the lateral epic con
55:08 It sits right above the capitulation. right. So there's a humorous,
55:18 we start off with the clavicle to scapula, scapula, to the
55:23 down to the two bones, the and the ulna. Now how do
55:26 remember which one goes where? All . Yeah. The owner nerve.
55:30 one that we hit. Yes. it's actually it's really easy to find
55:35 you want to you can go and that epic conned. I'll come down
55:38 into that trope clear notch and you kind of just play with it.
55:41 can feel it. Yeah you're going start doing it. You're like,
55:46 , That's the fun one. That's funny bone. No, this is
55:50 a funny bone at all. It's nerve. Alright, so y'all took
55:56 way back in the dawn of Remember that? And you learned about
55:59 radius. What is the radius? a point from the center to the
56:05 in a circle, right? And you go around the edge. So
56:07 do I remember where my radius Well, my radius is on the
56:12 . It's basically from the point in middle, all the way to the
56:15 . So, I always remember radius on the outside now, if you
56:19 to come with something different, that's . That's how I remember it.
56:22 , ulna radius. Now, remember position of the body should be like
56:28 , This is not correct. This correct, right? Because when I
56:32 this, my radius is straight, ulna is straight. When I do
56:37 , my radius goes there, but connects over here, right? Because
56:40 I've done is I've I'm sorry, my race. I've turned so my
56:45 is crossing my illness crossing. All , So radius is on the
56:51 ona is on the inside. The interesting things are all on the
56:59 now. So, I'm just gonna out on the radius that you have
57:01 style. Oid process again. You feel it right here, you go
57:05 to your wrist. It's like, , there's a bumpy part that sticks
57:08 out to the side, That would the lateral style oid process? All
57:13 . Or the style of the Now with regard to the ulna and
57:17 just gonna come up here. You see this is the ulna. If
57:21 been turned on the side, you see here this is what really forms
57:25 hinge portion of the joint of the and you can think what is the
57:29 do. It basically is a hinge goes up and down like. So
57:32 other things that it can do but right there is the reason it's a
57:36 . You can see it has this , so that is what is referred
57:40 as the trow clear notch. That's easy way to remember the trocadero and
57:44 troll clear notch. Because those two are connected to each other ulna connected
57:48 the humerus via the trow clia and troll clear notch. That's that
57:53 that articulation. All right at this right here, that is your lecrone
58:01 . Alright, so the pointy part the elbow is the L acronym,
58:05 al acronym process serves as a portion form that trow clear notch.
58:19 no, no, no no. it's really the key thing here is
58:24 what is the L. A. on its that pointy part. How
58:28 I connect my elbow? How do connect the ulna to the humerus
58:32 Clear watch what does the truck have its notch? The tropicalia of the
58:38 . All right. When we look the joint, you're gonna see why
58:42 radius is there as well. But for right now, we're not
58:45 to deal with that. All Carpal bones. All right, Everyone
58:52 this. Right? So, you're to move your wrist because of these
58:58 bones notice your wrist where it's located you do that movement, It's
59:03 All right. This is not your . Your wrist is in here.
59:08 there's eight bones that make up Now you can go and look up
59:15 new monitor you want to? I'm trying to do the one that
59:19 stick to your brain and I've tried keep it clean. All right.
59:23 times out of 10. Any pneumonic do to memorize anything is going to
59:26 dirty and filthy because that's what our like. All right. So,
59:30 figure out what you like. I'm gonna tell you. And I took
59:34 one. This is the most common . And it's cleaned up for
59:37 Alright, because there's other horrible Now again, what is this?
59:43 lunatics try positions that they can't I found a picture of an
59:47 I love this artist. He takes and he puts people in positions that
59:53 people can't bend into. So, guys remember watching cartoons like tom and
59:57 and they show like the cat and mouse and the dog fighting. It
60:01 be like a cloud and their arms legs and stuff. He has a
60:05 like that with three people who are pretzel together. So that was the
60:10 one. And then this is one came up as well and you can
60:13 these two people are bent in wage cannot be bent. You'll never forget
60:23 lunatics try position that they can't So what's the pneumonic basically it's the
60:27 letter reminds you of what you're doing so if you look what you're doing
60:30 you're starting at your thumb. So remember and then what you're gonna
60:34 you're gonna move in and you're gonna back the other direction. All
60:38 So what are they scaphoid lunatic trigonometry pistol form, trapeze iem trapezoid capitated
60:47 . All right. Now, having that again, I want you to
60:54 . I'm not going to be abusive you when it comes to the exam
60:57 terms of learning these things. probably do is ask you in which
61:02 are these? Is this particular bone ? It's not going to be like
61:07 mean all the names of the bones you know that's that's just mean I'm
61:10 gonna say identify which bone again without wrist and being able to play with
61:15 see it. It's hard to do . All right. But you should
61:19 the names of the bones that go your wrist, right? So if
61:23 can remember scaphoid lunatic equestrian pissy trapezius, trapezoid capitated hamate. Then
61:30 probably going to be okay. And if you can't remember just remember
61:35 and you'll be good to go. right, There's eight bones in the
61:46 . Those are the carpal. The next to the carpal bones are the
61:50 . Look at your hand, you look at your hand and go,
61:53 that's not where my wrist bones what I have here are the
61:58 They're long bones. All right. when you look at a skeleton,
62:03 you're looking at the palm, you're at a series of long bones.
