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00:05 okay, okay, Because I can't couldn't pull up the record button.

00:14 , Well, uh, if everything working on that and I'll just start

00:19 and today we're gonna, uh, out with lectures three, which we

00:24 of go through a number of terms concepts related to the oil industry.

00:32 , and I'm gonna put this on , that's working, but my mouse

00:51 work when I put that on. , So we always like to start

00:58 classes with what is it that we're , uh, teaching and talking about

01:05 what is petroleum? Geology? And is, uh, the definition out

01:10 glucose and Swarbrick. And, basically, it's ah, the geosciences

01:20 we know and learn, and we it Thio finding petroleum and petroleum bearing

01:27 . And, of course, that apply to both conventional unconventional resource is

01:37 here's the value chain again. And gonna reiterate this, uh, on

01:42 test question, I might ask you the four major steps and there's really

01:50 steps, but again on a test to make it simpler. And I

01:57 there's a thing called the rule of . Well, you never try to

02:00 things with more than three parts. this is four parts, so it's

02:04 little complicated. Management sometimes has trouble things that have list more than

02:10 but frontier expiration, expiration, appraisal, development and production. All

02:18 of these air different steps but exploitation are very closely related, and

02:25 are development and production. And in , if you're a developmental geologist,

02:30 probably going to be doing three and . And if you are an exploration

02:35 , you would be doing one and okay, on here is just kind

02:44 looking at the six steps. this is from the highest altitude,

02:49 here we're closing in and getting finer finer grain data. Ah, with

02:58 of these steps Ah, and the front end is where geologists spent

03:06 of their time. And in geophysicists spent ah lot of time in

03:13 and expiration because they were usually the to go out and get figure out

03:18 to do seismic surveys. They were things like gravity and Meg Magnetics to

03:25 to figure out where they were Thio actually do their size make where

03:29 most prospective areas were based on thickness sediment, tree wedges and that sort

03:35 thing. So a lot of work done up here in the front Now

03:39 we, uh now that we have story about kind of nowhere where that

03:49 is so we don't do is much and everything. So we know where

03:52 are. We kind of start at point and we're kind of looking instead

03:58 looking from the outside of the base in as we do here, we're

04:02 the basin and we're looking outwards from we know there's good production to figure

04:08 the extent of it. So we of explore from the center of the

04:14 and work our way out from where have a good sweet spot that we've

04:19 out with looking for better sweet spots that particular unconventional resource. So

04:27 with conventional geological effort is decreasing in direction with the event of 40 seismic

04:37 , lot Mawr eyes going on down in development and production now and with

04:45 . Of course, we've already uh, pretty much where the oil

04:52 gas might be, but we're trying figure out the intricacies of it.

04:57 we spend more time down here with is and we would up here looking

05:02 this. Now, of course, there are a lot of unconventional resource

05:07 out there that we haven't started to yet across the world. And

05:14 there will be people looking from the trying to figure out which one of

05:19 might be worth tapping into and And, uh, as it turns

05:24 , many of the unconventional resource is the United States already had some production

05:33 the way of straight holes without without . So we knew ahead of time

05:40 we're gonna have mm. Some production out of these out of these

05:47 But we knew it wasn't going to enough until we increase that surface area

05:51 using long reach. Well, bores perfect long sections of of a formation

06:00 than just a a short vertical Like, for example, if this

06:04 a layer of rocks right here, of just drilling through here, we

06:09 through there. You automatically increase the sectional surface area between the perforations in

06:16 pipe or the open part of the , however you've completed it and and

06:22 when you frack it, you you three amount of surface area that's

06:29 Thio Ah, lower pressure regime that the fluids to flow. Okay,

06:39 what do we call riel? Geological . Recently, I've seen some geophysical

06:46 , ph. D s and Um, correlate this data with real

06:53 and they're calling real data geophysics. I don't want to offend the Jeff

06:57 this But But because we have geophysics the room and I've worked with a

07:03 of geophysical data in my life you know, we we have Thio

07:08 all this, but you know, you're actually, uh, touching the

07:14 and not bouncing energy off the rocks my mind, that's what really Data

07:20 . And so I hope it doesn't anyone if I call this reald

07:25 But, uh, we've had a graduate student that that tied this unreal

07:32 to geophysical data and, uh so in case there's any confusion there,

07:39 is what I think. Israel data here. Things like a core.

07:43 other words, I pull a piece rock out of the ground I'm actually

07:47 at geology. If I get a wall core, I'm actually looking at

07:54 . If I get cuttings, I actually looking at pieces of rock.

07:59 I go in with wire line I've got a tool that's sitting right

08:05 to the rock, looking at what's next door to the rock. And

08:08 course, now we have things particularly ity, logs ah, that are

08:17 by the array of the fields. , that they have Thio look farther

08:23 into the formation. Uh, but seismic seismic really is. And,

08:29 and in my mind, seismic is form of remote sensing. And it's

08:36 , you know, sometimes you're very away from the actual surface of the

08:41 . For example, if you're doing notion survey, but you are sending

08:45 waves into the into the earth and getting reflections and refraction is back.

08:51 you're, uh, sorting out with fresh refraction and reflection Czar and coming

09:00 with an image that reflects what we when not only when we weigh look

09:07 Coors and sidewalk course. But when look at outcrops and it does it

09:10 a huge scale. Eso. It's neat you can get. Obviously,

09:15 can get seismic lines, whether it's d or two d, you can

09:19 at a section and you're looking at . It's much larger than most outcrops

09:26 could ever imagine seeing and so we and get a really good insight with

09:33 as to, uh, the way these sedimentary deposits and layers and structures

09:40 arranged with each other. And, , the architecture that it forms,

09:45 in sequence strategic fee. Uh, makes it possible for us to understand

09:51 these sentimentally wedges have actually developed before start drilling into them. In other

09:57 , where did the sand come How is it layered? Which way

10:01 it pro grade? Which way did transgress? All sorts of things could

10:05 seen in seismic because it Z like a toolbox that allows you to look

10:12 outcrops on a very large scale scale that you want to. So in

10:18 sense, you are image ing but you're not actually touching it.

