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BIOL 2301 Human Anatomy & Physiology I - 2103_lecture09_0217
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00:06 All right, joe we continue onward the body. So I said we're
00:15 of breaking our way down through, pointing out we're kind of working our
00:21 through peeling peeling you apart like an . What we're doing today is we're
00:24 to talk about bones and specifically we're looking at specific specific bones, we're
00:31 look at generically what is bone as tissue. And then in the next
00:36 lectures, I think the next lecture dem bones, dem bones, the
00:41 bone's connected to the thigh bone type . Um The hardest thing about anatomy
00:48 if you don't know is I mean probably figured out is that we're not
00:52 with our hands deep inside a right? And so very often the
00:57 that we're gonna be talking about, gonna have to kind of mentally visualize
01:02 going on and so you'll notice like the last test, I mean I
01:06 said these pictures you should know, ? So I'll do the same thing
01:10 . It's like okay, here's something definitely need to know visually, but
01:14 of the rest of it is. , can I internalize what the terms
01:19 ? Can I kind of think about what this means? And this is
01:23 true for the bones? I'm not to sit. Well. Well well
01:26 we get there we'll get there. . And so are starting point here
01:29 just all right. What's a Alright, what's the skeleton? And
01:32 fact the truth is is that now don't even think of the skeleton as
01:36 separate system anymore. we kind of of combine it into with the muscles
01:41 when we think about movement, you , muscles can't work unless you're actually
01:45 on something. So it's kind of skeletal. All right. Is we
01:49 combine it together but the skeleton is actual organ system. Alright. It
01:55 consists of multiple tissues that do things just playing a role in locomotion,
02:01 though we kind of treat it that . Alright, so there's bones and
02:04 the easy thing. Alright. Bones there. That's fine. But also
02:08 of a whole bunch of other cartilage ligaments and other connective tissues are
02:12 in creating your skeleton. Alright. what is its job? Well,
02:17 mean, you know, basically primary framework of the body. It helps
02:20 protect organs for example. Um It plays a role in some metabolic activities
02:27 were going to primarily address an And P. Two. All
02:31 But one of the things that it , it plays a role in producing
02:36 the cells of your body that are in blood. Okay. So it's
02:41 just alright, structural and protection. right now the interior capital ball bone
02:49 connective tissue that's going to be called red or the yellow marrow. Red
02:52 is where you're going to see bone produced. Yellow marrow is kind of
02:55 um It's basically red marrow that has inactivated. Um And it's I like
03:01 say in class. It's not entirely . It's primarily fatty. So when
03:06 have big bones, you know that's your fat is, that sort of
03:10 . All right. But yellow marrow there as well. We'll deal with
03:13 . There are two basic types of that we're gonna be dealing with that
03:17 found in your body. Alright. we call compact bone, compact bone
03:21 what you kind of visualize when you about bone. Alright. It's very
03:25 . Um It's white, it's it's smooth when you look at a
03:29 , it's the part that you see the outside. All right. And
03:32 makes up most of the massive It doesn't mean it makes up most
03:35 the bone. It's because it's so and compact, it has greater
03:40 The other type of bone is called bones. Sometimes you'll see it called
03:44 , ius or tribe Picula, her but spongy is fine and this is
03:49 inside the compact bone or hidden by bone. Alright, So if you
03:53 a bone and broke it and look see that that spongy bone, it's
03:58 very porous. It looks like a . Alright. And it's structurally supportive
04:04 the body. In other words, way that it's a range allows for
04:07 support. It creates great strength for bone, the denture bone. So
04:12 you don't carry as much mass as would if it was all compact
04:18 That's right. Alright, so we're kind of dive deep. This is
04:24 long bone here, this right here the flat bone. Um And what
04:28 gonna do, we're just gonna kind uses these models to kind of guide
04:31 ways around these structures. Alright. you're gonna see there's four different types
04:36 bones, I mean based on but these will help you kind of
04:41 what's going on in the first thing need to do is understand what's going
04:43 on the inside and on the outside the bone. All right, on
04:47 outside of all your bones, periodicity anyone here ever eat ribs before you
04:51 ribs. It's great homework if you any you know, if you needed
04:56 learn about the bones, go get . I can't No, I
05:03 eating the ribs in and of themselves the extra credit. Alright, I
05:08 beef rib, I know something, if you get down a rib
05:10 you know, if you get down and your eating, you get down
05:13 that last little bit of meat, start pulling on it and you you're
05:16 tearing off this kind of stretchy connective , you know what I'm talking
05:21 you kind of grab it with your and you can feel it ripping away
05:24 the bone that is Perrier osteo so it covers the entire external surface
05:31 the bones. All right, there's different layers. There's an inner layer
05:36 consists of cells that are called the janitor cells. Alright. There's also
05:41 osteoclasts and osteoblasts layers. But the of these cells is to allow the
05:46 to grow when you're growing bigger and . So basically they're they're to allow
05:51 that expansion. And we'll talk about cells alright. But then outside that
05:56 , so if you can imagine here's hard bone, we've got this small
05:59 of living cells and then on the of that that's where we're gonna have
06:03 this connective tissue. It's a dense connective tissue. Alright. And what
06:08 does is it serves as an attachment for other things. And you're gonna
06:12 here they're tearing it away. And you can see that there's there's this
06:16 thin layer. So in here that be where the uh the progenitor cells
06:21 . And you can see out that's the connective tissue and here they're
06:25 you a vein kind of pushes up into it. So you can see
06:28 is how we anchor blood vessels so they can then penetrate into the bone
06:33 . This connective tissue is also what are attached to and ligaments are attached
06:40 . So it basically allows for the to bind up to and to allow
06:45 bones to attach to other bones. this perry Osti um becomes very very
06:51 in terms of how bones are Two other structures. The other thing
06:56 it has is to ensure that this isn't just like saran wrapped wrapped around
07:01 is that it penetrated, has these that penetrate into the compact bone.
07:05 just called perforating fibers. And so you're pulling them off here, you
07:09 see those perforating fibers, that's what represent. And so again, if
07:13 think about that rib and you're sitting pulling on that that that meat that's
07:18 left behind, you've got to have and you're starting to tear that that
07:23 layer stuff. That's the periodicity. Just on the outside, just like
07:28 have this on the inside, you a layer as well. And that
07:32 be the industry. Um So this here is a long bone, you
07:34 see this is what is referred to the medullary cavity. Remember we said
07:38 means middle. So medullary refers to middle. So within that cavity where
07:44 a spongy bone, we have this internal surface that's also covered by a
07:51 of cells. All right against the type of cells, the progenitor
07:54 osteoblasts and osteoclasts. So their job to break down and rebuild the inside
08:00 that cavity. Um And that's true inside the spongy bone, you're going
08:05 see those cells there as well building destroying bone based on need. So
08:14 focus whenever you think about a bone going to be on long bones.
