| 00:01 | right? Mm. Mhm. There comes a year 2000. |
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| 01:17 | Lightweight, turbocharged blow molded energy wise , nonpolluting computerized, intercooled hydro sprung |
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| 01:24 | fiber, low drag, chip high speed magnesium chassis. Crash tested |
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| 01:30 | set of wheels built from seawater. a treat. When you're finished with |
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| 01:35 | heats the house for a week. that's just one version of the future |
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| 01:39 | experiment. We're like that in the 20th century West, aren't we? |
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| 01:46 | a dynamic, forward looking, high recycled. You name it world. |
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| 01:50 | one thing you can be sure tomorrow be is different because we'll make it |
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| 01:54 | that. We take nature on, it a million ways, and pretest |
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| 01:58 | under every condition from the tropics to here in the frozen north, so |
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| 02:02 | when the consumerist finally gets his hands it, it will be everything you |
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| 02:05 | wanted until you want something else. nothing we consumerist, scant due to |
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| 02:10 | world. It's just so much raw to be computer modeled into new |
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| 02:14 | everything from blow dryers to babies. you need is the specifications. |
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| 02:20 | the only constant in life is change its like that ironically, because 250 |
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| 02:26 | ago, somebody here in northern Lapland out to prove that the one thing |
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| 02:30 | world never did was changed. see to your 18th century mind all |
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| 02:43 | . You know, nature worked according strict mathematical laws that gave it No |
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| 02:48 | for any messing about. They felt had a firm, rational grip on |
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| 02:54 | was obviously on orderly universe. You hear what they thought in their orderly |
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| 03:03 | . Okay, lets get the story to a cracking start. Here's Linnaeus |
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| 03:12 | who'd been up north a really dull wandering around the really dull world they'd |
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| 03:17 | made for themselves. Not a hair of place, so to speak, |
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| 03:23 | , balanced like their architectures. This the kind of stuff you go |
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| 03:30 | if you're sure as they were that world was created at 9 a.m. On |
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| 03:35 | . The 26 4000 and four BC was never going to change. Cool |
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| 03:43 | . They put nature in a pot a garden because that was the way |
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| 03:46 | world waas for people like Linnaeus. . Now the trouble with all this |
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| 03:58 | philosophizing was that it didn't work with . Three great outdoors in general was |
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| 04:03 | disorganized mess. Linnaeus decided to sort out. It may look confused, |
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| 04:08 | said, but the one thing God was confused. There's a pattern to |
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| 04:12 | this. If I can discover the , I'll be able to get inside |
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| 04:16 | head. Now. That may not very modest, but one thing Linnaeus |
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| 04:21 | was modest. He noticed perspicacious that things tended to come in |
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| 04:26 | you know, male and female. in the most decorous Swedish way |
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| 04:31 | he took a close look at the of sex going on in the |
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| 04:35 | Mm hmm. What he had his on, where plants six organs the |
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| 04:43 | and pistols down inside the flower. he listed plants in classes according to |
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| 04:49 | number and position of stamens, then on the position of the pistols on |
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| 04:54 | types like this. It's a not a snowdrop. And then the |
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| 04:58 | you see at the local horticultural the varieties based on the one feature |
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| 05:03 | a variety that is different from all of that type, this one in |
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| 05:07 | Hedorah. It's feature five leaves in Quinn, Cliff Olia. So Hedorah |
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| 05:15 | , Cliff Olia. Well, that name system got rid of all the |
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| 05:22 | . No matter how many varieties I , for instance, look at |
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| 05:24 | They're all Campanella's. But this one Campanella. Rotondi Folio because it's got |
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| 05:29 | leaves. This one's Campanella pyramidal is it looks like a pyramid. This |
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| 05:34 | down here is gloomy rata because the in ahead this one Latif Olia, |
