| 00:02 | Welcome to neuroscience lecture to. We're to continue walking through the history of |
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| 00:08 | , stopping in some of the very intersections and forming the view of modern |
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| 00:16 | neuroscience that is based on some of key historical aspects people and concepts that |
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| 00:24 | us to the modern day understanding of prehistoric times. We discussed braintree pronation |
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| 00:33 | potentially neurosurgical procedures to alleviate build up fluids, blood blood clots to alleviate |
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| 00:42 | pain and pressure. Uh Those procedures repeated sometimes found in multiple places in |
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| 00:49 | skull and they were precise and had and procedures by which they were done |
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| 00:58 | involving some form of prehistoric anesthesia as . Yeah, the brain itself doesn't |
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| 01:09 | pain receptors. So if you touch brain it doesn't feel any pain, |
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| 01:15 | to get to the brain, you to get through the scalp, the |
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| 01:20 | and the skull and then meninges that and surround the brain and all of |
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| 01:27 | most structures surrounding the brain will contain receptors. So therefore anesthesia was probably |
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| 01:36 | place even if it was based on sort of a verbal methods, imho |
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| 01:43 | was really an incredible person if you about it because as a court |
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| 01:51 | had an unprecedented opportunity to look into injured bodies and injured brains and skulls |
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| 02:00 | the people. He not only divides triage system which leads us to modern |
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| 02:09 | medical triage system, but this hiring . We talked about last class, |
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| 02:17 | first written descriptions of the brain This really is the significance of |
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| 02:26 | that imho tap not only observed, he recorded it on the papyrus on |
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| 02:35 | script. And he drew what he were convolutions on the surface of the |
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| 02:41 | . What he thought were the fluids the brain membranes surrounding the brain, |
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| 02:51 | them in in jeez that lay underneath scalp, underneath the skull and between |
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| 03:00 | skull and the brain tissue. But that point, as you remember when |
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| 03:09 | noble man where the emperors where the , these are being embalmed and |
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| 03:19 | their brains are being scooped out. are not considered to be important. |
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| 03:24 | hardest considered to be important at the time in hotel recognizes that injury to |
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| 03:31 | brain can have an effect. Then the periphery, just still parts of |
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| 03:36 | body. It's very significant what he done. From there, we jump |
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| 03:44 | ancient Greece and we visit two Hippocrates, who is considered to be |
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| 03:53 | father of modern medicine. And so you finish the medical school, you |
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| 04:00 | the Hippocrates of and that is to and to help people and to put |
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| 04:06 | above all independent of anything, what are, who they are there. |
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| 04:13 | any of their backgrounds. Um So is really at the true essence of |
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| 04:22 | medicine. And in his case, deductive medicine. Practicing medicine. A |
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| 04:30 | bit like a craft. Maybe a bit like a witchcraft combination with herbal |
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| 04:36 | um At that stage we're talking about years after him hotel. But we're |
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| 04:43 | about still about 400-300 BC. And all of these Hippocrates and trying to |
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| 04:53 | the human body, the organs, they function, practice medicine and |
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| 04:59 | He declares that the brain is the controlling organ center of the body. |
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| 05:05 | is a major shift from what Egyptians about hard being the most dominant |
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| 05:14 | And also he proclaims that the brain the seat of intelligence. Very |
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| 05:23 | However, sometimes later very famous philosopher does not agree. Still there's still |
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| 05:33 | going on. Hard is the center intellect. So what you feel is |
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| 05:40 | your heart. And so this idea hard dominating the body of heart feeling |
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| 05:47 | of having a broken heart. You use that in everyday language has a |
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| 05:55 | heart. His heart is not really . It's his emotional centers or her |
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| 06:01 | centers that have been affected by But this is where the root of |
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| 06:07 | is of thinking that the heart is most important organ intellect. Even the |
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| 06:15 | seat of the whole body. Brain an air conditioner of the blood and |
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| 06:22 | , conveniently it is located at the top. What's the two legged, |
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| 06:27 | upright animal and a good place for to rise and be vented out potentially |
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| 06:33 | the ears or the hair or the , which is also an advocates and |
