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GEOL6379-Applied Biostratigraphy - Day2 08-27-2022-Part1
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00:00 there's a lot to do says you're it and I said I got
00:38 oh I'm not hooked up to that , this thing is uh the way
01:04 is designed for me to trip over board is what it is I'm in
01:14 the other side, it's too And this the box down here fell
01:28 yesterday after we got there is Just what we need to do is
02:05 turn it a little bit this way . That's right, gentlemen, there
02:22 go, that's perfect. And for reason that's the best it focuses.
02:32 still it's still not good. we were talking about the issue of
02:42 accumulation rate and how that actually inter with the interval, the sample interval
02:50 you want to take to uh to a really good uh sampling of a
02:56 site. And we we looked at figure and of course if it's all
03:04 same rock accumulation rate and uh this where we take a sample every
03:16 This is what you see, it's 10 m, this would every every
03:20 , these are the tops that will up. And uh and you can
03:27 here some of these things range a bit longer, but it would be
03:31 . Like for example, if you're is a church, it's hard to
03:35 here, but it's uh that's an , I think this is I and
03:40 I just got a little piece of . So but if but if you're
03:49 accumulation rate, it's real high, it's like an accordion stretches this
03:55 And so even with Even with 10 you got a D. S.
04:04 . P. Well they have to reporting it not at every meter the
04:13 kind of precision. And as it out when we're looking for oil and
04:19 , almost everywhere we look for oil gas is a high rock accumulation even
04:25 a turbine, right? It's in water because that was a short event
04:28 occurred really fast and it's really thick uh the termites get really thick,
04:36 know, even though there's a stupidity and then 100 years later there's another
04:39 and maybe another one in geologic It's pretty rapid. And and you
04:46 actually see uh uh you can with correlation, you can actually see how
04:53 that time is. Now. What's weird is people that don't use graphic
04:58 when they see a thick sequence of that was deposited very quickly. They
05:03 really hard to put a whole bunch bio zones in it. And they
05:08 have fossil tops because because the fossil actually, you know, all the
05:14 have lived in that relatively short period geological time. So they use blooms
05:20 the blooms have nothing to do with how long this has been deposited
05:25 Just a bloom blooms that come every years and they call this bloom is
05:30 to that over here, which is completely different bloom and it's uh as
05:35 scientist that really annoys me that people think outside the box, sometimes I'll
05:40 uh explaining things to you. And noticed it yesterday, I was,
05:44 telling you things sometimes that level that really have to be in it to
05:49 it. And uh and I'm trying teach you the basics today, so
05:55 in the in this in these next weeks. Um so if I go
05:59 the deep end, let me okay, this because I, because
06:04 can just because, you know, been doing this a long time and
06:09 I worked at a Mako, we , We had 80 people doing the
06:14 thing. And uh imagine this, professor is at a university and they're
06:21 only paleontologist or the only time they to interact with other scientists is at
06:30 , we interacted with people that challenged , questioned us. Um You
06:37 we tried to we tried to do as well as they did. Uh
06:42 often we exceeded their their abilities in areas and they exceeded ours in some
06:46 . So he always had this interaction was really very collegial and a really
06:51 environment to be in. And uh don't think in any university of college
06:56 could have learned the way we were because we had so many people with
06:59 many skill sets and we also got well and that makes a difference in
07:05 of somebody's focus. You know, lot of professors are switched colleges quite
07:13 just because because there's issues like it's kind of sad. Um but
07:25 can't look at basically, okay, real simple and uh and so I
07:33 the point. So uh this is what the ranges are pretty much
07:43 It's like if you have an outcrop one m space and you can see
07:47 same thing. If you just were really, really samples, you probably
07:52 the same thing. So this is what's in that's that well said.
07:59 uh if you did sidewalk course, course you would probably come up at
08:03 space and we could probably come up , but if you fight, if
08:10 had a sample that was just that's all I would get and we
08:14 a part of a, I would a part of being and I wouldn't
08:17 see until down here. So it's here's what's there and this sample is
08:23 right out of uh this sample is here. So we missed something.
08:31 . And over here you're missing even stuff in between. So it's it's
08:37 like took a ruler across here and you can, you know, you
08:43 out their rule and actually see that this just Mrs C. Gets
08:49 N. A. But it doesn't in the top of a doesn't even
08:52 the top of the because it's, know, it's it's a small inner
08:58 kind of discuss um This this would based on this, this would be
09:05 10 mil millimeter and this would be should be actually a little bit longer
09:12 it's when we take a sample of years, good job. You know
09:26 Audrey basada, he knows where to chalked just like I do. And
09:35 him and several other professors they come and they talk and they went first
09:50 I have a fun job. So we say something to say 1500 then
10:05 next one of the symptoms. This this is beautiful. Exactly.
10:26 this would be not that simple summary if it was 1020. So um
10:50 not doing it like that. Like should be a bigger interval than that
10:53 he's not doing it like that because just trying to show you if I
10:56 snap shot right at that. Like get a snapshot from here and snapshot
11:06 you don't know what it is as continue to get something like and that's
11:12 he showed. These are what the would look like. Um some something
11:18 this. Um you know just you miss it there and you miss it
11:26 and it's only right in there and it's uh yeah the L the
11:32 Shows up here but just because this covering this area. They picked up
11:38 but they missed and this is a . Up here, they didn't get
11:41 till it was down here which is is there. And this is probably
11:46 is cave actually and that's that's what uh the highlight is. And uh
11:55 person will report this as the top he didn't see it up there even
12:01 even though this is lower than the range of these of this fossil for
12:08 he got missed in there and he see it from the caving until he
12:12 there and that's what the light, light. So that's a false
12:24 Okay look at that diagram. This we don't have facing the sections and
12:41 get down here pieces here and we how long it takes to get
12:49 This is the there's no sybil so falls in so that's it. So
13:02 didn't he didn't know where the tops many of these were until they came
13:06 the state. So he knows he it's not below here. You know
13:17 interpretation. And so when we did name of them guys. Yes
13:40 7 10. And uh as a I'm supposed to like leaders. It's
13:56 a 15,000 ft per cent everything is . It's not and uh and you
14:12 know how much got adjusted in the place just to get it right.
14:17 uh but but a lot of uh lot of stuff goes on in the
14:24 log and also the people that, run the tags in there to try
14:28 make sure they get the returns And I have to tell you a
14:33 of wells I have because I, started out in the oil industry as
14:37 geologist even though I had a background biosecurity and uh, and I don't
14:44 to work well without a lot because log helps me see if it's,
14:49 it's spot on. And uh, it almost always was really close.
14:54 was never exact, but it was close. Be safe to say it
15:00 like if we're doing two m it would never be more than than
15:05 m off at the most, but it wasn't even that okay. And
15:12 , that's just from my experience. , you know, if I work
15:18 wells that were drilled by smaller oil , I might have seen more problems
15:24 , uh, because when, when worked on mobile, um, and
15:29 was just as a geologist and which I was really proud of being
15:33 a geologist. And the, they there are two things you can get
15:40 of the will, one is but you can't get money. You
15:45 get information. And uh, you , if, if welcomes in
15:51 if you get a lot of you might be able to figure out
15:53 and which way to drill the next and where to drill the next
15:56 It's really important to get information out it. And so we did a
16:00 of sidewalk wars in the gulf of and uh, and nobody could ever
16:06 why. I was asking for samples shale because they're always looking with the
16:12 cores are trying to find the reservoir I make sure we covered the reservoir
16:16 then it would uh, I would do 90 shots instead of 60 just
16:21 I could get a lot of sales the shells are where we're going to
16:23 a lot of the fossils or the stuff. Okay. Um, we
16:35 about processing too. And one of , the economic things, uh,
16:41 the urgency to get information. Sometimes really important. You might need real
16:46 data to do bio steering and stuff that. So, anything that can
16:49 processed quickly is obviously going to be and uh, by and large,
16:56 that can be processed quickly is also , is gonna be cheaper to process
17:07 BP. Actually developed a way to a microwave palan ology in normally takes
17:16 four or 5 hours to, to generate one sample. You could
17:20 , uh, you know, you 30 or 40 at a time.
17:23 takes a while. You got to it to a really good lab and
17:26 Hydrofluoric acid and everything. Use an to clean some of this stuff
17:32 But for real time it came up a way to do it with a
17:37 and uh just pop it in the . It did something that broke it
17:41 a lot. The recovery wasn't as , wasn't as well preserved sometimes and
17:45 wasn't as clean, but you could something to look at and make pretty
17:50 earlier determinations of where you were in section, which would help you
17:56 Uh sometimes you need to know where are relative to a pressure kick so
18:02 can get ready and put the casing . Sometimes you need to know where
18:04 are because your contract says you have drill to this point no matter
18:09 like, like India might say, know, you have to drill down
18:13 formation wide because we think there could oil all the way down there.
18:17 we want proof that you penetrated it though the big target by the oil
18:22 might be way up here. Uh just different things like that. And
18:29 of course bio steering would be a time issue too. Okay, so
18:37 processing is really important. So now gonna look at the different types of
18:42 strata, graphic data that we And uh in the early days,
18:48 know, we we've drilled hundreds of of wells and a lot of them
18:52 bios fatigue rafi done, but it done with a thing called Scout
18:57 And uh uh through time people started more work and coming up with strata
19:06 summaries which summarized everything that was that were seeing in there. Uh And
19:13 other times you would get this thing . And by the way as I
19:17 about these this up here is uh weakest data set. And as I
19:28 down this list we get to stronger stronger datasets. Okay so I might
19:33 have a test question and I ask what's the best data set? Don't
19:37 me Scout ticket except scout ticket might uh the the correlation exercise that I
19:48 students do in petroleum geology. We scout ticket data but it's been improved
19:52 uh was improved by Amoco to get data. They actually shared it with
19:58 for this class. And uh and it's it's a little bit it's a
20:04 bit better than just a scalp But the strata graphic summary is just
20:08 things. And point is from the of this list to the bottom of
20:13 list. Um Is it is a . Uh And it's a quantitative checklist
20:22 quantitative listing is similar to that but doesn't it doesn't necessarily knock off
20:30 This this one might not, I you everything I should tell you everything
20:38 would have accounts and and the reason good to get all of it is
20:47 there's a lot of fossils that actually better in certain de positional settings than
20:53 ones that we think are the best to look for. And uh well
21:02 well look when we start talking about correlation, I'll talk to you about
21:06 slides but about sampling and everything. but one way we talk about is
21:13 we do when we get this The other thing that happens is when
21:20 get any of the state of support person, there's no integration of.