08:18 we use this because a really good to understand bone structure. So this
08:22 a long bone. All long bones three parts to it. Alright,
08:27 a long bone will have the end have here. You can see the
08:31 end. It has this long And then in between we have these
08:35 areas where growth is taking place. right. So by name, what
08:40 call them are the ends are called epiphany sees hypothesis is singular. The
08:45 is called the diagnosis and that region the epiphany sis and the diagnosis is
08:50 metamorphosis. All right. Now the who drew. This is not a
08:56 . And so or anonymous. Any , shape or form. So he
08:59 left off the metamorphosis and he overlapped metamorphosis with his label. So this
09:05 right here where you see that? that little line. That's the region
09:10 it's the area slightly surrounding that is to as the metamorphosis. The area
09:15 here. That's the epiphany Asus, ? It's not all of this.
09:19 just down here up here. This be the epiphany Asus. That right
09:25 would be about a facetious. because there's these areas where growth has
09:30 place after the bones have been Alright, so the diagnosis is the
09:36 . You can see its job is support the weight of the bone and
09:40 to provide leverage for movement. you can think of your humerus as
09:44 example of a long bone. There's of long bone in your body,
09:47 that's an easy one. Or your is a good example of a long
09:52 . The two that are at the of your leg, your tibia and
09:54 fibula your own on the radius. are long bones, your fingers are
09:57 bones. The bones that are in palms of your hands are long
10:01 they're all over the place. And this is just a good representation of
10:05 it looks like. And so that you can see if I do this
10:08 it is, it's long and so pulling on different parts of that bone
10:13 bones to make them move. All , so structurally what we have on
10:18 outside we said is basically compact So that's what you're looking at
10:23 you can see it's nice and pulling away the curiosity um Here you
10:28 see it's nice and thick and hard then if you look closely and we're
10:32 to look more closely, look in couple of pictures but then internally what
10:36 see is we see the spongy Alright, so again, if you
10:39 take a chicken leg from home, all the meat off it, boil
10:43 the meat or whatever and then break bone you're gonna see there's a hole
10:46 the center. Alright. And if look inside there you're gonna see things
10:50 looks more like a sponge than it smooth on the outside. Alright,
10:54 compact bones surrounding spongy bone. All now in Children, this medullary cavity
11:03 filled with red marrow as you age beyond puberty. That cavity no longer
11:09 filled with red marrow becomes being filled it becomes filled with yellow marrow.
11:14 other words, the red marrow becomes and it gets replaced by this fattier
11:18 called yellow marrow. All right the two things can switch back and
11:23 , but once you get older it's likely that you need the red marrow
11:26 as much. All right, but you're younger you are basically turning up
11:31 immune cells and other types of And so the majority catholic needs that
11:36 marrow. Alright, so the epiphany , right? So this particular
11:40 this is your femur has three of , but basically you just think the
11:44 . Alright, that's the knobby Alright. Again, the external
11:49 nice big thick compact bone, but no medullary cavity instead, it's completely
11:54 with the spongy bone. All Typically, what you'll see on the
11:59 of long bones and you'll see uh on the outside, on the ends
12:04 cartilage is to allow two long bones come together and rub against each other
12:08 creating friction. Alright cartilage here is cartilage if you see a name like
12:15 , you always have to ask the why is it named articular means refers
12:20 articulation or movement. Alright, so you have a joint, that's gonna
12:25 an articulation. So articular cartilage is on the ends of the epiphanies.
12:30 right. So again, what I saying here, this is the
12:35 this region in here. This little of compact bone is the epithelial growth
12:40 . We'll talk about it at the of the uh lecture today, basically
12:44 is what allows you to turn from little tiny kid you were in fifth
12:48 to the top person you are Alright, That's where growth is taking
12:53 . Long growth and when it closes it becomes all compact bone. That's
12:58 point where it takes place. And that's the metamorphosis. The other bones
13:06 are not long bones have this general to them. All right.
13:11 nice flat surface. It might be regular but basically you have compact bone
13:16 the outside and then the interior there's medullary cavity. It's all spongy
13:20 When you see that spongy bone, give it a special name just to
13:24 it more confusing or to have one question on the exam. It's called
13:28 . Alright, that's its name. not actually why we do it.
13:32 how they named it. All So compact bone, spongy bone and
13:37 can kind of see it looks like pancake like that. Now. The
13:40 are classified based on shape. We four basic shapes. One that's kind
13:47 weird. We have the flat As you imagine. If you look
13:50 a flat bone for the most it's flat. All right. It
13:53 mean that it's entirely flat. There be some curve to it. Um
13:58 its job whenever you see a flat is to protect what underlies it.
14:02 right. So, in other it serves as kind of a shield
14:06 the external side and what's what's on other side of it. So,
14:09 can think of your skull, for . Right. The bones that make
14:13 the skull. What is it Its flat bone? What do you
14:16 it's protecting? See your brain. . There you go. That's an
14:21 one. How about this 1? . Here, that's a breastplate.
14:25 . What's it protecting thrasher catches specifically part. Alright, that's an easy
14:31 . Right? Your ribs are flat . You think about wait a
14:35 They're kind of long. Yeah. if you look at them, they
14:37 a flat shape to them. What they protecting lungs as well.
14:43 And so you can kind of see right, wherever I have a flat
14:46 . It's got to be protecting And that's that's the idea that we're
14:49 with. All right. Uh The one. This one is kind of
14:54 weird one. And I put it here because typically they have flat
14:58 I think your book mentioned them They're called Sesamoid. Typically speaking Sesamoid
15:04 don't have names associated with them. right. There actually just kind of
15:08 around the body is the only one actually named that we all have our
15:12 to all have. And that's the . Alright. They're basically small,
15:16 flat, very oval and all these places throughout the body. Some of
15:21 have the same one, some of don't, they just kind of appear
15:24 and their job is to increase muscle wherever they're located. Alright, so
15:29 patella, that's your kneecap. And that's an example of a sesamoid but
15:33 rest of them don't really have Alright, so these are the other
15:40 . So we got the flat we've seen the long bone, they're
15:43 longer than they are wide. Uh have this elongated cylindrical shape which we
15:48 the diagnosis. Um They have those ends. The epiphany sees that we
15:53 they're the most common shape. And you think about bones, this is
15:56 you think about um they are found in the upper and the lower
16:00 And the exception to that rule is the wrist and the ankles where you're
16:03 to find short bounds. Okay, I already pointed out a couple of
16:08 actually. Even I even said your but I didn't bother saying your
16:11 Those are your long bones for the part short bones. Um They're just
16:17 kind of cube ish they're not actual but they're basically as long as they
16:21 wide. So they kind of have cute boy L shape to them.
16:26 . Typically we're going to find these the wrists and the ankles. Some
16:29 keep the sesamoid bones in the short category. Some people put the patella
16:34 they've kind of separated those two So sesamoid bones just kind of a
16:39 category amongst itself, the last one the regular bones. And like I
16:43 very early on in this lecture or lecture, but in this class I
16:46 , you know, biologists like to things in boxes right? We like
16:50 categorize everything because that's how we organize universe. And so we basically
16:56 these are long. They go there are flat, they go there these
16:59 short, then we have these bones it's like it's not long, it's
17:02 short, it's not this I don't , we're gonna throw in another box
17:06 just call it a regular. And if it doesn't fall in one of
17:09 three categories that goes in the regular . All right, so you have
17:12 really weird shapes. So this includes vertebrae, some of the bones of
17:16 skull that aren't the flat bones and hip bones which if you think about
17:20 , they kind of look and go , they should be flat but they're
17:23 because they have all these other aspects them. So it's just kind of
17:28 well we'll put it over there. , so we classify bones based on
17:37 . Now. The temptation here in class is when you see a slide
17:41 this, you're gonna want to memorize on it. All right. And
17:44 just gonna point out now, don't memorize everything on the next four
17:48 . All right, how many guys taking the M. P.
