| 00:00 | So the reason why I want to you about the maps I want to |
|
| 00:07 | bending your minds and challenging yourself from you understand the brain. Because the |
|
| 00:14 | belongs to you to your brains and there are many different pathways that one |
|
| 00:24 | take in life. Thio seek The most important pathway that I told |
|
| 00:32 | about is the passion is what you passionate about. And then you can |
|
| 00:40 | about How do I get there is M D that I need to get |
|
| 00:46 | . Can I get there with What is the ultimate goal? |
|
| 00:52 | What? What is really the ultimate that you seek in your career? |
|
| 00:56 | it a degree that you're seeking my ? Is it money that you see |
|
| 01:00 | a discovery and you don't care? just want to study flies and how |
|
| 01:05 | reproduce. And what is it? is driving you? This is the |
|
| 01:11 | important thing in choosing your career and how you apply things. Also, |
|
| 01:15 | forget the road is wind e. we talked about Roderick MacKinnon and Potassium |
|
| 01:22 | MD, who decided to study potassium structure and function of potassium channels using |
|
| 01:29 | toxins so many different ways you can there. One of the most |
|
| 01:35 | um, scientists Neurologist for me is la Rionda Ramachandran. And we're now |
|
| 01:44 | to watch a 23 minute long a Ted video on three conditions that |
|
| 01:51 | describes if he engages his scientific and mind. If he engages all, |
|
| 02:00 | has abilities in understanding these conditions, the solutions and sometimes finding solutions that |
|
| 02:07 | very simple and sometimes low cost Three conditions. That will be a |
|
| 02:15 | on examine each one of these three . So without further ado, there's |
|
| 02:22 | brilliant at talk, and I will the link on blackboard. Brilliant Ted |
|
| 02:32 | . Bye, Rama Chandra. Um , um, Chris pointed out I |
|
| 02:44 | the human brain functions and structure of human brain, and I just want |
|
| 02:48 | to think for a minute about what entails. Here is this mass of |
|
| 02:53 | £3 mass of jelly you can hold the palm of your hand and it |
|
| 02:58 | contemplate the vastness of interstellar space. can contemplate the meaning of infinity, |
|
| 03:05 | it can contemplate itself contemplating on the of infinity. And there's this peculiar |
|
| 03:11 | quality that we call self awareness, I think is the holy Grail of |
|
| 03:16 | , of Neurology. And hopefully, we'll understand how that happens. |
|
| 03:22 | so how do you study this mysterious ? I mean, you have 100 |
|
| 03:27 | nerve cells, little wisps of protoplasm with each other, and from this |
|
| 03:32 | emerges the whole spectrum of abilities that call human nature and human consciousness. |
|
| 03:38 | does this happen? Well, there many ways of approaching the functions of |
|
| 03:41 | human brain. One approach, the we use mainly, is to look |
|
| 03:45 | patients who have sustained damage to a region of the brain. There's been |
|
| 03:50 | genetic change in a small region of brain. What then happens is not |
|
| 03:54 | across the board reduction in all your capacity to sort of blunting of your |
|
| 03:59 | ability. What you get is a selective loss of one function, with |
|
| 04:03 | functions being preserved intact, and this you some confidence in asserting that that |
|
| 04:08 | of the brain is somehow involved in that function. So you, in |
|
| 04:12 | map, function onto structure and then out what the circuitry is doing to |
|
| 04:17 | that particular function. So that's what trying to do. So let me |
|
| 04:22 | you a few striking examples of If I give you three examples six |
|
| 04:26 | each. During this talk, the example is an extraordinary syndrome called Cop |
|
| 04:31 | syndrome. If you look at the light them, that's the temporal |
|
| 04:36 | Frontal lobes, parietal lobes. the lobes that constitute the brain. |
|