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| 05:43 | on this one press sick If Olia a leaf like the peach and so |
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| 05:48 | with this kind of approach, Lineas got nature firmly under control. Same |
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| 05:53 | his garden here at Uppsala, near of where he was professor. It's |
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| 05:57 | out like a system divided, classified as if God had been a |
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| 06:03 | . In 17 68 the bestseller that with it was into its 12th edition |
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| 06:09 | inflaming nature lovers uphill and down Dale here, the great outdoors was now |
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| 06:15 | , balanced everything in its place on place for everything. Every species created |
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| 06:22 | by God, a complete world. gaps, no failures. Perfect, |
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| 06:29 | , fixed the way God had left at creation. Boring, isn't |
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| 06:35 | Don't worry. It all went Remember those nature lovers inflamed by this |
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| 06:50 | romantic movement went rambling off in more than one thing was what life was |
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| 06:55 | about. Never mind your lists and . Nature in the raw held the |
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| 06:59 | of the universe. So they turned the Beethoven on Went looking for the |
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| 07:04 | of life out there where a man be alone with the elements with the |
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| 07:08 | of the soul with restless, ever world of nature. Come to think |
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| 07:12 | it, it was ever changing, it? Mhm The theme. In |
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| 07:26 | last quarter of the 18th century, was getting away from it all, |
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| 07:30 | for the mysterious life force that united in a world that wasn't static but |
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| 07:35 | a constant state of flux. Their waas to find an explanation of the |
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| 07:40 | that would let alone this flux Of course, now you mentioned |
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| 07:49 | There was a concept that might fit bill. Been around for some |
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| 07:53 | actually, Swiss idea called the great of being giant list of how everything |
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| 08:00 | into everything else as you went up importance from rocks to plants to |
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| 08:06 | then on up to man and eventually angels and God, all inclusive, |
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| 08:10 | see on it offered the possibilities of because of where it placed things like |
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| 08:19 | above rocks but below mushrooms that is than a stone, but less than |
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| 08:26 | mushroom, but almost a mushroom you given a chance. Now, truffles |
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| 08:32 | always gone down very well with the . And it was an 18th century |
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| 08:36 | zookeeper called Boufhal here in Paris, he ran this zoo who took a |
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| 08:41 | look at them on but the rest nature. Mm hmm. After years |
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| 08:57 | watching plants and animals in 17 78 came up with a few thoughts. |
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| 09:03 | , 44 volumes to be exact history everything from the beginning until now, |
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| 09:09 | years. He reckoned that Waas noted few things you'd think would have worried |
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| 09:13 | in a world of individually created different species. If all birds were |
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| 09:21 | creations, why one common structure? each mammal was unique, why do |
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| 09:26 | all have four limbs? Could you separate creation for just varieties of things |
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| 09:31 | ? Camels, monkeys, dogs, , apples, cabbages, but Buffon's |
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| 09:39 | to the Bible. The varieties were degenerate forms of God's original two of |
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| 09:44 | , or one if you were a . But no matter how things |
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| 09:50 | no matter how similar things appeared like and buffaloes, or all the members |
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| 09:55 | the feline species or mushrooms and each was originally a separate creation. |
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| 10:04 | was no cause for panic. If hadn't created every single separate thing that |
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| 10:09 | possibly be back at the beginning, , there'd be extra ones being |
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| 10:14 | Gaps in the total wouldn't there on weren't extra ones turning up or gaps |
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| 10:19 | there. Were they just the fellow blew holes in the idea that nothing |
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| 10:45 | changed since creation was an engineer called , who in 17 96 was busy |
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| 10:50 | his way across the English countryside, canals for the industrial Revolution? On |
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| 10:57 | the oddest things in the rubble. things on what's mawr? Every time |