17:51 You're not You can't take a Mp lab. How many of you guys
17:54 taken the Mp one lab or we'll taking it over the summer. All
17:59 , because you have to write it's pre right for some of these.
18:02 right. So this is where stuff this becomes important. All right.
18:07 a class like this, it's used a descriptive to just kind of
18:10 oh and there's this, this, this and and it's kind of hard
18:13 wrap your mind around many of these . When I look at specific
18:17 you'll hear me use some of these and so understanding what these terms represent
18:25 more important than what they are. . And so every bone has descriptive
18:31 to help to describe them. All . So, these are called the
18:36 marking. So if you pick up bone and you're blindfolded, you could
18:39 of feel along and you can oh wow, I feel this
18:43 I feel kind of a whole, feel kind of a thing sticking
18:47 I feel it being round and so and so on. And so these
18:52 help to characterize each bone and help what it does. Alright. And
18:59 one of the types of features that have are what are called depressions.
19:04 . These depressions represent a whole bunch different things. It could be where
19:08 meets a bone, it could be blood vessels or nerves travel alongside,
19:12 it could be where two bones actually , not actually move. The first
19:17 would be where two bones are touching other but they don't move. The
19:20 one refers to an articulation. And for example, a facet would be
19:25 where bone meets another bone, but no movement. That's how your ribs
19:29 to your vertebrae. You know? here you can see a fossa,
19:34 is a place where bone meets another . It's a it's a depression where
19:39 bones are touching, but it doesn't to an articulation, it's just where
19:42 meet. Um here we can see phobia. The phobia for example is
19:47 place where two bones articulating. And here on the rib we have something
19:52 called a costal groove and that would when you see a groove or sulcus
19:56 this is where blood vessels or nerves along the inside of the rib as
20:00 traveling around your thoracic cage. So structures are not just simply there because
20:07 , well, that's a nice It's a nice depression or this is
20:11 it developed. There's a function for of these structures. So when you
20:15 words like this, they're kind of you there is an aspect of this
20:21 that's doing something unique. Does that sense? It helps characterize the function
20:26 the bone. And when we look these bones and we're gonna be looking
20:29 specific bones, there's 216 in the . You get to learn all 216
20:34 them. I like seeing that because makes you guys panic a little
20:37 It's really easy. All right, want you will be saying, here's
20:41 , here's this, here's this. I went, oh, okay,
20:44 that that's a depression. That means something that's going along here. Another
20:49 of of classification is an opening. right, So, we have this
20:54 . I mean, you look at , you want to say, meet
20:56 . It's not meat. It's it's a tous, alright. I
20:59 this is simply a hole that passes the bone. So, for the
21:05 , this one that that's being shown is called the external acoustic or external
21:10 and that's the your ear canal, where sound enters into your skull into
21:16 structure. That's received sound so that can hear that would be an
21:21 That's that's just one mediated. There's of Me Too. Me 80.
21:26 guess another one might be where blood or nerves actually penetrate through a
21:32 You'll see a term like foramen or . Foramen is a big one.
21:36 big one that we're gonna learn is called the big hole for Raymond
21:42 A big hole. Alright. And where your spinal cord goes from your
21:47 down you're back. So the big . So those would be examples.
21:55 then we have projections and projections are where there's gonna be some point of
22:01 . Alright. Something's going on And so you'll see like con
22:05 So the word you're gonna see here and over and over again. Might
22:09 epic. Con dial. So epi above. So it's a point above
22:17 projection called the con dial. So epic conduct. Right? But
22:22 have con dials this thing right You know when you think about your
22:27 hip, that that point is called crest of the iliac crest, for
22:32 . Um On a bone you might ahead. Here's that epic condo.
22:36 right there. That's a projection just . All right. So basically have
22:40 shapes. They have different sizes and , but their extensions where something is
22:45 place. And there's a couple of names. Um for example, the
22:49 rinse on the occipital bone, for , is a point where muscle attaches
22:55 that you can do this, That's just an example. Here's the
23:01 . Alright. You have processes. have spines, you have trow
23:06 you have Rania's it's a line of attachment. So these are just different
23:13 . To help you identify one bone the next and to help identify
23:18 Right? So do you memorize that of words? We just went
23:23 What do we understand about bone What do they do help identify a
23:29 and its function? It's right. is an example of epiphany sees that
23:39 been cut off so that you can in and see what's going on in
23:43 spongy bone. When you hear about donating bone marrow, you have to
23:51 bone marrow from some of the most to reach spots in the body.
23:56 really huge, huge kudos to people donate bone marrow. This is an
24:00 of one. If you want to bone marrow as an adult, you
24:03 to go into the hip and you've to go into the epiphany Asus of
24:09 femur, which is not an easy to get to. And you gotta
24:14 right drill, baby drill. This just like getting oil, right?
24:18 , this is an example of And what you can see here is
24:21 marrow and you can see all we got some red marrow on the
24:25 and then out here in the middle see the yellow marrow, it's kind
24:28 been replaced. So red marrow is what we call hematopoietic. Alright,
24:33 the first part of that word Hema to blood part remains refers to a
24:39 oration or progenitor. So basically it's type of material that gives rise to
24:48 cells. All right. So, in adults, we're going to see
24:51 located here in the spongy bone. that's what we're looking at. And
24:55 also see in the deployment of the bones. Flat bones are all over
24:58 place. But they're very get to ? So it's like why can't you
25:04 get the marrow from this rib right ? Yeah, but there's not a
25:07 there. We got to go to deep stuff. All right. In
25:12 , you're going to see it in long bones, so that modulate the
25:15 that we described. Alright, so marrow, kids pretty much everywhere.
25:20 marrow will replace red marrow in the cavities. In other words, you
25:25 need all those hematopoietic cells, you need that tissue. So it just
25:30 of becomes quiet stand or it gets and at this point it's basically fat
25:37 . So it's a place to store energy. But if your body for
25:40 reason is in need of actually having tissue, it can do is it
25:45 reactivate and revert that yellow marrow back red marrow. So it's not lost
25:51 . Once you turn to yellow it can revert but remember it's a
25:55 basis, right? If you don't something, your body is going to
25:59 it off. He doesn't want to energy just making red cells because you
26:03 need them. So what we're gonna at is we're gonna look at the
26:09 and give rise to both. there are four basic types of cells
26:13 are going to see associated with Alright, so we're ignoring him A
26:17 police this part. Metropolis is dealing blood cells. Were looking at osteo
26:23 . Alright. Osteo osteo osteoporotic All right, so we got
26:28 OsteO sites. Osteogenesis progenitors or osteogenesis and osteoblasts. Alright. And this
26:35 understanding this is really, really This is the good news about
26:39 And we're going to start with the it is the group of cells that
26:44 all derived from the same class. , so we have the Osteo progenitor
26:52 . These are a stem cell that rise to the osteoblasts. Alright.