10:25 , okay, um and, unfortunately, what happens? Ah,

10:31 of times is when we get into the past when we've done appraisal,

10:37 and production, a lot of times engineers and, uh, another types

10:43 petroleum engineers pretty much handled it. the detail that we look at as

10:49 in the in the in the realm things that we pull out of the

10:54 was very limited. In other geologists. We're always looking at this

10:59 of data to try to understand the of a reservoir. And early

11:07 Ah, lot of reservoir engineers and geologist uh, in production kind of

11:17 of looked at reservoirs as a as it were, and we didn't

11:23 look at or characterize all the heterogeneity that might be in that reservoir

11:31 Okay, so with conventional reservoirs as I pointed out yesterday, a

11:39 of money was put into the front because that's that's usually, um,

11:45 example, if we were Thio, drilling offshore the Atlantic coast. What's

11:52 very first thing we would start spending on? We would start doing

11:57 lot of seismic three D seismic There is a significant amount of two

12:04 already done on the East Coast, then there were even programs and the

12:11 that have pulled together a lot of two d to simulate the three

12:17 uh, image ing of the two data. But what with that two

12:23 data LAX is, uh, the added quality of riel three D

12:32 especially when it's ah, mhm multi movil and looks from every different

12:40 You miss the the added bonus of able to see what the seismic responses

12:49 with seismic waves coming in from different and not just, uh, sort

12:54 in our standard two D straight line of what raise and ways will raise

13:01 waves will dio when they reflect and refract through sections of rock. But

13:08 , so a lot of money is there because a lot of money is

13:11 there. Uh, term we used use is it was very sexy to

13:16 a an exploration geologist because that's where the money Waas and and of

13:24 uh, as such, um, lot of effort went into it.

13:29 lot of money went into it. if we go back to here,

13:34 working in production geology, we're actually as close as they could at the

13:41 . And if you can imagine even though the engineers in the past

13:44 have been ignoring this and from uh, this type of information down

13:53 , the production geologists actually had their on more well, bores more

14:01 more sidewall cores. In some enlightened like Norway, uh, they force

14:09 to core every single reservoir you So they had a lot of geological

14:17 stored in that country. I don't if they've tossed it like everybody

14:21 but but it really helps. when you're when you're doing geology and

14:31 you actually are down at this end you have a lot of, well

14:35 , you have a lot of core sidewall core and log data toe

14:40 You actually evaluate the geology with more a hands on approach, and then

14:46 you integrate it with those big pictures you get from seismic, the larger

14:51 pictures, you can get a really understanding of the reservoir and the configuration

14:59 the seals and and all the different , like false that affect seals.

15:06 , that sort of thing through the of integrating all of this type of

15:11 with seismic data. And so that's what happens when we when we move

15:17 Thio the lower end or the or more detailed end of the value chain

15:25 with unconventional. One of the unfortunate that I've seen is that a lot

15:32 geologists become geo steers and the mayor not get to use a lot of

15:37 they know. But I do. do know that when you are your

15:43 steering of your a better geologist, gonna be coming up with better

15:49 Thio understand some of the nuances that be there when you're looking at the

15:57 logs and the other geo steering tools people used to line things up because

16:02 have a better understanding of what types heterogeneity ease that wellbore might be

16:08 even though in the past, petroleum engineers looked at jail is just

16:15 rock type that was homo genius and no, uh, strange things going

16:20 in it. Okay. And of , part a big part of Jesus

16:26 is understanding the layering and the strata architecture of the rocks above that shell

16:33 that you're trying to hit and below , she'll unit and you end up

16:40 very concerned, though with things like total organic carbon. Uh,

16:47 uh, conventional is of course, worry a lot about the charge.

16:53 much do all got in there and lot about permeability. It's the same

16:59 with the unconventional is accepted. You , we have micro ferocity and we

17:03 microbe or actually micro permeability. One the interesting things about Shales is that

17:11 many cases they might actually have more than the sand stones. But the

17:16 , because the pore throats and the air smaller, you have a limited

17:23 . So again, getting back to main concerns of frontier. Ah,

17:32 what Those are, of course. big is it now? We'll go

17:36 this again when we start actually looking more detail at frontier expiration. But

17:42 are the things that are most Obviously, what type of basin is

17:47 where the depo centers in other a depot center, of course,

17:52 where some sort of distributing things like river or a delta distributing sediments will

18:01 it down in certain places in in ways. And you're looking for areas

18:07 , uh, in the case of , where where the coarser grained sand

18:13 , uh, might be getting And, uh, and then you're

18:18 at the types of structures that impact and the overall size of things that

18:23 form traps. Um And so that's of the first things we start looking

18:32 , uh, in the just underneath here in Houston. If you look

18:39 a seismic line, you see a of flat lying beds, and it

18:44 you wonder if there could be any at all. But if you go

18:47 a place that's a little bit more Lee active like the North Sea or

18:52 of the areas off of Alaska in off, um, Brazil and on

19:02 in the Gulf of Mexico, where have salt tectonics impacting structures and stuff

19:09 that, we start to get So we see structure in that size

19:14 and, uh, and then, course, one of the first things

19:16 have to figure out is really doesn't organic rich deposits, and,

19:24 and if it does, how deep they been buried. And so,

19:32 , probably in the late seventies, eighties, a lot of oil companies

19:38 went around the world and identified all major basins. I pointed this

19:44 Thio, uh, somebody from a that this had been done a long

19:49 ago because they got excited about this . They started to call super

19:55 And I pointed out that, you , we we kind of already know

19:57 the in quote super basins are, that's what we've been studying forever.

20:04 , uh, it's amazing and industry we come up with these buzzwords that

20:08 us get excited about things that we've doing forever, but that that's

20:13 But but again, in frontier let's take the Atlantic Coast, the

20:20 Atlantic again it's a good example of . And, uh, one of

20:27 first things they worried about was Do they have organic rich deposits?

20:33 how deep is this and why would be worried about, uh, if

20:38 is still there? I can't see . But if someone's there, could

20:42 answer to me why it's important to deeply buried organics? Because I know

20:48 of you I think most of you just had geochemistry. Thermal maturity?

20:56 . If if it's not deep it's not going to be cooked.

21:01 , uh, if I mean a good example of a place that has

21:08 of organics is the Green River and that's where the oil shale comes

21:17 and why we have to call that shale and the stuff we find unconventional

21:22 shale oil because we're already using oil for undercooked organics that, with a

21:31 bit of heat in a little bit retorting, could be turned into liquid

21:38 . So this is really, really . And if we were, contrast

21:42 Atlantic coastal plain to the Gulf coastal . If you know anything about the

21:50 AFI of both of these, what's first thing that you realize about the

21:54 coastal plain versus the Gulf coastal shallow bedrock, the bedrocks pretty close

22:05 or the or the basements Pretty close the surface is this. Is this

22:09 fellow that went to school in South ? Yeah, exactly. Yeah.