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| 06:44 | debate about the heart and the brain on in between the ancient greek |
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| 06:54 | you have also roman empire in an empire. You have this physician gallon |
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| 07:05 | physician gallon. I'm not showing the . I don't know why, I'm |
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| 07:08 | showing the slide because I talk about , but this is gallon here mentioned |
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| 07:16 | depicted as the values and renaissance But gallon was a physician during the |
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| 07:26 | empire when the gladiator wars were taking at that time. While the lions |
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| 07:34 | roaming in Italy and beyond gladiators fighting other. The colosseum in Rome was |
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| 07:43 | as a site for all sorts of , including hunting games where elaborate hills |
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| 07:51 | valleys would be set up in the . The lions and other animals would |
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| 07:56 | brought in for a real hunk like of a wild hand. And as |
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| 08:04 | things are going on, Gladiators who killing each other at the time are |
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| 08:12 | just slaves, but they're actually somebody everybody wanted to be with either to |
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| 08:18 | a friend or even the royalty at time. The nobleman, the roman |
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| 08:25 | and the senators and so on. wanted to get together with them. |
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| 08:30 | they were regarded as sort of NBA stars except that they had to maybe |
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| 08:37 | their lives for good. So um has the ability now to look as |
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| 08:46 | to um, Hattab was looking at these injuries during Egyptian times gallon is |
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| 08:52 | at all of these injuries during the times, Still at that time in |
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| 08:58 | empire and all through the dark ages of human body and brain is not |
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| 09:07 | . So gallon again looks at the in the arms and the body |
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| 09:13 | abdominal cavity, brain neck and so . And on top of that gallon |
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| 09:18 | experiments and dissect pigs if you discover that if he cuts a certain |
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| 09:26 | one of the brain stem nerves, piglets squeal and gallon establishes this book |
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| 09:34 | anatomy essentially. That's based on his on the gladiator and the colosseum games |
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| 09:42 | wars. Associated injuries and the dissections he did in pigs. And he |
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| 09:49 | sort over this human pig like manual you may anatomical manual. And this |
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| 09:58 | all the way until the human dissections actually allowed and the brain dissections are |
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| 10:04 | and they become finally allowed during the times. And so Andreas Vesalius in |
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| 10:11 | 16th century picks up the gallons book of course wine and not exactly like |
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| 10:21 | . And you can't really have a anatomical description that the human by blending |
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| 10:29 | limited view on the human anatomy and more extended view on the pig |
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| 10:37 | So gross. The salary is now an unprecedented opportunity to actually cut open |
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| 10:42 | brain. Oh look inside that opened skull and start understanding organization and the |
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| 10:50 | anatomy. But the anatomy of the . He sees these two massive |
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| 10:58 | these two massive chambers that we know ventricles and these ventricles are huge and |
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| 11:08 | on both sides of the brain. the soliah's thinks that it's the ventricles |
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| 11:17 | important brain function is localized. You cut through the brain tissue. And |
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| 11:25 | you slice brain and take a thin of the brain, it's pretty much |
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| 11:29 | , you really cannot see any individual in there. But what you can |
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| 11:34 | is you can see gray matter and can see white matter. So he |
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| 11:41 | really smart and he touches the gray and he says oh it's pretty soft |
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| 11:49 | he touches the white matter. And says, oh that's pretty hard. |
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| 11:55 | gray matter of the cell bodies and white matter are all of these extensive |
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| 12:01 | and my eliminated accents that interconnect either or distal regions of the brain. |
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| 12:10 | so he postulates that because the gray is soft, it's sort of like |
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| 12:14 | sponge. It must be a place the information gets absorbed and memorized and |
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| 12:21 | . And he thinks the white matter harder. So maybe that's how information |
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| 12:27 | that is dominated and it's sent around ventricles. That's what you think. |
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| 12:41 | ! Cognito ergo soon. I think I am. There's a famous phrase |
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| 12:48 | a rene di carter who was a mathematician, philosopher physiologist. It was |
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| 12:56 | first to systematically account for the mind relationship in the western origins of mind |
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| 13:03 | distinction and this mind body distinction philosophizing a matter of physical versus a |