26:57 going to be found as we said that perry Osti um in that
27:01 Um So if you can think of bone as a matrix that's been
27:06 you're seeing these cells on the surface both on the inside surface and on
27:11 outside surface. Okay, that's the the cell. And so in here
27:19 the periodic, the osteo progenitor cells ? Osteo progenitor cells, Osteo progenitor
27:27 . Okay, now what happens is these cells are gonna be multiplying and
27:33 . They're not doing at a rapid but they're like, okay, I'm
27:36 stay one behind, I'm gonna send my one of my daughter cells forward
27:41 daughter cell has differentiated becomes an osteo . And remember when we were talking
27:46 connective tissue that very first day when talking about tissues, what do we
27:50 ? Blast cells Did when we when have that posts fix, they build
27:55 build matrices. Right? So wherever see blast, you should see ah
28:00 is an immature cell. Its job to build the matrix. And so
28:04 what happens if these cells begin pumping matrix around them. And so they
28:11 if you have two cells side by , those two cells get pushed apart
28:15 they're building matrix towards one another. in all directions. And when you
28:21 those matrices around you eventually you're it's like painting yourself in a corner
28:26 black better. Better example. Go into a room and you start
28:30 and you find yourself stuck in the , it's like, oh, I've
28:33 painted myself and I can't get So now you're kind of stuck.
28:38 when they get stuck in their matrix differentiate one more time, they don't
28:43 . They differentiate and they become the site or the Osteo site. All
28:49 , and when you're the Osteo site , what you're doing is you're stuck
28:52 the matrix, you're not dead, very much alive. You're connected.
28:56 you'll send out little tiny extensions and connect yourself to the other ostro
29:02 Each osteo site is talking to other Ites, Right? And what they
29:07 is they monitor the matrix around I built this matrix. I'm gonna
29:11 sure it keeps going the way that designed it. That it does the
29:15 that it's supposed to do. And the job that a bone is
29:19 to do is create support, It's supposed to deal with the stresses
29:26 life is bringing on it. So, like when you do a
29:30 up or carry groceries, you're creating force against the bone. And it's
29:37 those stresses that are in the bone determining whether or not the bone is
29:41 enough to deal with those stresses. kind of makes sense. So,
29:47 Osteo site is reading the structure and that the matrix is being maintained to
29:55 with that mechanical stress. All you can see here is the Osteopath
30:01 stuck inside the bone. You can it has its little tiny extensions.
30:06 artist didn't drop the Osteo site, going to see this in a couple
30:09 pictures. So, that's three of four progenitor cell gives rise to blast
30:17 . Built built the blast gets It becomes the site. All
30:23 The other type of cell that is related to those first three is called
30:28 osteoclasts blast builds classed breaks. So, it's a large cell fake
30:41 in nature? It does come from different type of cells. So it's
30:45 the osteogenesis progenitor. It's from a based progenitor. All right. It's
30:51 to be located on the surface of bones. And what it's doing is
30:57 breaking it down. So, these that you find them in our kind
31:00 like little tiny lakes or lagoons and what the name lacuna means. All
31:06 , It's like a lagoon. So sitting in this whole or depression inside
31:11 bone. And so what it's doing it's breaking down the bone matrix and
31:17 absorbing the bone. Now, if hear this, you might think this
31:20 a bad thing, but not if building and redesigning. Think about tearing
31:26 a street that's not working right? have to part before you lay down
31:32 structure on top. And that's what that's what the osteoclasts are doing and
31:38 responding to the stresses and the bones ensure that the bone meets the needs
31:47 of the body. The other thing that bone is kind of like a
31:52 for your calcium. Alright. We tons and tons and tons of calcium
31:57 up in our bones. And we calcium for a whole bunch of things
32:01 our bodies. We're not always eating and consuming calcium. Do you guys
32:06 where you get your calcium from from most part milk. Alright, So
32:10 get a little bit from milk. how many you guys drink milk on
32:12 regular basis? I've stopped drinking I mean maybe I'll get ice cream
32:17 I'm feeling lucky you know? But is not part of my diet,
32:22 but not milk. Alright. So comes there. You get a little
32:26 of calcium from spinach if you like . But for the most part we
32:29 have a lot of calcium in our . You know one of the places
32:33 we get calcium is from supplements, guys take supplements, vitamins, You
32:41 do your Flintstone vitamins nice and crunchy you know you have a choice in
32:46 . You can go gummy or you go chalk tasting. You know or
32:50 can go that that nature's own that ground where it just tastes like someone
32:55 dirt and put it in the You're right. Those calcium ones,
33:01 know the little Flintstones type ones? you know where they get the calcium
33:04 ? In those you're going, Bones. Well that's one place you
33:11 grind up bones. You know? other place Go out to the
33:15 dredge up the bottom of the bottom the ocean, right? It's only
33:20 out there. So you just dredge , wash off all the dirt.
33:23 got a whole bunch of old shells them down. Pack him up
33:32 Mm hmm. And it's organic too it's not sure it's inorganic. So
33:37 next time you see, you minerals, vitamins, minerals and it
33:40 organically sourced. It's chemical. It's inorganic. Alright. Just because I
33:47 having fun with y'all. Here's another . You ever eat cereal that's vitamin
33:50 , you know, like iron Do you know where the iron comes
33:57 ? You don't like that. You're love this one. Old cars,
34:02 a car, grind it down into tiny filings, right? The filings
34:07 so small that you just throw them the flour, mix it in with
34:11 flour, baking flour. You got little tiny corn flake or whatever.
34:18 . Now you're looking, I'm watching appears like, no, no,
34:21 , no. It's it's it's a a mineral. Right? The other
34:26 you can do this, go get handful of dirt and eat it.
34:30 ? And there are people in 3rd countries that do that, right?
34:35 do this. They're like, I need a certain minerals or
34:38 And then they go to a specific that they know contains whatever is their
34:43 is telling them satisfies whatever is that need, we we just dredge the
34:48 and we grind of cars. That's an example of two of them.
34:53 a lot more of the ones that fun. Those sort of just to
34:57 let you know that. Yes, is actually true. When I was
35:00 kid in third or fourth grade might probably it was probably like eighth grade
35:04 we took cornflakes in a, you , like an earth science class.
35:08 grounded down and we took magnet and kept rolling it over until you end
35:11 a little tiny hairs and shavings. it's like you can do this as
35:18 , but it takes a long You have to use a lot of
35:20 and cereal is expensive. All So, what this is showing you
35:25 ? Why I brought that? All embassy is oh, if I need
35:28 order, I get it. I break down the bone to do
35:31 And then I can replenish the bone consuming foods that have calcium and I
35:36 put the calcium back in. This a picture that just kind of shows
35:40 process. This is how the bone is working. And I want to
35:44 out here that we recycle roughly 5-7% our bone every week. Alright.