22:16 it tricks anybody that's worked in the of Mexico, but the sedimentary wedge

22:22 the coastal plain itself is actually very thin. You have to go

22:27 off shore to get a thick, wedge, and so that bothered people

22:32 lot. And, of course, of the first things Exxon Mobil did

22:37 long time ago was drill a well on the Outer banks of North Carolina

22:44 they kind of stick out into the Ocean and they got some pretty decent

22:49 there. But you're looking at something 7000 ft at the most. Whereas

22:57 the Gulf of Mexico, of uh, if you drilled a well

23:02 , it might be very difficult to hit igneous and metamorphic rocks.

23:08 um, so the sentimentally wedge in Gulf of Mexico is much, much

23:14 . Uh, sediment. Infill and has been much more significant than on

23:19 East Coast. The the underlying basement been much more stable on the East

23:26 . Thin, of course, in Gulf Coast, which has been subsiding

23:29 it's cooled over the millions of It's all developed of the East

23:36 is is cooling just a little bit and subsiding a lot slower than the

23:42 of Mexico and sediment load has a bit to do with that as

23:46 Okay, so So the first thing we start looking for, of

23:50 is have the organics been cooked? then, of course, all of

23:54 things are important to I remember some projects probably 10 years ago where some

24:02 got really excited because they they were really sharply define a really nice trapping

24:13 . But the thing was very It might have had if it was

24:18 100% ferocity. Thes traps would have had less than 10,000 barrels of

24:26 They were just really small structures. one of the things that you you

24:33 to look for, of course, is there enough of a resource to

24:40 spend the money it takes to drill well and, uh, and pull

24:45 resource out and make a profit? . Uh, actually producing more than

24:56 a little bit. And and that actually one of the most significant differences

25:03 conventional and unconventional is in conventional. looking for those really high permeability,

25:11 porosity ah, fields that will drain awful lot of oil with one well

25:19 . And when you when you put unconventional well, a horizontal well in

25:25 ground, you're the surface area and of it's sort of a false sense

25:33 reach. The acreage that you might able to reach seems a lot

25:39 but the total volume of that acreage much, much smaller in conventional

25:45 And that's why you have to keep a well and drain that limited volume

25:51 that large area that you have of and gas. Because the pores as

25:58 process as you have the pores air small. The permeability reach is limited

26:05 so you don't usually drain as nearly much volume. Aziz, you could

26:11 in this in a smaller cross sectional in a in a conventional wealth.

26:19 so that size of the difference in size of the volume is significant in

26:23 of where you can put that pressure between the wellbore and the formation to

26:30 the oil and gas to flow. , so here again, based on

26:36 those things that we look at, , this is, um, whenever

26:43 put this figure one, whatever down , usually that means that it came

26:49 of glue, ISS and Swarbrick, I don't have it quoted down

26:54 But this is, Ah, a type basin, we call it,

27:00 this looks very much like the North and other rift basins around the

27:07 and we can see through time there's , may be sentimentally rocks was what

27:15 is showing that predated the rift So it's pre rift, and what's

27:21 on in here would be sin rift then post rift sediments up here and

27:28 these little symbols air showing you Here's where reservoir rocks could be formed

27:35 here's where source rocks could be Uh, once you have,

27:41 larger ocean basin and you have these fight of plankton falling all right to

27:46 sea floor, and then you have build up of sediments on top of

27:50 that buries it. And so you all these things that we're looking for

27:54 that list that I showed you. have something big. We have trapping

28:00 . We have seals, which they're cap rock here because otherwise they'd have

28:06 s and they have seals and Uh, so they're calling it.

28:12 seal is the cap rock. It's really a cap rock, but it's

28:16 seal. And, uh and here can see, uh, during pre

28:25 during sin riff post rift and and , uh, this is post rift

28:33 you have thermal cooling of the basin starts to sag like this. Because

28:39 the drifting is ongoing, this is up in the air and we'll talk

28:46 that, uh, in section five electrified. So, of course,

28:54 conditions to convert resource is to a . You're gonna have to come up

28:59 money. You're gonna have to have . You're gonna have have to have

29:05 . And what else are you going need? Okay, Anybody have any

29:18 of what else you're going to need prospect exactly. You're gonna eventually have

29:25 thio have all that data that we talking about and you're gonna have Thio

29:32 able to do all the things that and geophysicists do but put this in

29:37 because a lot of times, as we're doing the and down here,

29:44 and we need to find all these that we were talking about that air

29:48 for frontier exploration, and, at the same time, we have

29:54 remember that just because we find something looks really good Ah, these things

30:01 the economics of of what we're gonna be doing. And so, at

30:09 frontier level, in the sort of new ventures level, companies spend a

30:14 of time, uh, looking at access can I get access to

30:19 And there's there's a couple of different some, some countries and some states

30:26 whatever, wherever you're trying to may have excessive rules and regulations and

30:33 . Uh, some places that you want to operate have unstable governments,

30:40 there may be civil wars going on that sort of thing, um,

30:45 you could have a place where there any civil wars in the government's unstable

30:50 on. And anyway, I and, uh, then another thing

30:55 , is there any kind of infrastructure ? And, uh, you

30:59 in a very, very frontier you kind of have to figure

31:03 you know, if I actually found , how how am I going to

31:07 that oil out of there? uh, but the up front end

31:12 all of this lot of people in corporation are going to be trying to

31:17 out, you know, for of its in Indonesia or something,

31:21 Papua New Guinea. Do I have to build, uh, docks and

31:27 , in some cases, ship channels get to get chips in their

31:33 pull some of these resource is And then, of course, how

31:38 is it in? The bigger it , the more capital you can

31:42 And and of course, that's a big part of the equation in the

31:46 beginning and in in the discussions that have when it comes to frontier

31:54 Okay, so when we move on what we do and expiration and exploitation

32:02 opposed to senses, strict frontier Ah, we figured out that we

32:10 all those elements in frontier and we're to look for, uh, these

32:18 and coming back to this diagram. know there's a lot of structure

32:24 We know there's big, big areas volumes that might have reservoirs, but

32:29 we have to kind of start looking each of these reservoirs individually and each

32:35 these petroleum systems as we call them . Like what? What is the

32:40 system here? What's the petroleum system ? So we have to start looking

32:45 it in more detail. And here we're trying to do is develop

32:51 uh, structures with optimistic and pessimistic on that sort of thing. And

32:58 really trying to come up with what call prospects here. Here. We're

33:05 grossly. You know, where could be prospects? But when we get

33:11 expiration, we're trying to, to develop prospects in and identify prospects

33:20 certain elements to them, like what actually the reservoir Iraq. What is

33:26 about this part of the basin that us that we're going to get sentiments

33:35 more likely than over here, that of thing? In other words,

33:40 all my play elements going to come and let me just ask all of

33:46 because I think some of you started semester some of you. But you're

33:51 working in industry. Why would someone at a large scale seismic section consider

34:01 would be a reservoir over here as to right here? Mhm. Because

34:14 the like. We were small. cyclical structure. Okay, so what

34:22 this What is this? These sets lines reflecting down lap into the basement

34:31 down lap into the basement. Here's a down lap. Right. But

34:36 what you have is, uh, better word to use is you see

34:41 gradation. You see pro gradation of across the shelf. And this

34:49 Nation of Sediments. Ah, uh, reflects the infill of a

34:59 with sediments of varying sizes. But we see, uh, these things

35:07 we call actually Klein of forms, are these kind of forms? Usually

35:12 a geology geological sense. Like if you a za geologist and you just

35:23 at this structure first thing, these air sediments, these air sediments

35:31 air pro grading out in this right. What's going on inside each

35:39 of these? Um, these these reflections or boundaries are the klein

35:45 forms. But the rocks between the of forms Klein of films.

