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00:04 Too much. This. Mhm. . Is yes. Oh,

00:37 Ok, folks. Uh welcome. , uh let's see. So now

00:45 gonna finish up 13 during the uh which is getting more into the

00:52 of the that's and bolts, if will of respiration, um Then uh

01:02 continue that. So basically, once in 14, we'll be in 14

01:07 next week. And then, so Thursday we finish up the last of

01:13 , which is totally crazy and that unit two. So that's the end

01:19 unit two is the end of next . Ok. Which is, so

01:23 , the exam is two. So schedule I sent out the email

01:28 the scheduler for exam two opens on 10th. Ok, which is up

01:35 February March 10th here, which is week, right? Uh after this

01:43 , the week from tomorrow schedule. , uh that when you come back

01:49 spring break, it's at the end that week, right? So

01:54 25th. So, um uh so go back for a quiz, I

02:04 it's pretty great. So once we next Thursday, then it comes to

02:08 quiz, right? And the unit , uh, will have uh more

02:15 as, right. We'll cover 6 , 6 13 and uh 14.

02:24 . And um, and I'm gonna that at the end. So I'll

02:29 this a lot in the email more once before we get there. But

02:34 gonna be like the, I think due on the 20th. So

02:39 So the 17th To the 20th, when that unit will come out.

02:45 you'd be like a lot of more beforehand to you before you take

02:52 So it gives you a lot of to do that. So, um

02:56 that's when that will be in our quiz times. OK? So

03:02 it gives you more time to if want to study up on it and

03:06 take it again. But again, send us an email, we'll leave

03:10 email coming up. So uh it uh so there is um there's no

03:22 to do for this exam. So not gonna be a need for a

03:26 . But um we're gonna go through an example of one type of

03:33 but it doesn't require any high level , right? So it's a

03:37 more addition of traction than anything else it's not asking you for value,

03:41 asking you. OK? A yes no answer based on the number

03:47 you see what I mean when we there. OK. So uh

03:50 and this, this uh The one area that can be a little bit

03:59 uh tricky, so to speak, tricky but can be confusing. Is

04:04 reduction potential? OK. I'm gonna through that here in about 20 minutes

04:08 so and that's where I see one these kind of problems I'm talking

04:12 So, um, so we'll go it. Um, if you already

04:17 at it, you know, that the table that gives you in

04:20 book on reduction potentials that in itself be confusing. OK. So

04:24 we're gonna go through that. Um , and uh hopefully make you make

04:30 , I'll, I'll make you make of it. OK. So uh

04:34 start here with this question. So , here's a picture of the

04:39 right? Let's say the E coli got different parts labeled in here.

04:44 we kind of went through this last , right? The whole process of

04:50 respiration. OK. So this is uh one way to test yourself,

04:57 know, do you, do you of know these steps uh what's going

05:00 ? So here's a question um here that says says, what is D

05:12 . What is the? OK. Is it which one of those

05:21 Thanks. Mhm If you see, things, it's probably obvious to

05:49 but when you see the same so all the ages obviously refer to

05:53 same thing, the, the s to the same thing. OK.

05:58 Well, we're focused on D here you may find that helpful or

06:11 OK. I'm gonna count down from 28th 10. Yeah, it 543

06:40 usually a surge at the end. . Uh Yes. If you answered

06:50 you are correct. OK. You away. So this is not a

06:56 question, but it just asks what is, what is J G

07:01 F et cetera, right? So is, it is. Yeah.

07:11 bait, right? P bait pi not gonna write these all out,

07:15 that's um what's J going to K part of this thing? What's that

07:27 ? Yeah. D P A. J has got A B E

07:35 Yes. Kay is the big That's what, that's the big,

07:40 the one we made. That's the of the whole thing is to make

07:43 , right? What's K? So eight J has to be AD

07:49 , right? So, anyway, um you can go through uh see

07:53 you can guess these, although they're here, right? Kind of that

07:57 , more or less, right? So uh like I said last

08:02 so knowing the stages, right? need to know the individual, all

08:04 individual reactions, of course, all myriad of enzymes but kind of the

08:11 what goes in what goes out uh terms here to see. Uh of

08:15 , knowing that this represents oxidative right? That's a biggie. Um

08:22 And then uh we talked about that . So of course, respiration encompasses

08:29 causes this step here of pyro So away and the transport chain.

08:37 those are called the four stages of , right? 1234, then fermentation

08:42 kind of another option. A a may do if they can do

08:47 Uh But it's, but it's I keep it separate because I don't want

08:50 to think of fermentation as a form respiration, I guess, right?