35:49 many weeks are in a year? is 150. We recycle our
35:59 Our bones, our skeleton two times year. That doesn't mean you really
36:05 your entire skeleton. No, but shows you mass wise how active this
36:10 actually is. Now, this is process. All right. So,
36:14 just kind of walking through, we're gonna we're gonna start over here saying
36:17 broken down the bone. So now have a weak spot in our
36:20 And what happens is is that weak is detected through the osteo sites.
36:25 so osteoblasts gather around in that particular , they receive a signal says we
36:31 greater strength here. So Osco blast at the location where there's a weak
36:37 and they rebuild their structures. I love how the pictures are inky blinky
36:42 and Clyde from pac man, And so they rebuild the bone.
36:47 so now what you've done is you've the struck the strength of the bone
36:54 better respond to the stresses in that , notices a spongy bone,
36:58 You do you see how it's kind these little tiny little strands that's that's
37:04 to be in the spongy bone. what happens is after you lay down
37:09 matrix it classifies. And so here can see the ossification and the blast
37:14 go off their merry way and go for the next spot. Alright,
37:18 it comes time to release calcium, come along and then they'll break down
37:24 bone and again they're going to not randomly pick a spot there, they're
37:28 it in the area that is not great deals of stress, in other
37:32 , areas that can be broken right? But as you move and
37:38 and stuff like that, your bone going through that stress. And so
37:42 this pattern of building and breaking to your bones become stronger to do the
37:48 that you want to do. To it another way and It's bad to
37:54 around and sit on a sofa 24/7 your muscles atrophy and your bones get
38:00 when you go out and run your feels the stress that you're putting on
38:06 bone. It makes the muscles stronger you exercise. It also strengthens the
38:12 that you're using and the bones that using typically what we're talking about is
38:19 we're breaking bones down, this is the spongy bone. The compact bone
38:24 a little bit slower and you're gonna why here in just a second terms
38:27 structure. So this is what bone in a nutshell. Alright, we
38:33 an organic component and an inorganic The organic components are the cells and
38:37 matrices that they layout. So primarily going to be some collagen and other
38:42 . Glycogen, glycoprotein. Alright, what you do is you create this
38:47 but that's a soft matrix, It's very hard. And that makes up
38:51 a third of the matrix. Now can see here here's collagen fibers,
38:55 we do to get a whole bunch college and we wrap them up together
38:58 we get them really, really close so we end up with is something
39:01 looks a lot like this. But that's strong in terms of tensile
39:08 It doesn't twist real well, it stretch real well because that's the nature
39:11 collagen, it doesn't have the hardness bone has. And so the inorganic
39:19 of bone is what gives it its and that makes up the other two
39:23 . And what we're gonna do is gonna lay and this is what this
39:27 trying to show you here, I is the salt we're gonna lay.
39:31 on the collagen and the salt is phosphate. All right. We call
39:36 hydroxy appetite, appetite, appetite. want to see appetite, but I
39:42 that's not right. All right. anyway, so this calcium phosphate is
39:45 you integrate into and onto the soft and that's what hardens it. And
39:51 where it gets rigid and inflexible. so where you have things like cartilage
39:55 you can bend and move. Bone do that right? I can do
40:01 to my ear. I can't do to my bone. I don't have
40:05 there. All right. The other that bone doesn't do is doesn't compress
40:11 well, alright, collagen has water it. You know, cartilage has
40:16 and I can squeeze it. So putting in the organic or the inorganic
40:23 the organic. That's what gives it strength. And so we end up
40:26 this really, really, really strong that gives rise to the bone and
40:32 is microscopic relative to what we're looking here and this is where we're going
40:35 spend our time. So when you at a picture like this, it
40:39 kind of confusing. It's like what I really looking at? So,
40:42 want you to look up here All right. That would be the
40:46 of a long bone. Alright, think of that being your femur or
40:50 , your humor or your femur. then what we're gonna do is we're
40:54 focus in so you can see right . That would be the medullary cavity
40:57 there. That would be the outer . So, here's the medullary
41:01 This is the outer surface. That's . Um being pulled away. You
41:04 see the perforating fibers. And so we're looking at is we're gonna be
41:08 in on these structures called austrians. are the functional unit of compact
41:18 All right. And you can see lots of austrians. All right.
41:22 you can see all these little circles kind of look like bull's eyes.
41:25 you look down from the top, what it kind of looks like.
41:28 are the structures that all that matrix up. All right. But if
41:34 kind of look we're gonna see we're be focusing on this and we're really
41:37 be focusing on that middle one. it's oftentimes students get confused and
41:41 okay, I'm looking higher bone. you can see here. No,
41:45 pillars that have been wrapped together that this larger structure and that's what this
41:51 like another microscope. If you take Oscar and you can see it has
41:55 Bullseye feature and all those little black that you see those are where osteo
42:01 are. So you can see there's of cells that are trapped inside their
42:06 and there's organization to this matrix. , so these major sees octagon are
42:12 bearing pillars in the long bones. is to resist origin stress. You
42:21 hear you ever see the movie the side. Alright. Some of you
42:27 For those who don't know the blindsides movie about Michael or who is a
42:33 at, I want to say Mississippi . No, it was old
42:36 Alright. And basically the story begins it's his life story. So we're
42:41 talking about him, it's the beginning the movie that that's important because it's
42:45 , the woman played by Sandra Bullock narrating the story of um joe I
42:55 to say Heisman because joe Theismann getting by Lawrence Taylor, you know Lawrence
43:01 is a couple of guys in the going, Yeah, ladies in the
43:06 are like blah blah blah blah blah , I get to the bones.
43:09 . Lawrence Taylor is the biggest meanest linebacker ever. I mean he
43:13 Hall of Fame level football player, Theismann was his real name is Joe
43:18 . But when he was in they changed his name to Heisman so
43:22 could win the Heisman, I don't if he did, I don't think
43:26 did alright anyway. He gets the wiseman rolls out and he's running.
43:33 Taylor is chasing him on the blind , can't he can't see Lawrence Taylor
43:37 for him. Lawrence is just going this and L T grabs him like
43:43 animal that he is fantastic tackle grabs and twists and rolls in the
43:49 takes a leg and literally twist it breaks it in a spiral fracture.
43:57 I got to watch that live on , that's how old I am.
44:01 it was just awful. I lt got up and he's literally just
44:04 at the sideline, you gotta you gotta come, you gotta
44:06 He heard the break, he felt break right? Which shows you you
44:11 , he's not horrible person. We just play the game. These are
44:17 to prevent stuff like that, which shows you how strong lt is.
44:22 , anything else? I think The one that was wild. I
44:28 again, the reason everyone remembers that I remember was a big game,
44:33 giants and the Redskins hated each And so when LT jumped up and
44:38 like, hey you sacked him, he was like, no, this
44:40 bad and it was like career ending them. I mean quarterbacks break their
44:46 all the time and I don't know Adam smith. I don't remember,
44:48 don't watch enough NFL to remember stuff that. But anyway. All
44:53 So with that in mind. Let's in on those torsion resistant structures and
45:00 the torsion resistant. So, notice where you are. So,
45:05 you can see there's the inside, the outside of the long bone we're
45:09 on on the Austrian. We've isolated and now we're looking at it without
45:14 being extended outward. What they've done they've kind of extended it outwards.