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| 11:02 | cut through a new layer of there'd be new fossils to consider. |
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| 11:06 | looked as if far from everything having existed, different animals had been alive |
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| 11:12 | different times. Smith not being hide by the philosophical garbage of the |
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| 11:18 | wrote down everything he came across on that this business of different fossils in |
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| 11:23 | strata was so clear cut, you tell what level you were at if |
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| 11:28 | you had to go on was one or no fossils. In the case |
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| 11:33 | strata that didn't have any, See I'm getting at? What was going |
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| 11:39 | Smith's mind was the awful possibility that with some more modern layers, which |
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| 11:44 | more modern periods of history, having fossils and others having fossils of animals |
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| 11:49 | might turn out to be extinct. , what that meant Waas that things |
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| 11:53 | changed during history, that God had mistakes. Ah, thought to take |
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| 11:59 | fellow's mind right off canal building, that was the bare bones of |
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| 12:23 | It was when really bare bones started up that things took a turn for |
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| 12:27 | more complicated back here in Paris, by 17 94 Buffon's zoo had been |
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| 12:34 | into the Paris Natural History Museum on certain George Cuvelier was resident professor of |
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| 12:40 | zoology. That is to say all lot, yeah, Q v |
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| 12:53 | Like Smith had also turned up a problem. But one on the grand |
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| 12:59 | People have been coming into the museum with bones. They dug up that |
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| 13:03 | , definitely did not belong to any que va had ever seen. So |
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| 13:07 | thought up a way to work out the whole animal would look if all |
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| 13:11 | had to go on was one Let me show you how this detective |
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| 13:16 | called comparative anatomy worked. Say all have is this tooth Well, it's |
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| 13:24 | and sharp, so the animal eats . Now toe, hold these |
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| 13:29 | During that kind of work, you a jaw this shape and hold the |
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| 13:34 | . A skull this big. Now a meat eater, so it's lunch |
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| 13:41 | tend to be running away if so it needs flexible clause to grab |
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| 13:46 | . On the end of good hunting on, they need a spine |
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| 13:51 | Hold them together in an overall shape for speed or there be no lunch |
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| 13:57 | . The species will die out, it? So from tooth using Cuvee |
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| 14:01 | comparative anatomy. You get Tiger and the cat family feel. But when |
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| 14:13 | A got a bone like this on the same trick working out what he |
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| 14:17 | and then reconstructing the animal. He nightmare monsters on a real problem. |
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| 14:25 | couldn't say as you might with little . Oh, they're all around |
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| 14:29 | I just haven't come across one. was very definitely not just hiding in |
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| 14:33 | bushes. It was extinct. And meant God had to have changed his |
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| 14:38 | . But like Moviefone Cuvee, it go for that. Had to be |
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| 14:42 | answer on It was around 1808 when been digging holes all around Paris and |
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| 14:47 | more monster bones, all of them strata, incidentally, also containing fossil |
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| 14:53 | and general marine life that he got . Of course, oysters, water |
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| 14:58 | was in the Bible are flood. had to be what Cuba described as |
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| 15:03 | in history. Giant inundations caused by rising or something causing huge tidal waves |
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| 15:10 | would wipe out any dinosaur or whatever the neighborhood that would account for |
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| 15:14 | which left us. I mean, it shouldn't have any catastrophe that could |
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| 15:20 | out the monsters should have made short of the human race. This was |
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| 15:24 | academic problem. Meet William Buckland, professor of geology Andi Weirdo. He |
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| 15:43 | the floods hadn't wiped out people because hadn't been there. They'd gone off |
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| 15:47 | the Ark. Buckland was a queer with even queer a teaching methods, |
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| 15:52 | it only got his job on condition wouldn't knock the Bible version of what |