08:55 it's not, it's just totally different restoration. OK. So uh and

09:00 we looked at, so we, ended with fermentation, right? So

09:04 looked at the process of the main being, you know, regenerating because

09:10 fermentation has as an energy source is . OK. Now we'll learn if

09:17 go beyond this class, whatever that study more about bacteria and whatnot

09:22 Yeah, f in the glycolysis is part of many bacterial fermentation, but

09:27 doesn't just have to be glycolysis. other things that can substitute. Don't

09:31 about that, but just, you , it's, it's not bacterial fermentation

09:37 , not all of them necessarily like as a part that they can have

09:42 else as a part of, but worry about it. But for your

09:48 , uh we're gonna, we're just on black causes as being a part

09:52 fermentation that, that we're looking Yeah, which is a lot,

09:55 lot of them of course, just black policies as a part of.

09:59 anyway, so the point is that is this is to support this,

10:03 ? The fermenter has to support this that's his energy source, ok?

10:07 to do that, you need to resupplying any DH. Right. So

10:11 basically, we're trying to keep this part intact, ok? This

10:22 and keep that because that's like it's keep that going, right. So

10:27 keeps applying this, obviously, it applying this, right? And of

10:31 , ad P is gonna be you have to be sort of worried

10:34 that. But those are the basically reactor in the E glucose ad pe

10:41 in the right. How do you that? You have to keep regenerating

10:45 , right? And you do that taking by taking and red reduce it

10:49 other organic acids and alcohols. And in the process you regenerate the

10:56 AD, OK? As N A becomes oxidized, OK. So that's

11:02 . OK. And uh so any questions? So what we're gonna

11:09 now is kind of just getting a bit of the uh descriptions of the

11:14 cycle um and kind of the overall and then one other kind of metabolism

11:20 we can talk about. OK. it's the T C A cycle.

11:25 , um uh so remember this, stage here, stage two, I

11:30 it is what supplies kind of the, the starting material if you

11:37 for the crop cycle, which is A OK. So the pate coming

11:42 of glycolysis pate. So we the of them and there's two and they

11:49 go through this process of becoming oxidized a forming A. So you do

11:57 some energy here. OK. the thing about this step is um

12:03 remember last time I talked about an overall uh negative dot process releases

12:11 . You can have steps along the that you may need to put in

12:15 little bit of energy to make the more reactive. OK? We saw

12:20 with like causes, right? The investment, right? We had to

12:24 of answer manage the glucose to get going, right? But, but

12:27 gonna get a surplus back. It's the same thing kind of here

12:32 now where we're at pyro. So kind of has to be think of

12:36 as energized, right? To become reactive and get into the crept

12:41 And the way to do that is combining it with this molecule here.

12:47 co A OK? It's a, see, it's a um it comes

12:54 , it's made from you, look your cereal box ingredients, right?

13:00 uh or any kind of what they fortified food, fortified with B

13:05 right? Um You'll see pantothenic acid there. Panic acid is what's used

13:10 make um CO A and you see high energy bond here, right?

13:15 that's really the key like you see A P, the same thing.

13:19 by combining that With you, take and take co2 off decarboxylate and you

13:27 what's left with that co A, ? And you form that high energy

13:34 . So it gives it energy, ? So that enables it to get

13:38 the prep cycle. OK. And go through these series of interviews,

13:45 ? So the crypt cycle, if ever looked on a metabolic chart that

13:52 all the metabolisms are going on, know, in your body, for

13:56 , right? Because we have creb that you're gonna see arrows going to

14:02 cycle, arrows going away from crip . It's what we call a um

14:08 term is an bolic abo don't need know that, but antibotic pathway is

14:14 that supplies both metabolism and ans. it kind of link to two.

14:19 ? And there's there's a few um not about processes that are like

14:25 right? Or, and, and is actually a big one.

14:29 Because you have like if you eat back, if, if uh proteins

14:36 as a carbon source are broken down they actually funnel into the crib

14:40 for example, fat metabolism and when are broken down lipids, they actually

14:45 into acetal, which then goes into creb cycle. So, so you

14:51 different metabolic pathways feeding into it. And also you have anabolic pathways that

14:58 it to make things like amino um and other bio synthetic building

15:05 So these different intermediates here can be for those purposes, OK? That

15:12 can go on and use to build else. So like I said,

15:15 what we call a central point in . OK? Um If you take

15:21 , you'll learn more of the details this but, but for our

15:26 but certainly for that. But of , it's for the energy production,

15:30 ? N A DS N A DH being produced, right? And this

15:35 other electron carrier fa DH two, ? And then of course, we

15:40 form a little bit of A T . So remember this, this right

15:45 . That is that substrate level that's how we're making that A T

15:51 . OK? We're gonna take all N A DH S here and fa

15:57 two and here and here and We're gonna funnel those two electron

16:04 We're gonna make a bunch of A P s, but that's the oxidative

16:08 , right? This is this here a substrate level phosphor. OK.

16:13 anyway, what's the total here we're ? OK. So there's two ways

16:17 look at it. OK? It's away. So you have to

16:22 right? The quantities, right? glucose 22 A, right? So

16:31 ace goes through twice for each right? If you're forming two of

16:37 , for each glucose, it's gonna once and twice around. OK?