45:17 you can see the different parts. , you can see here you have
45:20 you have rings now in this case just three rings in here down
45:24 These are micrografx so that you can these this electron micrografx. This is
45:28 a standard transmission micrografx. And what have here is you can see structurally
45:34 rings at the center of featuring is it's called. It's called a central
45:40 . This is where blood vessels and are going to travel. Alright,
45:44 each of these austrians has materials being to them and has a way to
45:51 rid of waste. Alright, bone is living because obviously we're
45:56 delivering blood there to the cells that living All right. And you can
46:01 these little structures are where the Osteo . So you can see them
46:07 They're trying to show you the line lines represent Lomeli. Alright. What's
46:13 Lomeli. So think of lamination you when you were a kid. Did
46:17 ever get anything? You have your license pulled out that plastic on the
46:22 . That's lamination. Alright. It's layer of plastic. And so what
46:26 do is when you hear lamination or I think I've got a layer and
46:31 and layer and that's what we We have concentric layers of of bone
46:37 matrix. And that bone was laid by a bunch of osteoblasts growing outward
46:43 then they got stuck in their matrix they're building. All right now these
46:48 rings. If you look at if you look at the fibers you'd
46:51 that the one fiber is kind of this way and then the next
46:54 The next fibers going this way and next fibers going this way in the
46:57 ring and what the purpose of that to provide that torsion resistance to that
47:06 . So basically you're creating a crisscross in this column so it doesn't
47:14 It stays really, really stiff. then within their own little uh area
47:22 kind of this empty zone that's surrounded fluid. Is you have the osteo
47:27 . So each of those ostracized, can see that they have these
47:30 The extensions allow them to communicate with cells. Um The little kind of
47:35 through which their little extensions are in called curriculum which means little canals.
47:41 they touched each other and they talk each other and they're talking about the
47:45 so that they can say what they , oh I need more more fuel
47:49 we have stress over here and so allows them to monitor and uh discuss
47:55 to maintain that uh that Austrian. you can see long bones have lots
48:02 these austrians here it is again, several austrians all around the length of
48:07 long bones. And what we're gonna is we're gonna take those austrians and
48:11 going to wrap them up and so we do is to get first to
48:15 the blood vessels, this is what is to get the blood vessels into
48:18 austrians, we have to have a to do that. So we have
48:21 perforating canals that go to the central . Blood vessels can then move up
48:26 down. So that's what you're gonna in several bones, as you'll
48:29 perforating canals, secondly you're going to circumferential Lomeli, Alright, is that
48:35 that means is I've taken all the and I've wrapped them and so you
48:38 think about it like oh those cells are underneath the perry Osti um what
48:43 doing is they're laying layers outside the . So that's where you get the
48:50 same thing here, The ones on external side, external circumferential on the
48:57 side. Internal circumferential alright. But round things don't uh butt up against
49:04 other. Exactly. They have a bit of space in between And so
49:07 little space in between is called an Lomeli. And so either you have
49:13 build in between the cells, or happens is when you break down in
49:18 and rebuild one, you may leave behind. And so interstitial Lomeli can
49:23 from one of those two sources. what you end up with this
49:27 solid compact bone that is very, strong, very resistant, compression,
49:32 to torsion um and are capable of all sorts of stuff in terms of
49:42 . Now, internally, remember we when we go back against back,
49:46 over here on the inside, That's we're gonna see spongy bone.
49:51 when we look at a flat we're gonna see within that compact
49:54 We're gonna see a spongy bone. so this is what spongy bone looks
49:59 . It kind of looks like a . You can see it has these
50:03 extensions which are called to ridiculously it's . You could take a thread and
50:08 could wind it through carefully between the . Now, if you took a
50:14 of rich, ridiculous what you see that you'd see the same sort of
50:18 that you saw when you were looking the Austrian. But structurally they're slightly
50:23 . There's no central canal. All , You can see the osteo
50:26 Yes, they're actually all opened up one another and then ultimately opened up
50:31 the surface of the tribe Picula. you can see here, they're trying
50:34 show you the particularly that are like little dots representing, oh this is
50:38 it opens up. So nutrients are to get back and forth to each
50:43 the individual osteo sites, directly from medullary cavity and the fluids that are
50:47 there. You don't need to have vessels penetrating through. So we don't
50:52 an Austrian even though it kind of like it. Alright, We just
50:57 to the tropically um with this structure what we're gonna do. I don't
51:06 I have it up here. I do. They're aligned along stress
51:13 vectors basically. So when you put on a bone, it creates stress
51:19 one of those structures. And so like, oh here's a vector of
51:24 . I'm gonna build along that so can counter the stress on it.
51:29 that's why they have this kind of look to them, so they can
51:32 the stress throughout the bone. All . So, I'm gonna pause here
51:41 I think we've covered a lot in of this, we're going to keep
51:43 here in a second. But are any questions about the stuff I talked
51:46 even about tearing down cars and turning into iron. Uh huh.
51:56 you tell me when? Okay. No. So you can think of
52:07 as basically just a really really thin hole. Alright, so if you
52:12 a really tiny small hole and you a really tiny small arm that you
52:15 extend through it. That's that's what looking at now. What would happen
52:19 that on the other side there might another cell that I can actually connect
52:23 and so you might see gap junctions . But really it's just a point
52:28 crosstalk between the two cells. All , So really the idea here is
52:33 curriculum are basically holds through the bone which osteo sites can extend themselves.
52:40 right. So they live in they in the lacuna and they extend through
52:44 curriculum. Alright. Little extensions and why they have that kind of weird
52:49 space monster. Look in our little here, good question. Uh
53:05 You're asking a physician level question, I don't really know the answer.
53:09 right, so here's the deal when comes to any sort of vitamin in
53:13 body or even mineral, your body absorb what it needs and it will
53:17 rid of what it does doesn't There's a really if you guys watch
53:20 Bang Theory uh In in syndication, a great um line in that we're
53:27 and Sheldon our grocery shopping and she grabs a whole bunch of vitamin
53:34 She says, oh you're buying He says basically you're just gonna pee
53:39 all out or you know, you're paying, you're paying for for paying
53:43 all out. Said well maybe that's I'm going for? He says oh
53:45 you want that then you want manganese it's lots of money and you don't
53:49 you don't need a lot of And it's true for most of the
53:52 . And so the idea is that take supplements because generally speaking our diets
53:57 . Alright maybe not you guys, diet sucks. If I could live
54:00 cheetos I would. And the truth your body can probably survive just fine
54:04 30 or 40 or 50 days on solid diet of cheetos. But notice
54:10 a limit there, right? And what happens is your body starts going
54:14 run out of the things that I've away. And so so the purpose
54:17 the supplement is to ensure that you're what's your what you need. So
54:21 example like right now, I mean as an example, I mean I
54:25 lots of vitamin D. Literature basically I think I told you high correlation
54:29 good health and vitamin D. And is more important is that the vitamin
54:32 . Gives good health or does good good high vitamin D. We really
54:36 know. But you know it's easy and they taste like cherry gummies so
54:41 that's easy. Alright but why do have to take that supplement? I
54:45 make my own vitamin D. And talked about this But how many of
54:49 guys spend 12 hours a day outside the sun? Yeah exactly. I
54:56 no the answer is I spend zero the most sun I get is from
55:01 I walk from here to my to garage that is the extent of the
55:05 I probably get during the day. maybe that might be a good way
55:10 me to get that supplemented. So the best calcium? You know what's
55:14 best way to do that? Well off are you getting enough calcium in
55:17 diet? If the answer is no supplement it, How do you want
55:21 supplement? Well you don't want to eating bones like your dog does.
