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00:01 Let's look at Oh, Although I years there. Okay, so this

00:12 a chapter three. You should have older slides. By the way,

00:16 will get the I will get the week material very fast. Uh,

00:25 maybe Tuesday evening. My problems are me very busy. I'm teaching to

00:31 classes. So Monday I have to a whole day teaching. So

00:36 uploading the material for next weekend. a 456 Okay, 456 What are

00:44 next week? We will wear Okay. There's also a good time

00:49 . Review the schedule. We can the tops here. So yesterday we

00:55 introduction. This morning, we talk basic off data processing data analysis.

01:03 afternoon we talk about modeling inversion. ? In detail. I will spend

01:10 section on modeling and then you was dekom because in worse off filtering,

01:18 , filtering conclusion economies undo conclusion. one more time about your physical inversion

01:26 we do kill three. We finished before five. For sure.

01:30 Style of time. Similar to today. Okay. Oh, on

01:37 next week time flies 29. We have war logging set me water.

01:47 many of you guys have background Well, logging anybody? Are there

01:55 here who has a background in? , logging? I'm sure assessing how

01:59 ? I will go a little Little bad. Okay. Okay.

02:05 that's fine. So someone has I'm not so many your first

02:09 Everybody's first time. But you have . That's helpful. Okay, The

02:15 one I want go very deep Talk about mostly about basic ideas.

02:21 how to see sand from San You know? You know, blogging

02:26 . The general idea of that Then I will talk about some of

02:31 water. So many things within Like a coalition conclusion you're seeing again

02:38 . Water. Okay, this is very fast paced classes. So before

02:44 know it, we have example what example Why will be basically along the

02:51 off 1 to 4. Right. all four topics, including blogging and

02:57 on on. Describe your open So you have You should know more

03:02 time. We should just try to sure you know what you're doing.

03:09 afternoon. We go from 1 to . Probably our guessing by the example

03:15 . Probably around, say, 3 Next Friday, three PM Around that

03:21 we finish lecture already. So we started by exam. So in a

03:28 , my lecture will be shorter than because I'm doing two sections. But

03:33 you want, we can have 20 time off. Half an hour time

03:39 . If you wanna have any something like that, I'll be happy

03:44 go through issues. I just wanna sure you will get what you you

03:48 , you need to know before text . And then about 3 30 I

03:57 show exam. I'm a star. will have until the next morning the

04:05 , which is Saturday. Tony, Is that why? So you have

04:12 whole evening if you're nice work or , but it's a tedious because next

04:18 , Saturday have hold the electoral game and that's what they said. You

04:24 run, you can hide right so will catch up with you. But

04:28 that's why it's important for you to get involved on now you look at

04:34 . The screen looked at me and to follow. But I think the

04:38 way is a two way communication. to rest questions. Other revisiting

04:44 as a issue to delay elaborating. right. And that's how the pace

04:51 go. I'm trying to diversify the risk. So instead, off in

04:58 top of the crease, I have , see here 10 times three crazy

05:04 reading. So I'll give a couple here. Okay, so I Q

05:10 Q two all the way to kill . So they're seven Crease, are

05:14 three readings? Okay, so today show the first reading, which is

05:19 here. Basically, this is the I mentioned, uh, name

05:25 Maxim Burger. You know, he was my colleagues Exxon years ago.

05:32 here this is a classic paper about about predictive dekom. Okay, Pretty

05:40 . One of the techniques we're gonna in section topic today have no on

05:47 technique is most useful for zero upset based on the pure period obesity multiple

05:55 city repeating off the timing off But when you have a foul set

06:01 to stretch the fall set, the work is working less effectively. It's

06:07 not working. Eso Schoenberger and Those two guys in exile in that

06:13 , they developed a way to do is through something called a stationary

06:17 Okay, so your job is to the paper, which is in the

06:25 , and then write something. We're . Answer those five questions you can

06:30 once. And this is great in mall collaboration. Fine. Right.

06:35 I'm just going to make sure you those aspect. Uh, the reason

06:41 assigned you doing this way have two . Why? You understand locally what

06:49 doing about predicting dekom. So your about practical issues involved in predicting the

06:57 . Okay, that's one off difficult for this paper. Uh, there's

07:03 other opportunities. This is a very example. Off writing style, although

07:10 still arrow here and there. But think they're writing excellent eso. I

07:16 you can learn a bit more about writing in geoscience, especially to your

07:22 . What? What people typically for example, motivation versus the

07:30 how they're presenting stuff. All so I'm trying to focus on those

07:35 aspect any questions or Commons. I a question. Is there? I

07:47 been able to get onto teams for class. Is there a code or

07:52 that we can use, um, join on teams? That's why I

07:57 don't know. The answer I hear your question is about Team. I

08:01 I'm assuming, uh, I think might be the last one joining,

08:08 . Ah, look, team right do you break? Maybe can add

08:11 as a member. Okay. So we'll try to break. Let

08:16 see. You can do that right . Yeah, that's important question,

08:21 I was worried about people. Hard accessing blackboard. So I'm trying adding

08:27 to the teams because I can also files and they're in teams.

08:32 Okay. Thank you. Yeah, problem. Let me let me do

08:36 . Let me do that during I'm not very fast in doing

08:40 okay? After break, we'll talk this, okay? No problem.

08:45 , because I'm not saying it's Yeah. I mean, the way

08:50 do it, you You tell Uh, I think when we

08:54 you tell me I'm going to try . I'm gonna compare your name with

08:58 I see under enrollment, you name missing. There. I'll try

09:03 do. Look at. Actually, , I'm not sure she's, uh

09:07 not sure she is listening here because has the recording into her own things

09:12 greeting. Maria considered also. I think there's something to management.

09:20 you able to check in team to everything there? Maria? No.

09:26 . Members, uh, there are members. I don't know why you

09:32 know there. I'm looking at right . Actually. Let me stop sharing

09:35 . I can show you what I on the TV. So you see

09:45 team here. Thank you. I'm this incoming members. This is what

09:50 my view. I say owner with Maria, the daughter of a new

09:56 . But if I don't see your here, then you are missing.

09:59 you see them here. There nine . Angela, you're there. So

10:06 are a member. You should give accidents. Okay. I'll check

10:12 Yeah. I mean, this is by your village. They basically based

10:16 enrollment, the automatically toe get through . In another class yesterday someone was

10:23 so I can add I can remember . Remember key here? I can

10:28 , but if you were there. cannot aid it. Could be your

10:34 . Different email. We have wise , remember? They're gonna ask me

10:38 , you know, searching for whatever , for example, students, student

10:44 . It may be your I'd somehow different. I don't know what's the

10:48 reason? Okay, but the Yeah. What's the worst we can

10:56 ? Harmony Investigator. We can ask guys about what's going on. Your

11:00 there. Your first one. I what Sarah saying is at the top

11:04 the search bar, there's an activate . Yeah. Could you click

11:10 Um, nine students were waiting to that. Maybe the reason you're saying

11:26 , see, that's kind of that's of teamwork, right? Teamwork on

11:32 . E got it now, That's the reason. So you're not

11:36 , Everybody. Everyone couldn't get So why do you go there?

11:40 can look files. You should be to see the files that you can

11:43 the the stuff, you know, on the file. That's why.

11:50 talk about the quiz last time? can get it there because you don't

11:55 don't have access. So now 1233 have through their got 33 All

12:02 good. So we're making good This is actually time, time saving

12:07 than time wasting. So let's stop this one. Switch back to sure

12:12 hear, uh, the slides. chapter three. Okay. So you

12:18 what? We're go Are the good through this exercise due Toa ascend to

12:25 will become Wake up now. We're actually more now. Good.

12:30 let's continue the presentation mode or the mode. So let me get my

12:41 color. I'm not sure which So it's always hard to see the

12:46 . I don't know why they got twice. Okay, here we

12:50 Modeling. Okay. I'm going to a general description about the modeling.

12:56 air section from my from my book textbook. Okay. So below

13:03 Defined modeling. This is how I people the way of a definitive definition

13:08 versus emerging. Okay, So just you example of how we define

13:14 but I like using cattle showing So this is the first time we

13:18 about it. So this morning, show you that simple model with the

13:26 ? Uh, coming together and talk the data space. The model

13:31 Okay, so here example Off, , data space model space. So

13:39 have to space. There are spaces we're observing data. We analyzing signal

13:45 and so on. So forth. space is where we deliver result.

13:50 have ah, profile model or sweetie or whatever Model restaurant model, any

13:57 . So let's look process on the side. In the form modeling

14:02 we start from real world geology. , We start from real world

14:06 We try to simplify into some kind model. So, actually, the

14:11 models we have many possible models with flying. Really, geology. This

14:17 super creation process is a really critical geophysics because we not only have considering

14:24 this realistic. We also have a . Is this favorable? Okay,

14:30 those of you that are working on , uh, dissertation. You need

14:36 know that when you proposed a most people, the managers or

14:42 they care those two aspect. Why significance off quality? The other one

14:51 physicality. Can this be done in given time? Resources. If you

14:56 , someday you're gonna worry about that the time, right? So we

15:00 to be certified enough. Let's be enough on deficiency now. So then

15:07 will be able to have some Like if you have a restaurant models

15:14 model, you should be ableto forecasting you will see by means you can

15:21 geochemical E. You're physically, Any way to measure something about this

15:29 , the model response that you can that you can verify in the real

15:34 . So that's the idea, So, through that theory or constraints

15:39 studying, predicting from that model from one model or many, many model

15:45 you're doing, for example, I survey human making a model out of

15:50 densities, subsurface like and forecasting the corresponding by that, uh, entity

15:59 that your theory clearly gonna be the law. Newton's gravitational law theory.

16:06 , but there are always so far party can predict. They're probably cannot

16:11 . So in normal, how to it would be something you can

16:16 Something cannot, therefore tradition, off noise as well as the so

16:21 output or the something you can really . So this approach, a modeling

16:29 keep trying. Different model. Modified to see. Can you predict compared

16:35 data, something ready? Meaning your is right or wrong. This is

16:41 approach. And there are people doing , uh, scanning approach. They

16:47 scan all the models automatically and kind scan for some something they're looking

16:52 So that's a modern approach. In , the other side is universal universe

16:59 investment in emerging ideas. Go Okay, in a way for modeling

17:05 called Also called the model driven model the universe is images more data

17:13 So June data, you start from . You say they're choosing signal on

17:18 rest of the noise. Right. have some signal or signals you tryto

17:23 your signal. You using the data towards your answer, but data driven

17:30 considering signal and noise You can also this a signal driven. If you're

17:34 33 signal, can you derive the for your sub surface geology?

17:40 this usually is more challenging because you've more better about theory and constraints connecting

17:49 When you have three university, you have multiple answers again. Floral.

17:56 , So you have a different models . They're gonna interpret. I can

18:01 with geology, right. So you talk about the good bad about both

18:07 . You're you're speaking. Modeling is because you can easily for modeling inversion

18:13 a little harder in theory and also in the algorithm. Okay, but

18:18 people in geophysics prefer inversion. The is that they think emerging is more

18:28 . Okay, Because in a it kind of fair. You

18:32 you see the reason why you work front of the answer Where are modeling

18:37 kind of can be cherry picking. picking 30 models you like. You

18:41 be ableto to try older models. this is the general idea about the

18:48 . However, uh, people can say they're also substantive part in the

18:56 because you decided where to invert for my model on the What's the

19:02 So it's suddenly is ahead in okay, hidden inside. You also

19:06 some subject to part. But in , people thinking versus more,

19:13 more elegant. Theoretically, that Okay, So initially, usually we

19:20 modeling because regularly, But when we very, very much better understanding of

19:25 we might try inversion. In geophysical work for inversion is always challenging

19:36 you have lots off noise on a to use in every aspect on the

19:43 between the data and the solution. model. Usually we call the EU

19:49 or call that a poorly constraint. you have a lot of possibilities,

19:54 know which ones were wrong? I don't have complete observation. You tell

19:59 a limited your time is limited or Time coverage is limited. So those

20:04 the reasons. All right, This a reason why they need a good

20:09 . Scientists like you guys to figure how to choose a bad answer.

20:15 ? So let's look the model. took a picture of Grand Canyon up

20:21 . Okay, that's really Earth Really? Earth library. But some

20:26 , My jaw. I model this Derek plan model, maybe something like

20:33 area. You know, the uh, very grateful model at your

20:39 will make this other model. For , this is because this layer model

20:44 call this a great model. match greater bottle. Okay. But

20:50 looking assessment sections in three D volume the one b all this one

20:57 I can see some stylish similarity because is all those who are buried within

21:03 rock volume. You can see the . You can see the meandering because

21:09 small, you know, faces off or even some Southern Channel, different

21:14 , different levels. So you see whole bunch of stuff. So that

21:18 you feel that I mean, what model? They can be very geological

21:22 we carried off to our, making a modeling approach us realistic as

21:30 as we can. Of course, balanced by the, you know,

21:34 ability. Like I said, visibility there. So we try to make

21:38 all so easy to manipulate eso. one is actually very high quality is

21:44 image image volume this one, the quality ones, but even put 100

21:49 it has still seen channels here. ? That's that's a channel there,

21:53 . It's not a very high I'm just give you a spectrum of

21:57 politics of quality. But in there are two class off,

22:03 dialect is called them and member models always try using any member model toe

22:10 are are thinking process because that intuition the left one's color take model.

22:17 . The writer one is called a model. As I said,

22:21 E and, uh, a great here. Later model here.

22:26 Those three models so you can see modeling on their good and bad on

22:31 sides. If you're doing computational they always like this kind of great

22:36 . Gaza's machine computers always integrated, that's kind of a fair in the

22:43 of greedy. That's unfair because geological never be like that way. That's

22:48 a great model. Geology models more the layer model. Okay, or

22:52 . We should follow everything. But later model are very hard to.