21:32 confusing. But uh you do that it. It's tunneling all the information
21:52 just do or you just you know out disciplines in the distance. But
22:05 but if you're if you're you're looking everything all the way down here no
22:11 whether you're looking at one fossil group all the fossil groups. This is
22:18 beautiful. This is the most you start doing take a check.
22:37 Uh Normally if somebody knows because this happening uh you could look at this
22:47 create one of those and in fact government requires that you report and they
23:01 tell you which possible say what you them they don't tell you about require
23:11 you tell they have um you know there's uh there's a couple of by
23:26 big but you know if it's something been an industry for a long
23:35 So people so that's set. In I don't know when I think we
23:42 get the graphic relation. I'll show an example um accidental partners with and
23:54 posted skeptics. Yeah. Mostly what supposed to you had a step.
24:11 would have and it had a top . It was a top here.
24:23 didn't have. Yeah. About we able to guess what it's possible.
24:34 this just had no name. Just we're not required to report it.
24:42 they haven't had the algorithm pull out the things that had Yes. That
24:54 was something in there that they knew of the. Okay. So they
25:04 so you would get a list of . It had to be reported according
25:09 the government. They also listen. huh. So think we actually really
25:24 out what happened. So religion smile to say the key wasn't required to
25:43 the part of this information. People we find it's still amazing. Just
25:56 it out. Yeah. That's It's good given that there's an important
26:08 falls in there. They don't have tell it. Mhm. It was
26:16 one of those things that when you do something with can actually predict that's
26:24 to be. It's super. It's bizarre. But you know,
26:32 can't do it up front. You , you have to make sure you're
26:34 everything right with with the things that actually known. Like if we didn't
26:39 those fossils uh that that they We wouldn't we wouldn't have been able
26:45 do it. Okay. And this how terrible a an old scout ticket
26:52 and they would just straight down deaf a fossil name. You can't read
26:59 this. And this, this was state of texas. Did not
27:08 He's scalped somebody lost in texas. . And they sent them to me
27:21 I had somebody trying to decipher what things are like. That's, you
27:27 , you know what, you know the words are supposed to be easy
27:30 decipher with a shadow. You if uh for example, if you
27:39 shadow of a person. Soft shadow somebody. Yes. So it's always
27:56 a lot of detective work just doing . So we did build a database
27:59 we got about halfway through it. of texas took it away from me
28:05 they said they would work on it free, which I thought was
28:07 We have lots of money, we do it for free. And they
28:11 nothing with it. And and so few years after that a vendor came
28:20 And uh asked me if we could what we did already. And we
28:26 them use what we had already, got about a third of the way
28:29 this huge box of probably 10,000 And sometimes the backside has uh other
28:39 of information like this. This is front side. That's the back
28:43 Uh, this is from Amoco's computer where they actually looked at some of
28:50 things and figure them out. And fossils had codes, they had printed
28:58 scientific names and this is what type occurrence it was first by the time
29:10 different codes that would be like you that to figure that out. And
29:26 Amoco started putting this type of data a computer Family 7 197. The
29:33 company to do when I am merged D. C. They didn't know
29:38 to do with actually value or valuable . Yeah. Yes just an aside
30:03 . But but anyway and then they when they put down the code for
30:10 uh environment that's so far and that's there too. So I had this
30:22 for a lot of wealth. So I have to that can't even be
30:43 today because a lot of the state been either trashed or ignored. And
30:49 course again it helps you to know the with the water depth. You
30:53 if you had a water depth map any interval. It would also tell
30:57 exactly where all the oil, where reservoirs should be, whether the reservoirs
31:02 sand or their shale. You could could figure all that out from
31:12 Okay and here uh one thing that in is these are these are a
31:19 of the fossils that you might see 22 and text L and this was
31:32 this is where the top of the cell was was up here. And
31:38 and see here they have that little I'm telling you about. This would
31:41 been a big zone and uh textile up here. Big two is
31:51 So everything in this interval even the but and so when we changed the
32:01 to something but this is a well these are sands within that zone.
32:11 zone is defined by the top of . The interval between the top of
32:16 and the top of that the the are a number that you can and
32:23 if you do any work on the or the upper the lower coast uh
32:31 this interval of time then uh this in the uh in what we call
32:37 neA gene. And uh that's the half of the tertiary, you know
32:43 tertiary is you know the tertiary is last we have the holocene and the
32:48 . And as a week in the Sergent if we have depths okay,
33:04 we put in if you put in failure environment. So we depend on
33:09 in the samples in here as to , you know, this could be
33:14 this tributary channels, this will distribute channels, this could be uh district
33:20 channel a little bit into the because kind of thing. So these these
33:26 have been all associated with just looking it but but it could also be
33:34 you get green bars and you we get a lot of first thing
33:38 stuff that you see normally um this more like a channel here is
33:49 It's of course first thing up in center finding up. So this looks
33:53 a nice discriminatory but doesn't have and are getting truncated pretty much at the
34:00 . So it's like there's something that programming, it's covered, programs sinks
34:07 cover. I'd have to know a bit more about this to give you
34:15 absolute uh thing because that's that's a of times what this is and um
34:23 and the the pro grading sands in delta front are almost always like
34:29 Uh but a channel could look like , a channel to distribute terry depending
34:34 where you see the distributor rechannel, could look like that, that that's
34:39 a really good distributor terry channel look because it starts with a basil
34:44 And then then you can see the upward sequence as it gets abandoned.
34:49 uh but um mhm. We call log motifs and log motifs are really
34:59 . You know, somebody like, yeah, it's gotta be this.
35:01 and it could be completely something And that's why you need the biased
35:06 the fossils that are in there would us whether it was something like a
35:11 bar or if it was high in delta or low in the delta is
35:18 , you would go from sort of poor alec environment to an estuary environment
35:24 you get more fresh food and here's uh here's a paleo, this is
35:30 strata graphic summary written up where they you some intervals and they tell you
35:34 of the things that are going on it. So it's a little bit
35:38 than just a few tops. A favorite tops like the scout ticket.
35:46 I think th stork just recently But he was he he worked for
35:51 long time as a bio strategic. a strata graphic summary uh where they
35:59 you a lot of the important fossils . They show you their most of
36:04 zones or zones they've made up. these are gonna be nano fossils because
36:11 got in in here, I'm pretty . Um sometimes in and would be
36:20 its NK its nano predacious. But are, these are not official
36:25 These are Robertson research zones and uh they kind of break down.
36:33 here's the, well, here's this um showing you there's a something that
36:41 like a reverse fault here because there's dany in which is uh this is
36:49 strange. Canadian is Canadian is um younger than Damien. This is late
36:58 in early paleo scene and this is cretaceous. So there's there's some kind
37:02 reverse fault here in this section. , here's uh uh strata, graphic
37:12 for the whole well, but one and this is just nano fossils
37:17 And uh, they call fossils a of time in the industry. The
37:21 , what, what bug is Okay, I'll tell you what bug
37:25 is. You're bugging me. Uh, but you know, like
37:32 morphosis are good. These are all Miocene things. And you're getting close
37:35 that in in four zone that I telling you about earlier. That is
37:39 it seems like compaction has taken over terms of the watering to, to
37:45 the rock accumulation rate, something that deposited like this. But now the
37:50 accumulation rate is like that. here's a list of quantitative occurrences.
37:59 uh, this is saying like a is a flood and uh, this
38:04 giving you the numbers that they And uh, the flood was Uh
38:12 large number of things listed right It's it's got 4 40 708
38:18 That uh, that many uh, was probably a point and not the
38:24 slide, that would take a long . And that again is nano fossil
38:32 . And uh, here is this another thing like when we're looking at
38:42 , You know, we see a of them, a few of
38:44 a few of them and all of sudden there's a whole bunch of that's
38:47 bloom and uh, these are so all the conditions are right, here's
38:57 problem. We'll get to it Just so you know happened. It's
39:07 major base one. Thanks a lot times. Things like the post some
39:27 but there's extra road for you see same thing in here. Sometimes really
39:44 to get this way. It's fine . six million years ago. seven
40:08 . Sorry, what I'm trying to you, but it is we have
40:16 correlation with yellow. Hello? I it cheers and environment like this.
40:42 have time zones and all sorts of I said is highlighting once in
40:54 Some of them had these things like . That was, It's just like
41:03 some of, but also some of other 40 standard. What? And
41:23 some only a few, It was 16 graphic correlation as well.
41:42 which was going up and down. what they do is they obviously for
41:53 , that they don't fit. I have anything else to call it.
41:58 just urbanites. You can't do anything . It's a, it's a
42:09 it's not, we used to put all the something uh, no.
42:25 they have to back off and try explain to your right. Yes.