35:51 um, these air, the Klein them is means things. So

35:57 I like to call him klein of . So these kind of things here

36:02 this. This layer of rocks right . What would be, um,

36:08 sedimentary composition? Just along here. , if I see something that looks

36:16 this, it's probably gonna be And if it's ringing like crazy,

36:21 probably gonna be basement. What if see layered rocks like this? And

36:26 , this first thing I know there's rocks here, and I also know

36:32 been structurally deformed, but here you see structural deformation. The tilting here

36:40 structural deformation. It's pro gradation. what are what are these Plano thumbs

36:47 to be filled with from, the top to the bottom? What

36:51 we anticipate as a geologist? Especially that's had sequenced fatigue? Ra

36:56 What can we anticipate might be in Klein? Oh, Finney, you

37:04 alternating sandstone and shale beds, And but, you know, that's

37:12 . And you know some of these subtle things they're really obvious. And

37:19 , But, you know, we to think about, um uh and

37:23 what happens is if we were to faces on this, the coarse grain

37:30 would be upheaval and the and then start getting more silkier less sand and

37:37 silty as we come down here. then we started getting more clay and

37:40 as we come down the Klein a . And if you see it in

37:46 later lectures, I'll actually show this you. But But when I see

37:50 like this, I know that across Ah, that there should be

37:57 And down here there's going to be . And but that's why they put

38:02 reservoir somewhere in this climate form ah, this may seem really

38:10 But when when we have seismic lines look like this. And this,

38:18 , one thing we don't know about sure is that there's sand in here

38:24 the time with three D seismic. we can kind of sort that

38:29 Uh, in some places, like North Sea, where chalk is still

38:34 major absorb er of energy, it be difficult to image down in the

38:39 below the chalks eso. Sometimes that even help. But if we can

38:45 Clinton forms, for example, if could identify client forms in these layers

38:50 rocks, one of the things decline forms tell us is we have

38:55 procreation. And when we know we procreation, we know at the upper

39:01 of it we're gonna have coarse grained and, uh, at the lower

39:06 of it, we're going to have grain sand. So it's kind of

39:10 , uh, a strata graphic and of a reservoir rock just above something

39:18 could end up being a source And you can see here there's source

39:22 here, and there's Reservoir rock there a cap over top of it.

39:27 in here, we're going to get of sources down here. We'll get

39:31 . But up here, we're gonna a reservoir rock forming at the tops

39:35 that. In other words, each one of these climate forms is

39:39 be course up here and finer and it's going to integrate from that

39:44 defined as we come down there. that's just the way pro gradation

39:49 Delta builds out the heavy sediments, out first, and then the finer

39:54 finer and have finally it's mostly pelagic and phytoplankton being heavy plastic sediments

40:02 phytoplankton being deposited out here. So the fact, uh, from A

40:08 D seismic lines. Seeing climate forms us hey, there could be reservoir

40:15 . But then the next thing we to do is eyes understand the thickness

40:21 the section. The other elements of frontier are important. But as we

40:25 into exploration, we're trying to look what makes this element good. What

40:32 make this element good? And down we have another reservoir. What would

40:42 these sedimentary rocks a particularly good reservoir opposed to, say, this one

40:50 that one? And in fact, aren't these if that ISS So those

40:56 the kinds when we start doing we're not just looking for the big

41:01 of Are there these elements? We're to look at where all of these

41:08 come together. And so if I a source, if I have something

41:14 looks like a reservoir rock, how I migrate source material? I have

41:22 kitchen. Do I have migration, pathways to get to that reservoir,

41:26 charge that reservoir. And that's what start looking at an expiration in frontier

41:32 . We're trying to look and see we have these kinds of things.

41:35 we have these kinds of things. while we're at it here, we

41:39 a reservoir. I point out its brain. What? What geological process

41:45 have caused something like this to end being, Ah, Prospect of Reservoir

42:04 . As a geologist, as geologist geoscientist? Um, why would I

42:11 a wedge like this in a Excuse me? Like separate position.

42:26 what type of deposition? Mhm. , it is sin rift, but

42:33 a little bit more specific. I , this is this is a

42:38 but this this represents program nation obvious gradation. Okay, we've got climate

42:46 building out into a basin that's dead . What this is this is is

42:56 to, but again, it's a . But what is this cartoon?

43:01 would what would that have to Uh, mind you, all of

43:08 , this would be up higher when is going on and because this is

43:16 a rift might look like now. that's after we've had thermal contraction of

43:21 magma that caused the rift in the place. When the rift ing is

43:25 on, this is all up. this and the new layers Uh,

43:32 section of crust or moving in that . And in that direction, they're

43:38 off the flanks in either direction. during this period of time, which

43:45 sin riff. What's happening here? do you think could be happening?

43:52 that like a classic wedge that gets ? It is a classic wedge,

43:59 what kind of plastic? Which I'm say, Yeah, submarine fan.