55:25 . The best thing to do is pop a couple of pills you know
55:28 let your body decide because you're just pee it out if you don't need
55:31 . And that's the good news. it feels like a waste.
55:40 Well so how you absorb things through body is going to be kind of
55:46 . Right? So you have things are lipid soluble, you have things
55:48 are water soluble. Anything that's lipid has special mechanisms in which it's going
55:53 have to be absorbed. So the you put something into your mouth that's
55:57 soluble it gets absorbed. All Which is kind of interesting.
56:01 So if you've ever seen the videos the people in the third world,
56:04 know where they're all lined up getting vitamin drops underneath their tongue, that's
56:07 soluble vitamins, you can do that they can absorb it right away.
56:11 most of the stuff that we absorb you can go and look at the
56:13 list of all the vitamins, most this stuff is water soluble and so
56:16 has to go down to the digestive , go into the small intestine,
56:19 picked up body then decides, do really need this or not? And
56:23 if he doesn't need it out, goes lipid soluble stuff will be broken
56:27 . It won't be like it doesn't through the urine that way. I
56:31 I probably didn't answer your question. just kind of okay, blah blah
56:35 . See the good news. We have like eight slides. So,
56:38 know, we get to run down tracks every now and then it's okay
56:42 ask questions like that. Nine times of 10 if you ask me anything
56:45 , I guarantee you, I probably know the answer. So go ahead
56:48 stump the chump. It's it's easy . All right, ready to learn
56:52 to how we make both. All right, so bone is formed
57:01 the process of what is called You might see the term ossification as
57:06 . So like right now, believe or not, you are still generating
57:12 . All right right here, the process, I'm trying to find it
57:17 there zip process at the end of sternum up until about your all's age
57:23 still cartilage and then it slowly turns bone. Alright, So mine is
57:29 and now we yours is all soft squishy. It might be going towards
57:36 heart. So it begins process of begins while your name bro. It
57:43 continue on through childhood and mostly through and be done there. But there
57:48 parts of the body that's still undergo long type. Now there are two
57:53 ways that we're going to form One is called intra member Nous.
57:57 speaking, when you see intra member we're talking about flat bones, but
58:00 not the only way that remember intra Nous works. The other is indo
58:08 . Alright. So, if you at those two terms, they kind
58:10 tell you already what you're looking Intra inside Member Nous membrane inside of
58:19 . All right, indo inside ecto be outside. So, indo
58:25 And then con droll is the hard . That's cartilage. So, when
58:29 see Condra, it's dealing with So, what we're gonna do is
58:33 gonna use a a cartilage bone to another bone. All right.
58:40 those are the two methods. So, this typically the long bones
58:44 the pelvis vertebrae so unused into So, we're gonna start with intra
58:49 business. It's easier and the truth that intra member This is how we
58:53 get those cartilage bones. Alright. you can kind of see how this
58:58 of builds because the other one doesn't kind of address this like well how
59:01 this cartilage bone begin in the first ? Well, it's kind of through
59:03 methodology very similar to this. All . And so we're going to be
59:08 with a member in this environment. remember connective tissue, we're going to
59:12 in the mezzanine time during embryology. we I know we didn't talk any
59:17 but mesen kind is what gives rise the different types of connective tissue.
59:21 you have this member nous structure this . Alright. And it's going to
59:26 through these four simple steps. So you are, you are inside the
59:30 kind. And a cell will differentiate become uh a osteogenesis cell. That's
59:37 the first step. It's like okay becoming this osteogenesis cell. And so
59:42 gonna start dividing and creating more osteogenesis . And then what they're gonna do
59:46 we're gonna start making matrix. Remember they make matrix they start pushing away
59:50 each other and they kind of get and that's kind of what's going on
59:53 , you can see here we got osteo osteogenesis cells that have are still
59:59 living matrix. But here we got cells trapped. And what's happened is
60:04 that asteroid that matrix that they're making calcified. And so now they're not
60:10 just trapped because of the Matrix, created their trapped because that matrix has
60:15 calcified. So, these cells would the OsteO sites. And out here
60:20 got osteoblasts. And so what they're is they're now growing away from each
60:25 and they're growing within that that Now the other cells in that matrix
60:30 now being pushed aside. They're being down. All right, well,
60:36 do we find on the outside of bones and all bones? We called
60:41 the Perry Osti. Um All We have a layer of connective tissue
60:45 that's what's going on. Is you're pressing it down, pressing down.
60:49 creating curiosity. Um So, where you have your osteoporosis or your Osteo
60:53 ? There now on the outside, matrix that you began has grown even
60:59 . It's called woven bone at this . It's not organized because it hasn't
61:03 to deal with stressors yet. But idea is like, okay, I've
61:07 this this matrix and then cells get inside that matrix are outside the bone
61:14 , but within the structure itself. so they basically now are becoming um
61:21 industry. Um And so you have that can now work on the outside
61:26 then it starts organizing itself and you see here as that as you form
61:31 curiosity. Um you're now creating layers compact mode. And so that's what
61:38 there. The inside that spongy bone then start responding to stressors. And
61:44 basically grow itself in such a way those ridiculous are now pointing along the
61:49 lines. All right. So we refer to that woven bone as lamelo
61:55 bone, blood vessels are gonna be along the way because these cells are
61:59 to die if they stay too far from sources. So they also,
62:03 of the signals they do is they draw blood vessels to the bone.
62:08 that's where you're going to see before hardens up and becomes more organized.
62:12 going to see that happen. it's kind of a basic structure.