42:33 , they actually, they actually I guess the word, the real
42:39 we would do is they use a . They say this is the
42:47 They can't find, it's not even to get, it's all I see
42:59 little something else. Oh exactly. . The reason is, is because
43:18 looking at it snapshot in time. yeah china kate. Tell Me one
43:46 . Yeah. Something getting these boots . Thanks and one try to divide
44:04 . So that's it. Early They got this spread. It's a
44:18 higher happens the geographic formation. This my really Fastly positive. I don't
44:43 where in time that actually has a you know, number here very
44:57 Exactly. Exactly. So it's I see. I think I'm telling
45:12 guys too for this but it's uh one of the things that you have
45:19 watch out for. And really what trying to get you to understand right
45:23 is that there's different types of data . And as I show these little
45:28 , you can see there's more information we go down that list that I
45:32 you in the beginning, we're seeing and more types of information. This
45:36 the strata graphic summary where they actually you what's going on in the entire
45:42 through the well kind of, you , seeing things floral decline, floral
45:47 floral decline. So you're seeing fluctuation the environment and that's important. And
45:55 of course if you're in a marginal area that's marginal the floral decline might
46:00 um It could be one of two could be opposite things. You could
46:05 an increase when it's closer and it's more nutrients or if it's close in
46:12 salinity uh you know, you have lot of water coming out. Fresh
46:17 that kind of uh reduces salinity, could be a decrease to So injection
46:23 water with nutrients could cause a injection of fresh water by itself could
46:29 a sequence. And so that's why look at these things. Oh
46:39 that would be like a blue uh maybe let's see if there's sometimes they'll
46:46 flood and when it's a flood. definitely so good indicators party.
46:57 they can be but you have to really here. And that's what I'm
47:02 to tell you. You can you really mess it up. It can
47:06 if you can figure out with independent like correlation across the whole basin at
47:13 same time relative to the other then that's good. But if you
47:18 find the other fossils. But all find are those two match up zone
47:23 doesn't exist in that in that Your bill is going up.
47:29 so it's it's like I have a here in one. Well, I
47:33 a blue here down in another and another. Well, and I'm
47:37 say that this one was actually this is actually related that top top,
48:02 know, we're not getting enough. , these holes and they can't see
48:16 song. So they soon it's really and it's absolutely wrong. And uh
48:29 uh with within the turbo tight, might be a good way to correlate
48:34 turbo in terms of figuring out what happened geologically is completely wrong because very
48:42 , uh, even these sporadic blooms kind of kind of help. The
48:48 is that sometimes they're all exactly the . Sometimes they're different in either
48:54 You could be making a mistake. is uh, this is just an
49:00 curve. You can see here's uh specimens on their point down. So
49:06 would be, they counted so many multiplied it by a number.
49:09 if they were to look at the thing and you can see here there
49:13 definitely periods of time when there's We went and looked at another.
49:19 you might see this fight, you see a spike this big and spike
49:26 big and they might try to correlate two spikes and they might be,
49:31 other words, they might try to this with another because blooms can be
49:41 or they can be uh local. don't know that you can correlate it
49:46 you compare it to all the other and in the turbine tight stuff that
49:50 talking about, they have no other to compare it to. And they
49:54 that is dividing the time up in section. Perfect. Yeah, well
50:09 , they see They see 3, blooms but those three blooms could happen
50:16 this space of time but they try make them happen in that space because
50:22 can't see the fossils of the tell it's the space and time, the
50:26 that they see tell them that it's least this time. But it's
50:31 So they think maybe it must be much time. And they see a
50:36 up here, a bloom up here here and a bloom in here and
50:40 is just thickness. But in time all, it's all up in
50:45 So within the turbo tight, the might work really well. Well for
50:50 , they're not telling you what the time is relative to geologic time outside
50:55 that. Outside of that turbo. other words, they try to make
51:00 think it's happening all through this period time, but it might have been
51:06 in which case the blooms are pretty anyway that, you know, it's
51:11 , it's, it's also localized in . It's not the whole gulf of
51:15 . It's just right here. okay, here is um, another
51:23 uh, showing you quantitative stuff and , you can see here they've,
51:31 gone and highlighted some things where I these, where they have these,
51:34 have a particular things show up particular thing kind of terrorist here.
51:40 you can't see what's going on the of the page. But they're they're
51:44 to correlate show you what's occurring in units in the rock record here with
51:48 highlighting. But what the reason I'm you this is to show you that
51:55 it's called semi quantitative because they have names but they have a code instead
52:00 account so that's semi quantity. And didn't do any actual counting. They're
52:06 of they're looking through it and they um and this is with, this
52:11 with nano's too, I would never to do that. But V.
52:15 very rare and that's usually one rare be too few would be three.
52:21 I have all these codes and every has its own code. So if
52:25 get this kind of data you know sure the the nice people that you're
52:30 will tell you what the code And so sometimes people will take those
52:37 for example. And to do to it to quantitative. The very the
52:43 rare one is an easy one because probably they only saw one. And
52:47 rare is too. But when you getting to um a few you might
52:54 say I'm going to divide that in . You know we think it's somewhere
52:58 one and well we think it's somewhere two and three. So I'll make
53:02 2.5. And then then you get me see if I can find another
53:08 tune. Now here's one is CC would mean comin from this company
53:20 common might be they might tell you thing their ranges between 20 and
53:26 So too do you want to turn semi quantitative and quantitative 20 to 100
53:34 be uh you know, the average 20 or the median between 2000 I
53:41 , and the median between those to the same. But then the uh
53:47 one, here's the p what do think of PS that's close,
53:56 And down here they have an ape abundant and they'll have they'll have little
54:00 lists to tell you what that Sometimes instead of a code, they'll
54:04 a thicker bar for for more abundant less abundant. This would probably be
54:09 a single occurrence. And uh they're to have a table that shows you
54:15 this would be one, this would somewhere between uh Say five and
54:22 And this would be, you more some numbers, some rain will
54:25 more than And here's here's one of keys for these these things here,
54:30 P is prolific. A is So prolific is more than more than
54:37 . But now these are these are is frame in efforts prolific and I
54:45 never even use these these things. just count. I just accounted because
54:51 do a lot of data analytics type like lots of algorithms to um to
54:56 the accounts to figure out what the really is. And uh actually when
55:00 when you're using counts in storm You can tell whether whether something came
55:07 a channel or from a storm just just because of the numbers and
55:11 they changed, because a channel channel mixes a lot of things together.
55:16 storm deposits mixed a lot of things . But the ratios are completely different
55:22 you're gonna get in a storm you're gonna get a lot more offshore
55:26 mixed in it. So it's really to know what it is that's being
55:31 in in terms of this sort of mixture of things as opposed to a
55:36 thing, which sometimes you see if uh, uh, like,
55:40 an algal mat, that's kind of most of the time and an album
55:45 a flood is gonna look different, know, from this one. But
55:50 , there's there's a flood flood is most and here's the numbers that they
55:55 . So when you would convert this too, uh, quantitative, this
55:59 be a half, this would be , This would end up being
56:07 This would be 16 B8, this be 15, you know, so
56:12 and so forth. And there's erratically problems with doing things like that,
56:22 practically it works. It works pretty . It helps you characterize things fairly
56:34 , because when, when you're using statistics, you want your data to
56:37 independent. Uh, something that's constraining this is all very constraining. And
56:44 you can actually end up with, other words, uh, because you
56:49 this, There'll be a lot of And it could be 10 to 20
56:56 of always 15. So you'll end . So we have a lot of
57:01 you actually had a lot of things were frequent, but uh some of
57:05 were 10 and some were 20, information is gonna be lost in the
57:11 . Okay. Okay. What? what? Okay. Well um any
57:22 one of these these things down here be called a bloom. And I'm
57:27 using bloom as a, as a term. And the only reason someone
57:32 do this is because they see a . I can't imagine this is for
57:37 . I can't imagine someone seeing a of foraminifera. I can imagine I'm
57:42 a flood of nano fossils, but a flood of foraminifera. Now that's
57:46 china Uh thing where it's, it's 300 m to the shelf edge.
57:53 you're getting a lot of resources out that shelf edge. Um you might
57:57 seen a flood of aquariums in one those. But this would be hard
58:02 see in a informative. And uh been looking at this. I said
58:08 I did something wrong maybe because uh that's unusual and foraminifera and I think
58:15 see here's okay, here's Diana And uh and I'll tell you if
58:24 almost just looking at this, I I have it backwards, but I
58:27 , I don't know, but but abundant, this extra abundant. Still
58:35 numbers, you wouldn't see either you wouldn't see these numbers in,
58:38 know, In a four a.m. Let's doesn't even come close. And
58:45 unless you had a really big sample we tend to look at relatively small
58:51 and a lot of times if you a sample, that's this volume,
58:55 get a like a splitter that splits sample, you can kind of shake
58:59 whole thing up, try to make as homogeneous as possible. And it
59:03 these little veins that send a little this way, a little bit that
59:06 you split it once and you can it twice and get it down
59:10 Um so that you'll have 10 splits have exactly the same number, you
59:15 , it's never perfect, but it pretty well okay. Um and this
59:24 is is a foraminifera listing and uh you can see here that they've got
59:32 code. So these charts are really for us to to work with.
59:38 if if we get a listing like , we have to enter the data
59:42 make a list because there's a a chart allows you to plot other
59:47 against it, like the well, and everything else so that you can
59:50 of see what's going on with the . You're pulling up sequence boundaries,
59:55 might see that this is a sequence here where you have a whole bunch
59:58 things show up at once in this and here just a few things.
60:03 this this might be more like a do we call it? Uh This
60:09 is always gonna have a terrace across at the top because that's the first
60:13 they started to process. Okay so things could have had tops way up
60:18 . But when you come down the sample and you see something like that
60:22 looks like an apparent high able Which could be a lot of different
60:26 . And uh normally what you want see as you come down in a
60:30 is a few new things every And this is just showing you the
60:36 to to the foraminifera. And this showing a listing. This is the
60:42 to the nano fossils showing you a listing and this one actually has some
60:47 in it. Um This one has R. F. Means rework
60:54 So we work flirtatious and that's a a outpouring of sediment event. And
61:03 here you can see uh we have abundance. We have charts to come
61:08 like this when you have quantitative data . And uh this is usually simple
61:15 . How many of things are but different aspects of diversity that need to
61:20 subjected to statistical analyses uh to get really good handle. And Shannon weaver
61:28 function. I think I talked about near the end of the class.