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| 13:17 | a soul versus uh physical being. dates back way back to ancient |
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| 13:27 | Ancient africa, Mesopotamia, Middle everywhere around the world. Rene to |
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| 13:37 | is also a scientist. So he's mathematician. So he's trying to understand |
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| 13:42 | human body and he's trying to understand does the human body uh is |
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| 13:52 | How is this physical being connected to to the to the soul? Is |
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| 13:57 | soul inside of you? The stimulated the soul are inside of yours, |
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| 14:04 | outside of you. And he comes with a theory that this information from |
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| 14:11 | outside world and this information that maybe your spiritual world information to comes from |
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| 14:19 | the world? It enters through the and gets transferred into the pioneer ground |
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| 14:27 | the brain. It's a large gland sits at the base of the brains |
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| 14:34 | it doesn't have the left and the side, so it doesn't have left |
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| 14:38 | right lateralization. So we want. somehow Renee the card looks at |
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| 14:44 | The brain. Now, what you're is like now we're not just talking |
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| 14:47 | gray matter and white matter. We're about localizing how to sew how the |
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| 14:56 | stimulate inputs, localizing them someplace in brain. How do they answer? |
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| 15:00 | do you process them? What's the ? So he says the pathway is |
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| 15:05 | the pioneering land. It's the center at the base of the brain. |
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| 15:11 | then from pineal wand, he very so believes that nerves or pipes and |
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| 15:20 | there is either gas or some sort a fluid because he is a fluid |
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| 15:26 | theory guy. And he's trying to body as a machine, as a |
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| 15:35 | machine that like a watch that you take apart all of the gears and |
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| 15:42 | it back together and it will run . And that's the case with a |
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| 15:47 | of peripheral organs and injuries, broken , arm, leg can be put |
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| 15:53 | . He replaced organs replaced. Uh . There hasn't been a brain transplant |
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| 16:06 | and I can think of every organ that has been done and injured to |
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| 16:13 | brain or if you take it apart doesn't come back together, you kind |
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| 16:18 | put it back together. Essential nervous injury doesn't regenerate neurons do not |
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| 16:27 | So some of the animals in this have incredible abilities to regenerate their tails |
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| 16:37 | their tails that come with nerves. part of the spinal cord even can |
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| 16:42 | back be grown back such as So some 10 years ago I was |
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| 16:49 | a party and this guy comes up me pretty wasted and he goes so |
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| 16:55 | a neuroscientist ph dear. Yes, I read this book and take the |
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| 17:02 | and cut it up in pieces that's back together and runs away. Well |
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| 17:08 | doesn't really happen but he was so and she didn't want to hear the |
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| 17:13 | news for me. But the fact the matter that this is a little |
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| 17:18 | of a diversion. The fact of matter, you're trying to explain the |
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| 17:23 | as different mechanical elements that move Now. You're trying to explain localization |
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| 17:29 | the brain function through some organ, some nucleus, the pineal gland under |
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| 17:37 | of the activity that follows after you've with the soul or whatever stimulus on |
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| 17:41 | outside world is controlled from the brain these pipes. At the same |
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| 17:51 | he talks about reflex theory. So distinguishes between the fact that there's certain |
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| 17:58 | that you need to contemplate, like meaning of life or where the soul |
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| 18:05 | and other things like withdrawing your hand hot fire. You don't, should |
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| 18:12 | move my hand? It's really It's burning, wow, it really |
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| 18:15 | a lot. Or should I philosophy for a few minutes? You don't |
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| 18:20 | that. It's a reaction. So recognizes that there is some reflexive behaviors |
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| 18:26 | he talks about reflex theory. And actually has a drawing of a little |
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| 18:31 | extending his hand over the fire, that this boy has never even experienced |
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| 18:36 | fire. So you therefore, he no like intellectual ability to process something |
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| 18:41 | this. But you immediately draw his back. So a lot of credit |
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| 18:48 | to him and trying to localize the function, how it interacts body and |
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| 18:56 | interacts, how it controls the motor the tube And to to levels of |
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| 19:03 | one if you may conscious And the one is reflexive, although it is |