44:10 , but not quite. Yes, what this is right here. This

44:15 a submarine fan. And and I since you came up with the idea

44:21 fan. That's what this little beauty in a cartoon because we're way off

44:30 . And here is the bottom of basin at that. At this point

44:34 time, Uh, that's the bottom the basin, which might not have

44:41 quite a deep when it was actually deposited, because we've had this much

44:48 occur and we're And as all of is going on, we were getting

44:53 contraction and sinking along this axis. , uh, what's going on here

45:01 that when this happens, these would popped up in the air and,

45:08 , this would be like the rims a Rift Valley like, say,

45:11 Turkana or the Rift East African Rift . You'd have these mountain ranges along

45:17 edge of the rift, and sediments be eroding and pouring down into whatever

45:24 of the basin had formed at that . Of course, this is going

45:28 be up uplifted a little bit when happened, but you're still gonna have

45:32 rift in the middle. Uh, the East African riffs and sediments they're

45:37 be dumping into it off of the fault blocks around it on either

45:44 and they're going to be forming. uh, large, uh, fan

45:53 . We sometimes call these things on large fan Delta right here is going

46:00 be something like the brace Sands that off in the Jurassic. So it's

46:08 like in a in, uh, some cases, it may be on

46:12 surface, and this could actually be alluvial fan coming off of a false

46:17 , but a zit turns out there a bit of a Rift lake going

46:24 and actually had some marine incursion into at that time. Eso it wasn't

46:30 like anymore. It was a a early Rift Basin and you had

46:36 it pouring off. And you can here there's an uplifted block here

46:41 and this would be more of the when that formed. Uh, for

46:46 , if we remove all of this here and go back to the time

46:50 this is sticking up in the thes air, huge mountain ranges

46:55 uh, and sediment is being eroded the top of these things, you

47:00 see that it's thinning in that direction and it's pouring off into these

47:06 And the brace sands in the North are exactly like this, right on

47:10 edge of a rift fault block that the boundaries off the north of the

47:18 robin right now. And the South Robin, uh, also. And

47:26 have actually the junction of central grabbing the South Viking. Robin, you

47:31 these things pouring off there. So have these huge Jurassic, um,

47:36 not submarine fans like this, but fans that are more like fan Delta's

47:42 they're coming into, uh, ocean salt water masses rather than just into

47:50 alluvial plain. Uh, and so not just alluvial fans coming off that

47:56 see in rift blocks right now, , in different parts of the Western

48:01 . S. Okay, so that's of it. So what's interesting about

48:08 little cartoon is it tells you an lot about all these different ways that

48:14 can develop reservoirs. We can develop and we can develop sources and and

48:23 mhm. This would be a different concept than this prospect concept. And

48:32 would be a different ah petroleum system reservoir concept, then that one this

48:39 has to get a charge from a place than that one. This one

48:44 sediments derived from a different place than one. And so these air all

48:49 different elements. But these elements arrive in a petroleum system through different processes

48:58 time through the overall development of the . Which is why we like to

49:03 basins because they this rift system right has an enormous number of petroleum systems

49:14 in it. Because of all the , actually, is the easiest way

49:18 say it to create, uh, instances of these elements of that petroleum

49:28 occurring together, and that's That's one the things that's really incredible. Incredible

49:33 rift basins and why we get a of hydrocarbons out of rift basins.

49:39 , so that's what we're doing with and exploitation. Uh, with

49:46 We're trying to see if we have of elements, you know? Is

49:50 big? We have lots of Is it deep? Is this deep

49:53 to actually create a lot of source ? Could this source rock charge that

49:58 , that reservoir? And how would charge this reservoir? And we can

50:03 it in the big picture. But , in frontier and exploitation and

50:08 we try toe put these elements and this would be a prospect

50:13 This would be a prospect concept that be a different prospect concept. And

50:19 once we drill into it, you , that's when we go from

50:23 Excuse me, Exploration, exploitation. we try to figure out okay if

50:28 one here. Is there one over ? If there's one here, is

50:33 one over there? In other we get this prospectively concept in our

50:38 and and we look at the base more detail to figure out if you

50:44 , here we have one here. where else are we gonna have?

50:48 can we exploit the space? And on this concept, in more

50:54 because of what we've learned and what blocks, for example, I've hit

50:59 fault. Block. What other fault might have been charged the same way

51:03 this one is. I just discovered and gas, okay? And that's

51:08 we kind of go with exploitation. and then, uh, so you

51:15 have gotten some acreage to drill that prospect. But then, when you

51:21 of shift into exploitation mood, where am I going to find that in

51:26 base? And based on the seismic I have, I don't have any

51:29 wells there, But based on the , where else can I move this

51:37 concept of what a basin is? me. What a petroleum system is

51:44 that area, okay. And so as we get ready to drill

51:51 uh, exploratory wells, we look a lot of these different things.

51:56 again, I like to add these that aren't geologic because as geologist,

52:05 not trying to discover just oil we're just trying to discover where our reservoir

52:13 could be, although in frontier, those elements aren't there, there's no

52:20 in looking any further. So that's we do that in the beginning.

52:25 once we start trying to tap into , all these other things that I

52:31 talking about become important. Where do actually locate the will? What's going

52:37 with all these things? Uh, guess many of you know that Mobile

52:43 , for example, is a is an area that has some major gas

52:49 , uh, in it. And long do you think it might have

52:55 Mobile was actually the first a company drill, uh, there. And

53:02 long do you think it took Uh huh. From getting a

53:08 And they purchased acreage and they started , well, sites. But how

53:17 do you think it took them? of environmental concerns to to get the

53:24 to actually drill on that acreage that had purchased. Anybody have any rough

53:38 ? It's anybody's still there. Was it years? Was it

53:45 Yes, it was years, and was about 10 years. It's,

53:52 think, Actually, it was nine in so many months before the

53:57 uh, approved it. And uh and so ah, lot of

54:03 went into the frontier part of a lot of seismic went into

54:08 Uh, they actually had thio pay the lease upfront Bonus. They did

54:14 an extension on the the time of least. Normally, you have a

54:18 amount of time Thio drill and find . And but that was extended.

54:25 it took It took nine years. why? Because Mobile Bay is ah

54:30 an area. Uh, you that's environmentally significant for ocean health or

54:38 Gulf of Mexico is health because as most folks now and I'm assuming that

54:44 do, because all of you are science majors, uh, and maybe

54:50 a lot of science courses in high , but the estuaries, like Mobile

54:57 or where ah lot of the life the ocean starts out and you don't

55:02 to damage sort of the birthing spot many, many things that actually end

55:08 contributing to the health of a notion terms of organic productivity. So,

55:15 , that's why that took so And of course, safety is always

55:19 . And but then you have to thinking about all of these things,

55:24 , because, uh, if you're shore, there's a way to do

55:28 . If you're offshore, there's a to do it. If you're sitting

55:31 in front of an environmentally sensitive you have to be really careful how

55:39 dispose of waste. And all of adds to the cost. And

55:44 as geologists and geophysicists or geoscientists in , we always have to be thinking

55:51 of, you know, if I more of this to deal with,

55:55 I have more of that to deal when I'm a to this stage,

56:00 need to be looking for bigger Resource because the probability of success and getting

56:11 that's profitable is impacted by these elements here that have nothing to do with

56:17 geology. Okay, so here we , uh, as I was mentioning

56:26 the bigger diagram, because I thought was good, too, to sort

56:31 go from the bigger diagram to the diagram. So when we get the

56:35 and exploitation again, we're looking at prospect level and we might decide this

56:43 the best one. But if we oil and gas here, we might

56:48 exploit that opportunity and try to determine that same opportunity might be here a

56:55 . And so that's pretty much kind the way those three things go.