61:33 uh, so anyway, when you're at the data, you can actually
61:38 some of these things that are floods blooms. And for example, this
61:43 an obvious down hold spike of that fossil. But I can't show you
61:49 whole thing. But you know, here's again within the Middle Miocene,
61:54 is N N five and uh that be just above and and for where
61:59 see the compaction going on in a of offshore stuff. And here here
62:06 are the depths the intervals, sample and again with with the event of
62:13 and whatnot. We can put logs here with ology on here, all
62:16 of stuff to see how these things reacting. When you put the numbers
62:21 here, it's not visually obvious. when you have a chart like
62:28 it becomes visually obvious. So we have programs that will do both types
62:33 things for different purposes. Somebody might their data like this, but then
62:41 want to see a bar graph or to make it obvious for someone to
62:44 . And sometimes certain fossils that are to blooms. They might want to
62:49 that out and just have a graph looks like this one. And other
62:58 uh they'll have a graph like that sums up all the data in each
63:07 to get a total abundance. And you're seeing here, for example,
63:12 it is over here and this here's abundance. And you can see that
63:17 spike had a big impact on You can see that that flood
63:22 There had a big impact on And the same here, come across
63:27 . This is what's really interesting. don't have the whole chart on
63:31 but I don't see uh what's causing with this particular fossil. So there's
63:37 another fossil off the part of the that I didn't publish or there's a
63:42 of equity bility. In other there's a there's a great diversity with
63:48 a lot of diverse things having you know, common occurrences. So
63:52 adds up to a bit. And that's that. So this this would
63:57 like a heterogeneous bloom in here because know, the abundance was really
64:04 And then this big thing came So it's all, it's just one
64:08 if you had more of a homogeneous equitable is is the right word,
64:13 equitable bloom where everything bloomed. Uh what this is kind of looking like
64:19 , Just based on what we can . There may be a fossil here
64:21 has 2000 and we don't see But uh but if you if you
64:26 a lot of species and have a of common occurrences and it creates a
64:31 total abundance. That's a completely different signal than if there's one spike a
64:37 abundance is usually a big climate Okay. Um, here we see
64:48 another type of bias tragic graphic summary they're showing the water depth curve here
64:53 the left. Uh, and they're at the total nano fossil abundance.
64:58 , you can see when the nano abundance goes up, it goes to
65:01 , blue is gonna be deeper water this stuff over here. This is
65:05 , you know, like rivers and , well beaches and deltas and stuff
65:11 that over here. Um, I really read it, but it's
65:18 I'm I'm way off the scale. is middle neurotic, this is out
65:22 heretic and this is very deep water . This is a bathroom and in
65:29 it's hanging on middle and in the bath field. So that's fairly deep
65:38 . So you're, you're losing, picking up the plank kick things,
65:43 you're losing the benefits that are coming here. And you can see uh
65:50 is this one? You can see , you do have a good forum
65:54 on the battlefield too. So they're gonna be a lot of big
65:59 And, but I can't see see a limited number of cal curious and
66:04 doesn't even show glutinous. It's it's that it shows abundance, but it's
66:09 , it looks like they think it's down down dip transport of, that's
66:15 causing the abundance here on this And same here with this one with
66:19 next one that gets a little bit , a lot of that's interpreted.
66:25 really, it's not always as clear as as it looks on a chart
66:29 this. But here again is integrated strata bucks does this um and we
66:37 strata bugs and it's a little bit than this now, but you can
66:41 all these different types of abundance uh total abundance of of 11 thing
66:47 another. Uh You can put the the formations and the uh maybe the
66:54 in here, I can't read And uh here here you're showing uh
67:01 lot of the Chronos photography type stuff and again, here's a water depth
67:06 showing you it's relatively shallow to deeper deeper, very deep. And then
67:10 starts to come back in again and of is telling you uh what type
67:16 sequence this is down here versus the through here and then it changes through
67:21 and then it changes a little bit here and here's another one of integration
67:28 data, soap. So with these , you know, we go all
67:31 way back to um I'm looking at sorts of data like this, but
67:46 I get this quantitative checklist, I start doing a whole lot more with
67:51 and I can end up with uh and graphs to help us understand and
67:58 it that look more like this and and like this one here to this
68:03 got a lot of uh, data it too. And this, it's
68:09 same kind of thing. And here we have sample depths and I'm not
68:13 to read all this stuff out to . But here we've got uh,
68:19 you means cuttings and uh, and seeing different types of samples here because
68:29 got different uh, analysts that are at it. And these are just
68:34 trying to show you what kind of is included in here. And
68:41 for example, this is a sidewalk these are cuttings and uh, see
68:46 it says sidewalk or over here this is uh, this is a
68:50 bit over over charted, but it's some of the stuff that you can
68:54 when you have a good data And here here they're breaking up fossils
69:01 the different types sometimes that relates to . In other words, if we
69:06 nano fossil abundance, plastic forums and fossils go up, we see benefits
69:11 down. We know we're getting people um, I have a lot of
69:21 to show you that, but it's , take take your time and look
69:27 this and just kind of see what of information that can be another thing
69:32 , that's available is that people like use different timescales and what bothers me
69:39 so this, this program allows you do that when I work with you
69:49 it's probably 10, 9000 global time ships Simpson. And uh, so
69:58 I was, they asked me to something that I heard it all to
70:01 their punishment. This has the database up the one time show and it
70:10 converts the fossil ranges from one time to the next. Just really
70:14 And that's what you do with the standard. And this software package uh
70:21 with Amoco when they were developing the to come up with something that would
70:24 that powerful. And they also have module where they do graphic correlation and
70:30 harden ball at all 1998 that was for a long time to And
70:36 but now right now you can get least a well calibrated timescale with fossil
70:43 probably at 2020. If not No, some of them have no
70:56 at all. Uh Most of this being done by the larger companies and
71:02 less so right now because you they try to cut all the budgets
71:05 stuff say bye when, when they it when they use it, they
71:13 it's important if they're not using they don't know. They just,
71:17 tell you it's not because they don't it. But it also the companies
71:21 use bios therapy tend to have much success rate uh, in in discovering
71:28 and gas and uh, and also the it's just more efficient when you
71:33 it. And uh and then again there's areas with gas clouds uh and
71:39 might not know what a gas cloud , but like if you have a
71:43 oilfield or gas field, uh you'll a lot of for me uh permeating
71:49 and oil starts even though there are and everything, it still works its
71:54 up. So there's a lot of in. So if you use primary
71:57 um that are impacted bye of different just makes it all fuzzy. And
72:09 literally in the chalk fields until they even after three D. Seismic three
72:15 . Seismic diseases. Because if you ocean bottom sensors, O.
72:20 S. You can use shear It sees right through the, it
72:24 even know it, the liquids don't it. So all excuses a
72:28 So it's like there's a curtain there the curtain gets pulled back when you
72:34 that. But and the and that's expensive. So they don't do it
72:39 . But with bio strategic fee, were able to see what they couldn't
72:43 with the size. And with that took a field and took it from
72:49 million barrels to a billion. And said, you know, we're making
72:53 much more money, why don't we E. B. O.
72:55 S. And see if we can more. And they actually found another
73:00 leon Thompson did the O. S. Stuff and they found another
73:04 million barrels. So it went from two, in the in the bios
73:10 contribution was not just uh not just more because we could see more,
73:17 also told the geo business there was prize to gain. If you spent
73:23 , we had to spend money to what we did. And we showed
73:26 you spent this money, we found , you know, we cost With
73:32 several people that we might have cost and we found 400 million barrels of
73:37 without doing anything. You have to a well to do that. And
73:42 and then the O. B. . Guys came in, they had
73:44 spend even more money than we cost uh to to find More definition of
73:52 the reservoirs. They came up with 500 million barrels Uh are 400 to
73:58 500. We probably got more bang the buck. But but still unless
74:03 in a big company have money to around to do stuff like that
74:08 it's hard. But working in Norway good because if you work in Norway
74:12 have to you have to use technology they because they knew that it worked
74:18 that's one of the reasons why every every oil company that had a research
74:24 did a lot of research in Norway Norway valued it. And they also
74:30 able to pull out more oil and . They they're able to find a
74:36 more big, bigger fields in People didn't even know there was
74:40 And that was a combination of things bios, photography and better sizing.
74:53 very under used right now. It's and you know, you,
75:01 it's just like with averaging things, can average things and get a pretty
75:04 answer, but it's not giving you the details. And that's why I
75:10 even dated, you hear me talking it. But even data analytics can
75:15 misleading because there's a lot of averaging the averaging of those numbers. Is
75:20 ? Because you can, you can a lot more with those averages,
75:25 know, like averaging the 20 and 100 2 60. But if you
75:31 the actual numbers, you would be to figure out more detail and the
75:35 detail you can find, it's your . You're actually identifying more and more
75:42 . And uh you identifying the the, the level of risk
75:49 And when you're estimating there's always a . And having said that estimates work
75:57 well sometimes. Yeah, it's just big chunk of sand in the
76:03 It's very averages uh we need to a break often. He told
78:57 Yeah. For something that's heterogeneous. . When when we do petroleum
79:04 I should show you a chart and it actually has different deposition environments and
79:11 one end, uh there's usually very extra oil to recover after they produced
79:18 . On the other end, there's of recoverable oil at the end.
79:23 just that you didn't get it. that's because it's their deposition systems like
79:26 turbo tight can often be more heterogeneous say a very right barrier island unless
79:35 segmentation in the barrier island, which why you need somebody that does
79:40 uh barrier island uh so homogeneous and such good porosity and permeability. Uh
79:51 recovery rates are real hot and there's whole lot less than to try to
79:55 out with tertiary or you know, tertiary recovery, You go all the
80:00 to the other end, 80% hasn't produced. You know, 80% of
80:05 in place will is still there. that's when you need to know more
80:11 . That's when you need to That's when you need to do reservoir
80:15 and bio Strat really helps with your , but it's not often used.
80:21 nevertheless, all these uh extra expense become more important when when it's difficult
80:31 in Norway some of these really good , we're invisible because of the gas
80:38 . And the bios trap was actually to figure out where you know what
80:42 to what I mean. There are from one world to the next.