22:58 called called Addressing a Leveling in the . If you ever compare language,

23:03 are two parts. There is a under the addressing another bookkeeping on that

23:10 of very complicated. Okay, if doing modeling in, will fall.

23:16 , if using this kind modern the method will be like we call

23:20 funnel element methods and write a one call the finite difference. F T

23:31 F E. Final elements find a difference. I'll try to elaborate with

23:39 detail, but for this class, just trying to give you a

23:42 okay? Because every topic here can whole class I This is not

23:47 I don't want to overwhelm you, I think I already over with.

23:52 , here's my example. I just to show you example. Modeling forward

23:58 , if you've done properly, can very powerful. Coming very powerful.

24:03 one example The demonstrate. Okay. was a mine in Utah.

24:10 Okay, actually, people die from money is a collapse off money shelf

24:18 being killed. Well, my one my friends. Well, actually,

24:24 was four years after me in the graduate program. I wrote a paper

24:30 science. This is as a modern in science. Amazing, right?

24:34 think science papers always something big? ? Well, this is the first

24:38 people using sex, mammogram, toe mining disaster. That's why it's a

24:43 . So the science paper, His is Dr Kermit. I mean,

24:47 sorry. Uh, Dark Drager, professor in UC Berkeley. So this

24:54 paper payload. I think the good showing modeling so on the left upper

25:01 is map of Utah. Utah is of the few. State was almost

25:06 . Almost handle exactly this This Okay, so the mining locations right

25:12 in the star you see around Triangle six sessions, for example.

25:17 o g. Right here in the G. His first station. So

25:22 station there are three components. Data . Buddy, pull. She's transfer

25:27 ours radio. Okay. In if you have a you have a

25:33 you have or hear the earthquake. a map earthquake travel towards the d

25:37 T station like this way, coming way on that direction is called the

25:44 . I'm sorry are ours for The direction from South receiver direction on

25:52 direction perpendicular is called a T t's transfers These vertical with the three

26:03 Okay, so t is trans Our radio or south to receiver V

26:11 vertical. So there's three companies. a long period datasets on in the

26:16 . I don't know where I can it. There's one curve. Is

26:20 other curves More, more gray Okay. Why, instead, up

26:26 is the position from model. usually the data is more complicated than

26:32 model. You can see which ones here to my the great one is

26:37 little more common here. So most that's the data. The dark ones

26:43 Most likely the model the original was color actually showed color here Too late

26:48 . So what happening is a He using modeling this Professor Drager to show

26:56 the only solution from, uh, this data is solution off. We

27:02 a crack model is a is a their collapse. So the significance of

27:10 study shows that you can using such grand feeding on holiday. The monitoring

27:17 huh. Collapse your cavalry cavern You can model that. So that's

27:25 the one of the idea of this also off the paper. If you

27:28 , I can show this paper you find in science, so I

27:33 so modeling can be very useful if know what you're doing. Uh,

27:37 is case off off using since my Liddy toe, uh, monitoring what's

27:45 on in mine? Disaster. by the way, this is also

27:49 same way the monitoring nuclear test in days. Why the neutral test monitoring

27:57 Exactly what we do. While I doing my PhD on first few years

28:02 age in the early nineties, I some study about Russian high side.

28:08 really surprised to see this is Okay. The number of sites,

28:13 have three nuclear tests. Yeah. don't know if you guys heard about

28:18 or not. I mean, if look the matter Russia. My

28:22 it's looking very touched. Nuclear all of our place. It is

28:30 . Okay. Anyway, so I'm toe first described detail here about the

28:36 remodeling using re theory. The theory is very intuitive. Were simple in

28:42 sense. Since you guys are most of you, some guy's elaborated

28:46 bit. But even in geology, do the same thing if you

28:50 For example, optical technology you doing the microscope, You talk about our

28:57 index right? Using refreshing index to out what's the reflection coefficients determined.

29:03 kind of material Property? Their article . Right at the same principle,

29:08 called snows Law. The same same physics. Okay on. Then

29:14 can also treating the race by 1.2 3.1 point, Like shooting out

29:19 Source. Two point flung Salto station three point is go from source to

29:26 on to the receiver on their some names for this thing. Shooting,

29:32 economic equation I saw so forth. , so, my citizens, this

29:38 of papers, I can see a for my name. John with

29:43 He's Professor U C L. Um uh, my classmate. He's

29:50 a member off US Academy of So we're famous guy. So let

29:57 show some refusing here idea model give and choosing race on final child

30:02 Re past This is actually very This actually the main thing behind the

30:08 the migration methods Kerkhoff migration we gotta about Took on migration, chapter eight

30:14 seven. So we will talk about . Okay. I'm just giving

30:19 So this illustration off shooting on bending , plant source. You just try

30:25 , not law to see where they're . But if you follow not

30:29 you might not end up in the . You might go somewhere else.

30:32 you're trying to trying to keep Abandon is you started from ST Array

30:38 Shadow receiver. I have been the until the really very satisfied physics,

30:42 is not the law, some other . This is kind of detail about

30:47 . Okay, you can also go a network. This is exactly the

30:52 principle you guys using for your cell . Your cellphone feel that you could

30:59 China. How do they connected signal you for the nearby network off stations

31:04 your cell phone. So they do same thing. This is called the

31:08 path or so this time on the principle. So use that same principle

31:14 segment. Which is it? In years, Really? Sometimes even even

31:20 the Chilean model. Okay, there's lot of principle in detail here,

31:25 I'm not gonna kinda give you guys much of this. Their issues

31:29 Okay, I just give some illustration . This is just a numerical

31:33 This is, uh, the network or the shortest path methods. Put

31:38 software put down the receiver. Here surface are zero R one R

31:44 You can see the re pass. . I put some also model in

31:47 . Also put some reflectors in black . One reason I'm showing this to

31:52 to showing that even the Superman, way many taxable concepts, Uh,

31:59 a black and white anymore. They're . For example, in textbook,

32:04 no difference between reflection under a fraction O hara waves reflection. You know

32:13 difference. I'm sure. Right. in reality, they might be

32:20 They might be between all right. example, this, uh, let

32:26 see. I can move my stuff . This point here, you

32:29 Yellow re pass. This is real . Okay, this is refreshing.

32:38 , this is a reflection or So in reality, the different between

32:46 . Reflection might not be that black okay on for for small offset is

32:58 flashing. I have a very foul the difference become become, you

33:03 smear. It's true, even for ways. For example, body wave

33:12 surface data, we'll have a very offset. The difference between the two

33:20 smear. We have extremely wide Your body will become just except when

33:25 combine. Okay, The physics, continuous process. But what we conceptualize

33:34 we often kind of simplified. Just I force you guys to give answer

33:39 in the crease. We're often the is not another one. Exactly

33:43 It's somewhere between. Okay, So really earth Also you have global model

33:50 can see re pass, uh, because the center of the earth the

33:56 the other core in the core the of the Earth have very high velocities

34:02 . Okay, so this phenomenon This is an example of Regency you

34:08 re path. There's a low velocity here. No velocity. I'm showing

34:13 last model. But we lost the not only three layers, but also

34:17 lateral. So this low last If you're shooting the first rivals,

34:23 see shadows loom over survivals. but however first are overshadowed doesn't mean

34:30 no wave inside here. They're actually inside there. Which letter?

34:38 in fact, first rival are not in terms of and produced. If

34:43 doing migration, you can see that off shallow. You have very low

34:49 . This is a way for Okay, Uh, this is one

34:52 my students I was teaching you he remodeling in this study. We have

34:57 time for for exercises he didn't. modeling modeling world. Okay, But

35:03 can see that similar phenomena, For . I'm just giving example. I'm

35:07 drawing here like conceptual. If you away from getting from left, try

35:15 way. Traveling. Okay. This where we're traveling. If you have

35:20 model, homogeneous will keep going on . Keep going as planned.

35:26 Okay, Just nothing changes. Nothing . No problem. But if you

35:32 lost the e commerce in 19, me tell you. Paint color.

35:37 , I have. Ah, uh I have an army here.

35:43 I'm here. Okay. My background will be zero. Okay, now

35:52 here is velocity slower. Press Slower now. He's also but he

35:59 slower. Both the same amount, slower. I don't I don't care

36:02 much about Okay, What happened to were from, so I'm the joy

36:09 . Make sure your comments, the comments about the idea. Okay,

36:13 you were from will keep going on change color slightly until here you will

36:18 still going the same passion because you see anything. Army. All

36:23 keep in mind the area inside. . So what happened? Why were

36:27 good here, going to throw down little bit. Also slow down.

36:31 here on all sides. Still same on skills throwing down here,

36:36 You will from gonna have this effect they're slowing down. So this is

36:40 traveling 10. They won't go fast you go further. Similar idea.

36:49 see the concept now the issue is you have a current room from what

36:57 to the energy. Okay, if choosing one units in the world from

37:04 energy in the world, fast, cause the energy. All right.

37:10 when you have a slowing down slow global off the area, the

37:15 from direction traveling will recovering convergence, be convergence on waves. Right?

37:24 us? In the other relatively higher . Because also higher than the BS

37:32 will from the diversion, because you . Okay. So in terms of

37:41 off waves up to the waves, go through low velocity? Your amplitude

37:49 to increase one goes through high Um, political decrease is the

37:56 because the convergence and divergence this is reason for we talked. Uh,

38:04 called the Velocity. I mean, wave guide a wave trap, travel

38:10 or guide of wave Blame trial. , this is what I'm not is

38:17 important. Let me give you an example. You've seen people uh

38:25 shepherd or say somebody, uh, have horse. You have a stick

38:34 now you have web on top of . You can swing that. They

38:39 swinging wrong, right? So your off web is high velocity. The

38:47 itself is slow. Well, once high once Law, you ask

38:53 why use my hand here about my holding here? I'm Sui Mai my

38:59 . What happening? I'm shaking this . You can see a much bigger

39:05 on your your your sweet your sleep this. Your stick only taking

39:13 I'm just finding your physics okay for same amount of energy, the

39:19 different amount The phenomenon is in the area or high impedance. You're shaking

39:26 a smaller in the area of the impedance a local. Are you guys

39:30 more just like you have? rocks contains the fluid inside. When

39:39 rocks, the rocks is a So they don't move as much but

39:44 to move a lot more because they're salt. All right. Same

39:49 So I go from very simple convergence from in the cartoon showing here,

39:55 here. So the my sweet as shown here, illustrate to you

40:00 slow lost area actually contains more There are more energy here in low

40:06 than the high velocity, but they're later on. So, internal

40:12 the high amplitude energy are where they ready to lower incidence. Early

40:19 actually, the low amplitude. Any ? I wanna make sure you guys

40:26 the phenomenon here because a lot of is about interpretation, but I want

40:30 assure you see the phenomena. This morning I described using three triangles

40:39 metals, model way three. You , the simple model for one shot

40:45 , but I was using first If you have lost these linear

40:49 this is linear greater model. You see the last model of local like

40:52 one deal ingredients. If the job this model will be like last year's

40:57 of the Okay, this is The what's model Businesses Constant,

41:05 Brilliant. This value here is that on top This is the zebra.

41:12 confession is greeted is the slow You can prove in theory, if

41:19 model is linear ingredients now, you passed off first. Arrival will be

41:23 part off a perfect circle like those . Part of each circle is exactly

41:28 right path for that. For that model, we can derive the

41:36 Those kind of question was the first to buy a famous guy. You

41:40 know, uh, you probably heard Mojo Mojo, this community model.

41:46 ? Which? He's the one first got discovered lower bottom of the crossed

41:53 the mojo. But his knowledge geology seismologist. Okay. And he studied

41:58 re past. That's how they found mobile. His one study those

42:04 So this is how we computing the path. Also, how we estimate

42:08 far we can estimate in the last . Which is why this morning Why

42:13 those three triangles? I'm saying the is you cannot go very deep

42:18 Hardy was deep. Well, if offset, give maximum offset. Roughly

42:24 tips about maximum one half, usually one third. That's how far you

42:29 . Okay, so I can get role of some principle from those simple

42:33 . I'm just showing something example of doing riches. And this is one

42:36 exercise. The tracking is the in kind of model he tracked this,

42:41 , are off re past locally ingredient . This is three D model.

42:46 was working on this long time ago the real data Example. Car abandoned

42:50 your examples You can you can you see the part in those models on

42:55 arrivals is another issue. Why don't letter of origin velocity? The re

43:01 become multi multi patting, which means source toe anywhere you'll see more than

43:09 arrival the same time. They cannot it's a publication that those areas

43:15 They all have a saying All this screen cup with us are repairs coming

43:20 same time. So other not the off other cultures. So you have

43:26 than arrivals. That means they're diverging so on. Just I was

43:32 here a moment ago about the convergence , right? How about convergence?

43:37 here. Remember those divergence convergence. we have a convergence. You have

43:43 rival Also multiple rival coming Same So three passes, no unique.

43:49 can coming across every direction give you same arrival. So multi pattern is

43:54 the issue that makes things complicated. also give the opportunity you have multiple

44:00 . That means they are responses off medium Geico marginality. So you might

44:06 able to use them to figure out going on. Okay, I'm sure

44:12 parts here so they can curb you wrong. Okay, let's move on

44:18 something else. May be more This is Ah, well,

44:22 I rotate everything but 90 degree. , not me. The guy.

44:26 is the same Sugar Mike Bloomberg did lot of different things. So rotated

44:32 this way. So the first uh, won t log.

44:37 log A. So, you I can give imprudence and give you

44:40 refreshing condition. So here's conditions. study, Mike on levin, they

44:47 to demonstrate the issue about multiple Okay, what's multiple trace?