16:40 if you look at it per it says obviously you double that if

16:45 looking at it per glucose. So 622. And so, um

16:53 of course, remember that uh we forming two of these from the uh

17:02 right here, from that one from to see, gives us a couple

17:06 D. Then we also have a from um from like lysis.

17:16 And two, it's not gonna work me. Let me try that one

17:25 time. So we have two from and two from the Sea of Kuwait

17:30 production. OK. Two go. we get um 10, we actually

17:40 10. Let me put this back here. We actually get 10,

17:43 plus two plus 268, 10 to DH went from glucose to CO2

17:49 So that's the other thing. So is finally oxidized. So we get

17:52 of the CO2 here and here and here, right? So then we

17:59 oxide glucose. So we done. . And um you will see a

18:05 of all the energy here in, on the next slide. But uh

18:09 point is we're and 80, we're 80 is along the way,

18:14 So, um OK. Next, , here, let's look at the

18:22 process. So here's what we've, done after we completed this.

18:28 So uh in yellow, you can the um uh different stages,

18:36 And so uh glycolysis prate oxidation as look a T C A cycle.

18:44 . And then the energy capture right , here and here. OK.

18:52 so the blue boxes are our electron we've created, right fa DH

18:58 OK. And they're gonna go to course, electron transport chain.

19:03 So those electrons are gonna be fueling system, right? Fill it

19:09 right? And of course, we to maintain flow, right? So

19:13 gonna have to have 02 if you're restoration, OK. Asian. And

19:21 gonna be sitting right here, Oxygen, right? Or nitrate if

19:26 anaerobic restoration, but that's gonna keep flow going, right? And

19:30 we're gonna find out today what's so about oxygen. OK. But that's

19:33 keep the flow going that has been . And so that, that generates

19:39 proton gradient, right? That's gonna able to uh you see right

19:44 OK. That's gonna fuel the A P syn. So you can see

19:49 amount of A T P S you , right. So the oxidative phosphorylation

19:54 , right? Compared to substrate level , 34 versus four, right?

20:00 I can say tender one that's more a 81 but still much more GP

20:06 the oxidative phosphor. So um and get hung up on the, the

20:13 . So people say um oxidative phos only allow oxygen because the words are

20:20 , right? No oxidative phosphorylation occurs an erotic respiration. OK. The

20:26 , this means the oxidizing, Oxidation reduction. OK. So um

20:33 lots of A T P through OK. Now, um OK.

20:39 questions? So we're gonna look at couple of quick questions here to kind

20:43 recap this part to take a And then um We're gonna end with

20:53 13 with uh with um aromatic. gates have aromatic compounds. Nothing extensive

21:03 just mention a couple of things. . Hey, source is in bold

21:47 for a reason. That's it. . Hey, cut down for 20

22:31 . OK. I knew if I something about source that you would pick

22:35 . I didn't say it for that to pick it. OK? Because

22:38 not, it's, that's not None of these are true. None

22:43 OK. What is the source that , where does the N DH come

22:50 ? How do you form those by ? What is the, what is

22:56 source? The, what is? N H is the way we,

23:01 the part that interacts with electron transport . But what's actually the source for

23:05 ? You don't make any DH S you have the source to make them

23:08 the carbon source, which time and is our example is glucose but it's

23:13 be whatever that is, right? did you eat for lunch today?

23:19 didn't, he didn't eat lunch. . You didn't eat lunch, eat

23:23 electrons. And he's like, um the, the through the, the

23:31 of the electron. So it's not make any gauge, right, just

23:34 itself, right? Because there are of these electron carry that becomes

23:39 right? But there's something that is electrons to make that reduced.

23:44 So it's gonna be the source is be the, the fat, the

23:48 , whatever the thing is eating, on. Right. So, um

23:54 becomes reduced right to water. Uh becomes oxidized during a silic formation.

24:02 You don't have to have a glu doesn't require oxygen, right? It's

24:07 . Um fermentation is the same. , that's part of the main,

24:11 said this months before um the E , that's not right. E that's

24:23 too. OK? Many times OK? Because, and I put

24:28 in on purpose to convince me Is its own little box,

24:33 It doesn't when you hear respiration, ? Yeah. Anaerobic maybe uh

24:39 But the respiration part, right? , right? Progra A T P

24:44 S et cetera. None of that's of. So, none of these

24:48 true. OK. So um let's at this next question. OK.

24:56 this does make the fermentation specifically. . Um which which apply here,

25:05 fermentation or applies to if there's more one that Having just describe what fermentation

25:29 . It isn't. I expect I'm gonna expect 100%, but at least

25:36 . Correct. OK. Let's count for 10. Lost my timer.

25:59 . A 21. uh ok. are the two C is correct?

26:15 A yeah, A and C. . So F is obviously correct.

26:20 and C part two A, a . See. OK. OK.