| 04:47 | if you look tucked away inside the surface of the temporal lobes you can't |
|
| 04:51 | . That is a little structure called form gyros that's been called the face |
|
| 04:57 | in the brain, because when it's , you can no longer recognize people's |
|
| 05:01 | . You can still recognize them from voice, said. Oh yeah, |
|
| 05:04 | Joe, but you can't look at face and know who it is. |
|
| 05:08 | can't even recognize yourself in the I mean, you know it |
|
| 05:11 | It's you because when you wink, may winks and you know it's a |
|
| 05:14 | , but you don't really recognize yourself as yourself. Okay, now that |
|
| 05:20 | is well known as caused by damage the physical embarrassed, but There's another |
|
| 05:23 | syndrome so rare, in fact, very few physicians have heard about |
|
| 05:27 | not even neurologists. This is called Cop craft Delusion, and that is |
|
| 05:32 | patient who's otherwise completely normal. Had head injury, comes out of |
|
| 05:37 | otherwise completely normal. He looks at mother and says, This looks exactly |
|
| 05:42 | my mother, this woman. But an impostor. She's some other woman |
|
| 05:46 | to be my mother. Now, does this happen? Why would somebody |
|
| 05:49 | this person is perfectly lucid and intelligent all other respects? But when he |
|
| 05:53 | his mother, his delusion kicks says not mother. Now the most |
|
| 05:57 | interpretation of this, which you find older psychiatry textbooks, is a Freudian |
|
| 06:03 | , and that is that. This and same argument applies to women, |
|
| 06:06 | the way. But I'll just talk guys when you're a little baby in |
|
| 06:10 | young baby. You had a strong attraction to your mother. This is |
|
| 06:14 | so called Oedipus complex of Freud. not saying I believe this, but |
|
| 06:17 | is the starting standard Freudian view, then as you grow up, the |
|
| 06:22 | develops and inhibits these latent sexual urges your mother. Thank God. Otherwise |
|
| 06:28 | all be sexually aroused when you saw mother. And then what happens is |
|
| 06:33 | a blow to your head damaging the , allowing these latent sexual urges to |
|
| 06:39 | flaming to the surface and suddenly and , you find yourself being sexually aroused |
|
| 06:44 | your mother, he said. My , this is my mom. How |
|
| 06:46 | I'm being sexually turned on? She's other woman. She's an impostor, |
|
| 06:50 | only interpretation that makes sense to your brain. This never made much sense |
|
| 06:56 | me. This argument. It's very , as all Freudian arguments are, |
|
| 07:03 | make money sense. Much sense because have seen the same delusion. A |
|
| 07:07 | having the same delusion about his pet . He'll say, Doctor, this |
|
| 07:13 | not fi fi. It looks exactly 50 but it's some other dog right |
|
| 07:18 | . You try using the Freudian explanation you have. You have to start |
|
| 07:22 | about the latent beast reality in all or some such thing, which is |
|
| 07:26 | absurd. Of course. Now what's going on? So to explain this |
|
| 07:31 | disorder, we look at the structure functions off the normal visual pathways in |
|
| 07:35 | brain. Normally, visual signals come into the eyeballs. Go to the |
|
| 07:39 | areas in the brain. There in fact, 30 areas in the |
|
| 07:42 | of your brain, concerned with just . And after processing all that, |
|
| 07:45 | message goes to a small structure called form gyros, where you perceive |
|
| 07:52 | There are neurons there that are sensitive faces. You can call it the |
|
| 07:55 | area of the brain, right? talked about that earlier. Now, |
|
| 07:59 | that area's damaged, you lose the to see faces, right. But |
|
| 08:03 | that area, the message cascade into structure called the amygdala. In the |
|
| 08:08 | system, the emotional core of the and that structure, called the |
|
| 08:12 | gauges the emotional significance of what you're at. Is it prey? Is |
|
| 08:16 | predator? Is it mate, or there something absolutely trivial, like a |