44:55 even along Well, logging just One world war. If a layer

45:00 earth model, you can still have multiple inside. So most people doing

45:06 sensible grand, They're assuming they can the multiples, right? Because that's

45:12 . For example, we showed how do convolution. We come always late

45:17 the ref activity. Why do that ? You're assuming you only care about

45:23 reflections because we don't think about the falls. Right. But within the

45:29 media, you can have a bouncing multiple times. Right? So the

45:35 here means the contribution from multiples. is a top toe, bottom to

45:42 right, so you can support their multiple. But if you're going on

45:46 time of death, they were getting and more energy. So there's a

45:52 increasing multiple amount with depth. That if you go very deep, you

45:57 ignore that. So then I have to your well logging forecast. There

46:08 other complications. Okay, so this the modeling study using re path compared

46:13 will form in the will. For , like this d here.

46:19 You see real forms. The problem real form is it's very hard to

46:23 where the wind from came from. they go through, you see a

46:28 off way field, but where they from, you don't know. So

46:33 often combined will form with three paths give us some better understanding about about

46:40 going on. Okay, this is miracle for modeling the model because it's

46:46 model there. Let me show you thing they call a double bonds the

46:52 . Okay. S o. I know where source. Let's say let's

46:58 this is all sorts here. He going down, down, down pounds

47:03 , up here. Okay, both . So here's receiver Just a

47:14 What we call that. That's not multiple, right? What is

47:18 What's the double bounce away prismatic See? Somebody knows. Answer.

47:25 guys hear him? What is called where inbound. It had multiple bounces

47:36 the subsurface counts more than once. , but I heard that. But

47:41 is kind of prismatic away? Because shipment prison, what was the result

47:48 any way? Because maybe it simulates optics in the in a prison.

47:57 r. S m. Look the of this. This thing is that

48:02 like prison. Crystal Wright. That's the name came from. The ship

48:10 at prison. You can have a situation. For example, you can

48:15 I a niche in the model. glossy here low. What do you

48:22 ? Hi. I'm sorry. This coming. So you have women

48:27 Ability. Any color. Let me . Color will quickly here. So

48:34 my sauce here, you sort of . Okay. Guess what happened.

48:47 problem. See that ping pong ball the war? That's also prismatic way

48:57 it can bounce in multiple times. is a crazy waves. It's like

49:00 with God inside. This is also example. What about the wave

49:05 Will track energy is multiply inside. is a theoretical, but they're real

49:12 off this very, uh, big for human life. Uh, none

49:18 you guys were born before 1985 I'm gonna I'm gonna expose you my

49:27 . My daughter was born at a , actually. Did I live?

49:35 . My daughter was born before Let's see, I better know that

49:40 daughter will be very unhappy. I forgot her. Your bowl. She

49:44 born that year? Yes. Okay, I'm good. Bad.

49:47 remember she was born that year. , he was born a year four

49:56 . Okay. Somebody admitting his age . Similarity. Good. Yeah,

50:04 , there is a big event that in seismology. There was a huge

50:08 happening in Mexico, The in Mexico . The earthquake epicenter is about 100

50:16 south of Mexico City. Still, the 10,000 people die. Imagine this

50:25 , Houston, if you see 10,000 die in one day by earthquake,

50:31 think that that the whole city more 10 million people at the least,

50:39 million people scared to death on the , somehow only small promotion their

50:46 But most people was scared. You , No home, every damage building

50:51 . You know, no life like war is a disaster. Shoot a

50:58 . I was a psychologist in and I was very busy in a

51:02 of news media interviews. But I'm you, that's example off with

51:08 So the city was sitting on top this. Ends in the lake is

51:14 change in the lake. So the subsidy mints beneath the city. Many

51:19 city on earthquake In the selection of , that's where the sauces, but

51:24 God trapped energy. So lots of Well, certainly there they are very

51:31 in two reasons. one. They're high altitudes to demotion. Also,

51:36 Besar. Lots of low waves, bouncing waves. So there are very

51:40 component of lateral motion. Modern Almost every building is against gravity.

51:47 build a building toe against vertical. , so you have very cold.

51:53 down. Your really usually okay. building works for building most buildings.

51:58 motion. Sure emotion while strong share building can stat. Okay. I

52:07 , I even heard certain Amber seismologist even heard horror stories long time

52:12 In one respect in China Tangshan Earthquake will say one guy sleeping the higher

52:18 off story building. Not very high , maybe only five story high.

52:25 during the earthquake his bed was throughout the window, the buildings shaking.

52:32 still in the window. When they on the ground, he landing on

52:37 of the roof. Survived He was out a window building collapse Hey,

52:45 on top of beauty. Can you ? It is crazy phenomenon. But

52:53 people died that that earthquake even killed , Many more, I think was

52:57 a quarter million people killed. Yeah, So it's a big

53:03 which is one reason kind of motivated to study of seismology. But

53:07 for you guys, I'm just passing for the modeling. Okay?

53:13 Maybe I mean, I watch my . I don't wanna be telling too

53:18 story and were carried away. Now, this is a good

53:22 Show you modeling. Now this state a very lousy This is, uh

53:26 don't know how many How many? . Japan's island. Northern Hokkaido.

53:32 , So here's the Sebastian. You see the trench. Okay. Political

53:36 Pacific Ocean Trench. Here. Here's . Those number here, like S

53:41 s A S five s four. those are ocean bottom. Such grand

53:46 . B. S. Okay. the data here is showing. Sees

53:50 . That has a very hard to . Anything is very lousy. So

53:54 only thing when when you have a of data set, you cannot do

53:58 working anything, you only only doing . So these predictions are modeling from

54:04 model on model on this side. from this model, they're predicting

54:10 uh, events. No. Only rival, only first rival a

54:17 three path. Reducing the parts in model, you can see they

54:21 Forecasting First rival Wiggles similar pattern as first viable of data. So comparison

54:29 those two. Give them verification off model off B. So this is

54:36 study. So modern studies very useful you have a good idea. What

54:42 what's going on on your dad has lousy okay, their laws, they

54:47 getting played a model because this is bottom. There's the oldest ocean

54:51 ocean. There's so much you can there. There's no observation for deeper

54:56 . This is a very deep This is a cross. Okay,

55:01 Area and second Graham Understanding some background you Very careful observation. I'm just

55:10 you one detailed example on give you break. This is where the model

55:18 model. Okay, on top aides . So we have a veggie

55:23 There's there's low. Last year's over . Right? Wedge. I will

55:28 a sauce here. We put a of the receivers. Okay, I'll

55:33 you to so small ground on B coming together. What is a

55:38 She is also the same glider but heart of the components. So

55:43 there since. More ground by meaning are wiggles off time record on

55:51 So what it calls time? This a problem. We call this data

55:56 , right? State of space. you cannot tell what the model looks

56:01 even though you're not model. for example, I'm asking you see

56:04 wiggle here? What are the What the What are those Wiggles? You

56:08 know when you see the model? we're often we have to spend a

56:13 of time toe in detail. Toe the snapshot. Okay, so I

56:20 you here below in P E f de en er to time.

56:26 This is 18 seconds. This is seconds time We talk about what you

56:33 at that moment on the snapshot off way progression, for example, 1.8

56:41 . What do you say in the component? You see a rival events

56:45 like this. Okay, if you with 1.8 to 3 point all,

56:50 can see the same events advanced. ? So that one that one that

56:56 are the ones to here. So those actually are reflections events. Ours

57:06 . T is the transmission or refreshing dso depend which wanna talk about

57:11 I mean the numbers index of the . So you have toe looking those

57:16 forth, But the main point I to show you Yes, this dash

57:22 here in the n B. It's same location asked. That's not

57:28 Indeed. So intercession here. Others in the same point. Okay,

57:38 this is how we figure out what's on because we fire, even though

57:42 two D model recorded here is So the result is a three D

57:47 three D volume of data on what I'm saying is a bi on

57:53 intersecting each other their slices off this volume you have X, Z and

58:01 . So depending which slides you cut cake, you see intersections. Now

58:05 how we figure out what's going We human beings, we can see

58:11 very easily like a profile on D . Those profile. But we cannot

58:17 this data spacing at all because we . We don't use to see that

58:24 live in the physical war. We only a snapshot. We don't see

58:29 time history of things. Let's Let's all our genetics consider. But

58:36 have a train. If you have technologist, you have trained sell to

58:40 a lot of modeling together. You start with a simple model.

58:46 have the software to immoderate. You simple model. You're observing what's going

58:50 . It's actually mostly geometrical. It's very difficult. Okay, I'll just

58:58 you a test of what's going I'm not require, you know,

59:00 this stuff. I'm just expose you those phenomenology. Okay. For

59:05 your system stands out here. Here's modeling. So this is basically by

59:10 will form. You can make a model. Consists off three D

59:16 Assuming waters constant media, constant media That's fitting. Wave here Threw

59:23 most Islamia Butoh, Sebastian earthquakes. you know I'm joined profiles about,

59:30 know, Here's ocean floor subduction. , here's trench. Here's back

59:35 So your whole slab going down like . And if you look in the

59:41 so you're for the motion will be is good for you guys. You

59:46 are geologist. So you select on . You're gonna be ah, thrust

59:52 , right? Makes sense. So deep emotion off. This water about

60:01 can be through the air because this off this thrust motion, squeeze the

60:07 water upwards. Just squeeze water upwards that the water from the whole area

60:14 , spread out is a trench squeezing entire bottle Water. Keep in

60:20 Let's try very deep. This is . You talk about eight kilometers

60:26 Be squeezed. Operators. I think center part of that. Maybe you'll

60:29 . Huh? I don't know. m high water, 1000 ft high

60:35 . Okay. Through the air. Saudi tsunami happening. All right,

60:43 we have models by way for There are many different ways. I

60:48 wanna go. Detail I mentioned Find out a difference. Which is

60:52 great model. Find the elements, is a layer model. There are

60:56 other friends that we kind of This is basically doing the same thing

61:01 the have case Maze. We've number space. Okay, I'm sure.

61:08 what? I did a long time with students, uh, different supporting

61:12 and shown real forms. Well Which was done this way. Five

61:18 . Basically five different in the Basically using approximation for a different

61:23 Instead, off differentiation, right? equations, differentiation. That was just

61:30 you the numerical answer. Here's some This case People try to handle the

61:37 artifacts called a Barbary reflection. So 32 ways or handle this.

61:44 Here's another study about student PH. . This is PhD by this

61:49 Yeah, on her entire PhD Got modeling. Okay, so I'm

61:55 example people can read it. This a good school. This is the

61:59 school. So I got my Caltech. Okay, It's PhD

62:03 but it's the bottling, very challenges has a very lousy this. Is

62:08 a God comments? Alligator. But is across the images. They tried

62:12 model area in California and she I'm not sure her final model this

62:19 final. Her final result. The models for final model. Okay,

62:25 a profile of the last line The source this north, that's that's

62:31 a lot of force control. So was able toe keep the first rival

62:37 like you see here. Andi, this is Hadera. So the the

62:42 here is the data. Everyone, think like if you come here?

62:46 15 comments are gators. She picked for her all the time that she

62:52 doing. Careful modeling. Well, modeling. Here I divide this kind

62:57 model on top of their data fitting sort of the one sort of Caroline's

63:03 deadlines for position from this model. modeling can also produce good results.

63:09 in case there's no data. No data, Only one data.

63:17 There's no room for your version or processing. Just modeling. I'm gonna

63:23 him, or I think we're done this as I can also do.

63:27 official modeling. I was a promising a break, but I keep

63:32 so I better give a break. could official modeling. You can join

63:37 . Here's one example for small. mean, I think I'm done for

63:40 sector. Okay. I cannot fly here. I forgot all time.

63:46 . Forgive me what time we have to seven. So let's give you

63:52 longer break. How about what do like? 15 minutes? 30

63:58 Right. So 2 to 20 we'll again to 20. Thank you,

64:06 . Right. Yeah. Thank So we're gonna talk about the the

64:17 to answers. Okay? Every day's with the two of those. So

64:24 we go. Uh, don't take answer off. Absolutely. Correct

64:33 Because this is always issue we can . Okay. So we can discuss

64:37 this. So go ahead. And , are you sure to record this

64:43 you are uploading the everything on the point. If you want toe upload

64:49 who is this as well or because you are recording that. This

64:55 Are you recording is old. You are recording this box. It's

65:00 . Recording this party. Okay? big deal. No problem. Thank

65:03 for reminding me. E understand what saying. Yeah. Yeah. We

65:08 worry about people recording and then Okay. That's why we way talk

65:12 this. Uh, this is basically quest to answers. I'm gonna go

65:19 following the style. So the first is a false because all the correlation

65:29 normalized, although coherence. So, speaking, they're not exactly the

65:36 Okay, The only case they're the wonders through the both waves involved has

65:43 been normalized. Eso That's the reason this exercise number two multiple reflections are

65:51 faster. The stacking velocity, the That's false Because other Iraq primary reflections

66:01 velocity than the multiples. Because they're deeper. Whatever will stay in the

66:07 heart. So they're lower lost. speaking third one nearly old feel they

66:14 processing, producing both signal on That's always true. Okay, for

66:22 , statics correction is less effective than statics. Okay, The key is

66:28 I mean by effective. Okay, video usually means a big, big

66:35 . So, uh, it is Okay, Trip, Lismore, but

66:41 can be wrong. Okay. Effective the sense off to be difference,

66:45 you can be or do it. were the wording here is tricky.

66:50 don't like this effective. Next time attending toe big change or something like

66:54 , it's a bigger change, Five stacking velocity profile smoother.

67:03 Now the interval velocity. That's because average assumption involved Six other correlation off

67:11 sweep is record as false as we in the slides. This is Claudia

67:18 . Which one question here. Computer language. Okay, Riker clutter.