26:31 right. Um so last, the thing that close up 13, just

26:35 little bit about aromatic uh metabolism, , aromatic compound. So number

26:45 that's, that's strictly the domain of that can do this. I'm not

26:50 of anything beyond bacteria capable of degrading compounds. OK. So aromatic compounds

26:58 defined by combat, I have these rings in them. OK? As

27:02 see here. And that's that the I, so these are very

27:07 of course, crude oil and crude products uh can have these um paint

27:14 dyes um um uh is actually wood trees, uh high wind uh a

27:24 . So the thing about compounds is pretty stable. They are not easy

27:30 break down. OK. The key breaking them down is by breaking that

27:38 , it's OK. And that's really we look at this, that's really

27:41 it boils. That is, is the enzyme that can do that.

27:47 you break the ring, then that's much the, the whole battle,

27:50 know. So it opens up and basically, then it can funnel into

27:55 respiration. OK? So the key this is breaking the ring and the

28:00 that do this are only found in . OK. And so the other

28:05 is aromatic compounds or as you're probably , can be quite toxic.

28:11 And quite toxic in relatively small Ok. So uh these of

28:17 uh these are one of the areas I think I mentioned bioremediation before using

28:24 systems to get rid of our so to speak. Right. Wastewater

28:29 is a type of bioremediation. Um getting rid of these kind of,

28:33 often found in different types of And so using bacteria that have these

28:39 to put them in these areas to up these kinds of pollution spills contain

28:45 compounds. OK? Um And so , the um the way this is

28:55 again is to break the ring. . Here's the thing. Now,

28:59 , some uh aromatic compounds very common different types of, of uh

29:04 OK. And so the two groups sumas and RTO coccus. Um One

29:12 gram positive, one g negative but pseudo in particular has a lot of

29:17 very metabolism. They've generally engineered it , to, to um make it

29:22 better aromatic carbon Degra um the pathway these um to do this are not

29:31 , they're generally on plasmas. We'll about this later, but plasmas are

29:35 be transferred between cells and uh the uh that, that, that we

29:41 to engineer these strains and put them in the environment to kind of help

29:45 up these, where these, compounds, uh, are,

29:50 are part of a pollution that have or what have you. Um,

29:56 , uh, one common source is old, um, tanks. So

30:00 station of course, have tanks on ground that hold the gasoline and for

30:06 stations that have been around forever or now, not even in,

30:09 business, the tanks are still there the ground. They contend to

30:12 that's where some of these compounds can out and uh getting the ground

30:16 getting the ground water and they can water supply, obviously affect you.

30:20 um these are kind of some of areas where they've kind of used these

30:24 of bacteria to clean up these uh compounds. And so um and so

30:29 key here is, I don't, focus on the specific enzyme but do

30:36 the last part that died oxygen A . So that's the part of the

30:44 word if you will, that you remember that, right? So that

30:49 molecules pretty much how everything applies uh oxygen to the ring. OK.

30:56 they all fall down. Uh two . OK. That's kind of the

31:05 molecule we become following addition of these at through the dioxin base.

31:13 Takes a slight, a different but it still gets to the same

31:19 molecule has to go through benzoate and two cat, but no less when

31:24 here. Now, the addition of to the brain actually makes it amenable

31:31 cleavage of the ring. OK. is what you see happening here.

31:37 part of the second most important one is the, this is the broken

31:42 , the ring cleavage product if you . OK. So once you get

31:46 , then it can fairly easily go , converted into products that go into

31:52 prep cycle, et cetera. So we'll see it again here on

31:56 next slide here. OK. So , here's C and there's the bacteria

32:03 different versions of the uh the 12 23, just determine what part of

32:09 ring attacks. OK. In that , you're going to break the

32:14 OK? And once you do so can then form these products,

32:20 See the to get into the T A cycle uh or the way in

32:25 case, the micro we are aware the part of restoration. So basically

32:31 now getting, producing an A DH a T P S, et

32:37 right? So it's a carbon carbon and energy source for those that

32:41 it. OK. Um But they have um adaptations to be able to

32:49 this kind of compounds. So like said, they, they're, they

32:52 be toxic. So the bacteria have that lessen the toxicity to them.

32:59 Often one of the things uh they're very aromatic compounds don't tend to be

33:04 water soluble. Ok. So the that eat these things have um chemicals

33:11 um Surfas. Surfas are like the that you may be aware of if

33:16 ever clean your carpet, right? see that foaming action that's kind of

33:20 surfactant. It helps to kind of get the dirt out of the

33:24 Is that the application? But for , it kind of helps them solubilized

33:28 um aromatic compounds. So these, surfactants help to enable them to take

33:34 in and eat it. OK. you kind of have to have some

33:37 features are not able to uh utilize kind of compound, but of

33:42 they do and we've used them to and use them for these kind of

33:47 of cleaning up pollutants and things. ? Um So the take away

33:53 it used aromatic compounds, right? the ring is the kind of main

34:01 that's formed and the auction to the helps make it uh cleave,

34:06 Or eases that process and then the the cleaved product, the mutate.