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| 19:11 | perceived, it's not like you're unconscious subconscious when you step on the nail |
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| 19:16 | stepping out. So it's reflective And in the 18th century and the |
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| 19:27 | of bologna in Italy, Where Lions longer Roam, they went extinct and |
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| 19:37 | in 18th century in Italy, Luigi is using electric current, electric laden |
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| 19:46 | , current generator. It generates currents you spin, it has a lectures |
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| 19:53 | can produce little current. And he the sexting frauds. And when he |
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| 19:58 | the frog's leg, he sees that a muscle and that there's a nerve |
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| 20:02 | into the muscle. So he shocks frogs muscle and it contracts and the |
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| 20:08 | moves and he shocks the nerve that into the muscle and the muscle contracts |
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| 20:15 | the leg moves. So nerves are water pipes or channels as the card |
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| 20:25 | his contemporaries and people before him thought electrical conductors, they produce electricity, |
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| 20:34 | cannot just transmit electricity. They also electricity. So nerves in our bodies |
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| 20:45 | are wired with nerves from the spinal and in the brain. Our electrical |
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| 20:56 | essentially electrochemical in nature, because electrical in the form of action potential ends |
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| 21:03 | in the release of the neurotransmitter, is a chemical, But chemical neuro |
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| 21:10 | doesn't get discovered until 1921. It postulated to be there. People are |
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| 21:19 | wet tissue, people are seeing People are seeing that there is some |
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| 21:24 | of a component or something. But has isolated the chemical Until later until |
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| 21:35 | . So this debate about well what it, what is this fluid in |
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| 21:38 | ventricles doing? Because the ventricle stores the spinal fluid? This debate is |
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| 21:44 | on for another 100 years again. put the back in the perspective the |
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| 21:53 | view, You have the central nervous which is the brain and the spinal |
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| 21:59 | . And in between all of the you have spinal nerves that are |
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| 22:04 | aiding out spinal cord proper stops at number two. Number three from there |
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| 22:11 | . You have what we call a of in their fibers from the spinal |
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| 22:15 | that is referred to as caught Aquafina or horse's tail. These are |
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| 22:21 | fibers that branch out and will innovate extremities all the way down to the |
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| 22:27 | . When you talk about the you again have the frontal lobe, |
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| 22:32 | central sulcus here that separates the frontal from the parietal lobe. You have |
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| 22:37 | sylvian fissure that separates the parietal lobes the temporal lobe here and exhibit alone |
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| 22:44 | you can see that there is no fisher or sulky is that separates sulk |
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| 22:49 | , imagination and gyros, there's a , so to speak. Uh There |
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| 22:55 | no clear marking here to where the a low ends. Then on the |
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| 23:00 | of the brace them you have pons medulla, oblong gotta going into |
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| 23:05 | spinal cord proper In the spinal You have 31 pairs of spinal |
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| 23:13 | And all of the information as I from neck down Comes into your body |
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| 23:19 | one sensory organ only and that's a . There is no other sensory organ |
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| 23:27 | located from neck down. So all the information. The touch, |
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| 23:33 | Itch temperature that comes from the skin is the largest organ of the body |
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| 23:41 | the largest sensory organ of the That information comes in from the skin |
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| 23:51 | the muscle fibers and spindles and the endings that are located here will |
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| 23:58 | That information is called a Farrant. Afrin information information from the parents were |
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| 24:05 | to the central nervous system. So nerve endings picking up the information in |
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| 24:11 | skin, carrying that information through. dorsal component is a dorsal root ganglion |
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| 24:18 | that innovates the dorsal side of the cord and the dorsal side here is |
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| 24:26 | in red hair. The dorsal side the back is the back side. |
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| 24:33 | all of the sensor information from nag gets processed by the sensory dorsal root |
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| 24:44 | cells that carry that information into the aspects of the spinal cord and all |
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| 24:50 | the motor output or even parents from central nervous system in the periphery is |
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| 25:00 | by the motor component of that same No. And so the motor neurons |
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| 25:08 | the spinal cord will project their axons through the same bundle of wrapped nerve |
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| 25:17 | and they will diverge and split And of course the motor component will |