67:25 to go off stacking. Refreshing. , Improve, Snr. And

67:30 I mean, covering the events. , there's no new surface aesthetics problem

67:36 processing Brenda hard. That's a false even though there marine marine means anything

67:41 the water in the ocean, there shallow water. They have a strong

67:46 problem that God Mexico show a lot very big problem with the static

67:52 Okay, next to a compare for differences Colijn co evolution. Yes,

67:59 different in formula. But the meaning the main difference. The meaning correlation

68:05 the similarity between the two time but the conclusion is the multiple multiplication

68:11 you, Cherie filtering very different from . Okay, so they're they're physical

68:17 very different. Make her versus Carter bricks, both zero face.

68:25 but the former the recur is the future velocity record off impulse, which

68:32 import response. A letter is Thea Correlation off sweep. Okay, like

68:37 sweep. So there are very but they are origin. A

68:42 Why is the impulse response off spike otherwise just came around the correlation or

68:54 last one? I know. How you have found completing the metrics?

68:57 you forget your refresh, your linear , Maybe that's the way to look

69:03 . So here's what I draw Okay, Put a P three in

69:07 metrics. A pre yellow color here highlight. Right. That's the one

69:13 given on the A four vector. we become involved with multiply.

69:20 while multiply magics with better if the roll a time, multiply with corresponding

69:27 The Adam together Okay, for 0.5 multiplies with minus 10 minus

69:36 That's that's why I'm as a pawn because everything else is here. Zero

69:40 of all, old zero, The second role multiply the first one

69:46 zero. So it's medicine one times 11 0.550 point 0.25 So this is

69:57 adding one plus 0.25 So you follow I'm talking about here. One by

70:03 , you get this answer is massive point 25 but at 1.85 1.71 point

70:11 1.711 I also applaud this so you see this result of plot and this

70:20 ah convolution. If you ask you same question, but for cross

70:30 What do you do? Okay, you ask waiting, because this time

70:34 of them are asymmetrical. April peacefully as medical because it's reverse the order

70:41 all that. For example, you the same metrics. Then change the

70:45 here into reverse order. You can one minus 3.70 point five and minus

70:53 negative result that resolved the cross So across colleges are very similar.

71:01 convolution just reversed order of the while futures involved reversed order. You get

71:10 most efficient. Yeah, sure. , I guess the question Because you

71:17 a rusty with the linear algebra. , when you multiply metrics with a

71:24 that music are doing in the you do one draw a time 100

71:31 into a top product. You have factor that product, which means you

71:38 correspondent elements, then soon appear For example, if only you have

71:45 here. In this case of a 0.5 multiply With this, the first

71:50 0.5 rest off them 00 cannot get . So only the first one non

71:57 multiply with the first one in the minus one that give you minus

72:05 Right. The second hero in the is the second column in the

72:11 which is minus 10.5 and older So there to non zero elements,

72:18 first two elements, non zero. they're gonna multiply the first two elements

72:23 the vector off a four. So is one times Venezuela is Why

72:29 Why? 0.5 times 0.50 point 25 , the 1.25 Because to act

72:39 remember the product the 30 roll not this 10.543 elements non 0 to

72:49 . So you gonna multiply one by with the first ray off a

72:53 So one first of all elements one minus one Give you minus one signal

72:59 Madeline times 0.5. Give you minus , which is a total is a

73:07 of 1.5 31 0.5 times minus So minus 0.75 So that together give

73:17 minus one point. If I makes . So you just one by one

73:26 and then some of them. This kind of thought of product to better

73:32 . One by one, multiply that them together. Be careful with plus

73:39 . So make sure to sign. is that Clear it out. Anything

73:48 , folks? Now you can see lens. That means there's one thing

73:55 the length of the first one is number, the lens of second

73:59 One number in this case, the 1463 at together, that is not

74:05 past 37 The total lands of results be the dire lands total of the

74:12 to Manus one. So the lands results will be six in this case

74:19 four plus 37 minus 16 So I see you can see I've got a

74:24 number here, right? My result six numbers. Non zero. If

74:31 have a two vectors, a two serious multiply in sense of collusion or

74:38 correlation. The length off the result same length is the length of the

74:43 one plus one. The second one one. No. Okay, they're

74:52 always more detail. But again, is how you quantify the result of

74:58 tary. If no more questions, gonna stop sharing. Go back to

75:03 chapters. Okay? Now, talk the chapters. Uh, we are

75:14 . Move on to the section two this afternoon or chapter three, Section

75:22 . Okay, so I just finished mom go about the first one.

75:27 about modeling. Uh, there's some we can talk back. That's not

75:32 worries. We're gonna talk about in filtering or decomposition. Okay, so

75:42 is my starting point. Uh, slides off section tool. The first

75:49 is what we say this morning about conclusion. A reflectivity X, come

75:55 with the filter. Give you which is your data sets. But

76:01 we want to do is wrong. wanna undo the process. Because when

76:05 started in, we have data. is why eso we start on why

76:11 want to remove the future. We to get it back. Relativity.

76:17 is how we try to enhance your . Okay. So, to begin

76:21 , I want to give you some about why I do this. Here's

76:26 . Why do this? Here's a of migration. Okay, for one

76:32 good examples I have to. Somebody here just showing the area because somebody

76:38 wanted to enhance the resolution because they toe the Georges. What's a more

76:44 ? So they start using that they using resolution. I mean, Deke

76:50 to remove a minimizing the regulator so can see better detail. Okay,

76:57 is before that. The convolution Here's I'm gonna fly back, for you

77:04 see it. So those are the . Why do this? People call

77:13 migration. The conclusion opposed migration. conclusion. This is one way to

77:18 resolution. Okay, if you know . So me one point told me

77:24 same upper left because oh, me before this is after. Okay,

77:32 always more detail you can see. right. So those are motivation.

77:41 people do this. Okay. By way, uh, while the most

77:46 methods of doing this it's called a big car, which is really,

77:51 is the reason why I send you first reading exercise. So from today

77:57 Friday next week, you can read paper on and answer those five

78:03 It's all tied together Okay, so gonna talk about those, but let

78:08 look in the metrics again. So metrics. Okay. Remember how we

78:14 our exercise? A moment ago, did my message way. I put

78:19 web late as a column vector shifting space. I have a reflectivity here

78:26 my conclusion. So you can accomplishing this way. Right? So

78:34 multiply the tool. This way you also make the other one. You

78:38 , inside metrics. Three other directors back off the record outside. So

78:43 is this is the manager. It's to see the convolution operation. Allow

78:49 elements in the metrics. The vertical are the same way late. I

78:55 stagger them, shifting one step of . So the square metrics in the

79:01 . All right. Um this is consistent. Everything. No issue,

79:07 ? Everybody happy about that? What call this is stationary. Why?

79:11 mean, what you statuary stationary in symptomology means the energy doesn't change with

79:21 . So if you say we go because I'm all right side more or

79:25 the maximum attitude the moral is the with time. There's not much increase

79:30 It's about the same level. That's the words stationary. Okay,

79:37 works. That's nationally. Um, we care about that? Because there

79:42 something of a non stationary. What more non stationary? Well, here

79:48 no stationery. You see now your decay with time, right? Like

79:54 GC. You talk about gain You know the decay because the geometrical

80:01 . Now keep in mind our Our model says go back to our

80:05 invention. Ramos says the future the Earth relativity, give us

80:12 The earth did not change. The did not change. So when we

80:17 the phenomena off non stationary with our , something wrong with our future,

80:26 same earth this edge part of the be didn't change the previously with these

80:31 earth. Now the same earth we're everything Changing the data is because the

80:39 they feel they have been changing. the one we didn't exercise is same

80:43 across now, the future being changing as you go with the further you

80:50 , color members. So Okay, is kind of what we think.

80:55 is our interpretation or assumptions about what's on right. And then my

81:02 Yeah, because subsurface during our survey change. It's just our feuding processes

81:09 , which is why we're thinking this . So what we do agency or

81:13 we do way basically change the The future, Although mathematically the to

81:20 the two time cereals are in Poland , they're different. Well, that's

81:24 we want. The other one is future we want to remove. We

81:29 to get in the reflectivity, which the earth structure from based on our

81:34 were using the tool toe assign one the other, right? So I'm

81:41 to show some teacher mathematically. But I do that if you I want

81:46 , review something this morning I should I didn't I was lazy, So

81:52 need to I do I said this to myself. You can run,

81:58 can hide. So I thought that go through that you wanted to go

82:02 , So I'm going back. I'm material. Well, this morning there

82:06 slide. I didn't go through. this slide here. Remember stopping

82:13 Okay. To point to this morning talked about this one. Talk about

82:17 one I talk about this one? , that's given to slide Escape that

82:22 slides. No, no, I this slide. I skip this

82:26 No, I have this one. what we escaped. Here's why we

82:31 . So this to slide. I a little bit. Okay? They're

82:36 detail The reason I'm trying to minimize detail. But still, I cannot

82:41 some detail in orderto give you a for explanation about the convolution. This

82:48 the reason now. I don't like . I do it only the why

82:52 had to do it. Okay? like I don't know. We're lucky

82:57 us. The January if your you know, over April, Guess

83:03 ? Text time. Nobody want to . Text, right. Alaskan give

83:07 money back. But it's on cutting We don't like is that detailed mathematical

83:12 . So I'm going to go through little bit. I'm not going to

83:14 to all the details. Here's a bit. Why? I have a

83:19 future like the one we're using time . Any of those future can be

83:26 . We call the irrational forms love point of view. So the rationale

83:34 . Okay? original form just means ratio is that these transformed something on

83:40 . This has something about him. what expression gonna be Okay. It's

83:45 because there's little complicated. Especially this , downstairs one. Then you don't

83:51 downstairs. That's that's the best Okay, that can happen downstairs.

83:58 we call this now. Reclusive now . That means there's no recursive just

84:05 just simply a time serious. uh, that that often the

84:11 we'd like to see that. So the only thing to say here.

84:15 example Here we escape. Don't worry that. So we just like

84:20 So now same expression here, remember Monster. So, Ted har reflectivity

84:27 earth go through pewter. The future upstair downstairs and stands for numerator He

84:37 for din operator the ratio of numerator top youngster about So you basically the

84:45 by shooter by this guy in the give you output right? So that's

84:51 same expression I'm just rewriting them using and d we also wanted Toby Mineral

84:59 dumpster as the minimum face. This the reason why we discussed minimum

85:03 This is also a reason that the require minimal face. I talked about

85:09 , but I didn't go deep. know why? Here is the reason

85:12 it is not minimum face. You be stable. Okay? What?

85:17 mean by a long, long be . What? Mr Bean's human

85:23 What did the convergence? Okay, means your result ability will be

85:27 very long, too long for your . Okay, there is no I'm

85:31 scared to hold that. So it's , right? So let me again

85:39 the whole thing rather than put this here. I write it out.

85:42 give you example here. I'm saying lobster has three terms here. Just

85:48 your exercise. Three volumes. This This is called Aziz transforms. He

85:53 a symbol for the location. They the sequence. Okay. The really

85:59 thing here is about the coefficient. in one and two. Those are

86:02 confession upstairs on D one d. other coefficients are downstairs. You know

86:09 you are here the first time downstairs why? Well, the reason

86:15 afternoon. I think you guys are a little bit positive. Okay,

86:20 one here because doesn't matter if there's one here which is normally divided everybody

86:24 upstate and surveyed about it. You have. I want to hear every

86:29 by two. That's still so for dance their first time. Always want

86:34 normalize that. Okay, divide everybody that term. Now you say that

86:44 be zero. Yeah. Zero can zero. Also, this is superhero

86:50 . So anything you have this we don't divide. Okay, Keep

86:56 . So because mathematically this irrational then we can just like we do

87:04 . We can multiply both sides Equation advanced there. So we have the

87:10 one plus C one c plus into square. We multiply that downstairs thing

87:15 need a collaborator on both sides of equation. I want to do that

87:21 the left side. We have See that? Let me change the

87:30 . Maybe you can see my point clearly. This is a good thing

87:36 online. We all on the same we all force ourselves into. I

87:42 using different color this time. all of different cardinals. Uh,

87:48 battle blue some color. Just a to light. Okay. I can't

87:57 see it all right. So why down stair on both sides? That

88:05 this whole thing gonna turn on left . Multiply with why, right?

88:11 result. Gonna be one times why wise time serious. Okay, Why

88:18 ? So I'm gonna focus on Whitey . Why? It is about criminal

88:23 . Serious, for example, the y Z because toe is this transform

88:31 be y t which is accomplishment power toe power t plus Why he plus

88:44 the p plus why our continue on before that one will be the he

88:58 of the while on the why he is one See my point and they're

89:06 coming from So the folks here on term just I'm just showing one what

89:13 on one term. So this is simple here. Why txt off

89:20 However, here's Acti. They're whitey means conditions off the wide serious Y

89:29 So Y Z, this is why he here? Is that why?

89:32 he okay? This is a That's why I'm saying mass require your

89:40 . Just beware patient with it. when you multiply this, what do

89:44 see when you have one, multiply , multiply with with whitey. You

89:51 this term, that's what That's Why is right like he next term

89:56 T one was e d WASI comes Robert Ghazi here the means making your

90:05 one other lower. Why? Because got X Y z. So it

90:10 this other term they want Why you give you power of tea? Because

90:16 got already got to see here. why this was a D. Y

90:22 the the human. Because you see is your location change? Because

90:27 gotta keep collecting term or saying our power the two terms the one is

90:34 plus T minus one Give you tea here the next term to on white

90:41 to give you a total power of . This is this The result off

90:48 the dance Their future with the wide Give you this left side Okay.

90:56 upstair the numerator the sweeter multiply with same same fashion besides the same

91:04 Okay, zero times Y t x I'm sorry. X t total zero

91:10 t equals t and one s t . One total is also one.

91:17 sorry. Total authority. The last and two times X T minus two

91:23 . Also, T this is a off upstairs in the filter multiple.