80:45 way off, I had read three and three weeks almost every will have
80:51 spikes and had something to do with genesis. But every every well would
80:55 basically three resistive. Itty spikes, oil fields and they correlated 123123123.
81:02 went in there and found out now seven of them. Uh And one
81:07 here, one goes like this, goes like that and you miss your
81:16 a long story short, you go three reservoirs to seven. There's obviously
81:21 to pull out of the ground and it didn't double it for us,
81:27 it did more than double it when seismic got it. But just being
81:32 to see that we were able to 30 ft faults, you can't even
81:35 that with three D. Sizes. that those faults were important because one
81:42 these things, that was one of three spikes over here was faulted out
81:45 there. So that was a different was another different reservoir which went that
81:51 a lot farther than they thought. this one went a lot farther this
81:54 than they. Oh yeah, first all we found more layers and then
82:05 also found compartmentalization that they couldn't And if if your if your I
82:13 this to a production engineer is a why aren't we doing that? But
82:19 you tell it to a drilling engineer conservative, you tell it to a
82:26 engineer, they got this pressure and gave them a reservoir of this
82:33 but actually they had two reservoirs of size. And that may be one
82:40 those cases because the drawdown was the in both wells was acting the same
82:45 they had two big reservoirs and they it was just one big reservoir.
82:50 uh and then in some cases they'll How comes this well, doesn't have
82:54 same pressures that will they're the you know, things going on.
82:59 a 30-foot fault there. That sealed off. Yeah, there is and
83:06 and it didn't turn off yet, it's still hot when you do the
83:11 you use creamer just shake the piss of it because it's a little bit
83:57 . Never read a normal um Normally give people about an hour to go
84:07 go somewhere, simply would like to . Yeah there's uh there should be
84:15 open on campus over towards the university that's not open, there's little shops
84:23 Megan. What are you gonna do lunch? Did you, what you
84:30 us up already? Okay. but if you go up to um
84:40 , is that um excuse me in in the student center and then and
84:51 if you walk to the road just that a little bit down there's there's
84:56 sorts of stuff, there's a pizza , there's there's even a bar,
85:01 lots of bars trying not to get . I don't know if you drink
85:09 not, but I remember when I a freshman, I had a beer
85:13 classes one time and that was the time I did. Yeah, I
85:21 know why. But early in my career I realized class time was
86:20 Just the way today's gone. I'm do, I'm probably gonna do lecture
86:24 , lecture four and then skip the six and then whatever time we have
86:29 will spend on, on the five . Okay. I'm restarting the
86:50 And uh, this is uh, little bit about evolution in other words
86:57 we kind of why we, why see tops. Okay, It's
87:04 there's just an overwhelming amount of information this. And uh, you
87:11 when Darwin came up with the he didn't know as much as we
87:14 now about it, but he was something. Mhm. And and we
87:20 see it. I'd like to point to the students in here because
87:24 that's some of the books I'm pretty . Let me go check to be
87:28 . I'm not lying. Yeah. . It's one of these boys,
87:42 thousands council obviously. But despite a of these points. Uh, so
87:56 is what we do. Uh, people that, uh, you hear
88:06 paleontology, they see they see dinosaurs that kind of thing, but they
88:10 realize there are fossils that we've we've looking at that are just hundreds of
88:16 millions of species that have nothing to with what's alive today. And uh
88:21 there's a reason for it and that's through time things change and that's all
88:27 is to it. And it's it's on I guess the best way to
88:39 like science, it's based on on . Okay. So uh kind of
88:48 bio strategic fi works in a It has to do with the fact
88:53 we see conceptions when these things first and when they go extinct. And
89:00 an academic we really look for these first time that we found in the
89:05 record. So when we walk up an outcrop we're looking at the oldest
89:10 and working our way up to the stuff. You drill a, well
89:13 drilling through the youngest going down to oldest that you're gonna see. So
89:17 the oil industry we actually do it do we do it backwards. Uh
89:23 is which is really which is really because um a lot of times when
89:30 an oil bios particular communicating with a an academic paleontologist quite often they're they're
89:39 to explain things from a different And so it's a little bit
89:44 Okay it is an irreversible process. We have always seen evidence of
89:54 Uh We see the form of something just a little bit and a little
89:59 more. That's that's gradualist. What didn't know about when we first started
90:06 that evidence was that there's D. . A. And all of these
90:10 and they the D. N. . Actually jumps. And uh and
90:13 forms can jump a lot to uh have a lot of D.
90:17 A. But it's not just the . The DNA can be very close
90:20 one fossil to the next. But part of that DNA is being used
90:25 this fossil to the next fossil can from that. And uh and if
90:31 know anything about genetics, you there's certain genes that flare up at
90:35 certain part and that when it flares say on if you have a gene
90:40 would sit there in front of the flare up on the left side in
90:45 animal and it flares up on the side and another animal, they're gonna
90:48 different even though they have the same . So it's it's really a little
90:53 of a complex thing. But paleontologists Harvard University uh with his graduate
91:01 Graduate student, I think actually figured out. He came up with a
91:05 called punctuated equilibrium. In other we see things like this in a
91:11 . Um Kevin a lot of system time. So the oldest ship
91:44 for politics is a little bit, sorts of things By 1970,
91:55 And um but anyway so if anything to say morphology. Sorry, it
92:06 your apology. See something like Uh council, same period of
92:24 See something every tree is great. that. Let's see something up
92:39 something like that. So these things from a central single, similar pieces
92:47 changing it to could be a population this fireman. It's separated.
93:02 probably the way species you said one , it's not isolated. I mean
93:11 is isolated. See population, population the same species. It's here,
93:21 combining here. Part of it's here sort of physical together. This is
93:35 physical barrier we're getting uh few minutes like this. Uh huh.
94:03 And uh so no matter what humans are gonna probably get this might
94:13 been some of the dogs were like selective reading. Still the same species
94:24 of what is a dog. So different that need some reading force.
94:42 sex given target. This is about , so anyway, some of these
94:55 get separated different different parts of the , it's a lot of protein.
95:23 , it's uh suppressors and my twin . Yes, exactly. The same
95:36 same. Uh different things happen. didn't look the same because things
95:49 Yes, exactly. So close you a understanding doctor. My brother.
96:14 that's true. Yeah. Yes. the back music, we have a
96:37 . No, but my brother's Well, we have twins. The
96:56 2059 said definitely correlation. My two serious about. Okay. So uh
97:38 that separation, geographic barrier is really . Sweet. And we didn't know
97:51 . Darwin didn't know that. But was witnessing the end result of this
97:58 and he said, you know, can this happen? You know,
98:02 can you have so many things changing there's only supposed to be one set
98:06 things? And uh and that that was true and it's and through
98:10 you see it even worked on the of atolls. Uh you know,
98:15 reefs around uh um volcanoes in the ocean. But that's an aside.
98:23 so anyway, at the end of day, okay, where's my little
98:33 ? It is. Mhm. I know why sometimes my um controls don't
98:54 . Okay, it's out of the . Okay. So uh we've always
99:02 evidence of gradualism because things kind of alike. But even though things are
99:07 changing, they, for example, forum forum, one forum to
99:12 Forum may look very much alike. the protein inside of them might be
99:16 different And they don't actually have sexual anyway, so they don't even fit
99:22 definition of a species in the first . But but we do see a
99:28 of gradualist IQ changes and things just at the morphology of the shell,
99:33 is only part of the animal. it kind of threw us off.
99:40 thing about this is these things do repeat, but they but they do
99:44 mimicked. And what that kind of to is uh there's things called BRAC
99:53 and bivalves or pods. And those have two shells. They're very different
100:01 of animals. One of them, the most part is extinct in the
100:05 the palace. There's only a few them that have made it into um
100:11 the police scene. And then then and I actually had one and that's
100:17 attribute. And the the bivalves of mollusks, our clams, we
100:25 them plans. Those clams have bilateral between the shells. So the shells
100:32 almost a mirror image except for the . And it has to be different
100:37 it has to be uh There's a a group here. There has to
100:40 a tooth here. If there's a , there has to be a group
100:42 here. Uh So they compensate for other. But the bilateral symmetry goes
100:49 way in a bracket pod have two . But the bilateral symmetry goes across
100:55 shells, with the shells are are shapes, so very completely different
101:01 But what will change is an animal soft tissue developed a shell to protect
101:08 . One of them went extinct, another one popped up in the shell
101:11 a completely different different thing. Ostrich have two shells that come out of
101:18 lap of epidermis that comes out of back and and they're completely different animal
101:24 the pod and the and the but still have the bivalve thing. So
101:30 it's mimicking this bivalve nature, but not the same thing and they're
101:35 in other words, it's not it's repeating itself and they're very tiny
101:39 you know, there's a whole lot things different about. But the terms
101:43 more apology, there's things that are quality, they're similar now in a
101:47 a clam or a BRAC ipod. know, you see something that looks
101:51 that oyster on the half shell on inside, but on an ostrich
101:56 you actually have something that looks like insect on the inside, an arthropod
102:00 or a shrimp, you know, a shrimp that has a fold of
102:05 that comes out of its back that a shell to wrap around the
102:10 so to speak, and that it's the protection of a shell. In
102:17 words, nature is forcing this had happen for some reason and they're completely
102:22 animals, but they find a way they have the same, they have
102:26 of the same protein as the, the bracket pod and the in the
102:32 a pot or by that. And they have the ability to create something
102:36 will secrete calcium carbon. And uh can't you can't do stuff like that
102:43 you don't have something in common with in the past, but you're a
102:47 different beast. And uh and do ever, we had, if we
102:53 a place a pot in a in pod, in a in an ostrich
102:59 and put them side by side, would know there's definitely not the same
103:04 . But but some of the features being. There are other things like
103:09 there's a type of plan. Uh the rudest that actually uh reefs would
103:17 in colonies so that they, because filter feeders, the completely different type
103:22 organism has these little things sticking out this to catch. Like you see
103:28 coral, there's like it's like a flower. It's catching the stuff in
103:31 water column. But they live together protect each other. And and so
103:36 for colonial corals, you know, see these big reefs form and there's
103:40 hundreds of individuals in each. One these things. The clam I was
103:47 theater. And to be efficient one grow like like a pipe and another
103:52 would grow almost like a pipe and have a lid on the top.