|
| 08:20 | of lint or a piece of Or are I don't want to point |
|
| 08:24 | that, but or a shoe or like that, OK, which you |
|
| 08:27 | completely ignore. So if the amygdala excited and this is something important, |
|
| 08:32 | messages then cascade into the autonomic nervous . Your heart starts beating faster. |
|
| 08:36 | start sweating to dissipate the heat that gonna create from exerting muscular exertion. |
|
| 08:43 | that's fortunate because you can put two on your palm and measure the change |
|
| 08:47 | skin resistance produced by sweating So I determine when you're looking at something, |
|
| 08:51 | you're excited or whether you're aroused or . Okay, and I'll get to |
|
| 08:55 | in a minute. So my idea , when this chap looks at an |
|
| 09:01 | when he looks at his, any for that matter, it goes to |
|
| 09:04 | visual areas. Andi, however, it's processed in the physic form |
|
| 09:08 | and you recognize it as a pea or a table or your mother, |
|
| 09:13 | that matter. OK, and then message cascades into the amygdala and then |
|
| 09:17 | down the autonomic nervous system. But in this chap, that wire that |
|
| 09:22 | from the amygdala to the limbic the emotional core of the brain is |
|
| 09:26 | by the accident. So because the of farmers intact, the chap can |
|
| 09:30 | recognize his mother and says hope, , this looks like my mother. |
|
| 09:34 | because the wire is cut to the centers is. But how come it |
|
| 09:38 | my mother? I don't experience a or terror as the case may be |
|
| 09:45 | , and therefore, he says, do I account for this inexplicable lack |
|
| 09:49 | emotions? This can't be my It's some strange woman pretending to |
|
| 09:53 | My mother, How do you test ? Well, what do you do |
|
| 09:56 | you take any one of you here put you in front of, |
|
| 09:58 | screen and measure your galvanic skin response show pictures on the screen? I |
|
| 10:03 | measure how you sweat when you see object like a table or an |
|
| 10:07 | Of course, you don't sweat. I show you a picture of a |
|
| 10:10 | or a tiger or a pinup, start sweating, right? And believe |
|
| 10:14 | or not, if I show you picture of your mother, I'm talking |
|
| 10:17 | normal people. You start sweating. don't even have to be Jewish. |
|
| 10:23 | , Now what happens? What happens you show this patient? You take |
|
| 10:28 | patient and show him pictures on the measure his galvanic skin response tables and |
|
| 10:34 | and lint. Nothing happens, as normal people, but when you show |
|
| 10:38 | a picture of his mother. The skin response is flat. There's no |
|
| 10:43 | reaction to his mother because that wire from the visual areas to the emotional |
|
| 10:48 | is cut. So his vision is because the visual areas are normal. |
|
| 10:52 | emotions are normal. He'll laugh. cry so on and so forth. |
|
| 10:55 | the wire from vision to emotions is , and therefore he has this delusion |
|
| 10:59 | his mother is an impostor. It's lovely example of what sort of thing |
|
| 11:03 | do. Take a bizarre, seemingly Europe psychiatrist syndrome and say that the |
|
| 11:09 | Freudian view is wrong, that in , you can come up with a |
|
| 11:13 | explanation in terms of the no neuro of the brain. By the |
|
| 11:16 | this patient then goes on mother phones an adjacent room, phones them and |
|
| 11:22 | picks up the phone, he while Mom, how are you? |
|
| 11:25 | are you? There's no delusion through phone. Then she approaches him. |
|
| 11:30 | an hour, he says, Who you? You look just like my |
|
| 11:32 | , Okay? The reason is there's separate pathway going from the hearing centers |
|
| 11:36 | the brain to the emotional centers, that's not being cut by the |
|
| 11:41 | So this explains why with a he recognizes his mother no problem. |
|
| 11:45 | he sees it in person. He It's a deal, he says. |
|
| 11:48 | an impostor. OK, how is this complex circuitry set up in the |