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| 25:24 | back into the movement of muscles and . Okay, so all of this |
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| 25:32 | input comes on the dorsal side carried dorsal root ganglion cells, all of |
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| 25:38 | motor output from the spinal cord, if it is start out here, |
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| 25:44 | is obviously most of your motor functions from cortex. Certain procedural things that |
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| 25:51 | do are mediated by structures like Example, riding a bicycle is not |
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| 25:59 | mediated but also stored as a memory serra balance specifically. So a lot |
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| 26:06 | things that you do that you think you control through this motor output everything |
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| 26:14 | the neck. We'll talk about that . And of course when we start |
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| 26:18 | about brain stem nucleons and these are cranial nerves and nuclei that are responsible |
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| 26:26 | moving your tongue for mastication or chewing tasting, for producing eye movement, |
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| 26:36 | movements, expressions, and so So we'll come back and talk about |
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| 26:42 | later in the course. Uh And this time the scientists are trying to |
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| 26:49 | at where are the specific functions of brain localized. So we already talked |
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| 26:57 | Renee the card and he thought that gland. Was, was it? |
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| 27:02 | some reason, was the place that's true pineal gland is very important, |
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| 27:07 | that's so many different ways that information through the eye sensor, information through |
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| 27:13 | ears, nose, mouth skin. You could probably still debate whether the |
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| 27:23 | contact with the brain is Trapani in , but I don't now, if |
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| 27:29 | can prove it. Uh and there's group Uh called for enologist and the |
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| 27:37 | of chronology that forms in the late and beginning of the 19th century. |
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| 27:44 | it comes from the theories of this syncretic, Viennese physician, franz, |
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| 27:50 | gow, and there's some very interesting of chronology that pushes the view and |
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| 27:58 | of the localization of specific functions in brain. And there are some very |
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| 28:04 | assumptions that him and his phrenology colleagues at the time, but let's walk |
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| 28:12 | of all through the basic tenants of system. The brain is the organ |
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| 28:21 | the mind. Okay, so there's more argument there. The heart is |
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| 28:29 | . The mind is composed of distinct in eight faculties, distinct |
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| 28:38 | Can sure, some of them in for sure, some of them we |
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| 28:41 | are nurtured. Yes, but so so good because these faculties are |
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| 28:52 | Each faculty must have a separate seat organ in the brain. So let's |
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| 29:02 | being generous, being aggressive. Uh will have a location in the brain |
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| 29:13 | is responsible for that faculty and they that there's about 35 of these locations |
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| 29:24 | the brain. So for knowledge ist that there is at least 35 areas |
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| 29:33 | the brain that are responsible for distinct in this case there thinking that is |
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| 29:38 | faculties, the size of an other things being equal is a measure |
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| 29:45 | its power. So big muscle, a lot of weight, little |
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| 30:00 | but a little late size of organ . So I said that who has |
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| 30:11 | biggest had in the classroom? That it's the biggest brain. That means |
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| 30:20 | the smartest person. That means elephants rule the world because they have bigger |
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| 30:28 | and bigger brains than us, whales dolphins. So not exactly the computational |
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| 30:40 | . You know, it's very It would be about the same. |
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| 30:51 | is digital computational power, but our is actually a combination of digital and |
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| 30:59 | codes. So but how do we about that? We go about it |
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| 31:09 | . We go about it by all these intricate synapses that reform the connectivity |
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| 31:15 | reform the plasticity that we have the to learn and shift and adapt and |
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| 31:22 | the finite storage and finite ability to things. Because otherwise you would remember |
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| 31:31 | from the moment you were born up now. But but what you don't |
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| 31:39 | and when we talk about memory and actually plasticity and synaptic plasticity is there |
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| 31:46 | to promote memory and remembering things, things and remember any things. So |
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| 31:54 | people of the brain is determined by development of various organs. So too |
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| 32:01 | for me. Uh my my my had a small not not not much |
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| 32:07 | according to the nephrologist. And now shame of the brain is determined by |
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| 32:14 | development of various organs. As the takes its shape from the brain, |