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| 15:55 | happened. Ha ha, my On opportune arrival, the proof Buckland |
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| 16:04 | set on, proving that some animals extinct because God had sent the Old |
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| 16:09 | flood deliberately. On that the flood what made the earth's surface. The |
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| 16:13 | we see it today, foot His approach got mixed reviews. Some |
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| 16:18 | were once expressed about the flood. said Buckland arose and always clear as |
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| 16:24 | , but he seemed right about deep having been made by the flood, |
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| 16:28 | the little rivers in them. on the other hand, could you |
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| 16:35 | sure of a fellow who's gastronomic preferences to such delicacies as grilled mice on |
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| 16:41 | , but never mind his eccentricities. reason people listened to Buckland was that |
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| 16:45 | recent universal deluge ordered by the Almighty the only thing that explained all the |
|
| 16:52 | . The bones they found buried under in Morland caves the giant boulder sitting |
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| 16:57 | isolated positions miles from any mountain. fossils discovered on this was a really |
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| 17:02 | off lowland animals on mountain peaks By 23 Buckland record he'd solved all the |
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| 17:10 | we might consider the bones of animals to perish by this great inundation upon |
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| 17:15 | I have copiously written on, of upon which you have copiously read Hm |
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| 17:23 | bones. However, there was still minor snag that made even Buckland think |
|
| 17:28 | eating his words. How come the , which was supposed to have knocked |
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| 17:32 | all living creatures, knocked off all fish who could swim a off |
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| 17:37 | I could be wrong now. The with floods and catastrophes and stuff was |
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| 17:50 | it did require interference by the Almighty a supernatural finger in the pie, |
|
| 17:56 | wasn't exactly very scientific. So lot people started looking for more down to |
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| 18:02 | explanation. One such type was a Scott called hunting. He went around |
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| 18:08 | into ditches and riverbeds everywhere he could them on, announced that in his |
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| 18:13 | , the whole lot could have been by the ordinary, effective erosion wind |
|
| 18:17 | water. I mean, if you enough time what it will make a |
|
| 18:21 | smooth sea now that would have taken lot longer than the biblical version of |
|
| 18:31 | would have. So others went looking more evidence. Further a field one |
|
| 18:38 | Scrap Are people of Buckland no less volcanoes and very old lava cut through |
|
| 18:45 | rivers, and you could see they've forever because of the different layers of |
|
| 18:49 | exposed in the walls of the It began to look as if it |
|
| 18:54 | all taken a great deal longer than Bible, said the answer Lay. |
|
| 18:58 | appeared in River gorges and volcanoes. what better volcano than this one? |
|
| 19:14 | ? Oh, 1926. Another of pupils, who didn't agree with him |
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| 19:20 | bore called Charles Lyle, headed purposefully the slopes. Of that. Lyle |
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| 19:27 | the view that the way geology happened didn't change from one period of history |
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| 19:32 | another from distant past to modern So he went looking for evidence of |
|
| 19:39 | activity. To give him a yardstick it was a kind of evidence, |
|
| 19:43 | see, going up on a tourist that gave him his first hint. |
|
| 19:48 | . See those little hills down their mini volcanos cones sticking out of |
|
| 19:53 | side of Etna. Like that Well, Lyle did some reading and |
|
| 19:59 | that only one cone, that Big , Monti Rossi had come into existence |
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| 20:04 | the beginning of local records. Lyle at that rate, not exactly grease |
|
| 20:12 | . It must have taken 100 or cones there were coming out of the |
|
| 20:15 | of Etna at least 12,000 years toe . And then up here he saw |
|
| 20:40 | valley cutting right into the side of , that one. And in the |
|
| 20:45 | of the valley he could see traces hundreds of earlier cones thrown up and |
|
| 20:49 | covered by lava flow from Etna later , So he took it slowly. |
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| 21:08 | few cones down at the bottom. had taken 12,000 years, hundreds more |
|
| 21:13 | . It happened earlier on, then covered by lava coming from Etna up |
|
| 21:18 | . Therefore, they must have all before Aetna itself happened. But Aetna |
|
| 21:28 | now a pint of built up lava miles wide and 10,000 ft high. |
|
| 21:35 | at the rate things seem to have , Aetna must have started millions of |
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| 21:40 | ago. All of a sudden, he stood up here looking into the |
|
| 21:45 | , planting in the thin air of on the sulfur, Lyle realized that |
|
| 21:49 | the Bible was that wrong about the of the Earth than the truth was |
|
| 21:53 | turn out to be very, very . Sorry. Went had to play |
|
| 21:58 | shellfish down the coast to think it . Oh, thank you. Thank |
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| 22:10 | . Observe, as loyal Did these delights to be found in plenty in |