62:09 . Starting at the thumb. That's one, that's metacarpal number one then
62:15 , Alright, So 12345. And on the ends those are your
62:23 How can you identify the difference between finger or the phalanx bones or the
62:30 is really what they are The phalanges the metacarpals. Will you make a
62:35 ? All right. The top of metacarpals are your knuckles? Okay,
62:43 that's those long bones And then here your phalanges. When you look at
62:49 phalanges, The one that's nearest is . The one that's furthest away is
62:54 one that sits in between the proximal is the middle. So what you
62:57 for example here is you'd say this proximal number two. Middle. Number
63:03 . Distal. Number two, that's that's nomenclature. The only one
63:09 weird, is going to be your and there's an easy on the
63:14 Remember your cheat sheet is your A lot of people forget that.
63:19 right, you can look at your and go, oh, how many
63:23 do I have? Right, That's a hard thing to do. That's
63:28 legal when you're doing the joint. you could look around and the and
63:32 proctors weren't like accusing you of cheating the time, you will see people
63:36 stuff all the time, like, , mm hmm. You know,
63:43 I mean it's it's it's hilarious, know, But that's it's okay.
63:47 that's your official cheat sheet. You remember the so when you look at
63:51 fingers and you're going, I can't . Oh, my thumb. How
63:55 bones do I have in my Look and see where your knuckles
64:00 Right? So there's one, there's . So the thumb has two
64:05 your fingers have 123, Even your 1, 2, 3. All
64:12 , so proximal middle distal, this approximately since there's no middle, it
64:17 to be distilled, right? And thumb has a special name, we
64:22 it the Pollocks, I have it here, Right? Here's some,
64:33 . Bullocks, the big toe is the Alex, which we'll get to
64:37 just a second. Now, remember trying to get up to 206.
64:43 we had to right clavicle scapula one too. Alright then we had eight
64:51 then now you can see there's five another 12-plus 2. I'm not going
64:57 do the math for you. And how many arms do you have to
65:01 as? Multiplying numbers by 2? of a sudden the number is just
65:04 went by really quick. Right, that means we now get to move
65:16 the lower limbs. Alright, We with the pelvic girdle. The pelvic
65:21 is incredibly complex but we're going to through most of the complexity and just
65:25 down to the nuts and bowls. , there's actually three bones here and
65:30 they fuse together very early on in and they form a pair of bones
65:36 the Oscar hoxha. That's your hip and you have two of them and
65:40 fuse together and they form that pelvic . All right, So they fused
65:46 age 13-15. Alright, so the bones were interested in that form each
65:53 include the ilium. Easy to remember the the end of the ilium is
65:59 iliac crest. All right. When think of a hip, the top
66:03 the hip, that's your iliac that's your ilium. The thing you
66:08 on is called the skim All will usually say issue. Um You'll
66:15 hear people say issue the way I my issue is my tushy. Okay
66:21 then the one in the front, your pubic bone. Alright, that's
66:25 pubis. So those are the three that are joined together where the tibia
66:33 in and connects where the articulation That structure is right here.
66:40 It's I said it's the femur. me. Um Is the asi
66:47 Alright. Asi tabula mom is a for a structure that's called a vinegar
66:54 . That's literally what it means. so you can think what is the
66:57 cup, vinegar cup is one of things in reference to here.
67:02 between the multiple courses of a meal clean your fingers, they passed around
67:07 little cup of vinegar to wash your , right? Because you'd be tearing
67:12 off of food, you can imagine the ancient days. That's how you
67:16 yourself up with a little bit of acid. Alright. The other reference
67:20 is in reference to the cup that served at the crucifixion. All
67:25 So, it's one of those two . Again, you remember who's doing
67:28 the dissecting people who probably shouldn't but they're like monks and stuff.
67:34 right. So, that's the asi . Um And you can see here
67:38 reason I pointed out not only because an articulation for the femur, but
67:42 the point where all three of these come together. All right.