57:01 then, um, then we get . We actually drill a well on

57:08 best prospect of its successful we we get a flu to champagne.

57:14 it's not successful, we got a bottle, and this is almost a

57:18 as the humor gets in my Uh, because we're not really allowed

57:25 cuss anymore, and I don't know , but humor benefits often from foul

57:31 , but but But anyway, this is a little bit of humor

57:36 , but the other thing is, we hit a fault. And,

57:41 , I mentioned this before. if you're yes, you're not drilling

57:49 exploration well, but you're drilling in will. You might hit the faults

57:55 you might hit you all water but you may never find out.

57:58 oil and gas there. And so the location that I talk about here

58:06 . You get it this scale, don't drill. Ah, well,

58:10 here to figure out where that oil contact ISS. You know, if

58:14 drill a well, let's see if all the way out here because then

58:16 know it's worth drilling. Let's drill right here, because then we'll get

58:22 well water contact in the seal. you need to do is to get

58:26 here and make sure you actually have nice, thick wedge of sediments that

58:31 charged with oil and gas. So exploration well is going to be different

58:36 those appraisal wells and some appraisal You might get lucky. And,

58:43 example, maybe you think about what contact is up here and you drill

58:48 here and you get more sex section there and you can turn that into

58:52 producing. Well, the dog can Can I make a comment? So

58:58 , I think, I think, because of, um, cash

59:04 like you're saying we almost jump that are in exploration, but we want

59:10 appraisal well, right. We want get the two coins, and and

59:16 sometimes it's frustrating because it's a geological . it's proven the play, but

59:22 we gotta push back because it's not course big enough for yeah, of

59:27 . For the company, That's uh it doesn't make profit for

59:31 But, uh, like you're saying is not exploration anymore. You're

59:36 But if I If I may, that's really sort of a false

59:42 because on their part, because when drill a well right through here,

59:51 am I going to figure out? going to see that oil water contact

59:55 , just like I will out Onley here. I will know what's

59:59 it. And and maybe we think oil water contact could be here,

60:07 the oil water contact could be And if the well water contact is

60:12 , we're probably not gonna wanna I to do any more drilling. But

60:16 I drill through this, I find oil on top of it, and

60:21 thing called in oil water contact is be underneath it. So I just

60:25 to make sure I go all the . And of course, of in

60:29 drilling plan to save money, they go this far. But it's still

60:35 oil, water contact. It may down here, and that's going to

60:39 excite them. If you're still above oil water contact and s o

60:48 if you if you go for the lode, you confined some of these

60:52 . Mhm. Just by going a bit deeper, we don't have one

60:58 . Right? But if you had fault over here that you were worried

61:01 sentiments like that, you might, you could also hit a fault or

61:05 trap. Excuse me. And in , water contact. Where did you

61:09 in here like this? You do the fault, but make sure,

61:14 , the whole sections not faulted out it would be right here. Do

61:21 think that, like, kind of follow up? Do you think that

61:24 companies, when you know, it's hard to recommend drilling a well,

61:28 for the sake of science? But you think that have you or have

61:30 seen that For the most part, have benefit benefited for doing something like

61:35 where, unlike in today's time, so hard to convince people to drill

61:39 for the sake of collecting data, know. Oh, yeah, But

61:42 here, you for that first? , you might have. You have

61:47 gonna have some indication of where that water contact should be. And if

61:52 not sure, if you if you it. But the the height of

62:00 hydrocarbon column is going to be limited the strength of the seal above

62:06 And I think Steve talked about that little bit, and I'll be talking

62:11 that. But some people have often in the past. Before they thought

62:17 how seals leak in fracture from hydrocarbon , they might have just automatically put

62:26 it way down here. And with little bit of calculation, you can

62:32 out that that the buoyancy of a that high is probably going to exceed

62:37 strength of the seals in that particular . And that's another thing that you

62:43 do, and especially if you If you're in exploitation and you have

62:48 fault block like this somewhere else, it's in the same reservoir around the

62:53 depth, should be in the same regimes more or less than that sort

62:58 thing on you. Haven't you have idea The strength of the seals.

63:04 , you can get a better idea where that oil water contact should

63:09 And drilling straight through like this for expiration. Well, is basically trying

63:17 find the most important thing that you drill with that first well, is

63:24 oil section. And that's what you're for is the oil section. If

63:31 if you miss it, you you've you've wasted a whole well and

63:36 nothing. And, uh, if just come in over here, you're

63:42 have a thin section be worried you know, does it shell

63:45 up dip. And and it depends the structure and the deposition. I'll

63:51 and the sequence photography and where you in a client a form, for

63:55 , as to whether it would be dipper down dip. But all those

63:59 you have to take into consideration. if you come in and drill

64:02 you're gonna figure that out just from straight through there. And that's that's

64:09 you know, your first of all to be here. We're here and

64:14 right on this fault to figure out that fault boundary is and not right

64:18 back here to figure out where the closure on the oil water contact might

64:26 . And, of course, with two D seismic, you can figure

64:29 where the structural closures might be. that shouldn't be something that you're drilling

64:35 when you drill that first. um, you really should be looking

64:40 the bull's eye, and I don't how to say it any any any

64:45 . Um, do not. You that first dark that you throw needs

64:50 be in the bull's eye. And you think the sweetest, thickest section

64:56 , that's where you need to And when you're doing unconventional, that's

65:00 what you need to dio. You go journaling out in the middle of

65:05 with no idea of what the what micro permeability might be like. And

65:14 , of course, with unconventional, also looking for, uh, water

65:19 there because the more water that's in , the more more of that terrible

65:25 about permeability you'll be ableto capture into fractures. Okay, so I hope

65:36 know if people are getting in the about drilling here vs there that's that

65:41 be why they're missing a lot of . And, uh, in the

65:47 Sea that I meant one thing that mentioned, they danced around it like

65:53 . And, uh, there was fault over here, and there was

65:56 million barrels of oil in here the fall. Down there, there was

66:01 . There was 110 up here, there was lots of oil and gas

66:06 here on the other side. They figure out whether there was sand here

66:11 they kept drilling here and here. they kept missing the sand for reasons

66:15 than the ah, there wasn't anything the middle. He if you miss

66:22 bull's eye, you might not even . Uh huh. Where these boundaries

66:27 actually going to be? Because you drill a well over here and you

66:31 drill a well over here, and what they were doing. Okay,

66:37 So when we get Thio appraisal, when we really wanna We really want

66:41 figure out your very second Well, you know, there's something significant with

66:46 first Well, then you do have go out and drill the 2nd and

66:50 . Well, now, if you're at something really tiny in the first

66:55 , you still need to figure out that hydrocarbon column looks like. And

67:02 only way to do that the way figure out the absolute height of that

67:07 is to drill right through here. it can only be so high because

67:12 seals can only hold so much oil . Okay. And then,

67:24 eso you do do the rest of things. And, uh and so

67:29 appraisal, you start drilling these and here you find out your past

67:33 all water contact, you've drilled these and you figured out there's false separating

67:39 . And what you find out a of times with appraisal wells is that

67:45 reservoir that you once thought was this is actually more compartmentalized.