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| 32:22 | surface of the skull can be read an accurate index of psychological attitudes and |
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| 32:30 | . So they're saying as the brain and the shape of the brain is |
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| 32:38 | by the development of various organs. you have an organ for generosity in |
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| 32:44 | brain and you are very generous very generous boy and you just start |
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| 32:52 | gentleman and a lady. Uh so area of your brain is going to |
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| 33:00 | bigger. And because as you the scholars soft the skull grows around |
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| 33:09 | brain. The brain increases in size you don't have a fully grown head |
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| 33:14 | brain until years after you were And as new warrants, the skull |
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| 33:23 | are not even fused. So you put a finger, there's a soft |
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| 33:27 | here, there's a soft spot here these soft spots literally it's a little |
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| 33:33 | disturbing to put the finger on and kind of feel almost soft, |
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| 33:40 | soft like tissue going inside. Like could even like poke the Fingers through |
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| 33:47 | and it survived until one year of . And so the skull bone the |
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| 33:56 | the bone is growing and it's shaping the half And of course in abnormal |
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| 34:05 | such as hydrocephalus in Children where where have so much of the cerebral spinal |
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| 34:15 | accumulated in the ventricles that the ventricles , expanding ventricles, expanding the brain |
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| 34:24 | . And the brain tissue formed. large alien looking like skulls. That's |
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| 34:34 | , but that's a major neurological dysfunction which you would have to use a |
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| 34:39 | that's similar to braintree pronation. It to actually drain the fluid as the |
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| 34:43 | develops. We'll talk about it and course later as well. But you |
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| 34:48 | do not have an engorged area of brain because you're way generous in that |
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| 34:55 | of the brain does not cause a on your skull that can be measured |
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| 35:03 | assessed. And so there's a patient came into for enologist office and she's |
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| 35:10 | down in the chair. And these have like all sorts of tools and |
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| 35:16 | would put them around your head and circumference the angle the distances. Feel |
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| 35:25 | for bumps on the skull and sit and calculate angles and all of the |
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| 35:33 | and say Its area 25 very generous it's maybe that's your problem. So |
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| 35:43 | what they did. And you can't the book by its cover unless, |
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| 35:47 | I said, you have a massive in the Brandon yacht will show as |
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| 35:51 | and the face will show such if had a stroke and so on, |
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| 35:55 | not the bumps on the on the and not this kind of a So |
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| 36:03 | are responsible for different intellectual aptitudes and traits. So to their credit, |
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| 36:10 | tried to go pretty deep but they go inside the brain and try to |
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| 36:14 | this. To try to explain it the outside of the brain by looking |
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| 36:18 | the shape of the scalp. That their biggest mistake of criminologists. But |
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| 36:24 | big contribution is that there must be different places. Nuclei seats organs in |
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| 36:32 | brain as you may, that are for distinct functions. So you would |
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| 36:39 | stroll into a bookstore or library in and would pick up a hot new |
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| 36:46 | the presses copy American phonological journal and would see all sorts of interesting images |
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| 37:00 | descriptions of, okay, what's the areas are depicted here being friendly, |
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| 37:13 | a bath naked. Uh, well, you guys can explore |
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| 37:21 | See if you can decipher better, least better than Imhotep hire gloves. |
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| 37:29 | , all right, moving on Yeah, yeah. Um, so |
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| 37:35 | is what you need have finished but it was never like the |
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| 37:42 | know what I'm saying is it was , it got to be pretty |
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| 37:47 | but it never it could never, guess you would still consider it a |
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| 37:54 | . So, but there are certain of it where they were trying to |
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| 37:57 | them. That's what I said. their problem is they needed to look |
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| 38:01 | the brain and correlate what's different about brains. But how do you do |
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| 38:07 | ? You do it post mortem, you do it after death. And |
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| 38:12 | is what paul broker did. He a patient and his patient, But |
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| 38:18 | was now in 1860s, his patient what is called expressive, expressive |
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| 38:28 | And that is difficulty in conveying your through speech or writing. So patient |