103:57 , very unusual. And almost they have the same type of cemetery as
104:02 . Um The plan would have, they have all the other types of
104:08 features besides that, but they're mimicking colonial nature of the coral by,
104:15 would they would grow together just big . Um you know where you see
104:20 assault uh salt deposits that have like hexagonal pipes. That's what they look
104:27 . They're not hexagonal, but they , they they look like a bunch
104:30 pipes stacked together. And that's what need by mimic. Its. It's
104:36 feature mimics or a couple of features or different ways of doing things might
104:42 , but it's still a completely different . And uh, all of these
104:47 are controlled and over printed by But what helps them separate from one
104:54 to be different species is there's been geographic separation to allow them to,
105:00 change without intermingling their population. The way to stay homogeneous is they intermingle
105:07 separate over time and not, not lifetime. You would start changing into
105:13 species, You know, like 10 years from now. Uh, there's
105:17 good chance some breeds of dogs will be able to make with other breeds
105:21 dog, although with all the places and whatnot, it might go to
105:28 other one. You never uh, you guys have pet dogs?
105:38 You don't, have you ever had ? No, I like if you
105:48 have a dog, you might not them, but I don't have a
105:51 now either. But when you have , they're just incredible animals.
105:55 Yeah. But they're uh they're they're most loyal things. And it's just
106:02 they've been doing more mental stuff on . And they actually actually they figured
106:07 they actually do love us. They're just coming for dinner. And
106:13 because they get the uh, the kinds of brain responses that they
106:17 when they see food are also identical when are actually not even as powerful
106:23 when we say come here boy, you doing? You know, that
106:26 of stuff that uh, I forget word, but just just when you're
106:34 with your dog, it makes them as good as getting happy as getting
106:38 and and actually happier. Yeah. we're so terrible to the poor little
106:44 . Of course, if a dog treated poorly, you can get a
106:47 response out of the dog too. some dogs are actually trained to
106:52 They can be dangerous as well. anyway, uh, get on with
106:59 . This would be gradual change. you look at that chart that I'm
107:03 to you because you can see that time, the morphology shifting and that's
107:09 change. And this would be a uh, family tree, so to
107:16 . And, and uh, and called that by letting gradualism for a
107:23 word. And here what? Uh Eldredge, the graduate student and
107:32 and steven, what's his last It's just lost it. I couldn't
107:37 the student's name, that student's name Niles Eldredge and Stephen Gould Stephen
107:43 Gould uh they were both at Harvard when I was at Amica research
107:47 I actually employed a lot of Harvard to work on our custom project.
107:53 uh we had a couple of paleontologists the organization that went to heart was
107:58 , it's really nice to work with really top notch in the field and
108:02 from a really good university. And also a good feeling when somebody from
108:07 state college, like you can stand to shoulder with them. It's it's
108:13 it's gratifying. Yeah, we did , we did it on a budget
108:19 . Mhm. But anyway, uh a schematic family tree, if you
108:25 graduates, where you have things shift lot. I mean, excuse
108:29 where you have punctuated equilibrium. And this is they call this uh punctuated
108:35 . And what it is, is a while, the equilibrium is a
108:38 line. They don't change for a . But then all of a sudden
108:40 a dramatic change. And uh and there's a dramatic change. And this
108:46 punctuated equilibrium uh lends itself to the of graphic correlation. This graphic correlation
108:54 you punctuated deposition. And you we always think that deposition is
108:59 pretty much continuous. A lot of . It's not, it's punctuated,
109:04 a turbo tight terminate just comes flying , was a fixed sequence. Uh
109:10 deposited in a short period of And then there's very limited uh deposition
109:15 on in the sequence bound for loss deposition. And then all of a
109:20 there's another flash. And so deposition punctuated too. And the and our
109:26 correlation plots look a little bit like Except except that the the rate of
109:34 deposition through time. It's not it's instant. This would be like instantaneous
109:41 . Whereas it's over a little bit time that you see that that punctuated
109:47 . Okay, so that's sort of it works. I'm not gonna read
109:51 . I would I would suggest you these just to enlighten yourself and uh
109:58 this is the kind of thing when read a book, it's important.
110:03 gradualist, gradualist IQ evolution is now of well, we what we could
110:10 but we weren't aware of how significant change was from one species to the
110:15 . Because we saw morphology ease of that are just the hard parts changing
110:20 little bit of time. We didn't the whole body part to figure it
110:27 . And taxonomy has a lot to with uh you know, a typical
110:36 would be upset if they heard me taxonomy is just about identification and it's
110:41 just about identification. Taxonomy is actually looking at one of these trees of
110:50 . Taxonomy is is figuring out why need different names and what would cause
110:55 shift from one name to another sort the rate of change the frequency of
111:00 . Taxonomy really encapsulates what's going on this tree for a fossil group.
111:07 at the end of the day, have to come up with a different
111:09 for each one of these branches. uh and that's identification. And the
111:15 is is is uh things in this look different from things in this
111:23 And a paleontologist that's not really really trained in a particular group, say
111:30 is the same as that. And the same time, he might look
111:37 one of these any one of these and you might see some variation which
111:41 call a typical variation, variation due the environment within a population. He
111:49 make that two species. So he splits it. So taxonomy is trying
111:53 keep the over splitting down and try figure out through time how all of
112:01 different things of what's causing this There's an environmental ship uh these more
112:10 similar these more environment habits, something there's, there's a limited amount of
112:19 uh signals other than climate change. older and it's harder, has become
112:26 harder. In other words, environmental with climate change warning in spite of
112:38 positive it's happened and uh what's it's gonna happen. But some of
112:46 things that live on the bottom uh change for that, this to
112:51 So some of the things that started in this route might be uh dealing
112:58 stop, bottom of here maybe tries look about the they look at them
113:11 in class, like this might be family. Um kind of. So
113:19 could have another one it would be only different families. So that's that's
113:29 the the purpose of taxonomy is. to try to figure out all those
113:34 relationships through time and that the at modern day what a biologist does with
113:42 is try to figure out how and all of these things that we see
113:52 . And they often go they go to the paleontologist to look at the
113:57 record. See some of that Okay. Um and the reason it's
114:05 important to identify things right? It's if you have a fossil identified correctly
114:13 you understand the taxonomy of that fossil that's how it how it where it
114:17 and doesn't live. Um uh It it easier for you to figure out
114:24 environment of deposition or the age and I do want you to read
114:31 But in a nutshell there's one Oscar on some of these charts. It's
114:43 good example just because I like Oscar you see there's an Oscar Austin saving
115:08 . This this is the same. It's uh actually second video I have
115:31 somebody calls it that 150 there's actually this within the oil companies now different
115:48 . Yes. Seven. They loved many things. But the kids you
116:04 so they have time for this class they see a lot at.
116:20 What are the species? Sure. some something like that. So when
116:34 pumping all these things together to one , it's only gonna give you
116:42 Okay. But in that there's 1234 celebrity. So they're destroying the power
116:57 . 3 11 down. Having used one here because it's real obvious.
117:05 just have one big point. These like history. Excuse me. But
117:22 a lot of other things that are that's that's the nutshell. The reason
117:35 it's important happening. So you go somebody that's not there will be a
117:45 of interest in today. And this this is just also you have a
118:02 . This is environmental deposition doesn't have be anything else. That particular
118:13 Absolutely. This is common. Say this is really all right. Have
118:31 fossil. You have a given to . They know that enrages the the
118:50 part of the their part salad. a really good say there we're following
119:06 bunch of legs two daily. We that this is its range because you
119:14 see it in the recently So we this is a screen. What is
119:26 this book? I'm saying It's This is really Why don't we see
119:37 down here Then we're transferring this geological fish. It was fun.
120:11 we interpret based on it On two together. You want all the species
120:24 . Want to have It's five miles challenge. What would it be.
120:37 everything that looked like? Uh in of time all the way down have
120:50 here the face here, part one personally recip shows up sometimes it's not
121:06 that somebody answer. Uh but several them are occurring and lose all that
121:27 . For example, if you like . When was the first and I
121:32 a top what have I divided into if I find the general yes decision
121:47 a lot of the people that were by the industry beginning of that
121:59 So the identification biologist. So it's a lot easier to figure out what
122:09 a, but it's that it's really , you know what is the hard
122:17 attacks on. So okay, so a it's a really um name is
122:29 a name but a name can be difference between Um 10 million years of
122:36 and 10,000 years of person that Yeah. You want to make sure
122:51 company's good. Yeah. And uh the problem is is they don't always
122:58 the best people. But but one the things that I noticed when I
123:03 when I was evaluating data from a of companies all over the world is
123:10 I can I can look um you a lot of uh like if somebody
123:14 their thesis in the legacy, you'll a lot of legacy names in the
123:18 places and uh you just call the up and say uh you know try
123:23 get them out of their out of thesis or their dissertation and get them
123:27 them some more literature you know and uh it was rare that you would
123:33 that far but but a lot of you would just avoid them in certain
123:39 because in some places a particular company be really really good. And in
123:44 place like I don't know why but companies in the U. K.