34:12 then it can be falled into curb , et cetera. OK. Uh

34:19 through the processes we talked about OK. Um Any Questions. So

34:27 gonna get into 14 now. So in 14, question in 14

34:37 OK. So we gonna start with the reduction potential concept. So what

34:41 gonna do is um it kind of to the question of really this diagram

34:48 gone time and again, right at um electron transport chain. A and

34:58 . OK. So we have this little box, right? And we

35:04 source on one side, the acceptor the other, right? And so

35:11 , it's about what are the how can the, how can the

35:15 use based on what, what it's in the environment donor accepted, right

35:22 support its respiration? Um How, was that decision made? Right.

35:28 course, it doesn't have a brain design, but it's all based on

35:33 , right? What's most energetically favorable what will be utilized? OK.

35:38 so it's kind of really about And so that's why we talk about

35:44 potential. That's what enables us to that out. OK. And so

35:49 is just showing you. Um so course, we're talking about uh relapse

35:55 , electron transfers here. OK. we've been aware for few years now

36:01 type of bacteria in this geo factor see here that can um actually transfer

36:08 to another species very a lot of in terms of um biotechnology. But

36:17 so you see here a source, ? In most cases, it acetate

36:20 carbon source or electron source more correctly becomes oxidized. OK. In both

36:28 , so geo backer can take those and actually use some for itself.

36:33 then then also there's a this is conductive material in the middle between

36:38 OK. Uh Right, there, thing. So kind of conducted here

36:44 the cells and and the other species . Mets are signed here by

36:51 So it actually kind of uh funnels to that species that then uses it

36:56 carry out its own cab. So interesting. Um And, and uh

37:03 species here, uh the conductor material actually little ali or appendages. They

37:09 like little wires that contacts the other and electrons pass through it. Um

37:16 they're not, that's why they draw little here into a form of

37:21 but it's been studied pretty extensively I know the Department of Navy is

37:26 at it for different reasons. You use it as a way to uh

37:30 source here could be a number of things. It could be waste of

37:33 sort that you could use it in a lot of potentially um in

37:39 applications. OK. The point is about like on transfer we're kind of

37:44 about in this chapter. OK. so uh so we've looked at um

37:51 looking at uh with the fermentation, ? So both of these are using

37:57 organic sources, right? And then uh organic respiration, whether aerobic or

38:06 , uh we have a source, have a thermal acceptor, we have

38:12 cycle, et cetera, right? course, that's absolute. And so

38:17 gonna, we gonna focus on really donor accepted by using respiration.

38:24 And I'm not gonna do this But we, we, we,

38:28 have this right, the source um the electronic city system uh the energy

38:34 protons. Um then of course, energy uh for and then um keeping

38:42 flow going, right? You wanna what we call a strong molecule up

38:48 , that's very good at donating donating electrons, excuse me, a

38:54 donor like a DH and a So if you have those that are

39:00 at their thing wasn't really good at up electrons or one really good at

39:06 electrons that keeps the flow going. that's really the choice. So,

39:11 here in the environment, we don't a lot of choices, right?

39:15 it, if it s two and that's more or less the choices,

39:20 got the bacteria in the environment, environment they have are more versatile,

39:26 ? They can have a number of that are on this side.

39:32 Uh on on this side and a of things on this side.

39:36 Now what combo goes together, What combination will work is all based

39:42 bioenergetics? OK. And that's really we're focusing here on in, in

39:48 first part, right? Is this reduction potential, right? And so

39:54 so let's look at that. So table, that's the first thing that

39:58 everybody off. OK. Understandably, ? When I was looking at this

40:03 the first time, I was OK, So what you gotta do

40:09 um so number one um it's a , right? It's a ranking of

40:18 in terms of their ability to be good electron acceptor. OK. So

40:24 ranking from worst, worst at the to best at the bottom.

40:32 So focus on the pink. So best, the worst. They

40:39 my pen would work. OK. it again. So worst, this

40:47 worst. First, I'm gonna kill thing. OK. OK. Worst

41:02 . OK. Where's the best like in terms of being electron to

41:09 Pink, pink, all OK. the best? Um And that's what

41:15 potential is, is how good is at accepting electrons? Right? The

41:21 of molecules to accept electrons plus a value? Great. It loves

41:28 right? No, no, it's um no reason why it there is

41:36 that's why oxygen is that right there the bottom is, is best,

41:41 best at highest value. OK. far behind nitrate, right? Talked

41:46 that before, but again, highest off, highest reduction potentially.

41:52 So OK. So that's 11 thing look at. OK. And so

41:58 you're, when you're looking at these , so you notice, of course

42:02 , you can look at these as pairs, right? Uh So for

42:07 , this one, OK, I I have that here here at the

42:11 right here. OK. Fine. you see how we have I drew

42:16 like this, right? There's the plus and there's H two,

42:20 So we're just focusing on the one boxed in right here. OK.

42:25 me uh get rid of that uh . OK. Focusing on that.