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| 38:36 | what to say, but cannot find words to say it. I cannot |
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| 38:44 | the words, cannot string the phrases , cannot string the words into a |
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| 38:50 | sentence. And as this patient passes paul Broca recovers the brain and the |
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| 38:59 | recovers the brain. He sees this here in the front alone in this |
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| 39:06 | of the brain is now referred to Broca's area. And so, you |
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| 39:12 | , you're talking about middle of the century, 1960s, What do you |
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| 39:20 | as a doctor? You have a . What do you do? You |
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| 39:28 | up a phone and call somebody? can't do that. The email, |
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| 39:33 | , there's no internet, you fly , there is no airplanes, wow |
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| 39:41 | flying, you know, commercial, do you do? You send |
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| 39:48 | And so he sends letters to all the doctors and university medical hospital cheese |
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| 39:59 | , I have a patient and if have in your brain bank at that |
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| 40:06 | , there already brain banks, people donating their bodies and donating their brains |
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| 40:11 | the science uh or science. And he requests for his colleagues to look |
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| 40:22 | for patients that they had a history this expressive aphasia And if they have |
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| 40:28 | brain stored and so he collects six 7 brains from expressive aphasia patients in |
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| 40:35 | and they all have a damage in same area. That's why it's called |
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| 40:39 | area and that's how he accomplished Uh, Brain banks still exist |
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| 40:46 | you know. Yesterday I want to about brain banks, I refer to |
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| 40:51 | banks by NFL players that experience chronic encephalopathy or CTE that comes from multiple |
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| 40:59 | in their brains. There's a lot research that still can be done needs |
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| 41:06 | be done and can only be done postmortem brains because a window into how |
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| 41:19 | full human brain and adam noninvasive when was still limited to the techniques that |
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| 41:27 | talk later in the car, such MRI FmRI Pet scans and so |
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| 41:32 | vertical. Later discovered a receptive aphasia involves difficulty in understanding spoken or written |
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| 41:42 | so you can see or hear voices cannot make sense of the words. |
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| 41:49 | in this case you kind of express and as Broca's area and if you |
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| 41:54 | a damage to vernon CAS area, cannot understand or receive the spoken original |
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| 42:04 | , which tells you that it's not the specific brain functions to localize, |
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| 42:11 | as language versus hearing or speaking versus , but that even for language, |
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| 42:19 | have multiple areas in the brain that responsible for coordinating listening, absorbing |
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| 42:27 | There's yet another area that's putting it together and the output area, which |
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| 42:33 | the Broca's area of communicating in that . Out again, patients with economic |
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| 42:42 | amnesia, aphasia is the least severe of aphasia, having difficulty in using |
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| 42:48 | names for particular objects, people, or events. It doesn't seem to |
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| 42:57 | a particular site. Global aphasia is and extensive damage to the language areas |
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| 43:06 | the brain and in that case you all language function, Both comprehension and |
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| 43:14 | patients cannot speak, understand speech, cannot read or write. So that's |
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| 43:23 | most severe form of uh global Um and that involves severe damage to |
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| 43:36 | areas and extensive damage to the brain general. Yeah. All this time |
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| 43:48 | still trying to understand, you can a small damage to a small area |
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| 43:54 | brokers over Nicholas and you have a of specific function, hearing or |
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| 44:01 | And so all this time we're still to understand would different damage because this |
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| 44:06 | the way that you're still looking that brain function is through damaged areas and |
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| 44:12 | loss of function. What happens if damage this area of the brain, |
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| 44:17 | lost that function, That's how scientists looking at it until about this time |
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| 44:24 | the middle of the 19th century where also start using cortical stimulation on top |
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| 44:30 | just looking at the damaged tissue. a question and right, oh I'm |
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| 44:44 | you very well. Uh huh. there was an interesting question about uh |
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| 45:22 | reason may be why Broca's patient passed I don't know that reason but it |
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| 45:28 | be interesting to look into and because had to do confirmation from multiple |
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| 45:35 | I think they were probably multiple reasons there were injuries to that particular part |