91:28 was X'd. So that's why we're at this moment off power the power

91:36 those who started equation holes. I'm just purely to mathematics here.

91:45 , this is just algebra accounting. is accounting and a boring stuff.

91:51 . Just prove that everything is It's kind of a logical proof on

91:56 proof. All right, now let's what we talk about it. X

92:03 x is the reflectivity on this numerator this stuff here inside of the

92:08 Okay, Why are they observed on ? The problem is, now you're

92:14 with the question. Why t and things here there's three times. There's

92:18 terms in what he means. That time moment. Remember, those are

92:22 grams. Okay, So what Like wiggles, right? We go

92:28 down. So there's one term. y t minus one. There another

92:31 whitey next time T plus one. ? So Whitey is term.

92:37 current time. While two minutes one a moment. Last step. While

92:44 tools to master So the sweet stop the in the in the wiggle wiggle

92:49 right. So that at the same , So I want to see it

92:53 right now. Okay, that had move them. I simply keep

92:58 Here are left side. Um would toe term there. I moved over

93:05 the other side of invasion and move to the back. Actually, they're

93:10 now, right? So they go now, right? You can see

93:20 . Right side and zero and one two. Then I move the left

93:25 too. There. Okay. What say is, uh this current moment

93:31 , Christina? Data space Your value not only the future of input.

93:38 X's reflectivity. It is the upstair the future. You also have danced

93:44 future control with the with the previews put Why he Marcella is all for

93:52 moment ago. Why two minutes to step ago? Those air produce output

93:59 is reason why can't we call this able feedback Okay, those are

94:09 If anybody means you all put become again. So this is complication off

94:15 filtering of time. Serious because time Not just one value is many,

94:19 value. So they produce output from future. Gonna join again as the

94:25 step Input. That's why it's called recursive sheltering. So whenever you have

94:32 , which is stance there no one can have this process unless you don't

94:36 to see one people term. Then just like going upstairs and no recursive

94:43 , that's well, that's my review . Why talk about the review

94:47 I think in a moment to talk the con. You can't require your

94:51 here. I'm trying to minimizing the . I'm just trying to go or

94:56 ? I have to go over. thought I can skip this morning.

95:00 can, so I'm catch back. . I'm glad you have about I

95:05 your attention span here at least any ? So this is basically recursive description

95:13 that page. That's the me. you mentioned when I want to give

95:17 on, then we're ready to talk the EECOM. What's deacons about?

95:21 , so now I was there about stationary, non stationary filtering. Now

95:28 can talk about dekom. Okay, appoint Let's appointer. So what we're

95:34 here is that I have white Um, this is this is one

95:39 here. There's some multiple math when have a wide noise. I thought

95:44 was right here. No, I have that slide. It's okay.

95:49 have white noise? Their auto correlation white noise will be like that

95:55 This is one definition for all Why? Noise? White noise means

96:00 no relation between one part of next . There is random. So I

96:04 to coalition. When they overlap, gotto. When there's no overlap,

96:08 is no money. Their attention zero one non 00 No, no,

96:16 times. Three times zero location. nobody know applicants. Okay, explanation

96:24 expectation operator with cross correlation. So here's all the correlation across

96:31 Okay, This is one way to that the same thing. I'm sorry

96:34 the same question twice. Won by , one by equation here in that

96:40 . This is basically off correlation. XP, I'm saying, actually,

96:45 reflectivity is random. You'll get this function. Okay. Now, this

96:51 this is a background for the for protectee conclusion. There's some heavy theory

96:58 involved about some scary names. But worry, we don't have to deal

97:02 them. The two guys found this long time ago now, Kocin.

97:08 . King King may not Kitchen Um, okay. These two

97:13 Iran is a long time ago. first applications biggest, most famous one

97:19 the application for the radar. Us ableto win the World War two largely

97:25 large, because we as technical of , especially radar technology. A lot

97:31 theories. Redox technology is divided by guys. Conclusion conclusion. The detection

97:38 . Basically, Andi, it says following. It says that Oh,

97:45 spectra equals through the Fourier transform auto function. It is. It's we're

97:52 , but it's let me. I've using pain again. I'm sorry.

97:57 need to draw something there. So scared of a color now.

98:04 Color. Maybe Right again. A rate. Maybe I don't wanna be

98:08 invasive. So this is the same spectra because to the four a transform

98:15 the code cart function Okay. Looks short about how to understand what I

98:20 . Okay. Basically says that if give the other correlation, then the

98:25 more for transform you get a Okay, The two steps to get

98:30 spectrum. So diamonds I can take previous result. If relativity function like

98:40 , I can just just get a . Okay, uh, by the

98:46 . I mean, this is all car. This is auto all the

98:53 , and then I do the special the Florence. But by last,

98:58 diffusion last page, I should get terrible function because the white relatives,

99:03 wife. Okay, so it's constant wide. Okay, I'm not sure

99:11 follow me because this is a mathematical . I'm not sure. Follow

99:14 Okay. Let me using I geological description about what's going on. What

99:21 saying is following we say, why a small ground you start since my

99:26 . Okay, so no ground okay? I'm just trying to assess

99:34 . We go. We're saying this has two components to part of contribution

99:40 factor here in the Bago. One is that the earth relativity earth structure

99:47 other part is available eight. we know that already. But the

99:52 deal we say here is, actually, what we're saying is,

99:56 , the Earth Relative party is very random compared with the regulated.

100:04 you agree with that? Whatever. the earth structure is always running

100:08 If you look in the relativity I show you I'm just get back

100:12 . This is a perfect example, ? We're saying this earth relativity is

100:18 random. That means you have no about where gonna be higher.

100:22 We're gonna be small. Big is one part of off the TV on

100:28 parties. Cross correlation. There's no . However, everybody was covered with

100:35 waves laid right. This part of glamorous bakery late is late. Every

100:39 of the same way late. So , there's something about winning.

100:45 I mean, that means if you a spectra, the spiritual of the

100:50 Here they are, is the same special off, the off the

100:56 Nothing to do with the earth of . Okay, what I'm saying,

101:02 we're, you know, confusing very . Let me show you a

101:06 This is why I'm show you this . Okay? This is a picture

101:11 got relative here, right? Pretty . This time, though,

101:15 here's special Ever reflected. Right side a special I am special on the

101:22 I got away blade. This is a sign way. I just drove

101:25 women. I got a special sideway the right side. Now I come

101:33 the fertility with regulate I come All them I derive the conclusion.

101:44 Now looking the special conclusion as spectral the regulated. Did you see

101:50 They're the same. Almost then. , this picture is not very

101:58 so I'm going to back out. going back. Hold I This time

102:06 keep I'll keep the junk because I another picture here. Later on,

102:10 can see you show you better The picture. I don't have a

102:14 Not is there for a bit Now let's go backwards. I'm not

102:20 about that one I'm talking about. is my reflectivity. Okay, on

102:33 was my favorite. When I come with with reflectivity and all this this

102:39 notice my special off conclusion Samos my . This is a two confused,

102:47 I don't I don't want to jump . That's why modified to the last

102:52 . This is just color working. , Same thing. So I go

102:55 to my saved notation Point of So this is my seat notation part

103:03 you. Let me get my pain again. I better use a different

103:07 this time I'm came back forth, back. So this is the foundation

103:13 our process. Let me let me the problem one more time.

103:17 so we're better present star. So all problems. We have a

103:26 Assad's here. We see. Uh, we want to go from

103:34 to here because we know these two can evolve. Give me the

103:39 Our trouble is we know only one of three. Okay, a come

103:46 with the edge. Give us the . We only know T. We

103:52 to hurt. Determine both the Okay, we got a big goal

103:58 . Too ambitious. This is almost you are someone. What's the result

104:06 ? Two factors multiply. Give you seven once those numbers. Well,

104:16 you ask me the result of multiplies . What's the numbers? I don't

104:21 . I mean, any number you , right? Number seven is the

104:29 . One time. Seven. Two times 3.5 or whatever. Any

104:36 , Any number you. You give the multiplied. The sevens?

104:38 Unique. So we want toe giving resolution. But we only have data

104:45 don't have with Blake. This is force us to the assumption, our

104:52 Years, We say the earth is , okay, versus random and opportunity

105:02 be customized special data because of because we notice that the special off

105:08 data in this case the lower one the same as a special off the

105:17 regulate. Then we can take a , assume the data we've laid.

105:23 mean that a special is the village , then from there to go back

105:27 the village. That's our approach. why it's called a spectral factories,

105:36 meaning starting from spectra, to figure what is willing to give that

105:46 The challenge is that there are many eight different face given the same

105:52 because this special power special we didn't the we didn't fix the the first

105:58 . We do not feel special, is why we are so many in

106:02 face. They were saying, the wise a minimal physical one. Although

106:08 you go through a special tribunal you have multiple choices so unique.

106:14 , you can choose the one which minimal face the only one little

106:19 that company, the story. So terms of operation will take a few

106:26 are they come through the, special. Now we say this specialize

106:32 special of the privilege. And from spectra, we figure out which ones

106:38 face living on that we say. , that guy is the true

106:47 Okay, so let me using the that out here maybe can see better

106:52 many of us jobs always keep that mind. Again, our problems will

106:57 on data We tried to turn me relativity, Relativity. That's impossible because

107:04 , unique, you cannot give me result of medication and asked me for

107:10 are the two multiplied. Give you answer. That's just crazy,

107:12 Any number can give you. But said, Yeah, I can do

107:16 . Why can't do it? Because is true. Relativity is weather,

107:19 is most time true. Then the off ability off the future the

107:27 A special of the data without the . So from data, we can

107:32 a special from spectrum we can choosing which is remove face the way

107:40 Now I get it. Okay. not sure you guys follow me,

107:45 I hope you do. But if have any questions, speak out.

107:51 ? My fear is the level. super from you, you know,

107:55 me anymore that we're in trouble. question. Okay, there's some detail

108:05 . I will just describe Monica maths the detail here is that the public

108:10 . Some details show you what that . Our Here's all the tolerance,

108:14 is same. A special. The serum says all the car is

108:18 fully transformed. Give a special so don't even go for Children. Just

108:22 to the correlation. We got that here, we ought to call it

108:26 we former metrics, we solve the , and that solution is ready the

108:32 we're looking for. Okay, this is my medical part of I

108:37 believe the, uh, jumping around little bit, not jumping around,

108:42 escaping the detail here, but idea describe to you. We start on

108:49 that we solve the Theis mattress way solving for someone will answer on then

108:56 can do other answers. Okay? feel if too much deeper level math

109:02 , maybe more confusing the health. I I'm not that much detail,

109:08 you can look it here through my . There are other books on these

109:12 . You know, I I was the literature and interpreted this way.

109:18 my example. I'm just give you example of a few. Get out

109:22 marine case, This one taking from by monkey. Uh, air gun

109:28 . So what? Probable air You have this ghost. Okay,

109:33 refreshing. Here, Spike, this . What happened to those is your

109:39 level here. Now, you aired fire here were gone. So you

109:46 going down. But they're also wave going up, hitting the seawater.

109:52 going down. So you have to because of water is like perfect

110:00 So the signal one slightly delayed, the same energy as the primary.

110:06 this double the source give you to the primary on the coast.

110:13 I p and G's goes. So this case, this guy tried toe

110:20 goes using this, uh, idea the conclusion idea. Okay. Using

110:28 square feeding. Okay. And once apply that, they give you this

110:36 that this is a kind of the off de conclusion, you can

110:43 or somebody and somebody called people's same . The Eagles off he goes

110:54 he goes, Changed operation. This surprised. Coast. You see,

110:59 ghost of surprise here before was Not much reduced, but like many

111:05 your physics, you gain something, lost something. The losses there's long

111:11 here before was very clean. Now got this long tail. This is

111:17 result of this square inversion. The energy in this one result this one

111:25 they're they're very similar by this. you kind of smear the ghost

111:32 Okay, but people feel this is because you kill that. The double

111:40 second peak is ready to go. Much of that is gone now.

111:44 is good. Okay, additional It means de ghosting, right?

111:53 is the ghosting by become, this is also same approach behind this

111:58 showing before about the change of the between zero face on the minimum face

112:04 this coming maximum rate. I applaud out of Iran was very strange.

112:08 is time zeros, all right? a problem. The same way.

112:12 mean, I don't know why. , because of my printing rotation,

112:16 it looks very strange. Okay, this is what I showed you

112:20 Basically same thing I call a match future. But it's also your

112:24 Same time. So traditionally come from same idea you can go this

112:31 Uh, Susan Model. I can this. This is where my patient

112:35 this about a white noise white noise result coalition will be like that about

112:42 . Okay. Any question? I this is very dry material, so

112:47 not sure you guys follow me, I'll give you post time. Anyone

112:53 any questions? Right around too I'm worried. Anyone has issues.

113:09 ? I'm not sure you guys with . That's why that's why I

113:13 This is challenging for online class. don't see official expression. I don't

113:17 you don't see me clearly. So I'm really scared about I'm running all

113:23 you. You guys say okay. . Talk about. Keep going,

113:28 , going. It is very Yes, it is very hard electoral

113:34 , So I'm going to switch something little bit more interesting. Maybe giving

113:38 motivation. I'm gonna say something more . Okay, let me give you

113:42 very busy picture. Very pretty but its informal. This is a

113:50 , big, heavy book. All humans is a big,

113:55 uh, assessment Processing. Very, heavy issue volume. I told him

114:00 heavy New Orleans behavior. First time saw the new book Compound off when

114:08 killed my you killed my rest. going on? As I was reading

114:12 book like this, I got Okay. Can I follow suit for

114:19 ? Okay, so feel smalling, ? It's very big book. A

114:24 of examples. Uh, some techniques for him. I'm using this for

114:29 purposes. Though Different parties described in is a book. So I'm eligible

114:36 you the point of war, The on the convolution. You can see

114:41 process. You also see the issues the limitations. Okay, so this

114:46 important. One. Uh, very one here, I better I better

114:53 it. Get it back to my mode. I don't know what's the

114:56 way. Maybe maybe less. Our , you have to draw our

115:01 So this is the productivity of the earth. Because it's the impulse response

115:07 call this earth Relativity basically is a rotate 90 degrees vertical right now.