42:31 right. And so um the the protons as electronics separate to form

42:38 , that's what we're looking at. . And so we see, so

42:42 other thing is this value E and G, how those two relate to

42:48 other, right? Um Let me flash forward real quick and you can

42:52 that right here, right, right . So F is a fair a

42:57 . You don't need to worry about N is the number of electrons.

43:01 ? E is the uh reduction right? The value you see here

43:07 that column under E OK. So positive reduction potential equates to a native

43:15 you can see down here with right? A plus a 20 uh

43:23 reduction potential. Very good electronic OK? That equates to a lot

43:29 energy, OK, minus 1 58 G OK? Energy production.

43:35 So um so you what you wanna then? So, so a good

43:40 . So we know what a good is. Now, remember it's gonna

43:43 that one on this side, Like on the transport chain over here

43:47 electrons, right? Um We know oxygen is gonna be great,

43:51 Or anything that's at the bottom of pink column is gonna be good,

43:55 ? Whether it's oxygen or iron, plus nitrate, what have you?

44:00 . They're all have plus reduction which to negative delta G, right?

44:07 . OK. Now, what about guy at front? So that's,

44:12 like that's a different property. It's accepting electrons, it's donating,

44:19 It's donating, it's different, obviously from accepting donor. Need somebody that's

44:23 at that. Right. So how we evaluate what's good in terms of

44:27 ? Because our table is set up , in terms of acceptor,

44:33 Bad, bad to best, worst best, right? So what about

44:39 donor? Well, that's where you to. So I need just to

44:44 here. So here's our hydrogen, ? So again, we always have

44:49 forms, right? We have the that accepts and the one that's the

44:53 of the production, right? And see the value minus 4 20

44:59 Equates to a positive delta G. plus is not a good choice,

45:04 ? For an acceptor. OK. we, but what about 82?

45:12 if we look at that? As they don't. So we can

45:16 too, right? Because we know can do that if we look at

45:23 reverse reaction, hydrogen oxidize the protons electrons. OK? That's how you

45:32 the donor, right? You have look in the blue, but we

45:37 to make the blue, the right, becoming oxidized right to the

45:47 , right? So hydrogen gas to plus electrons um uh Glucose,

45:57 The co2 right? Looking at at donor side, right? They have

46:02 flip it around. OK. So look here. OK. So there's

46:09 ways to kind of everybody has a way to kind of understand stuff

46:15 By the oil, right? You use these kind of devices. Ation

46:19 lost, reduction is gain, Uh there's different ways to think about

46:23 reduction potential. OK. One So a more positive reduction potential.

46:30 oxygen right means reducing the electronic OK, which is 02 02 is

46:38 acceptor form, right? Water is product of that reduction. OK.

46:45 that, that yields more energy, ? Because we know that because this

46:51 to a negative big negative delta G ? So sure, let's do that

46:59 now. The next part, a negative value, right? This guy

47:05 means that oxidizing the donor, So take this and oxidize it

47:14 Take that that member of the right? And oxidize it that will

47:21 we were going to change that sign A plus 4 20 because we're going

47:28 the other direction and we're gonna flip , right? That's gonna equate to

47:32 plus 4 20 millivolts and A minus delta G, right? So to

47:42 H plus would be a bad choice a donor because it wouldn't it,

47:49 it it essentially becomes a positive You have to actually put in energy

47:54 make it work. OK? Um it's not a good choice. Um

48:01 use, let's see what H2 gives what oxide, hydrogen gas get a

48:07 of energy. OK? And so the essence of this whole thing is

48:16 and a couple of them a little good at accepting. That's really what

48:20 falls out of. Right, having two things together and we'll see it

48:25 here. OK? So we call pairs, we call them redox

48:30 OK? H two H plus 0 , right? Redox couples.

48:37 So in the acceptor form, That's right from the table,

48:43 But if we use the reverse to at H two as an electron

48:47 so we're, we're scrapping it that at it as a donor,

48:51 And so we are doing the reverse , we flip signs, OK?

48:57 so uh that now becomes a plus , 20 millivolts which equates to a

49:01 delt to G OK. And so we combine it like this, all

49:06 , H two as our donor uh is our acceptor. And that's a

49:12 , in the bacterial world. This , I'm gonna say it very

49:19 but it's fairly common. OK? can do this. OK. Um

49:27 it's such a, the H two a donor is a, it be

49:31 lot of energy, right? Couple with air preparation because it all adds

49:36 , right? The energy you get this, you can combine it with

49:40 energy you get from that, you a total energy output. OK?

49:45 as you see here, it's it's additive, right? So you

49:50 a lot of energies in it. why it's very common in the bacterial

49:53 . Many different types of bacteria can this, right? Um And H

49:59 is, is can, I'm can be readily fat. It's not

50:04 uncommon. It's a, it's a of, of fermentation is very often

50:09 . Um So you, you'll find as a AAA not uncommon metabolic activity

50:15 they could have is they're able to hydrogen um for this for this

50:19 OK. OK. And so it applies to whatever pairs you're looking

50:24 , right? Donor acceptor. it could be, you know,

50:28 bacterial type IKEA is at the mercy its surrounds, right? So I

50:33 find myself in a scenario where maybe of the two isn't that great,

50:38 they got no choice. OK. , the bottom line is if,

50:45 you add them together, right? it still give you a negative?