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| 22:15 | fish market down in Catania, the at the foot of Etna. The |
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| 22:20 | I dragged you down here is because little beauties rocked the stuffy world of |
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| 22:26 | to its Paleolithic foundations. Because this the only place Lyle found shellfish. |
|
| 22:31 | found fossils off Hm elsewhere here. limestone is full of them. Any |
|
| 22:39 | you look okay. Uh huh. these have been off the menu for |
|
| 22:48 | time. Fossil shellfish. Okay, say so. What? Ancient |
|
| 22:55 | Only these are identical to their modern . Down at the market. These |
|
| 23:03 | ? You say, say what? they're not that old on. This |
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| 23:06 | where Lyle took a deep breath because know, where that limestone goes all |
|
| 23:14 | way out across that plane to where cloud is, that's at math and |
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| 23:19 | under Aetna, so that makes it than Aetna. So that makes these |
|
| 23:25 | millions of years old. You see I'm getting at? If you can't |
|
| 23:30 | the difference between to shellfish millions of apart, then the rate at which |
|
| 23:35 | happened changed through history can only be as somewhere between dead slow on dead |
|
| 23:42 | over a period of time that can be described as geologic Lyle. He |
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| 23:49 | the next boat home to his Lyles Book Principles of Geology, about |
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| 23:56 | wrong the Bible chronology had. Bean the prized possession of an intense young |
|
| 24:01 | who was collecting things tropical for museums home, and he went by the |
|
| 24:05 | of Wallace. Here he is in 57 beetle ng along on Malayan |
|
| 24:13 | collecting beetles 120,000 species by this time thinking about something that had bugged him |
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| 24:21 | since he'd read what Lyell had said how long everything took tow happen in |
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| 24:25 | . Ah, fact that could account what Wallace was getting a bee in |
|
| 24:28 | bonnet about the mawr. He'd caught little friends and stuck pins in |
|
| 24:35 | the more he'd seen something that intrigued . Now, to you and me |
|
| 24:39 | one beat when you've seen them Not Wallace. He'd noticed differences in |
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| 24:44 | bugs that seemed to relate to where came from. The basic Beetle shape |
|
| 24:54 | the same, but the varieties seemed be dictated by the kind of life |
|
| 24:58 | beetle lead. Well, there was one way this amazing observation was going |
|
| 25:05 | get publicity. So Wallace wrote to important back home. It was a |
|
| 25:11 | that changed the world. Yes. letter Wallace wrote said, Essentially, |
|
| 25:33 | sir, I've been watching nature out , and I think I've come up |
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| 25:37 | a theory that might explain why all life I see around me comes in |
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| 25:42 | a wide variety of shapes and Andi, I think I can explain |
|
| 25:46 | they all ended up that way. say Wallace's letter put the cat among |
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| 26:05 | pigeons would be to underrate the shock it caused. It made the fella |
|
| 26:10 | written to feel a prize idiot for start because he'd just spent three years |
|
| 26:15 | deeply involved with the pigeon breeding getting the bird right and left from |
|
| 26:19 | colleagues, ruffling the feathers of everybody the English scientific establishment as he investigated |
|
| 26:26 | breeding to find evidence to back up new theory. Ah, theory, |
|
| 26:30 | would fly in the face of The Bible set a new theory so |
|
| 26:35 | embracing as to survive even the most criticism. Last couple. What you |
|
| 26:41 | . He's got gaps in his muffs broken foot feathers, fat marks |
|
| 26:50 | It's nothing better than toenails trusted. , his new theory looked like being |
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| 27:01 | old theory because it was precisely the as Wallace is on had been working |
|
| 27:05 | it for longer than Wallace, and read Lyle on Been All Over the |
|
| 27:10 | on come to the same conclusions like Wallace, he had also read |
|
| 27:14 | key book by a political person called , who had frightened the wits out |
|
| 27:18 | everybody by pointing out that the population rose faster than the food supply. |
|
| 27:23 | result, too many mouths to feed you could restrain people from having |
|
| 27:29 | Our pigeon, fancier and Wallace realized that that's what nature was doing, |
|
| 27:35 | without the restraint. So everywhere there always be a desperate struggle for limited |
|
| 27:40 | of food. Any variety that was to live off some kind of food |
|
| 27:44 | else wanted would survive and multiply the . They die of starvation. That's |
|
| 27:50 | there were so many varieties around. survived because they were varieties. But |
|
| 27:56 | did variation have to beef up the that God hadn't done it all of |
|
| 28:02 | ? Well, nothing. Unless you show how variety happened, which is |
|
| 28:06 | our pigeon fancier was fancying pigeons. , he said, at a |
|
| 28:12 | a runt, a tumbler, a for a barb. You'd never say |
|
| 28:19 | . Not with the same species. in a million years, which was |
|
| 28:22 | point in mawr than a million Nature could surely do what it took |
|
| 28:26 | breeder, no time at all to . Look at the way in just |
|
| 28:32 | few generations by pairing birds with the features. You could go say, |
|
| 28:37 | the bird with no feet, feathers breed at each stage, the right |
|
| 28:41 | of birds to develop the feet, characteristic more arm, or until you |
|
| 28:45 | up with a bird that had been beyond recognition. Well, you couldn't |
|
| 28:50 | the feet for the felons doing that as it were. In theory, |
|
| 28:57 | pigeon fancier was able to show that pigeon varieties and there are a |
|
| 29:01 | All of them were descended from one ancestor, the humble rock pigeon, |
|
| 29:10 | varieties that could fit every ecological niche so survive had come into existence. |