123:48 really good in the North Sea when came over to the gulf of Mexico
123:52 started messing things up because they weren't with it. And uh and one
123:57 the things I saw at Amoco was we started working in most of the
124:02 started in in the tertiary section when went when other places and started looking
124:07 the cretaceous and Jurassic they weren't as with it. So they looked at
124:11 there wasn't as much published. So went and looked at the european stuff
124:15 they gave it european names. And it's plank tick you're probably ok but
124:21 not always but if it was benthic none of the benthic things in europe
124:28 ever been on this continent or anywhere this because there's been an ocean separating
124:34 . You get back into the paleozoic see similarities because you know when you
124:39 the continents together but when you get in uh, when you get up
124:43 the cretaceous, there's they're spread And so the fossils fossils on say
124:49 africa before the break ups are But after the breakup, anything that
124:54 on the bottom starts to look different you get that geographic separation, Those
125:00 will never, those species will never across a deep ocean when they live
125:05 25 ft away. Okay. And taxonomy has a hierarchy of
125:14 And there's now five kingdoms. And and you can see here this is
125:20 giving you examples of some of the that we look at to get to
125:24 finer details. And uh and I'm about a nostra cot in here.
125:30 you know it's in the group of which which includes all sorts of things
125:35 crabs and and uh what do you them? I can't, you
125:43 you got crabs, You got What are the little things that the
125:47 in Louisiana, mud crawfish, Crawfish an arthropod too. And uh but
125:54 cockroaches are arthropods. So we eat lot of ones that love the water
126:00 we don't eat the ones that walk the ground too much. It depends
126:04 where you're from. I should probably there are some people that will eat
126:08 . And uh and I'm glad they it. Cause any, anything that
126:13 learn to appreciate in terms of taste a good thing. Um, I
126:17 don't understand why I like oysters on half shell but God I love
126:21 And uh when I when I was kid we used muscles for bait and
126:26 there's no way I'm ever gonna eat muscle in my life and they're so
126:33 . Whatever little little salsa. And anyway this is what I just talked
126:41 . So I don't have to go it. But there's a lot of
126:45 problems with this because it's because it's of the things that you'll see on
126:49 species list is uh okay, here's nomenclature. This is something that I
127:00 to uh explain to you. Normally we see a species it's a binomial
127:06 we have the generic grouping which is genus and then we have a specific
127:13 which is the species. And so . This is that binomial. So
127:19 when we name them, we call by the genus and the species.
127:24 . Anything that has the same the species name is different. There's
127:30 very related to each other in terms morphology. And probably what we've seen
127:35 also is is uh where we've been to do this in the recent and
127:40 in some of the past samples we get D. N. A.
127:43 we're seeing a lot of similarities there . A lot of a lot of
127:46 morphological taxonomy uh is reflected actually reflects we see in the D.
127:53 A. So a lot of really work. Is is has been doing
127:57 good job. But anyway, there's species of the genus and the species
128:02 or sometimes it's called a trivial name uh the trivial names, we might
128:09 a subspecies. Uh so we have that we think is a species,
128:15 they look a lot alike. But one that looks actually a little bit
128:18 but doesn't look like anything else. this one looks mostly like that and
128:23 one might actually look exactly like But this one's just a little bit
128:26 , but not enough different to make look like it might be a completely
128:29 species. The more specimens we look things, we we may end up
128:33 the more we may end up dumping personally. I don't like to use
128:39 and I think you're just going to into trouble. So I just hack
128:43 the subspecies off and there's certain ones are really obvious that that you have
128:48 use when you do that, you it a species. Like if it
128:52 hapless, if Theresa bey nemesis slash insists uh If I thought Murray and
129:01 and saving incense was different from saving Murray insists I would get rid of
129:06 Murray. I mean, I would would keep the Murray and I call
129:10 implicit memory insists and hapless it through . In other words it's one or
129:15 other. It's not, it's not same. If you think they actually
129:18 , then you get rid of the and you just have this Sabine
129:24 And that's usually pretty safe. And there's a lot of things we call
129:31 because when people name these things when and cece was first name, they
129:36 know what the genus hapless said the was because no one had to find
129:40 yet. And uh and somebody to it actually at Amoco. And uh
129:46 enough, a lot of the Amoco didn't understand why he did it.
129:51 uh, but he was really an scientist. And uh and a really
129:56 uh illustrator to, he could really these things really well. And uh
130:02 good photographer too. But the the about it is that through time,
130:09 know, we think we have everything the same genus. Then we realize
130:13 a lot of species. There's a of species that really looks like a
130:19 genus. And we make a new . So through time the taxonomy changes
130:23 we understand it, we have to more observations to do that. You
130:27 do it with less observations. And people have named species based on finding
130:33 specimen, they think looks different. good paleontologist will never try to name
130:37 species unless he finds A good 100 and samples somewhere or or 10 specimens
130:44 10 samples, give them a reason call it something. But as as
130:51 see things changing and you get a genus come in uh the name of
130:56 the binomial of that, that first that was identified as a species will
131:01 . And so we do actually write who called it, what when and
131:05 who changed and why they changed it stuff like that. It's kept track
131:08 in all the publications uh in the industry. That's this is called.
131:16 shorten it it's called a pneumonic. everybody would know what it was literally
131:22 , production engineers and exploration. Well very few other than drilling engineers and
131:29 . But the production engineers that work the production geologists would almost always know
131:35 these known these names for the gulf Mexico where I work sometimes instead of
131:41 a species name uh it might be broken specimen or just something weird looking
131:49 . So he might use the but he's not sure what species it
131:52 based on what he has to look . It could be one of several
131:56 , but there's one in this case he thinks it looks most like
132:03 So he'll say C. F. it. So in that case it
132:07 be sincerity a cf. And that uh it would be a whole species
132:17 the whole species and after the species the so it could be pencils.
132:24 times they'll do security affinities. That it looks like this. But it's
132:32 you can tell it's different. But can't I can't think of anything else
132:36 close to. So that's affinities compare compared to this because I think it
132:41 like this affinities means it looks something this. But I think it could
132:46 something else. Uh Then there's by a species when we do this,
132:53 take the species off and we just it looks like it's species of by
133:01 idea. But I can't see the well enough to identify the actual
133:06 So I'm looking at by general I see something is definitely by john
133:10 , but I just can't tell what species is. Other times they might
133:15 might have several things like this and lump them all together in the account
133:19 the chart and they call them It's like species. It's like more
133:24 it's the same word but it's multiple as opposed to one species. And
133:30 P. P. Like in And the PP. Liking pages is
133:35 like this when they put Spp. means species plural and the and the
133:41 means species. So I think it's species but I don't know what it
133:48 And the other one is I think could be a bunch of different species
133:51 I don't know what any one of are. And so like I might
133:54 27 broken specimens and something looks fishing I'll just call them Spp cause I'm
134:00 sure that it's more than one But I can't I can't tell which
134:05 it might have affinities to or which I think you can compare it
134:13 Okay. And here's here's in this this comes from a book full of
134:17 names that the um gulf coast section the GCS, the gulf coast section
134:30 of uh paleontologists. Uh And it's mps. It's uh gulf coast section
134:39 S. C. P. Rather the gulf coast section of SCP
134:43 . Developed a catalog of a lot the marker names because the marker names
134:48 different with companies. And then there's marker names that the U.
134:51 Geological Survey wants you to use offshore uh and all sorts of stuff like
135:00 . I didn't know that was turned . Okay. Anyway um this is
135:07 showing you the pneumonic that she's a just means something that helps you remember
135:15 something. And uh you can see uh one company called boulevard 10.
135:23 continuous strata boulevard in a 10. another company called at 1 10.
135:28 who knows why. But here's one why they have different, they have
135:32 minds. They somebody got a hold their data remember I told you the
135:38 is really valuable. They were really with every company was really careful with
135:42 . So somebody dropped a piece of down with a well on it.
135:47 they were hoping that the next company figure out what it was. But
135:52 since a lot of bios photography has done already. Uh, this this
135:56 of bios photographers from a lot of came together and put this chart together
136:00 try to make it easier for people use. Okay, now now we're
136:05 that's taxonomy and nomenclature. So now gonna start talking about bio evidence.
136:12 uh, when we look at bio , um, this is time for
136:25 is a a theoretical chart for an that's lived through time. And this
136:32 be when it went extinct. And would be when it first evolved for
136:42 inception and one of the uh wrong that a lot of people have made
136:51 the past, especially some people that doing some strange quantitative things with bios
136:56 , I think. Well, you , first it's a new species.
136:59 takes it a while to get it becomes very abundant and then something
137:04 to the environment, it disappears and goes extinct. It's not that
137:09 And uh, if you look at , you realize it looks like a
137:14 normal distribution belter for a parametric statistic data is not a parametric statistic and
137:22 will be. But anyway, I this chart just to show you guys
137:28 people do nano fossils. And sometimes forums, even because of this abundance
137:37 , when they come down in the , they start seeing it. It's
137:40 rare. Then it starts to get they call consistent. Then it gets
137:46 . Then it has a peak and it has a um last down hole
137:56 of common last down whole occurrence of and last hold down hold occurrence or
138:05 lowest in this section, lowest in section, highest in the section that's
138:11 company type terminal. And like I you this could always be cave.
138:15 this is if you want to pick for bio horizons uh with quite often
138:26 nano's uh well would you take any ? We might be able to give
138:31 an age for that. But with fossils, they're trying to give you
138:35 for this for all of these things they can't do it for every fossil
138:38 they're trying to do at least the and at least the abundant, the
138:43 abundance events. The acne just means abundance. So this would or acme
138:48 actually the pinnacle, the top, top, like the highest of anything
138:55 this case abundance. Okay. And so you may see this on some
139:04 the charts that you get if you're at that data. So I wanted
139:07 to be familiar with that. And this is Jim Bergen who put this
139:15 and he has an actually different system it's the highest occurrence and the lowest
139:22 that's up here, that's down And I'm gonna start comparing some of
139:28 things to what these are in this thing here. He has, this
139:34 amazing. This is um the highest occurrence. This is the highest increase
139:43 currence. This is the highest few current. You know, it's just
139:48 strange how you put this together and but that's his chart and not many
139:53 use that. But Jim Bergen is good. He used to, I
139:56 to be his boss and he's one the best nano fossils in the
140:00 He was uh he was trained by guy named woody woody wise and at
140:06 state who put out a lot of good uh nano fossil experts that are
140:12 universities today. Jim was in an company most of his career. But
140:19 here's what I like. Um uh based on what you've heard me
140:27 can you imagine that I would tell good to see you. So what
140:35 think is important for you to let's put the H. O.