50:51 if it, if it can, it does, then you can use

50:55 , one can use it. So , it's not always this case where

50:59 may be ideal, right? One one is a great donor, one's

51:03 great except one may be kind of of the road, right? Or

51:06 so good. But if together it's net negative of the G, that's

51:11 you got to have, right? , um so to reiterate the point

51:20 once again, OK. So this something we're familiar with N A DH

51:25 ad and, right? Um aerobic . OK. So N ad um

51:34 itself is not a good uh OK. Not inject favorable, all

51:41 . Uh And a DH is a donor, right? So if we

51:45 at it from this perspective and reverse , right? And then we're gonna

51:50 the signs, right? As we that, it is energetic F N

51:54 DH A DH very right now, course, we, we reduce and

52:00 even know that because we N A throughout the whole process of like cause

52:04 respiration. So even if it's you have to remember that even though

52:09 , it's these values here, Positive delta G. Remember that N

52:14 is working in the concept of an and a substrate, right? So

52:19 have these other parameters of you remember you can manipulate Delta G,

52:24 With a pro uh reactiv product uh an enzyme itself can facilitate

52:30 So even though it's not great, still does happen, OK? But

52:35 terms of the donor, that's really . OK. And so we combine

52:42 with aerobic respiration, right? With , I'm sorry, this is aero

52:47 , right? And we get the addity effect, right? Adding these

52:51 together uh gives us an even bigger G. OK? This is what

52:58 what happens with your mitochondria, With N A DH or, and

53:02 well as FA DS too, a of energy and this equates this equates

53:10 lots of A T P S, ? So, so let, let

53:13 put it this way, this equates , right, remember the proton

53:18 That's where the energy comes from, pump protons at, right? It

53:23 equates to to your production and maintenance a proton grading. That's where the

53:30 goes to. OK. Then of , but that used to make a

53:36 all together, right? So bigger here, big number here, more

53:43 T P, more growth, et . All right. So it all

53:47 together. OK? Um OK. , let's go through this example and

53:57 we'll pause for questions. OK? basically going through the same exercise we

54:01 of just went through, right? I leave you on your own to

54:05 this one. OK. So here's from the table. Could a bacterium

54:11 energy from Xin as a donor and as an acceptor? OK. So

54:20 what you gotta do if you're evaluating donor, right? Compared to the

54:26 right now, what now what changes a result? OK. So we

54:32 this up on that for a So just a yes or no

54:39 OK? And again, this goes to the question of you know what

54:46 the bacteria that can require use? on what's available or what it can

54:52 . May not always be ideal. . Yes. OK. Let's count

55:25 here an example of the kind of you'll see, you'll see one of

55:36 on the, on the blackboard but it doesn't involve, you

55:40 higher order math, right? I to figure this out with a

55:44 Um So, all right. Now chan 21. Yeah. OK.

56:03 right. Let's see if you're Um All right. So you're just

56:08 by step. So this is kind the process I use, you mean

56:11 need to do all this but I to set the thing up. So

56:15 is what we're trying to do right? So using sex as a

56:19 , we're gonna oxide that to right? The electrons will go to

56:23 electron transport chain, the nitrate will them becoming nitrate. OK. So

56:30 looking at so we have to do what you do when you evaluate the

56:34 , right? We have to reverse reaction, right? So that um

56:41 reduction potential becomes a negative reduction This is the, this is the

56:47 value that's been for the sign has changed, right? So here is

56:53 E value that's delta G of So that equates to a now a

56:59 . So the plus 33 in the here, right? Has changed to

57:03 minus because we're reversing reaction. The donor, right, becoming oxidized

57:08 that becomes a plus delta G and go oh oh plus delta G doesn't

57:11 good, right? But then you to figure out figure the nitrate,

57:16 ? Very energy producing, right? reduction potential equating to a negative um

57:24 G. OK. So that can that. Not so great donor,

57:31 ? And it can still work, can produce energy for the organism.

57:35 . So the answer is yes. . So, um you know,

57:39 , it all depends on because the the bacterium is gonna have to have

57:46 specific enzymes that will be able to with Xin, for example, and

57:51 , with nitrate has to have That's number one. If it

57:54 then it can uh potentially use these as a combination if it needs

58:00 OK. Obviously, if it has and something better than Xin available,

58:06 leave that first, right? But is all it has is. So

58:10 all about the energetics. Is it or not? OK. Any questions

58:16 that? OK. So uh let's at this question. So these are

58:25 of the things to also be aware and be able to evaluate when you're

58:31 at um AAA redox reaction. So again, take it from the

58:41 , let me get the bottom. these three statements. OK. Is

58:46 a false statement here? OK. it's really just about, you

59:35 being able to evaluate and knowing the donor versus weak donor, strong

59:40 weak acceptor. OK. So let's down from 24. Yes,

60:08 Um ok. Uh Let's see. it requires energy to reduce N AD

60:18 . So I think that's probably the obvious one, right? We can

60:22 that. Uh That's definitely true, ? Because we can see it's a

60:27 um A plus delta G there, ? So of course, it takes

60:32 to do that. OK. So , that's true. OK. Um

60:38 a DH is a stronger donor then , right? So that's the

60:48 OK. True fault. So if look at, so remember if you

60:50 this, right? So if we the donor, we gotta flip it

60:55 , right? So we're doing All right. And that, that

61:01 , the signs change right here, , here, here. OK.