67:54 then you thought it waas And I the idea of trying to figure out

68:00 that compartmentalization is in the beginning. if you drill this well, you

68:05 never come. If that's your number . Well, you may never come

68:08 to this at all, and there be a significant economically recoverable,

68:14 reserve in here that you're going to if you drill this well first.

68:19 in that one second, you may do it. You drill this

68:23 First, you may not ever go and look at that resource. But

68:28 where it looks like it's most perspective well, you drilling when you drill

68:33 well, you should be able to out where this is right here.

68:37 only thing that you're actually doing when drill out here it's not finding the

68:41 water contact. But when you drill here, you're trying to figure

68:46 um, if there's some sort of between this well and that oil water

68:53 out here and if the strata graphic the structural closure that you think is

68:57 is really there or not. So figuring different things out when you start

69:01 as appraisal wells. In other you might have from your seismic you

69:06 think the closures like way over here this. When you drill that

69:10 you'll find out that's not true. appraisal Wells help you figure out the

69:16 extent. But they also help you out how broken up that resource

69:21 So this target should be something that very perspective in the first place.

69:26 want to do something like a bull's in the sweet spot and try to

69:31 out what but that hydrocarbon column really like not by looking at the

69:39 but by looking at the middle of and, uh and then also what

69:45 of compartmentalization it is, because when do production and development, uh,

69:50 a field like this, it's gonna a whole lot different than something That's

69:54 simple, where you can put a pipes in there and drain it without

69:58 effort. Okay, so when we to development and production, of

70:06 moving product becomes important. You may infrastructure, but you might realize you've

70:12 this really big field and you need get more pipelines, which is happening

70:17 the Permian Basin right now. uh, you want to figure out

70:25 you know, how much of a do I need to put on

70:29 On? That show could have something do with how much product you can

70:35 . There may be limitations in the . There may be, uh,

70:40 in the price, and you might shut it in when something like that

70:45 , if you can again. If drilling unconventional wells, you have to

70:50 drilling and you have to keep And you have to keep that cash

70:53 rolling, or you're gonna have have with cash flow. And how many

71:01 does it take? And then you to start thinking about things like reservoir

71:06 A TSA um, point, because as geologists, we know we

71:13 these structural heterogeneity ease that you see this diagram. But then you may

71:18 deposition of heterogeneity ease in this in whole oil column that affect the rate

71:26 flow in different directions. In other , there's anti Satrapi to the flow

71:34 and there are a lot of different that we have to look at.

71:38 , particularly we're looking at the strata architecture of the of the sediments that

71:43 up that. That column if it's sandstone or a silty sand stuff,

71:52 , and and again, when we into production, Andi, we're gonna

72:00 looking at all of this a little closer e don't want to give it

72:04 away, but again, we're looking different details. But here you can

72:07 we have injection wells Thio, try help things out here. You have

72:13 quality sands coming in through here, it could actually extend extend across

72:18 In other words, you can have sorts of issues with faces and what

72:23 that start compounding things. And before started putting in, inject an injection

72:29 like, for example, one here probably not going to do you a

72:31 lot of good. You need to , Ah, the overall structure and

72:40 . All these things that we used define rock types start to become

72:46 And what's really odd about this is doing really good production takes a lot

72:53 geological input, and, historically, za petroleum or reservoir geologists would be

73:02 at. This is a big tank the ground, uh, even though

73:07 lots of wells and there's lots of really geological data. A lot of

73:10 used to get ignored. Nowadays, not being ignored like it was in

73:15 past. Now we're we're spending a of time in development and production to

73:21 better characterize these reservoirs and look at flow characteristics and the heterogeneity. Is

73:30 occur within these sand stones? as geologists, we know that sand

73:36 and Shales air not homogeneous. so So basically, you get to

73:45 appraisal thing, you start to delineate . Then you start to develop again

73:50 and you do that. Reservoir management recovery. When I was working in

73:56 Marsh Island 1 28 I was Um, South Marcelin 1 28 is

74:05 still the most productive three square mile in the entire Gulf of Mexico.

74:12 , it's interesting field that probably has this point in time. 30 or

74:17 pay zones. Hey, layers uh but also, I don't know

74:24 I mentioned this already, but they had, um, strata graphic traps

74:31 that all the production geologists and exploration overlooked. They were actually down dip

74:37 some of their oil water context, we were able actually to find those

74:40 start producing those. So when I working on that field, I actually

74:45 doing we were working in an area we were trying to do water

74:51 So we're working at this scale. were doing, uh, appraisal

74:57 trying to figure out what the downward of some of the mass of sandstone

75:02 were with with well over 20% ferocity the same time I was looking at

75:12 . Um, if this petroleum system strata graphic traps, where could they

75:17 be? And how could we possibly those and drill does. And so

75:22 found a lot of stuff that was down dip in a strata graphic trap

75:28 the same fault block of something that a higher oil water contact for,

75:34 , sandstone that was isolated from this graphic trap. So it was It

75:39 a really, uh, really good for someone starting out in production,

75:45 and the oil industry to actually learn awful lot. And, of

75:49 at the same time, I had field these Cameron 81 that had a

75:54 gas blowout with 100 million cubic feet gas going to blue sky,

76:02 somewhere around five months, and, , that really got me into another

76:07 of what it's like to be in oil company. All over the same

76:12 of time and in a relatively short of time. So it was a

76:15 interesting time in my life. So again, you know, what

76:21 the types of data? You're petroleum . You're always talking about this kind

76:26 stuff. But we're looking for the porosity, The permeability. Ah,

76:33 , what kind of, uh, or barriers do I have in a

76:37 direction? In other words, toe flow. Ah, vertical barrier creates

76:44 flow. A, um um let , uh in other words, if

76:53 have variability in this direction in other , in a layer that's like this

76:57 a layer that's like that it creates , uh, avenues. And if

77:04 have something, uh, that separates this way like a vertical fault that

77:14 flow in a vertical direction. So configuration of the layers could be,

77:20 ah. Little bit different than actually way the barriers actually are. We're