62:17 if you can't visualize, I understand it's it's kind of hard, you
62:20 , it's like okay, I've got mess of cells someone differentiate and then
62:24 start organizing themselves and starting to push other way. And in the midst
62:28 that they create this woven bone. if you can visualize what the Lomeli
62:33 like, what those ridiculously look you can kind of see how it's
62:37 end up if it starts off as like that. Okay, That's the
62:44 one. The cool one is this because this is your skeleton. I
62:49 in the in the broader sense doesn't that intravenous isn't your skeleton as
62:54 but you can see here during one of the first things that forms
62:59 early on is a cartilage skeleton. right. And so the way that
63:03 happen is very similar to what we saw. But without the osteopath being
63:09 . Okay, In other words, not going to create a calcified
63:13 We're going to create a matrix of that is this. And then what's
63:20 to happen is as that field cartilage formed and develops that's very early on
63:24 first couple of weeks, eight eight week 12. Then as a
63:32 gonna happen is you're gonna start seeing . In other words, cells are
63:36 start coming in or you're gonna start calcification. So cells are gonna start
63:40 in and they're gonna start replacing the cartilaginous cells, the condor sites and
63:47 condor blast with osteoblasts that will then osteo sites. So, the first
63:53 that forms is what is called the osteo collar. That's what you see
63:58 , blood vessels begin to penetrate So the primary ossification center is gonna
64:04 along the diagnosis and then blood vessels through. And then you're gonna see
64:09 of the epiphany sees. And so you end up with. So there's
64:13 ossification. So you see the diagnosis the epic Asus are what are going
64:17 first form as bone. That region between stays as cartilage. Now,
64:27 can see here, where are we in the toddler stage. It's always
64:32 watching new mothers, New mothers are concerned about their Children. Their baby's
64:39 not so much, There's even a gag, I think on, you
64:42 , it's like a a meme where like how high can dad throws their
64:46 babies? And you watch the mom panicking, you're seeing that Alright.
64:52 Why don't why are dads less Are they less invested? No,
64:57 we know inherently that their big bags cartilage. All right, watch child
65:03 down the stairs. Who freaks out , are you okay? Baby looks
65:07 , sees mom panicking, starts Dad sees baby tumbled down the
65:13 toughen up. You're tough as baby looks up, tough as
65:17 I'll do it again. One of , I have four kids,
65:24 One of my kids fell out a . My research dad. Alright,
65:30 see if it works, it looks . Okay? Just go back out
65:33 go and play two weeks later. wrist still hurts. Maybe we should
65:36 take it and go take a compression fracture. Thank you. My
65:47 went and fell down something upstairs, as nails. I'm tough as
65:58 All right. So, then we of move on past the toddler
66:02 right? So, you can now we've got that bone is now starting
66:06 replace all the cartilage. You're not so much cartilage now, you're actually
66:09 little more fragile. Um Bone is tough, but you know, it
66:13 break. Um But you can see we still have these regions that is
66:19 and that's what is called the epithelial alright. And it's here where we're
66:23 to actually see growth. Alright. you will continue to have cartilage in
66:30 bones. Up through. No depending when you go through puberty and how
66:35 it lasts for you. I mean plate will close at a certain
66:40 So there are some people who stopped when they're about 25. I used
66:44 work for N. C. Double basketball team you know tutoring years and
66:48 ago and they would have freshman you who would be like six ft 10
66:53 we're expected to grow for another three right? Because they had closed that
66:59 plate. Some of you particularly some you young women You know went through
67:05 and was like I stopped growing when turned 16. That was the epithelial
67:09 . It closed. All right. so it just depends when it
67:14 right? So you're lengthwise growth is upon how long that stays cartilage.
67:20 we have two different types of growth . Yeah. Mhm. Um Typically
67:27 won't do that but you could go get an X ray and see you
67:30 you'd see that that plate you know they're not going to do it unless
67:34 like concerned. Yeah. So this there's two different types of growth that
67:40 have to deal with when you're dealing bone. So you can imagine if
67:43 bones stayed the same size. It when I was a toddler, it
67:46 be really, really tall and really thin and probably not very
67:50 Right? So, there is a growth. That's what this is.
67:53 interstitial growth. So interstitial means within , there's growth within the bone,
67:59 it's referring to the epithelial plate. , we'll deal with that. And
68:04 there's growth that causes the bone to wider. All right. And that
68:09 be oppositional growth, which is what gonna talk to you next.
68:12 here, what this is trying to you is like, okay, I've
68:15 this epithelial plate, it has cartilage what it's doing. It's laying down
68:19 and it's pushing the epiphany sis away the diagnosis. So, you can
68:23 I'm going this direction. As I down cartilage, I'm pushing the epiphany
68:28 further and further away from the but that diagnosis is causing calcification of
68:35 lower layers of the cartilage. it's slowly trying to catch up with
68:39 living layers of the top cartilage and catch up. And when it
68:43 then you now have that closure. epiphany, that's what this is trying
68:48 show you is like, I'm growing this direction, and this part down
68:51 is getting calcified. All right? that's what this picture is trying to
68:55 you here, is showing you the zones. So, down here,
68:59 would be where the diagnosis is. where ossification is taking place up
69:03 This is the area where you have . And here it's proliferating. So
69:08 growing and it's pushing this upward and away from that area, right?
69:14 can imagine it's running that direction, right. But as you move further
69:19 further away from your blood sources, when you get that calcification and then
69:24 the calcification takes place and then it back and the contra sides died,
69:29 replace it with actual both tissue. right. And so when the diagnosis
69:37 that zone of I should back that zone of ossification catches up with
69:41 resting cartilage because it kind of speeds eventually they'll catch up and then you
69:46 that resting cartilage and it all becomes . You stop growing around the
69:54 So here you are, as an , you can see very, very
69:57 . So, on the outside, that curiosity, um you have the
70:01 creating more and more and more circumferential . So you're getting wider and wider
70:06 wider and wider, which would also that the bone itself is getting thicker
70:11 thicker and thicker. And so you'd I'd have a very, very small
70:15 cavity when I'm really, really But when I'm bigger, I don't
70:19 have a fairly large medullary cavity. that also means on the endoscopy um
70:24 have osteoclasts breaking down the bone. I've got something growing, making it
70:30 . But on the inside I also something that is breaking it down to
70:33 the inside bigger as well. The is is that the rate of growth
70:38 the outside is faster than the rate absorption on the inside. So we
70:43 up with a nice thick, strong , even though we're breaking down.
70:50 that kind of makes sense? Okay, so bonus living, it
70:58 some very unique structure to it, ? It undergoes growth over the course
71:03 your life, it gets replaced all time. And so you just kind
71:08 need to know structurally what does it like? Right? What does what
71:13 compact bone look like? What does bone look like you do that?
71:18 easy. The next part sees is easier. It's the dim bones.
71:23 I said knee bone's connected to the bye. Except we're gonna learn their
71:28 names. All right. Questions. . Yeah. So what we're saying
71:37 , the rate of adding bone on outside is greater than the rate of
71:41 on the inside. So what that is that if you look at
71:44 it's a it's a relative thing. ? So if you're thinking of a
71:47 tiny bone on on an infant would about this big and then your femurs
71:52 sorry, is roughly about that Right? So it's thicker. But
71:57 you're doing is you're growing faster on outside and instead of breaking down on
72:00 inside. So you're not gonna have same thickness of bone that you did
72:04 a as an infant, you're gonna a thicker bone as an adult because
72:09 that. Those two different rates faster the outside, slower on the
72:13 So even though I'm breaking it this is it's not as fast,
72:23 . Yeah. So what would What you can think about there is
72:27 am I breaking it down? one is structural there for structural
72:31 But I also need calcium for other in my body. And so the
72:36 where I'd be breaking it down or those cells are gonna be most
72:40 I'm not gonna break down things in middle of my solid bone, I'm
72:43 do it on its surfaces. Alright guys, it's a weekend.
72:50 least for this class. I will you on Tuesday, where we will
72:55 do the bones. Yes, So, mm
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