|
| 29:16 | of them were so varied is to different species. The problem. Waas |
|
| 29:21 | fossil had yet turned up of an halfway between one species and another. |
|
| 29:25 | , there is plenty to go on Wallace to worry about. So our |
|
| 29:29 | fancier rushed into print with a slim entitled Origin of Species by C. |
|
| 29:34 | and waited for the feathers to He didn't wait long read all about |
|
| 29:46 | . God is dead. Great. Debate Church attacks Darwin professor claims papers |
|
| 29:54 | press left of the idea off the man, a concept that horrified a |
|
| 29:58 | Victorian society. Darwin will destroy society man an animal. That church wasn't |
|
| 30:04 | any of that nonsense. Yeah, suppresses science. Pope fans Darwin Darwin's |
|
| 30:13 | went beyond upsetting the church. It to influence life in the 20th century |
|
| 30:18 | three Fundamental Wait All about, it in Germany. Eight Man Found in |
|
| 30:25 | Pain. Meanwhile, down a hole in southern Germany, somebody plugged the |
|
| 30:35 | hole in Darwin's argument. You remember gap in the fossil record. If |
|
| 30:40 | had bean evolutionary changes from one form organism to another, where were all |
|
| 30:44 | half and half versions that must have at some point? Well, in |
|
| 30:54 | 62 here was one. It's a archaeopteryx rex, and if you look |
|
| 31:02 | carefully, you can see it's half , half reptile, bony tail, |
|
| 31:06 | feathers on the wings, Birth. missing link wasn't anymore. So Darwin |
|
| 31:12 | foolproof, which was fine by certain here on the lunatic fringe. |
|
| 31:20 | Well, what would you call people build grottoes with doors in the |
|
| 31:23 | Hey, excuse me. Mad King of Bavaria. All this you must |
|
| 31:32 | he corner the market in bad Speaking of which, he also fell |
|
| 31:38 | Wagner, which is why he covered walls with scenes from the operas on |
|
| 31:42 | castles like this one. Noise where he could live out his fantasies |
|
| 31:46 | being a Wagnerian hero like the Swan guarding the Holy Grail. Big |
|
| 31:51 | one's logic. You should dress up lot on the quiet. Wagner himself |
|
| 31:57 | heavily into the new imperial Teutonic You know, Arians being the super |
|
| 32:03 | War is good for the health. obedience to the state favorite color |
|
| 32:08 | All the slogans his fellow Germans couldn't enough of it, operatic or |
|
| 32:14 | Well, put yourself in their place you could take it. Germany has |
|
| 32:18 | been united. They beat the French 18 70. So the top of |
|
| 32:21 | Military league industrial production is going up a rocket. They're talking about having |
|
| 32:26 | colony or two. They've invented An emperor on still polite European society |
|
| 32:32 | them as if they've got collective b what they need for their national |
|
| 32:37 | He's a touch of class on Here's , with his scientific proof of the |
|
| 32:42 | of the fittest. That struggle is and necessary that even slime could get |
|
| 32:46 | the top. If you give it enough, he must have been music |
|
| 32:49 | their ears. Well, as there's an unsung figure behind ALS the |
|
| 34:01 | who are in this case, a called Heckel, a zoologist on Darwin |
|
| 34:07 | . Without him, all this might remained so much Bavarian baloney. But |
|
| 34:11 | did what he did. So I'll you all about it. Next time |
|
| 34:15 | get a chance. Yeah, thank you. This is what happened |
|
| 34:32 | 18 68. Heckel, having read and decided that he was the answer |
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| 34:37 | everything in the known universe, produced book modestly entitled The Natural History of |
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| 34:43 | and started spreading Darwinism Heckel version. the next few decades, Heckel and |
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| 34:49 | produced some rather interesting variants on the message. Let me treat you to |
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| 34:53 | of the choices samples the fittest says Darwin. So victorious Germans must |
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| 35:00 | biologically superior to any losers on. must be kept that way. So |
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| 35:05 | that might weaken the race criminals, , imbeciles, Democrats must be sterilized |
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| 35:11 | shot. Racial hygiene, it's called involved breeding stations where pure Arians could |
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| 35:18 | together with other pure arians to produce . Pure Arians Man is an |
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| 35:24 | says Darwin, and obey the laws nature. So just as the cell |
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| 35:29 | in order to save the body so life of the individual may have necessary |
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| 35:34 | sacrificed for the greater good of the . The struggle is necessary, says |
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| 35:40 | , so nothing must prevent wars to or enslave the lower races. Hybrids |
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| 35:48 | sterile, says Darwin, so marriage Germans and non Germans would be a |
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| 35:57 | Find a way. It's all this century pseudoscientific garbage beginning to sound |
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| 36:04 | In 18 99 heckles next modest little called The Riddle of the Universe sold |
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| 36:10 | half a million copies and really spread word. In order to get the |
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| 36:15 | across to the next generation, they a youth movement founding member, Heinrich |
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| 36:22 | . Crazy about everything, Heckle had . So was his friend, You |
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| 36:27 | , the one that misquoted Darwin so in speeches here at Nuremberg Eagles for |
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| 37:06 | . Of course, Darwin was bound go down well here in the States |