67:47 when they fuse together, part of fusion forms, the acetate. All
67:53 . So, we're looking here at side, right. This would be
67:57 a lateral view. This is the side. If you cut away and
68:01 a medial view towards the this big gaping hole is not the asi
68:08 That's your um op trader for And this is where the blood vessels
68:14 the nerves travel down into the That's what that big old hole is
68:20 his spinal cord. Oh, So, um if you look
68:25 the spinal cord would end right about . So, you can imagine either
68:28 the spinal nerves that are traveling They would travel through these holes and
68:33 out through those holes down into the . Alright, so the operator for
68:41 are those and those little for for our individual spinal nerves and they're going
68:46 form a couple of nerves. You're familiar with. The sciatic nerve is
68:51 of the big ones that's formed along way. So, one of the
68:57 I mentioned very early on in this is that humans are sexually diamorphine,
69:02 we have a male and a female . And really this bone is one
69:07 the one of the easy ones you use to actually see the difference differences
69:12 the sexes at the skeletal level. other things in the skeletal level that
69:16 can look at it. This one's the real obvious one. And and
69:19 of that is because of the way the male body and the female body
69:21 designed. Male bodies are not designed give birth to Children. Female bodies
69:27 designed that way. And so one the things you can look at,
69:30 can look at the pelvic inlet in female and you can see it's
69:33 very wide that purpose. Whereas in male, not so much. If
69:37 look at the pubic arch and here can see this would be one ox
69:41 . So there's the other ox they're attached by a joint called the
69:45 synthesis which actually breaks down during It actually kind of softens up so
69:51 the hip can actually have a little more space to allow for that
69:56 But look at that pubic arch how it is relative to the mail.
70:01 these are some of the other I mean, just going through the
70:03 big giant list, you don't have know that. I'm just pointing out
70:06 sexual dim or fizz um that actually structures in the skull and other things
70:11 well that you can see. But turn with regard, this is the
70:15 one moving down the leg. We're to look at the last couple of
70:25 here, wow, I'm actually going lot slower. Usually I get through
70:28 stuff in like an hour. So just having fun taking my sweet
70:32 strolling, sniff, sniff sniffing the , I guess femur is the
70:39 baddest bone in the body. Um actually the largest and strongest and
70:43 It actually it makes up roughly a of the size of heights. So
70:48 they dig up bones, one of ways that they can determine the height
70:51 a person that they have the they can say basically I can measure
70:55 length here and then multiply it by . That's the height of the
71:01 It's kind of cool. Alright. whole bunch of bulky muscles. Um
71:05 head is where articulating with the head with the hip at the A.
71:10 . Tabula. Um You can see the long portion is the shaft.
71:14 um the different attachment points. Uh we have the greater uh sorry the
71:19 to ferocity which I'm not seeing indicated the picture but basically it's attachment point
71:24 the gluteus maximus muscle. So that's big butt muscle. There's three muscles
71:29 their gluteus maximus. Minimus and medias is the big one that is going
71:34 be attached here. Um We have aisles all over the place so we
71:40 a lateral and the medial condos and epic condos above them. So when
71:44 say all over the place what we here are two structures at the distal
71:49 of the bone that kind of sits that. Alright. And these services
71:53 articulation and we're going to learn a bit about con dials and then like
71:57 lecture but two of them together create force a hinge function in the
72:03 So think about your knee. I hint action right? But my knee
72:08 kind of go in different directions. con dials are the same things that
72:13 also find other joints that allow you do rotations, slight rotations. All
72:21 . Trow cantor's So we have a trow cancer. We have a lesser
72:25 cantor. These are again attachment sites muscles um which are very overt on
72:32 the bone. And then we throw in here because it's usually I mean
72:37 associated with the femur but it's not of the femur. Is that sesamoid
72:42 or flat bone that sits to the of the patella. And so it's
72:46 to show you here, there's the right there. It sits on the
72:50 surface and protects the knee joint. down into the lower leg. The
73:00 sits and articulate specifically with the All right. But in the lower
73:07 we have two bones. We have tibia and the fibula. So the
73:10 you can think about it is that have the femur and the tibia and
73:14 fibula. That's that would be the to do it. So the fibula
73:18 articulating with the tibia. The tibia both with the femur above it and
73:23 tibia fibula beside it and that's what is trying to show you. So
73:28 is the femur, there's the There's the fibula sitting to the side
73:33 it's not directly associated with the Alright, so this bears the weight
73:40 your body. The tibia. It's the medial bone. Alright.
73:45 where's my weight? It goes towards center of my body. So that's
73:49 the tibia is going to be. femur tibia fibula fibula is on the
73:54 . Uh The key feature I want show you here are you can go
73:57 and look at your ankles when you of an ankle. The little bone
74:01 . That is what is referred to the malleability and on the inside.