115:13 it's a really earth relativity. you know, broadband, high

115:20 Now we don't. We want to that A But we have. We

115:24 no other way other than using So using a very broad sweep,

115:29 ? I said this morning, the can be very long. So total

115:34 I cannot see here very well, I think the lands off the

115:39 maybe only, like, two seconds something. Maybe three seconds, but

115:43 becoming, I don't know, 10 beyond low frequency and I go to

115:48 frequency, You know, I'm wondering . Well, physically, you have

115:53 be this way. This is almost you drive a fancy car.

116:00 Do you know how much power House offensive? Half What? The maximum

116:08 . Like a wiper. You 600 horse power. How about space

116:16 engine? You know, rockets? , even you have the rockets.

116:21 cannot go from zero toe highway speed 00.1 seconds. That's too short.

116:26 see the time? Same thing with rial. Physical viable size You can

116:31 go slow. Low frequency gradually cleaning . Okay, so this is a

116:37 long time toe 100 years to be hurts me The cycle per seconds.

116:44 means every second there £10.10 10 shaking is too fast So you you have

116:51 sweet here from 10 to $100. , if you come off websites with

117:00 the fertility Here's answer So this is from websites Very, very long Because

117:09 what your Your signal. Your ladies long Remember I said the length of

117:15 is the lens off the two together as one right so very long What

117:23 do the first is we do uh we can change privilege We say

117:31 might not be middle face because the has a function Not this website You

117:37 elect electronic signals Viber size You're heimer not I electrical heimer? I mean

117:45 can't electric heimer but your signal from heimer has his own function Because you

117:50 ah heimer physical dimension. You hit ground. So you know one more

117:57 , which is the minimal face south . We're saying you're heimer, has

118:03 viruses. Heimer has his own which is, you know,

118:08 So you're really you're really observation data here which has three components. The

118:16 of earth First one, the sweep two the third wide new face Software

118:24 The three of them come all together you the data observed. This is

118:30 for modern people. Data makes sense you're too signals is a spike that

118:41 already have your face off South country signal is most likely to signal sweep

118:47 sweep. Come always the human face This is really can always the earth

118:52 you the data e I didn't get minimum phase. So sweet report isn't

119:01 mean isn't the sweep is our source In this case, sweep is the

119:06 the signal. So everybody wanted sending the Bible size. But virus has

119:12 a signal of hit the ground. your hand moves like this a

119:18 But the signal from the ground to anywhere else is not that anymore.

119:23 something and on top of it. , so it's It's like the but

119:30 not that. But it's not the response. And it's not The Jew

119:33 response is no, no, it's soldiers. That's why I saw the

119:37 . It okay, for example, my source is a smaller or bigger

119:48 electronic signals still the same way. my earth Southwell is different.

119:56 This is actually the big issue because on the biggest problem between landed on

120:02 data is the land data even use same source either websites or are

120:10 Because your local geologic different your your source is different. Yeah,

120:19 way to look. This is the about how big will it is.

120:24 surface. We typically using the velocity water as the average velocity. A

120:31 of water is, uh, 1500 per second. That's the P wave

120:35 water. Okay, which is the , but it can be two

120:39 I say 15 100 m per the near surface velocity. If you

120:46 this case, 10 to 1 20 60. If 60 hertz, you

120:53 the 150 1500 m by 60 that you something like, you know,

121:02 certain meter. 25 m. 25 . Like 100 ft. Almost very

121:09 area. You don't have that kind size of time at all.

121:14 that means you're you're really sauce. the rock peace be with your

121:23 It's like you're kidding. A Bill bill. You're hitting with heimer.

121:29 the bill, that location on the is the rial source. If you're

121:35 a stronger part a weaker parts off part, you're some different. That's

121:41 we we played piano, right? have same finger about piano. Sounds

121:50 . So you have that power because talked about the total thing. This

121:54 physical. You gotta come in So you're really detail here. That's

121:58 I give you the example this morning collusion. Many, many things.

122:03 here are minimizing to those three The next one is magic is the

122:08 for the emphasize here that are very . What you do is you do

122:14 thing. This is a sensible cross . You cross college. What?

122:20 hole? Later. This is where not using my panel and pan

122:27 Of course. Oh, Where's my color? I didn't want you guys

122:34 eyes. Okay? The city is okay. I'm can all be.

122:41 here with E is here. So guy, these two guy cross correlate

122:51 ? I'm using this line for cross When my across color sweep with data

122:59 suddenly go from here e put Is that amazing? As a

123:11 we were just one step You go Mito F What happening? Well,

123:19 Colijn off Be with an e beings There's the old to correlations I'll be

123:35 right Access Because he complains be he three things come altogether a be de

123:48 b d Come out together give you So when I come all the auto

123:52 across currently with with B again That inside there's auto correlation or B and

124:03 makes sense on dso This is what was talking about The reason for sleep

124:10 Go back home I slides about sweet , I don't have here this

124:22 right. I talked about Claudia. the chapel too. China to I

124:28 the have the wish I can It's okay in chapter two this morning

124:35 show you the all two Korans uh, sweep, which is a

124:44 ? A Really? I told it's a very, very small,

124:47 small were tiny. That's a good . Okay, so that's why you

124:53 . That's why the Web sites and . Big discovery, loss,

124:59 biggest revolution in reflection industry. so now this is color. So

125:05 we're saying is, uh, dog there here's collar clutter is the other

125:14 of sweet. So that's why it toe. He hopes that goes

125:21 Can always be piece that big sweep you a scholar. Okay, but

125:31 is zero face. You can also at zero uto minimum phase, which

125:36 the edge as a minimum face you covered by I imagine Future are ratio

125:44 future. Match them. Okay, me go. Let me stop

125:51 Say something here. That profound looking at versus original A Basically we're

125:59 f is a lower solution version off retroactivity. Okay, if you look

126:10 the special, I will be like to 2100 years. It's very similar

126:15 the relatively. Already is our big step just by on cooperation across

126:23 were down. Big step The rest the steps to enhance resolution through decon

126:28 evolution. The rest of them just to do something calm. Okay.

126:34 , so, for example, we because it's 91. The Claudia is

126:38 face, so zero because symmetric zero . If you want to make this

126:44 tow, minimum face, you simply with this future here because that filters

126:51 fielder matching minimum faced with the color . So that's why you come off

127:00 tool. I and F Okay, is the result here in the

127:06 And I see. So this to , this guy, this guy Kamal

127:11 you here. What we say is F is the zero face version

127:18 The data on gear is the minimal version on the data because we can

127:27 the zero faced aluminum face. Are still with me? And then we

127:36 do to the car one for The spectacle off F, which is

127:43 minimum zero face version. A spectacle J, which is the minimum face

127:53 . I'm just compared for you on last one is the to answer,

127:58 is the initial a futures row. to $100 dampers filtering. So this

128:06 , uh this is the true Onda Key and I k and l

128:12 answers. You gotta buy com. . I'm sorry. For the small

128:18 . You can look at the original . I don't have electronic copy,

128:22 I scan it. I talkto He doesn't have the original either.

128:30 , but you can see the the . Here you get the most energy

128:34 in location. However many, many party are wrong, by the

128:44 Okay, Because many point of Wrong. I know you. I

128:48 see them. But I see many of large Iran between the color again

128:54 of different issue here involved. Keep color. Okay, like 200

128:59 Last one here is probably one but its negative here. This one

129:04 not in our location, even the locations. Wrong. Too much from

129:11 , Andi. So you can see also plus minus bonus so their priority

129:18 be wrong. These are issue usually something something to do with the

129:23 . So even in theory, their in priority you do again resolution.

129:30 there's always problem. Talk about How much? Matching with reality.

129:37 , I might give you too much now, but I'm always do

129:40 I guess too much. So we We can move further, give you

129:46 example here to relax a little This is a very terrible the asset

129:50 nothing there. I call this, , that one. I call this

129:57 TV screen. Okay. Well, not signaling the TV screen. That's

130:03 you see, but amazing. If do, I President, you could

130:09 this signal. It's still not I can see stuff. Okay,

130:15 is a data flow offshore. California aquatics citing surveyed by us years long

130:22 assets. But we can study and structure. Okay. You don't see

130:26 . There is a lot of echo what opposed to strong? Okay,

130:34 are other methods. This is the popular one. I just finished.

130:38 prolific are I think you have a reading reading by Schlumberger and Houston.

130:44 a good paper to read. I'm elaborate. That paper later on,

130:47 time. So the closest this section , I'm gonna show you another easy

130:54 . What happened if you know one them? I said, Earth relativity

130:58 through computer, give you the but sometimes you're lucky. You

131:02 lately, you know, we were divide them. So, you

131:07 data Just no privilege if you know . Okay? Just remove activation so

131:13 can divide them by division. Don't about detailing math. Okay? You

131:17 divide because you know them mathematically. can. This kind of frequency

131:21 Um, that means you're not with you can you can You can minimize

131:27 . You can divide them. The is that you don't want divide by

131:31 is you're gonna define something called at level, so make sure you don't

131:35 to go below something level. So you have a water level so you

131:40 want divided zero downstairs. 10 So can. This constant here are to

131:46 division, right? Okay. That's on. You can do by.

131:53 some other special issue here involved. don't need toe go to the

131:57 but I will show you my This example off This kind of become

132:02 in by the reserve functions. If you're working on crustal seismology,

132:09 are very popular doing the show It's basically the evolution as the solution

132:15 simple. One dividing the related by signal. So they're just using the

132:22 off a letter face letter for, , you know, convert debate s

132:30 s well, blue color. So . Incoming letter P didn't come

132:35 So the cover to cover the wave by that then toe determine where the

132:44 coming more whole, out of Okay, so I'm not going to

132:49 here to tell you that. Isis conclusion. Metals in detail, That's

132:55 . Okay, I'm done with this here. I'm not sure I Everything

133:03 is a little bit mathematical. Very . I'm not sure how much you

133:09 , so let's not a few minutes . You can you want you want

133:12 guys want toe elaborate or anything? . And there are people very,

133:22 much like to get this thing done increased resolution little bit, very expensive

133:28 opposition. You have a mall receiver, mall, you know,

133:34 in putting the opposition. But there's because because attenuation it's very hard to

133:39 out resolution. So because probably want only way now for all these

133:47 but still has old issues. a D example show you here like

133:54 first motivation example. This was a examples. Sometimes they're not this

134:00 But even this example, as you from theory, we cannot trust the

134:05 they can be from. Polarity cannot something like HBO, and it's all

134:11 . Maybe party reversal are not in same location. It's always issue about

134:16 it's true or not true. This ? Was it spiking deacon or a

134:21 ? Isa predicted economy. So it's . Yeah, you can call the

134:29 become, but the technology is Uh, most times people say

134:34 maybe they just go to the improved . But when This way. But

134:39 a Catholic. How that means that have some solved constraints. They don't

134:45 need to be just a spike. can be basically anything repeating themselves.

134:50 want a real one way, this of revolution, basically to remove

134:57 we are repeating themselves over and over over. I don't think they're putting

135:01 You want to take that way, is another way to say the

135:06 which is the reflectivity is random, contrast to the regulator. Okay.

135:17 , can you Sorry. I was was going to to shift something

135:23 Maybe you go ahead better. I'm gonna imagine that, uh, I

135:31 to myself, what should I show ? The paper by Should murder?

135:35 . Now, if you look that which you can download from the blackboard

135:40 in one, you can see their off the multiple they're using. This

135:47 pretty become to surprise multiple now, is a lot of the biggest challenges

135:53 the industry because lots of the really multiple problem before they can be.

136:00 , predicted calm, but which is very effective only for zero set,

136:06 that I could get more and more , you know, pre stack with

136:09 fall upset, you know, it work. So there are other methods

136:14 have nowadays, like s army and T mobile methods. But there's always

136:20 . They're always issue there. So will hear this If you're looking

136:25 even your geologist, go ahead. you haven't thought right or anybody

136:31 Yeah, I was just going to so. So when we do the

136:34 we We input to the process. input the circulation. The spectrum of

136:39 creation of the articulation. And the here is that both are white.

136:46 a random The noise and reflectivity Yeah. Okay, so then they

136:54 all what we get from the as you said, is the is

136:58 spectrum of the wheel. That's That's right. It also means in

137:04 on the wrong. On the better , the wrong side means the random

137:09 contains both relativity and the noise. , so that's a that's a

137:19 So even though the result is you still have noise, for sure you

137:25 . It also contains some, color noise you can remove anyway,

137:30 you don't care. So actually called can be removed. Recognize will not

137:34 removed. Yeah. We usually tend do a lot of my situation to

137:43 the colored noise before the dick. you're ready in a racist, this

137:48 mold. To some degree, the is easier to be removed and ready

137:55 . Green allies is very hard to . Yeah, Yeah, that's the

138:00 you cannot predicting how they go. , he's only assumption to some

138:07 but in reality they're always summary between don't follow your assumption privately, so

138:12 a lot of real world problems. that's that's opportunity for you to see

138:17 . I know you want people Follow everything I said today. But

138:21 not trying to give you Summarize the off all over the finish before you

138:25 next week. I think my first actually here. Just give you a

138:29 about the, uh, modeling, is the back background seismology. Plus

138:35 new version filtering off com, which echoed to what I said this

138:41 You said small ground you see in data conclusion of manufacturers, if you

138:49 industrial patrolling your finishes off your you want you care about sub services

138:57 on the property. So everything because noise so you want to remove them

139:03 while the method of using it's teak , uh, inverse filtering.