77:25 looking for total oil in place, , by, um, zeroing out

77:33 rock space and the fluids, the space, and we're trying to figure

77:38 what the actual recoverable reserves are and of course, the A P I

77:44 can have a lot to do with flow conditions. For example, when

77:48 found two billion barrels in place in South China Sea, the luau structure

77:57 , the A p i gravity we really low ap I gravity. But

78:02 viscosity of that particular oil was a lower for that particular gravity of oil

78:09 of bio degradation from bacteria and the that was driving this water drive and

78:18 as it migrated through through the the , that was actually, uh,

78:25 from source to the thing that actually the of viscosity a little bit lower

78:31 it should have been for the for density of that particular oil. So

78:35 were able to put cheese on It was relatively deep water over 300

78:41 deep, and they were able to sheets on it, and that was

78:46 heavy oil. With just a little of heating, they were able to

78:49 it the flow. And, of , sometimes this is not a problem

78:53 all, because you have a nice nice uh hi, I a p

78:58 graph and, uh, and of , this water saturation helps you figure

79:02 what those reserves are. And that , which I just mentioned, is

79:07 critically important sometimes in terms of And And you start looking for these

79:14 , Of course, What's gonna happen we bring it thio to the

79:20 Uh, what volumes are we gonna or gain? What's the gas oil

79:26 ? What would the temperature be? bubble point for the dissolved gas,

79:35 and also sometimes the what? Our can also help us figure out other

79:41 in terms of of how this is to flow and drive, and,

79:46 , and that sort of thing. a lot of information goes on into

79:49 . When I worked as a developmental , the reservoir geologists spent a lot

79:55 time working on this, and the would spend more time working on these

80:03 and, uh, trying to get those volumes. Um, actually,

80:08 volumes for this by mapping out the and that sort of thing. So

80:14 are we looking for for unconventional? that kind of went through conventional

80:21 and I mention a little bit of . Well, what would we be

80:26 for once we've got that first well in an unconventional How? Well,

80:38 next Well, right. Yeah, gonna be looking for that. So

80:43 already know where the source and reservoir . So obviously Ah, lot of

80:52 where we are, we've drilled through source rocks looking for conventional resource

80:57 and so we're already looking at a that has relatively speaking for that whole

81:03 whole source rock with probably were some the best process and permeability, or

81:09 , And we saw that because we might have had shows coming out of

81:14 shales when he drilled for those conventional . But other things that we start

81:20 for, you know, we could some of this with our seismic

81:26 but we're looking for, uh, know which rocks are susceptible to

81:32 Which ones aren't where the primary fracture . Um, and just just for

81:41 one little thing here, I'll give an example. Say our source rocks

81:47 , uh is more or less. , although it's got a lot of

81:52 material, and it's got a lot carbonate in it, and so it's

81:56 be more brittle than a and, a classic derived, solicitous, rich

82:07 . So but a lot of the did early on in some of these

82:13 is if they had these areas where had a carbonate rich source rock,

82:21 was brittle. One of the things they started looking for, uh,

82:26 their seismic is what areas had the flex oring going on. Other

82:32 Ah, if you have these flat sentimentally lime stones that air full of

82:37 material, all I have to do find a place where I can see

82:43 flexing in the layer. Um and I know that that might be an

82:51 that has more fracturing than an area still flatlining. In other words,

82:56 been no, no structural Fletcher, I have a brittle rock and I

83:02 this structural Fletcher, I'm gonna have have fracturing in there. And so

83:06 be natural fracturing that could be And there's there are places where

83:13 we, uh, actually work in unconventional where we don't have to fracture

83:18 the fracturing there is already better. also, if you do go in

83:22 do fracturing Ah, you know, it zits more brittle, the less

83:31 it is. And the more carbonate that is, the more likely we

83:35 that units going toe fracture a little better. Another thing that you can

83:40 figure out from the stress fields that from some of that structural flexing and

83:47 structural activity like faulting and that sort thing. You can get a nice

83:53 with the primary fracture, directions might occurring in, uh And then,

84:00 course, another thing you're gonna be to find out is where is the

84:05 part of the oil source and so you start drilling. You have this

84:13 plan, what often happens? You may not know any of

84:18 Somebody's tapped into it. And just of the way the leases situated,

84:26 starts drilling all their wells big horizontal northwest instead of instead of Northeast,

84:37 might be the better fracture, direction that you want to cut

84:42 Uh, so they just start drilling the wrong direction. But once you've

84:46 that, because you're drilling all these and trying to monetize this thing really

84:50 and you want it to fit within leased lines. Ah, uh,

84:56 you've done that, you might realize you're not drilling in the right

85:01 Thio two more or less have a of times that it oftentimes it's not

85:08 but often times if you have your fractures perpendicular to the well bore when

85:13 dio you're fracturing, you're going toe that natural fracture. So that's many

85:21 the way you want to do Uh, unfortunately, a lot of

85:25 for speed, uh, people don't orient things in the right direction because

85:32 don't really have time to do But once you've drilled, uh,

85:37 10 or 12 of these laterals, , you're gonna have an idea in

85:43 future, for in the future, direction has the best porosity and permeability

85:48 direction from that original? Well, getting richer oil sources and you might

85:55 able to see in one direction you're to richer oil. Uh, oil

86:02 . In other words, there's more . Mm uh huh. To the

86:07 of my field. And there is the north of the minefield. And

86:10 starts to help you get in idea what direction. You should be moving

86:15 . So you sort of, unlike is where we start from the outside

86:20 look for these things. With a you've drilled, you've drilled that initial

86:26 , and you're probably drilling a lot wells because you need to keep that

86:29 flow going. You know, you're it from that that bench, so

86:34 speak that you've that you've got your pipe into and you're trying to monetize

86:41 thing is, though, it is . But as you're drilling it from

86:45 inside out, you're finding out that not homogeneous, and you're finding out

86:50 there actually is variability. And now starting toe learn from the inside out

86:55 of from the outside in. I'm to learn where I should be putting

87:01 next drill, uh, lateral my next laterals, and where I

87:07 be buying extra acreage that I hadn't about in the past. Okay,

87:14 I think we're going to take a . It sounds like people might be

87:18 , but how long has this Yeah, eyes. It been an

87:30 yet, or an hour and a . But we started around.

87:39 It's been close to an hour and half right now. Okay, so

87:44 go ahead and take a 10 minute and I will try to pause the

87:58 if I can get out of

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