61:08 uh so is a stronger donor, would say um true, right?

61:16 uh a a positive, a negative G, right? Compared to nitrite

61:23 a donor. OK. And so , you would think that does make

61:30 . So that makes sense too as . OK. So um so then

61:36 about nitrate is a better term except N E D. So we're just

61:40 this versus that. OK. And would just read directly off the

61:47 right? But they have, you anything right? I can see that

61:49 a um big delta G negative delta compared to this one. OK.

61:57 so that's true as well. So they're all true statements.

62:04 That's how I kind of remember if looking at, if you're evaluating this

62:10 , right? We got to reverse and change the sign. And so

62:13 looking for, you know, is a change in the delta G

62:18 It become negative? OK. And gonna be the energetically favorable one,

62:25 ? Any questions about that? So uh so looking at the

62:34 right? So these, so what just talked about kind of is the

62:39 combining together strong donor, strong acceptor best one can boils down to or

62:46 energetics there is a favorable, OK. So that is fine.

62:51 we're kind of the components that make this system, right? So uh

62:58 , they're gonna be stuffed into a , right? And be stuffed into

63:01 membrane and uh in the order of donor, not accepted. OK.

63:08 so the things that make it up so things like cytochrome are very large

63:14 , OK. They have this very uh aromatic type structure to a degree

63:20 you see here. OK. Uh groups uh will often have iron in

63:25 middle. So things like different types metals often occupy the central atom in

63:31 structures because they're good at accepting uh and then handing off electrons. That's

63:38 they do. OK. So things iron sulfur, uh et cetera,

63:43 is also very common. Iron sulfur proteins are very common in, in

63:47 process as well. Um So things copper, you'll see also in

63:52 in these enzymes. Um And so um uh you also have some smaller

64:02 organic co factors um that kind of that shuttles between these larger components.

64:10 . And so the, and you'll on the next slide, a picture

64:13 this. But the, so the logic here of you see reducing

64:18 down here is increasing, right? more positive as we go this way

64:26 we're going to stronger and stronger right, strong donors to stronger and

64:32 acceptor as we go down to the acceptor, right? In this

64:35 this is aerobic respiration using oxygen. . Um And then uh at,

64:42 the front here we have an E for example, and then the various

64:47 . So again, these are kind large uh complexes combined with proteins,

64:54 , embedded in membranes. OK. this is where the transfers are

64:59 And then the energy my energy from is used to pump protons out.

65:06 . Um proton gradient. So the goes to that to do that.

65:13 you can see kind of uh an coli. So it begins with the

65:18 uh that of course uh reservation supply NAV and then uh NAV H uh

65:28 to oxide called V H going to transport chain. The first component here

65:35 a H electron, very big multi enzyme. Um It has the ability

65:43 accept uh electrons uh and also act a proton pump. So you see

65:49 being pumped out. So it has dual capabilities. OK. Um Q

65:56 one of those small organic molecules that electrons between it and the uh terminal

66:06 oxidase. And there can be it's also these are big multicomplex type

66:11 . Um This one particularly with the S Y uh cytochrome B zero or

66:17 O interaction. So this is obviously respiration, but E coli can do

66:24 respiration with different terminal acceptor. And we'll have an enzyme that will interact

66:31 each one. So E coli can what it's what it's doing very,

66:36 quickly. So it can uh express particular cytochrome oxidate it needs depending on

66:43 available. OK. It can it can switch between aerobic respiration,

66:48 respiration and fermentation all depending on the present. This is not present.

66:56 I have a receptor? I can to describe Arabic? Well, I

67:00 , so let me for a So he has multiple off.

67:04 And of course, things will change and change here in terms of the

67:07 based on what's available. OK. And it can do so relatively

67:13 OK. Um So that uh and was anything else I want to mention

67:21 ? The um so yeah, I mention also of course, that,

67:26 , that kernel oxidate is also a . So we have uh multiple uh

67:32 pump going on. So again, energy focus comes from the coupling of

67:36 strong donor, strong acceptor energy released pump protons out. And then uh

67:41 rest of the story, which is A T P A brilliant, we're

67:46 be back for next week. In , um Any questions? Ok.

67:55 Now we're actually going to please everybody with that. Please stop.

68:02 All right. I times brain brains absorb this. So, um we'll

68:07 , folks. Have a good please

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