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| 37:10 | another academic preached his gospel of evolution enterprise style. This time, name |
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| 37:16 | Sumner, a professor at Yale he Darwin on made it socially meaningful for |
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| 37:23 | upwardly mobile. That is to the struggle for survival was part of |
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| 37:28 | great American tradition that brought all comforts those who worked for them. The |
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| 37:34 | weeded out the weak, the unfit the stupid unless you gave them unfair |
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| 37:39 | with dangerous nonsense, like government aid welfare or education, in which case |
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| 37:45 | breed more like them on dragged the down. In a heart warming little |
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| 37:50 | published in 18 83 Sumner asked the , What do the social classes |
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| 37:55 | each other on came up with a answer. Nothing for Sumner. Darwin |
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| 38:02 | proof that what America should be all was liberty, inequality, survival of |
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| 38:08 | fittest. In other words, the should inherit what's left. For |
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| 38:14 | The best equipped to win the struggle the great American businessman, as long |
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| 38:19 | his survival wasn't endangered by evils like , regulations, factory acts, that |
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| 38:26 | absolute freedom of action was what had America great. And now that was |
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| 38:31 | scientific fact. Yeah, well, a country founded on the principle of |
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| 38:40 | is, um, out here in West, where a man walked tall |
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| 38:44 | was right. Life was rugged, you could be anything you wanted to |
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| 38:48 | if you had the guts to fight it. In that kind of |
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| 38:52 | Darwin's theory made no more than good sense. All you had to do |
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| 38:56 | stay on the horse. Yeah, business saw things in terms of the |
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| 39:18 | West. You had to be tough self reliant just to stay solvent in |
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| 39:23 | country expanding incredibly fast theme. Only to get anywhere in commerce was to |
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| 39:28 | hell for leather for what you wanted anybody else got to it on. |
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| 39:34 | make sure they knew your mark was it first. So the second way |
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| 39:44 | put his brand on modern life was the idea of success in the American |
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| 39:49 | sense where nothing came to you on plate. Darwin had proved that the |
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| 39:54 | animal struggle for food applied to everything society did to only for food read |
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| 40:01 | , power money. America took Darwin's ethic into its boardrooms and turned every |
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| 40:08 | deal into a rerun of gunfight at Corral for Theo, Sudden death encounters |
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| 40:17 | business life. Ambitious Americans saw the example of evolution in action. Crushing |
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| 40:22 | incompetent, outsmarting the competition on coming king of the heap. In the |
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| 40:28 | century, American industrial robber barons went social dominance. Um, like flies |
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| 40:32 | , ah, Handcock. It gave they like to call their entrepreneurial activity |
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| 40:37 | of scientific respectability. After all, Sumner said, millionaires are the product |
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| 40:42 | natural selection. Financial giants like Rockefeller Carnegie showed just how far that process |
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| 40:48 | take you. I have nothing How to make a million Darwin style |
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| 41:33 | wave. Darwin's theory helped to change world was very different. On a |
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| 41:56 | afternoon in April at the Sweden Finland , last stage of a momentous journey |
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| 42:01 | taking place. Hurrying to catch this was a man called Ulyanov, coming |
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| 42:07 | slay the last few miles of a that had brought him all across Europe |
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| 42:11 | secret, which was how he had for 17 years, moving from place |
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| 42:15 | place using a network of agents, , clandestine operations, Ulyanov carried a |
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| 42:22 | from a man already dead that would the course of history, a message |
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| 42:28 | would almost certainly put Ulyanov in Theo. Dead Man whose message Ulyanov |
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| 42:37 | was a German ideologist who had seen Darwin scientific support for his beliefs. |
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| 42:43 | . Ulyanov kept alive mhm. The of the world that drove Ulyanov towards |
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| 43:01 | death for his beliefs on that had his German mentor was a social version |