140:39 the L. O. S. it relates to the other things we
140:44 . And in particular in this diagram here, I'm comparing the h.
140:55 . and the L. 02, we first would call it in the
140:58 industry. We would call it a and a base. Okay, what
141:04 a scientist call the scientist because we drill down, We look at our
141:12 and work up and we look at . In other words, the first
141:17 hole occurrence is actually the last appearance in time. In other words,
141:26 know, first in time as old last in time, his youngest Because
141:33 moves in one direction, we think far as we can tell, time
141:39 in one direction. But anyway, , Einstein might have had a different
141:43 about some of it. But the appearance datum is when it, when
141:48 has its inception, the last appearance is when it had its extinction.
141:57 . And this is like if if had a crystal ball and we could
142:00 exactly what the last, the first was and when the last time was
142:04 time. Okay. And that's, a geologic section and uh, I
142:26 here for the first time I find the last time that close to this
142:33 of the finished say something first occurs . This is my first appearance
142:49 That is sure, that's fine. going on. Almost never. Why
143:15 I can think of experts have. don't understand. Okay, So here
143:27 , here is I, I feel same on top of the, well
143:35 would be my top or clients or way of saying it was my first
143:47 for the first time I saw it this would be the last time I
143:53 it. But it's actually the it's my face see that makes it
144:11 simple otherwise it's in trouble. What's trying to tell me? The reason
144:27 do it this way is it's because the logic. I mean, I
144:34 can remember in paleontology class, my taught my first class telling me,
144:40 know, the way we think about is the uh you know, the
144:45 is a little rough and get used it and they start blooming and then
144:48 the environment gets tough again and they away. But that doesn't happen.
144:52 know what happens? There could be fault here and you end up with
144:58 point right there and that's your top oil and that's not an error.
145:04 a signal that fault to cut the out is a geological signal that I
145:10 to be able to interpret. It's one that I want to be able
145:13 ignore. That's when I want to able to see. And then,
145:17 , you know, somebody might throw out because it doesn't come in where
145:20 wanted. It should have been younger this section. But that section is
145:24 . And then the other thing is as uh so that's something that could
145:31 . So you never, even if was to happen, you might not
145:35 see it here. You might first it here. You might first see
145:38 here. But quite often what happens I've never done a study on
145:49 I just the scientist something comes in maybe it doesn't have a sure it's
145:58 great that something happens to be a of. That's good. This
146:05 this is a high frequency. This what treatment it's not uh department is
146:25 good college like this. Not really place. The conditions change. That's
146:58 I can't stand this. Tell I said, you know what,
147:06 I see it, I again, missing. You're missing the whole point
147:10 the value of this is really It's yes, celebrated with all the
147:30 things that have tom system. What to one? Well, oh and
147:56 I was trying to tell you is earlier, I had an example.
148:04 is a very short period goes on the time. For some reason their
148:23 times they decided this is this is interval is actually bad at all a
148:35 . It's actually edible because I can't any of the, you know,
148:41 works because I see this in localized fluctuations. But just because you
148:50 three breaks. If you want to three zones, you're gonna have zone
148:55 because they next doesn't mean you have down here at that's exactly what,
149:13 . I can't see this. I'm . Yes, small balls hit first
149:27 . Second time, third time. that termites across the But so that's
149:53 true. Yeah. Yeah. These , these things are most reliable,
150:07 they don't. And that section was in a well on top connection it
150:27 looks like sexually because on the fossils time press down into that space.
150:42 the truth. It's okay. The high, the highest,
151:03 highest, highest, highest. This the lowest and uh, yeah,
151:19 what's that. This has nothing to with numbers, position. This
151:25 this is a top first appearance of . First down hall top. That's
151:35 home base. Same. I'm enjoying place because you, you guys are
151:45 me figure out what, what I right through and don't even explain.
151:53 , that's okay. And I, I get why uh, I get
152:01 it's why it's a question as we're about abundances and we're talking about position
152:08 at the same time. Okay. , I don't have to show you
152:11 because we just did that yesterday. uh, if I was teaching a
152:16 class, this would have been two later. So I bring it up
152:24 . Okay. So again, we about microfossils being our main tool.
152:31 what ends up being our But out those fossils, what we're looking for
152:36 uh bio horizons. And another thing we develop our bio zones and then
152:43 course we get all these strata, charts that help us put it together
152:47 all these different data sources. But haven't talked about it yet. A
153:03 quite horizon. This is a pointed . Well, it's not really physical
153:11 bio horizon. So that top creates influence and the face will create,
153:28 would be a plane that's the bible zone might be defined by. And
153:49 don't know if you've noticed on the . Uh we have, that's,
154:05 how so that would be say this all five by this figures.
154:52 Um, this is showing you it's something that relates to local ranges
155:05 for whatever reason through time the environmental changed over here. Uh and this
155:15 just went extinct. But there was barrier here that kept the same thing
155:19 living over here. It never got to this part of the basin or
155:23 base. And um, so this a local range. This is a
155:28 range. The total range of the in time is actually this and
155:33 So the actual first appearance datum is . The actual last appearance datum for
155:39 species is there. But we can paleo geographic or or long term things
155:45 what what we do in our composite and what America had done uh in
155:51 with hundreds of thousands of our crop well data samples. We were trying
155:58 find this globally. And we were to find that global and there's actually
156:06 . I know of several fossils and planted things. It's really rare.
156:11 , but goni all assisted Jurassic to limited to uh the Jurassic. its
156:18 is limited to the Jurassic almost all the world except offshore Australia. And
156:26 gets up into the cretaceous. It's uh is sister Jurassic is how we
156:32 the Cambridge play all over the Except in the North Sea. I
156:35 except in the Northwest Australia. And there's been there were barriers removed.
156:41 took it a while to get there and it lived longer because Australia is
156:45 a very unique place. And uh was too long ago for kangaroos to
156:50 anything to do with it. But think kangaroos had something that's a
156:56 Okay. But anyway, once this was removed up here, this is
157:01 weird diagram. This is the barrier occurring here and then the there's no
157:06 lined up here because the barrier was and this thing was able to migrate
157:12 this particular sub basin and become prolific it actually lasted longer than it did
157:17 here. So we know there's a uh, when when we work in
157:21 basin when built composite standards first started it, why am I walking up
157:29 diagrams? Uh we were trying to out what, you know, we
157:35 worked in the gulf of Mexico. we had something like this. But
157:38 wanted to find out what was But most importantly because it's top what
157:44 the absolute top of it. And literally sent people all over the world
157:52 . And uh we found is that we're working in like this would be
157:57 North sea uh say if this was Jurassic and the sister Jurassic to a
158:06 I'm giving say this was assistant Jurassic in the North Sea. Here it
158:11 in northwest also uh North west shelf Australia. Um we realized we could
158:19 a composite standard like this global But then if you work in a
158:29 to figure out what the picture was is, we don't we don't we
158:37 this top in this case we don't that. Okay. And when we
158:44 in this space and we didn't know . Otherwise we're throwing data. So
158:49 developed composite standards that were associated with contents of different bases all around.
158:56 like there was a north sea Mexico, santa, Zoe. And
159:11 there would be a north sea Uh excuse me. Uh in a
159:24 and when I developed when I worked different parts of the gulf of
159:29 uh they're all in one particular Look at the data and figure out
159:39 , and I could tell the a lot of the things didn't change
159:44 . There are things for example that not impacted by. And uh so
159:50 might have a range of fossil top fossil top base here, that's consistent
159:56 . That's what the global type. then once we get into an area
160:03 can modify where those tops are there be an absolute popular faces. It's
160:08 be and uh trust me, there's lot of paleontologists that don't even know
160:18 . I'm not sure why, but . And so uh the localized ranges
160:27 course are not errors. Signal something's on in the geology. For
160:32 this barrier might be really important in of oil generation, how much
160:41 Um so some of the various and has to do with the production of
161:01 that end up in total. Organic ends up in the periods of
161:06 Just amazing in terms of Okay, Not yet, but the but that's
161:25 it's really important. The difference in things are not hearers and then what
161:33 showing you here, the red one the absolute that but these are the
161:36 , this is a look. And the differences here are not errors.
161:44 actually telling us something about something, event, something at the scale.
161:59 sorts of uh all sorts of things impact these kinds of things because they
162:08 create different types of barriers, barriers are bigger to ethics and less to
162:15 antics. But what I was telling about the northwest yell versus the North
162:22 . This is a really unusual and different occurrence of tops across continents.
162:36 , we'll take our lunch break now we're gonna we're gonna get through these
162:41 bio horizons and bio zones pretty And the reason is because you guys
162:46 questions. I think you're going to it better when I start talking about
162:51 we're getting the building blocks. Pretty my slides are doing the right
162:56 but but knowing what you're not catching what I'm saying is really, really
163:04 . And so I really like the that we're getting, you know,
163:07 both asking questions. Well, Megan's executive, but Meghan's been shaking her
163:12 , so I'm thinking she's paying Okay. And I could tell that
163:21 I explained that to you, That you two didn't. Yeah, because
163:30 God, there's all these variables just about things. We don't even,
163:34 thing is you don't even need to the names. You know what you
163:38 to know is that fossils tell you this incredibly detailed information which all has
163:44 impact on the geology, which all an impact on hydrocarbon deposits occurring in
163:51 first place? And reservoirs occurring in first place. Okay with that.
163:58 take a break. And when I back here at 12:30 Megan, are
164:05 gonna stay here two? Oh, wanted to reheat it? Oh,
164:16 didn't take it out either. We have plates in there. But you
164:39 clever enough to put it on So we don't have to look to
164:53 . Thanks. It's not too Okay, maybe earlier. Yeah,
165:10 might be back before then Megan if have to leave just shut the door
165:22 let the ta know that you showed . Oh actually if their doors
165:28 Yeah. Yeah. Okay. Let's you a little
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