74:04 the middle of the of your The inner ankle, That would be
74:07 medial molly ellis. On the That's the lateral Malala's, lateral Malala's
74:13 associated with the fibula. All right , what's unique about the fibula and
74:19 tibia is if you look at where malleable er are located, they kind
74:24 create this structure like. So, you'd have the medial Mallia list and
74:29 have the coming down here. This be the portion of the tibia and
74:33 you've now done is you've created an . And that insert is where you're
74:38 to insert the bones of the Alright. So what we call the
74:45 are portions of our tibia and tibia and fibula. Right? The bones
74:52 actually make up the ankles are called tarsus bones. So on our wrist
74:57 have the car pulls our ankles are tar SOLs. All right. And
75:04 are tar sailboats. There's seven of . Now, the one that is
75:10 with the And you can see down . All right, The one that
75:14 with the fibula and the tibia is is called the tallis. Your heel
75:22 the calculation ius So you can go calista Calcavecchia's and then you start moving
75:30 right? And what you're gonna do the next one. So tallis Calacanis
75:36 and then you go bump, bump, bump bump. The three
75:39 the first three that you're gonna go , bump, bump bump are each
75:43 kuna forms. You start with the cuneiform through the intermediate uniform to the
75:47 cuneiform, and then the last one called the cue. Boyd. So
75:52 Calacanis, navicular, medial, intermediate lateral uniform. And then finally,
75:58 Boyd, Here's the pneumonic, there's picture tall Californian. Navy medical
76:04 love cuties, There's probably better ones there. Alright again, Try to
76:11 a clean one plenty of dirty ones there. So you have the first
76:18 , you have the middle one and you have your last group of five
76:33 to the foot from the tar You go to the metatarsals, that's
76:38 length of your foot. The metatarsals 12345. You're moving medial to
76:44 Again, you can think just go they were. The big structure
76:47 So when you're looking at your number one starts over here underneath the
76:52 , Number one starts underneath the All right. And then when you
76:57 to the phalanges again, you just at the number of joints you
77:01 Um Again, it's kind of hard do that in the test, but
77:04 like, oh my big toe has same as my thumb. There's two
77:08 there that's approximately distal phalanx, and the other toes, they have three
77:14 approximate medial and distal failings. As mentioned, the name of the big
77:20 , we don't call it the thumb ? When we called the big
77:23 thumb, but the big toe is the Alex. So the thumb is
77:26 pollocks. The big toe is that last slide, one of the ways
77:38 our body deals with the weight that have to carry. And remember,
77:42 one of the only organisms that have upright structure, right? All the
77:47 primates, their weights are are born than the way that we do,
77:52 stand upright. And what allows us bear all that weight downward is the
77:58 of the bones, and how they're to each other. And what they
78:01 is they create three arches in the . All right. Now, I
78:06 I know every year I have maybe architecture student, maybe one.
78:12 And they understand that because one of things they're taught is about how in
78:17 the arches, a structure that disperses away from the arch and so they're
78:23 very valuable structure when building buildings, you want to bear lots of weight
78:28 still have open areas, you create alright. And so the bones here
78:32 kind of do the same thing. we have three arch, I'm using
78:35 hand as my foot, right? if this is my foot, I
78:38 an arch on the outside, I an arch on the inside and then
78:41 have an arch that crosses across the like so all right, so it's
78:46 of like more like a dome and gonna exaggerate it. Right? So
78:51 about when you create a footprint in sand, you put that foot
78:55 you can see, oh there is slight arch on the outside, that
78:58 be the lateral arch. And then on the inside that's much, much
79:03 , that's the medial arch, And then if you look at
79:07 why is their depth? You Well if I have more arch here
79:10 less arch there, then that means an arch that goes across this way
79:14 well. So when I put force on my foot, what that's gonna
79:19 is it's going to create a The force goes down through the Calcavecchia's
79:24 through the front, through the metatarsals down to the toes, the ligaments
79:30 are allowing for the degree of stretch the tendons as well. Excuse
79:35 And then what happens is it creates spring. So then when I take
79:38 step it helps propel me forward so forces dispersed outward through the edges as
79:44 as allowing me to create force to me to move forward. So medial
79:51 on the inside laterals on the outside versus across the tube. And that's
79:56 allowing for that movement or that disbursement force. 206 bones? Not
80:07 Was it As hard as I thought you thought it was gonna be.
80:11 , it really is pretty easy. you get past a couple of them
80:18 . Yeah. The wrist and the and the ankles. Yeah.
80:22 y'all? I will see you on then we're gonna do again. Some
80:25 simple, straightforward stuff, joints are . They're really easy, so.
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