139:08 But when someone doing, for monitoring subsurface magma monitoring earthquakes, that

139:19 , I think the structures noise, want to focus on the source off

139:23 earthquake, even in the industry later , if you have a better

139:29 we can monitoring micro seismic. Beautiful . Then you can go beyond the

139:37 . You might be able to matting radiation pattern off medical cracks.

139:43 you know, fracturing since that that . But right now, we're not

139:48 we're not that far because our technology our instruments are not that good.

139:53 you guys are young, You I think I believe in the

139:57 Gonna be up or down, so always gonna be that way. I

140:00 they're gonna be a bright future in petroleum industry, regardless because gonna be

140:05 for for fossil field, no matter , but at the same technique can

140:11 applied toe apply to other field. was recently about toe organizing a special

140:19 on imaging using reverse time migration by O. Uh, I'm trying to

140:26 Tell them that that's the image ing processing methods useful for both petroleum.

140:36 swell, a swell as green even some other things. Like a

140:42 . I think human being has a need formatting sub service, whatever

140:49 using technology or geophysical methods making So technically, multiple high resolution,

140:58 physiology, always in demand, always demand Okay, So I think for

141:06 guys to learn this Your cause, goal right now is going toe to

141:10 in the industry. But if you , follow the intuition on the physics

141:16 argument you might be all find usage the principles. Even if you tell

141:21 field to something else. Maybe, know, civic engineer Lee, who

141:28 detective, natural disasters and a lot those issues involved. Industry, of

141:38 , always want They're actually very few in the industry now. Now that

141:42 attacks about the conclusion you always need . Okay, it's time for one

141:50 break. Right? How long you want? 3, 15, 12

142:02 ? Thank you, Maria. So continue now. Let's using lost

142:07 Get it down. I guarantee you good sleep tonight. I'm sure you'll

142:11 so tired. I guess in your you imagined that Keep mumbling and

142:19 Alright. Any any questions? But far, everything or comments or any

142:24 things? Interest about it. I'm considered drag on, so we

142:35 about modeling this inversion part. so now it's about 3.

142:44 I think we'll make sure we started like about half an hour from

142:49 or maybe 40 minutes. Then we almost on time. Okay, so

142:55 good thing is, we don't I have to go through a quick three

142:58 . I just heard today. So ? I started history. You guys

143:02 be on your own and take your on the guitar with it.

143:08 so this is the last part. there are always more detail, but

143:13 think there's some detail you might want know. For example, you heard

143:16 talk about the the squares. Maybe multiple, like STD generalizing, Virgie

143:26 even fancy stuff like bottles. Gilbert been there forever. But you can

143:30 for it s que are so maybe much stuff. So I'm just focused

143:36 the concept, even though this has a lot of questions, but I

143:41 wanna give you idea about concept want what they after What are their

143:47 ? Okay, very often. If are looking for oil company, for

143:54 , I had many students in pastor got a mass degree and find jobs

143:57 the oil company, for example. call them portfolio holders, so they

144:04 portfolios man exploration or production or So their job overseeing their job,

144:13 the operation Understand enough detail so they manage in this for the company we're

144:20 , jailer deciding where to drill are some aspect and so on. So

144:27 , so you want to know the principle? That's that's the first thing

144:29 want to know. So I'm going give some motivation about emerging.

144:35 so it's just wanted. Make your . I'm just give you this

144:41 Now, by now, you're very . This is how you do the

144:45 or filtering detected while the future into metrics applied to data. So

144:53 I'm sure you even though this morning by, you know, scratch some

144:57 thing. This is actually how we in computers, right? This is

145:04 we do. Because overall that our discrete data sets their time streams.

145:10 this is how we apply even a time ago. We do this

145:13 we still all right. So I'm review several issues, even dinner,

145:19 linear emerging means like this. The can express as a linear system.

145:27 in a leader, um, use powers one not, like, go

145:32 non in here, okay? It's PETA expansion in the first term is

145:38 linear relation between all now and the on a smaller parameter nonce data.

145:48 . Yeah. Okay. You can . Write this as a mathematical

145:54 You know, like the linear system . You can simplify in tow.

145:59 what? I call it the metrics if you call that. Okay,

146:05 a a is the metrics X is vector of am now on these

146:12 Okay, A a is metrics. like the last last example showing the

146:18 here. A Here's the Here's the . Okay, So depending on what

146:24 looking, so this is you can this is this is basic, leaner

146:28 system. You know, this may high school time. A middle school

146:34 , maybe. You smarter? Didn't Grandma Grandma school? I don't

146:37 . They're jealous here. You somebody did this grand kindergarten. Maybe

146:41 so simple, but anyway, the is in geophysics. It's not It's

146:48 a linear. It also very Huge problems in a seismic,

146:54 industry. Our honor can be million . All that can be, you

147:00 , 10 million points. That is huge problem, right? It's a

147:05 problem. So we know some detail . I'm not gonna community to show

147:10 principle. For example, the square the square. These carvings. You

147:16 using data here through the model through metrics, Colonel, to determine the

147:21 . Which is the ex, The parameter. Okay, Andi, the

147:27 is, uh, if you if you provide a solution, then

147:31 can use that solution toe forecasting what will see in the data, your

147:36 , your prediction or forecast result compared two data. Compare the difference.

147:43 Miss Fade that the misfit is minimized the least square sense. Police

147:52 like arm s basically so your position fade data, you know, in

147:58 square sense best feet, the minimal the miss faith. The square sense

148:06 that's the goal. Were driven. . It's the most common type of

148:10 for a linear system inversion. There many reasons why we like the

148:18 Uh, number one reason is that square assuming something called a normal

148:28 pdf, maybe Let me not using fancy words. Let me say this

148:32 layman's worst, where, assuming the function, Follow the Gaussian distribution.

148:38 that, the misfit. If you of miss faith, they are spread

148:44 a caution bill. Okay. Bill, The reasonable caution bill.

148:49 what, you have many random process with big ocean. Statistically, it

148:55 out when the Miss fatal error authenticity different type of situations than the measurement

149:02 era will be different. So this is the past for God you

149:10 That's the first reason. The second is, uh, it happened to

149:14 for, uh, if using the square feeding. There is a in

149:20 , analytical solution for your answer. , there's a new theory, and

149:28 have to answer for your answer. , other than now, another at

149:32 where one you can you don't have linear. You don't have a

149:36 Okay, Even give you right So if this is a four problem

149:40 solutions X in theory, your solution x at least correct. Because tool

149:50 first multiply both sides by, a transport. So a trance,

149:58 times the left side stayed off the size trackballs multiply with a on ex

150:06 rewriting the whole thing, but adding transport in front. But you multiply

150:13 , operation linear algebra, the left right side are differs because the dimension

150:20 . So I will multiply something from Everything from left. Alright, Everything

150:26 right both sides has been consistent. , so I go from here.

150:31 first question I get this, this one on. Then I can

150:36 further. I can go say I find in worse off this. This

150:40 was a multiplied inwards on both sides will give you this work. So

150:46 you on the right on top, gonna be is hunt balls Times a

150:56 the universe. You come on the . Okay. Assuming it exists,

151:02 is in worse on times that toe transpose on data. Okay, that's

151:14 visual solution. Unethical of, you , the score solution Now, how

151:20 ? Well, how come you know ? Well, you can see

151:22 Okay, We're saying they think the . So you find in version of

151:28 multiply on both sides. That's why go to that. They're in

151:33 This whole thing here go through the , right? Everything consistent. So

151:46 assuming this is a solution. This the theory can prove this is solution

151:51 minimizing the least square era. I tell the answer already and the rest

151:57 the equation to show you how I prove you. That's true. So

152:01 is the way it defined the we the misfit function or somebody call this

152:07 of function object function. I'll call the area function. Okay.

152:11 Functional air function. So air which is a dead, huh?

152:17 . Tradition is the man aside, . This is Victor transposed by the

152:23 thing. So which is, this is this is basic rms off

152:28 Miss Faith. This part is This part is prediction from the model

152:34 Models X here. Okay, that's Arab function. Your job to minimize

152:43 . Okay, by minimize the function need toe differentiate a 60 So why

152:49 minimize the air function? You what you for differential that with respect to

152:55 variable in this case variable is model inspector model. I sit at

153:02 That's how you minimize mathematically. So I do that. I spread

153:10 the metric from here. I spread in detail here. You know,

153:14 you want a detail that I'm gonna should with the model, which is

153:19 next pitch here. Okay, I'm I'm just showing that zero,

153:26 There's multiple here. But if you through that process, you see the

153:31 you organize everything you come with the . So here is my answer.

153:34 show you on top is the least solution. Okay, But I just

153:42 that cheating way in front and show that the answer. But you can

153:46 derive just by minimizing the city So this is the only one has

153:52 solution if you do some other you know what? This is also

153:56 l to the squares because the state a square power of two so called

154:01 two. But there are other For example, l y Okay.

154:07 phone number for, uh, our . So you can you can have

154:11 measures they want. They don't have analytical solution. This course only lies

154:18 another solution. Okay, Now, you have this issue around here,

154:26 have next issue, Which is how you find reverse of the magics?

154:32 an inverse of metrics. Never be , because magics not all of them

154:38 inward Table. What? I that means many, many of

154:43 especially. Why in geophysics they're not not inevitable. Mathematician called them.

154:49 post they there, you post. not immutable. Okay. I

154:55 there's just too poor to be Mathematicians in orderto we totally invulnerable to

155:01 with. It has to be a magics to begin with. By the

155:07 , while you multiply any metrics transports the original one. That's a square

155:16 . But I want to make sure guys follow me. I'm not sure

155:19 not rusty with math. You know a transposed me right? Transport transport

155:28 means to switch the role of the , switch the road column.

155:35 Raw column switch. Okay, I . Elements goto 80. I

155:46 the role column switch that the Argonaut move right. I think I make

155:52 because you and I think you guys tired now. Even something. Not

155:57 you don't want to ask. You wanna get over with it.

156:01 maybe not true. Okay, maybe know everything. This is awesome.

156:03 know but I don't know why, I'm not sure you guys follow

156:08 Okay, so, uh, we to find out what the universe so

156:14 Mathematical is not inevitable, but we invert it using something SPD Okay,

156:21 we d is a recommendation on Any measures is and by an committee

156:27 to three messages multiply. And the thing is that every model three are

156:33 . Therefore, result is invaluable. , I m is the number of

156:39 on the number of columns. So is the action. Actually it's

156:44 It's like Handler is not even Bye, honey Handycam holes this

156:50 the Middle World Cinema is the Aga like this? Now they are gonna

156:58 album. No inevitable. Anyway, other was really incredible because there's off

157:03 album zero so emerging. Just lower bottles. Okay? The other tool

157:15 square messages, please. Other square they call the injury you need

157:22 Your message is always incredible. Therefore there are good mattresses on their emerging

157:29 the transport. So you in worse toe your transports the slice b So

157:42 SPD is discovered in 19 seventies It very powerful way to show mathematically any

157:49 scanty from most on the one which you can define what have some zero

157:54 in the diagonal. So zeros if non zero, that's that's a totally

158:00 messages into your physics. Most time have zeros. So there, your

158:06 , we call those air No And you l hell no. No

158:12 . Okay, so there, Like this way. Then you can

158:18 example you can do in cross Gautama within version like that. Okay.

158:24 can also show example off the number the rial example. They're real example

158:29 publication by Catalina. Uh, this . Okay, this is volume of

158:34 signable articles. So the value in metrics in middle those s Y s

158:41 the singular values you can see example . A simple example. The single

158:46 a lot of here against number Not a single value numbers. So

158:50 of the non zero, but we're . Video practical use zero.

158:56 you can read this paper if you . You can see the detail,

158:58 I'm not going to that detail. give an example. So, you

159:01 , this is not not. You , something unreachable. So the universe

159:07 universe off the S single values notices about zero. Okay, if you

159:14 a zero, you cannot convert. U. S. Zero bc

159:18 So we're cheating them. We Okay, zero, don't touch

159:24 So this is cheating because you should our zero. We don't. This

159:28 called a general. Generalized. The we avoid zeros. Okay, zero

159:33 still zero, which is blocked This is a practical way. So

159:39 call it Sterilizing Virgin. Same same idea. This is my least

159:44 solution. Okay? On my This way, I'm just how this

159:50 thing here as the as the operator cartoon is emerging on. Then I

159:57 define generation version as the decomposition by . The last one is called the

160:03 signal about the combination activity. The best video already. Then go

160:07 a CD. We can define the off the operator g. Then we

160:14 showing SPD off there. Now we the words between relays. We keep

160:21 . We don't doing one hour zero . Don't do that because that's the

160:27 . We don't do that. We this. We don't know. This

160:30 . Go to some. Some level say stop beyond the artist came

160:36 Okay, now that's called terrorizing You know that you can t o

160:42 virgin, and then you can get solution, so they're probably They're probably

160:47 . What happened to those? Why in the death house space of model

160:53 corresponding to the zeros in single Because there's no space they cannot mapping

160:59 so much. Also coming for you zero on the U zero are the

161:07 in model space space that I blocked the zero singular values. Okay,

161:14 is a no small It doesn't Okay? They're They're blocked. So

161:20 no space, which means they're bridge . The other side is burned,

161:25 broken. They cannot go out of other side. What? I mean

161:31 world. Okay, let me A survey is in Houston. I

161:35 know where you got to leave. leave you sugar. That's why I

161:40 your your campus. But somehow I my crew the wrong place. I

161:44 a survey in Shula. I got back. I cannot using that I

161:49 land to determine property under you Always . That's example of no space.

161:56 have no control what's going on because I don't matter that right.