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| 43:06 | Darwin's views. Those views of Darwin be echoed in the struggle that lay |
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| 43:19 | . Yeah, Darwin's theory that successful and I hated their opposition would be |
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| 43:30 | in the total victory that would Darwin's denial of any supernatural design in |
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| 43:36 | would put control over their destiny into hands of ordinary working people, not |
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| 43:40 | and kings. Darwin's mechanism of evolution to natural laws, fitted the plan |
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| 43:46 | those laws would be used to design new society. Darwin's concept of the |
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| 43:51 | of a species towards its perfect form the dream of a new society, |
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| 43:57 | ahead to a world where superstition and would be made redundant by reason and |
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| 44:02 | . Yes, above all, Darwin's that change was inevitable served to show |
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| 44:07 | the success of the new ideology was inevitable. On that a new world |
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| 44:12 | only be built on the ruins of old one. Ulyanov, of |
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| 44:15 | was carrying the message of marks to on after his triumphant arrival of station |
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| 44:21 | ST Petersburg. He would come to revered by millions not as Vladimir |
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| 44:26 | but by the revolutionary alias he'd always Vladimir Ilitch Lenin. In 1917, |
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| 44:45 | designated Russia as the center off world , in which the first benefits |
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| 44:50 | The evolution of the new society would enjoyed. The fruits off the Marxist |
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| 44:55 | that was as basic to the improvement the human species as the fight for |
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| 44:59 | was in nature, a struggle that sow the seeds of world revolution with |
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| 45:04 | new tools available to those who believe changing history was a matter of molding |
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| 45:08 | ideological attitude of whole populations through directive propaganda. Above all, that |
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| 45:16 | would only be one, as Darwin said it was in nature through violent |
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| 45:21 | . The only way the proletariat would the power necessary to change the world |
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| 45:36 | the struggle continues to bring the whole of man to socialism because the revolutionary |
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| 45:42 | admits no half measures for marks. logical and necessary end of social evolution |
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| 45:48 | socialism. Justice for Darwin, the and necessary end of natural evolution is |
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| 45:54 | organism that exists because it's best fitted exist. But with half the world |
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| 46:00 | to the other side of the argument how humanity should progress committed to individualism |
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| 46:06 | free enterprise, the struggle has taken form with which we have become all |
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| 46:10 | familiar. So Mm hmm. Uh , yeah, thanks to Darwin on |
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| 46:58 | sides of this east west border here the Arctic Circle in northern Lapland, |
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| 47:02 | we began, or anywhere else, find it on both sides. The |
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| 47:06 | is the same. People and societies be changed. The argument is about |
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| 47:11 | to do it on what kind of they engineered daily life. We engineer |
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| 47:18 | , they suppress. Antisocial individual um we rewarded because it's maverick |
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| 47:23 | Yet on both sides, the view is equally clear, equally optimistic in |
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| 47:28 | of our ability to manipulate nature, materialist in the philosophical sense of the |
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| 47:44 | . Once we lived in the image the creator according to the divine |
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| 47:50 | in a perfect and unchanging world created functioning with a purpose you could clearly |
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| 47:56 | anytime you read the Bible. Thanks Darwin and the people who built on |
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| 48:01 | work, the universe no longer looks straightforward. Were made of the same |
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| 48:14 | as the rest of nature. Not different or special in the universe on |
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| 48:18 | there is a an immediately recognizable it is like everything else. |
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| 48:22 | man made one here all on the side, and that's for the |
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| 48:28 | Well, in the absence of it's what you wanted to be. |
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| 48:31 | so is your future on If that turn out right, Well, you |
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| 48:36 | yourself to blame. Mhm Oh |
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