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| 45:41 | the brain. And in fact you accomplish sometimes the same by either having |
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| 45:47 | stroke which is basically busting and blood in a specific area of the brain |
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| 45:52 | having that localized injury with a specific of function or by a blunt force |
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| 46:02 | to that same part of the brain So but I'll look into it because |
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| 46:07 | a, it's an interesting historical Um and there's gauges probably uh huh |
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| 46:19 | then there's gauge is probably the most person and patient in neuroscience in this |
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| 46:27 | , patient that was not studied enough his case is so famous. Dennis |
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| 46:36 | and uh 18 48 is a master . He is in charge of packing |
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| 46:47 | explosives into the mountains in new England pave the pathways for the railroad tracks |
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| 46:55 | they're laying this massive railroad that runs the East Coast in the United |
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| 47:02 | And one day, one time when packing the explosives and this is an |
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| 47:07 | picture of Phineas gage holding this metal that he actually used to pack explosives |
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| 47:15 | . He's packing them. The explosive goes off and it shoots this bar |
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| 47:28 | his brain. The bar enters from the cheekbone and exits out through the |
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| 47:38 | of the skull, more or less the frontal portion of the frontal |
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| 47:45 | And you would think that such a injury, we've resolved in massive, |
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| 47:53 | loss of some function. Maybe you say maybe he could never like really |
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| 48:00 | or was paralyzed or couldn't do Mhm Few weeks later, guy shows |
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| 48:07 | up and is asking for his job . He doesn't get his job back |
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| 48:15 | he cannot control his emotions and control feelings. And he comes across very |
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| 48:24 | . So now you start thinking so can actually has a loss of |
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| 48:30 | he lost his left eye. Then ask yourself, this is a |
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| 48:36 | massive head injury, a head trauma there is no, like really a |
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| 48:42 | loss of function here, but it's of almost like a behavioral thing, |
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| 48:47 | , you know, losing the eye , you know, the bar actually |
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| 48:51 | through that's significant because it gave scientists neuroscientists at the time of clue that |
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| 48:59 | are certain parts of the brain that responsible for more abstract things and more |
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| 49:06 | a creative organizational skills rather than writing, walking seeing and so |
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| 49:16 | Later we'll know that some of these from the frontal lobe are responsible for |
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| 49:21 | executive function, responsible for control of emotions. He also had partly injury |
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| 49:28 | hippocampus, another structure of the So he had also partial loss of |
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| 49:37 | . This is his actual skull and depicted with actual exit wound and the |
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| 49:47 | that he had in the skull and story of nis gauge continues and there's |
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| 49:55 | different accounts of what happens to but he lives on and according to |
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| 50:01 | of the counts, he finds himself Mexico and he goes wild and he |
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| 50:08 | somebody new Mexico and then he gets the boat and he sells back to |
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| 50:16 | because the University of Houston, it's around. But the interesting thing about |
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| 50:26 | counts about Tony's gauges that they're they're mixed on how severe his injury |
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| 50:33 | there is that argument that's going on the books that are written about |
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| 50:38 | some were saying that, you he was, he's off the |
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| 50:41 | you know, he was just like control himself just aggressive and I wasn't |
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| 50:47 | bad, you know, just So they just released this picture about |
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| 50:53 | years ago. So we didn't see actual picture that we're always this just |
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| 50:58 | from the museum, but this is gage a famous tool and one of |
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| 51:03 | most famous is not the most famous and science history and also brain localization |
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| 51:12 | history. Okay so today we're going end here and when we come back |
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| 51:18 | Tuesday I'm going to finish up on history. You're gonna move into the |
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| 51:23 | and glia specifically more into neuron anatomy function. And I will also finalize |
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| 51:30 | at casa and we'll let you guys then. So have a good weekend |
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| 51:35 | I will see you again on Tuesday cell on the zoom. And just |
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| 51:41 | let you guys know it's about 40 people in class counted maybe 43 And |
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| 51:51 | fun on Zoom. So and I that that's kind of a good for |
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| 51:56 | maybe. So do what is best you and stay safe. Uh |
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