162:02 one example that's example of a B . How about example off you

162:09 Well, I didn't graduate survey in location. I have great. Imagine

162:14 . I measure them a measure I want to check in a lot

162:17 times. Same location, Same at same time. I found what I

162:22 changing. What will keep changing the occasion? What's going on?

162:28 that's no space, right? There no consistency off my measurements. They

162:35 running around anyway. I'm just giving concept of examples. So next one

162:42 something called bottles of Gilbert immersion. is commonly used in gravity data or

162:50 data about Barca's. Gilbert is very guy to professors. U C San

162:55 George George, uh, buckles Freeman . Okay, so their idea is

163:04 say, not worry about the inversion . But let's worry about where you're

163:09 for. It's kind of like constraining . They constrain the so called resolution

163:15 is in a way to determine where want to determine okay. I just

163:23 describe the idea. I didn't give enough detail. Okay, so for

163:28 , What do you mean? What you mean by the resolution? Measures

163:31 okay. Uh, let's say you understand relations. Okay, There's two

163:39 . There's tomorrow, but they're they're earth. There's model you found

163:47 Okay? Their model you found right , University model, whoever. The

163:51 making might not be exactly the same a true model. Maybe. Maybe

163:56 so good. So we're saying the you found are you inverted by modeling

164:02 inversion? Has a relation with the model. Through these measures is multiply

164:09 with your true model with model farm be the true model. What?

164:15 are wrong. You say the to future. You will be your model

164:19 that. A few different matches is the resolution measures is so resolution mentions

164:25 that is the future between your model the rial Answer. So what you

164:33 is that a few conversion of your ? So this guy's idea off.

164:38 Gil a bottle Bill Gilbert Emergency is or manipulating on the resolution so they

164:45 a resolution. The viable. Very . For example, Oil,

164:50 gas, reservoir our fault or So not a worry about mathematical

164:57 Just say, what's the idea? is the idea. This is a

165:02 idea for you Ever deal with certain of diversity? Certainly they are very

165:09 difficulty because they only have a service traveling. How can you use in

165:12 a way different Deep earth, which similar to gravity. So they're using

165:17 . Gilbert idea. They've manipulating our . Mattresses. Okay, I was

165:24 , you know, worry about And then they will answer over the

165:29 . You can see how much We don't have time for that.

165:33 , this one we also escape. just mentioning the idea. L s

165:37 the square. Cures mathematical operation. s Q R. S idea to

165:44 the SPD practically physical. The problem SPD thinking about the accommodation is you

165:53 holding everything into the memory of computer of computer has two parts,

165:58 Hard disk on Iran memory. Do know what I remember? Stand

166:04 I am Who? You guys still me last 10 minutes. Uh,

166:18 Stand for random access memory Okay. means any time we're used, you

166:23 it. This is like you asked like this this guy, Professor,

166:28 , you know, do you remember year? This day? What are

166:30 doing? I said no, I remember. But do you remember?

166:34 did this morning? Yeah, I . So the good memories, Rather

166:40 . The problem is, the remember, is very small. We

166:43 a big, bigger, hardest So this approach rescue are utilizing the

166:50 disk instead off using the random So instead of taking the whole data

166:56 , this actually scanned it up by piece of time so you can run

167:00 problem with us. You are, if you have a small computer.

167:06 . Years ago, I talked about ago. About 30 years ago.

167:11 inversion off about two million animals. I first arrived, your wage 1989

167:19 . That computers allow the computer. state is 35 years ago. Come

167:23 . I can do a version off than two million honors the emerging ones

167:30 like, six months. You got pageant waiting, right? So that's

167:37 sq are. I'm not gonna But this mathematical here's some example of

167:41 solution. Now I ask you are in California. There's some other issue

167:49 constraining version on some other issue about waiting function. So much, so

167:55 details. So I'm not schedules. last talk today is actually talk about

168:01 Virgin. Okay, I'm gonna burn . Find off. I don't want

168:08 go beyond. I think your stuff little bit. What is George

168:16 Well, is a technique that you a different viable. You wanna combine

168:21 example, I urge structure. Here's surface. Here's a my structure area

168:27 . I not only when they determine also politician intensity. So how using

168:36 ? Because using gravity, right? I combine both together? Gonna come

168:45 both because there's geology, same This is actually one area industry has

168:52 been doing too much enough. All right. So do you doing

168:58 together better? I'm not trying together opening in my opening years. Even

169:04 if this joint are complimenting because the emerging has a problem off.

169:12 they have a limit for example Now , their strength, their weakness.

169:17 the two part of this joint help other their weakness a strong, strengthened

169:24 the other methods. Then join them . That's what they call the one

169:28 one greater than two. You just putting together that's that's useless has to

169:36 more, you know, Addition. better has to be complimented. So

169:43 just give you one example. this is example. I used a

169:47 time ago. 1996. This is example. Earthquake location. Okay.

169:54 I show you here is something called Earth. Like a focal mechanism.

169:59 , you guys a geologist. So know what a focal methods. I

170:02 , these are to focus fears, of them. I mean, this

170:06 two focal noodle plans. Well, Israel fault, for example, if

170:10 really fault your operation be like This is no if that that was

170:16 fall or something like that. So will that Israel for what it is

170:20 , you know, axillary plan. a low hemispherical projection. I found

170:25 time that one, the location of wrong. So will be the

170:31 Okay, focus mechanism. So this a lot of detail here, but

170:36 don't want to mention one here, example. This is X Y Z

170:41 on Move them by one kilometer. Y z ok minus a plus.

170:46 was the minus plus minus on most the extra allocation of earthquake by one

170:53 . This is big area. A 100 kilometers Notice of my mechanism might

170:57 saying or change. Middle is my earthquake mechanism. This is my true

171:04 . The other ones might move. example, I moved here. I

171:08 here sometimes. Don't change but this says a lot. Okay, for

171:14 same That my mood location there Okay, sometimes you don't know what

171:20 is because determine earthquake location. There is four parameters, not three.

171:26 X y z. I wasn't there the time of origin One earthquake older

171:33 trade off between origin time, earthquake the depths, their trade off.

171:38 you have many, many answers. , the mechanism of earthquake only depends

171:44 the location. They don't depend on origin time of earthquake. So I

171:50 the idea to join together We do several Chinese inversion off for earthquake occasion

171:56 capacity, location on the origin time the mechanism combine. When combined,

172:03 get a better result. So you join emerging. So there's a lot

172:08 detail here. I don't need to to hell. I don't wanna tell

172:11 . That's the color. Better Okay, on. So the bottom

172:17 is, since you guys tired why joined something together, you gotta make

172:22 join the complimenting each other. You get a better result that way.

172:33 . I cannot rush you through. can see from the response. Normal

172:37 . Normal comments, people to say much. Too much. Yes,

172:42 stopped a salami. Okay, let's a quick review or any questions or

172:48 before we do our crease. It's a long day since we start.

172:53 morning is more than how many hours did have a break, right?

172:58 the talking in the break. Any ? Anything. Today you guys want

173:05 talk about it about scheduling. Don't take the material. I forget about

173:14 tomorrow because is someone next Friday covers of four topics is open book.

173:22 still you should know the basics. . So all of these lectures will

173:34 loaded on teams so that we can back and review them. Even the

173:41 . Yes. Yeah, I assume Maria still there. Yeah, that's

173:45 plan. Excuse me. Not on on team or blackboard on video point

173:53 the team's video. Beyond teams? , on video points. Oh,

174:00 . Okay. You please to the . Tell them where you Lord.

174:05 . Yeah, because Maria wanted to other other sides. She familiar?

174:11 , tell everybody where it iss. , I appreciate efforts. Actually.

174:17 tryto load everything onto teams. Another , it takes forever e will

174:24 Excuse me. I will send the . R L their email, and

174:28 can access to the video files very . Don't worry about that. My

174:38 . Yeah, we're in good Always like professionals like Maria. Thank

174:44 . Yeah, that's what the Because I almost forgot. Yeah,

174:48 of course, I think the best wise again is the best time for

174:52 to learn during the lecture. Slow down. And also, uh,

174:57 on the point you want to learn your time is limited, even though

175:01 might think that more time. But in mind, this is like,

175:05 . Yesterday is really three hours Another 76 hours. That's only nine

175:10 . How many hours you have? flies, right? So you better

175:16 questions during the lecture. Also previewed . Maybe this this first top Because

175:23 don't have time, little material. now you see the style now use

175:28 . So we should be better prepared next week. Make sure you really

175:32 like four. You go to class I can bring question the class.

175:38 don't have to really carefully. You everything. Just scan through. Just

175:41 sure there are few slides. You questions. You know, learning is

175:47 process off. Getting something new materials foreign now is very troublesome. I'd

175:57 to choose the material fits my For example. Typically about 60%

176:02 30%. 0, no. You , in between that's better for

176:06 But if too much I know I bored. I can't see anything.

176:10 don't know. Anything is too Everything is now. It is boring

176:16 . This is why, for your , wise for the previewing previewing the

176:21 . I'm going to try to make happening. Loading the slide for at

176:26 on Tuesday. This is my Maybe even before. Maybe can do

176:30 on Monday because I'm teaching Monday, I'm not even trying Monday, But

176:34 should be able to see the the topic next Friday, on Tuesday

176:40 before Tuesday. Hopefully, you can loading the topic of 56 Also,

176:47 way you can have time to say you're gonna see. Maybe it's so

176:54 . To be honest with you. wouldn't be surprised someone if I'm doing

176:58 class like you guys. Um I only one listen to part of I

177:02 know. I know I can get other class materials or something else.

177:06 , that's fine, But do asking toe, verify your learning. That's

177:16 you go. It's a good Small class. So we can do

177:19 . So, are you ready for quiz? Yes, I hope.

177:24 , sir. I'm gonna try something . I was ready to see the

177:29 , but I'm gonna I'm gonna put Queen on the team. I'm testing

177:34 you. Make sure you can see on t. I'm putting out there

177:39 . Even this talk about it says already skeptical team name is called the

177:45 S. Q three. Also put P s Q 212 There. Now

177:55 have asked the team. So should all see all the other creeds

178:00 We have a Q one Q 2123 , I mean, I can see

178:06 . Good. We're very good. . Thank you. So I'm going

178:11 us Usual. This plan was meaning the history. In case anybody have

178:17 questions. No panic. Okay, you don't see it, I can

178:20 the email. Don't forget when you , please. Sending with Maria.

178:31 , it gets into me. I'll her. I did yesterday. But

178:34 is better because she is greater. going to go where? The answers

178:40 week on Friday. So once you the question, no more questions can

178:47 on that. You don't need to the stay with me. I can

178:50 it easy. Okay? Usually I I gave time limits. But if

178:55 want to believe the delay, I think Maria penalize anyone yet. Of

178:59 we want you finish it on But if you don't, you know

179:02 five minutes, 10 minutes I don't speed deal. Okay? Yeah.

179:10 . So let me let me see queen Three. Queens three. Here

179:16 go. Here is the sharing off Okay, here is this. So

179:27 don't want to trouble you with more college anymore. I just doing the

179:31 as the same as yesterday. so I gave it 12 for the

179:36 question. I'll give you two The difference. I'm not sure like

179:43 way or not, but I don't We gotta do something quick, easy

179:48 anything speaking, but I need to your really? So let me bring

179:52 quickly from first one. Joining version two variables is preferred while a solution

180:00 each other. That's the first one apply. More constraints, Maxine Solution

180:09 unique. Okay, this is a toa. I didn't say too much

180:13 that in lecture, but we have and talk about that. We're saying

180:18 or not. Is not Is a term unique means fewer choices. Last

180:26 make more choices. Okay, unique. Listen to three de convolution

180:35 zero face lately because of his best four least squares is working. Assumes

180:46 is misfired. Follow Gaussian distribution. low velocity layers are difficult to be

180:56 by first rival tomography. I didn't to teach you about tomography today,

181:01 I just wanted Let's just think what on. The problem is that we

181:05 a lot of us last layers. first rival will not try to stay

181:10 from that. So the coverage there the law six predictive the conclusion Surprise

181:21 more effectively. Are the five set year offset? I cannot lose this

181:27 . A little bit. I didn't example, but this is actually

181:30 What? I mentioned this. Why described this. Okay, seven resolution

181:39 . Off. Assessment inversion depends largely the simple, pronounced ratio of

181:46 Is that true? Now, this about Resolution 87 imaging in petroleum

181:55 I'm all three. Based on reflection , nine Such modeling is guided by

182:04 such as whether the model is geologically . 10 some measures is cannot be

182:15 by S VD 11. Usually, is a superior to modeling. One

182:24 data coverage is very poor that our also means you don't measure.

182:32 so that's not gonna measure. Talk last one. Usually such modeling is

182:39 opportunity. That's that's being inversion. you see, vague, unclear

182:50 Not sure, right. You're doing right. All right. Uh,

182:59 comparison straightforward. We compare difference between dramatic are under producing. What a

183:08 between those two. They could be in the assumption or difference in the

183:14 the process. Okay, last one version was the buckle skill, Bert

183:21 . I just want to give you conceptual comparison. You don't have to

183:25 anything too much in here as long see the main point. All

183:31 folks, this will clear now at the now. No major error.

183:36 if they're issues like I said beside circle principles, you can also write

183:41 about What are you thinking? Even case of a mistake you can maybe

183:46 can give you no listening for. have problems or something, I

183:55 All right. Okay. It's been long day. I'm amazed we're still

184:03 . I was still No, I'm teaching me. No, I'm still

184:07 pain here. Yeah, I squeeze my here. I feel people.

184:11 , I'm still alive. Okay, , it's easy. I appreciate you

184:20 efforts. It's not easy, but work together. We can learn together

184:26 , uh, any issue between Next Friday should be email,

184:32 Maria Mia

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