|
| 11:53 | ? Is it nature genes, or it nurture? And we approach this |
|
| 11:57 | by considering another curious syndrome called phantom . And you all know what a |
|
| 12:02 | limb bez button arm is amputated or leg is amputated for gangrene or you |
|
| 12:07 | it in war, for example, the Iraq war, it's now a |
|
| 12:10 | problem. You continue to vividly feel presence of that missing arm, and |
|
| 12:15 | called a phantom arm or a phantom . In fact, you can get |
|
| 12:18 | phantom with almost any part of the , believe it or not, even |
|
| 12:21 | internal viscera, I've had patients with uterus removed hysterectomy who have a phantom |
|
| 12:29 | , including phantom menstrual cramps at the time of the month. And in |
|
| 12:35 | , one student asked me the other , Do they get Phantom PMS? |
|
| 12:38 | huh. A subject ripe for scientific , but we haven't pursued that. |
|
| 12:44 | , now the next question is, can you learn about phantom limbs by |
|
| 12:48 | experiments? One of the things we was about half the patients with phantom |
|
| 12:52 | claim that they can move the It'll pat his brother on the |
|
| 12:56 | It'll answer the phone. When it , it'll wave goodbye. These are |
|
| 12:59 | compelling, vivid sensations, patients not . He knows that the arm is |
|
| 13:03 | there, but nevertheless, it's a sensory experience for the patient. |
|
| 13:08 | however, about half the patients, doesn't happen. The phantom limb, |
|
| 13:13 | say the doctor. The phantom limb paralyzed. It's fixed in a clenched |
|
| 13:17 | is excruciatingly painful. If only I move it. Maybe the pain will |
|
| 13:21 | relieved. Now, why would a limb be paralyzed? It sounds like |
|
| 13:25 | oxymoron. When we looked at the sheets, what we found Waas thes |
|
| 13:30 | with the paralyzed phantom limbs. The arm was paralyzed because of the peripheral |
|
| 13:35 | injury. The actual nerve supplying the was severed was cut by, |
|
| 13:40 | a motorcycle accident, so the patient an actual arm, which is painful |
|
| 13:44 | a sling for a few months or year, and then, in a |
|
| 13:48 | attempt to get rid of the pain the arm, the surgeon amputated the |
|
| 13:52 | . And then you get a phantom with the same pains, right? |
|
| 13:57 | this is a serious clinical problem. become depressed. Some of them are |
|
| 14:01 | to suicide. Okay, so how you treat this syndrome now? Why |
|
| 14:06 | you get a paralyzed phantom limb? I looked at the case sheet. |
|
| 14:08 | found that they had an actual The nerves supplying the arm had been |
|
| 14:14 | and the actual arm had been paralyzed lying in a sling for several months |
|
| 14:19 | the amputation. And this pain then carried over into the phantom itself. |
|
| 14:27 | does this happen? When the arm intact but paralyzed, the brain sends |
|
| 14:31 | to the arm, the front of brain saying move ! But it's getting |
|
| 14:34 | feedback, saying No move, no , no move, no. And |
|
| 14:40 | gets wired into the circuitry of the and we call this learned paralysis. |
|
| 14:46 | , the brain learns because of this in associative link that the comeere command |
|
| 14:52 | move the arm creates a sensation of paralyzed arm. And then when you |
|
| 14:56 | the arm, this learned paralysis carries into the into your body. Image |
|
| 15:02 | into your phantom. Okay, how do you help these patients? |
|
| 15:06 | do you unlearn the learned paralysis so can relieve him of this excruciating clenching |
|
| 15:12 | off the phantom arm? Well, said, what if you now send |
|
| 15:17 | command to the Phantom, but give visual feedback that is obeying his |
|
| 15:22 | Right. Maybe you can relieve the pain. The Phantom clan. How |
|
| 15:26 | you do that? Well, virtual , but that cost millions of |
|
| 15:29 | So I hit on a way of this for $3. But don't tell |
|
| 15:33 | funding agencies. Okay? What you , you create what I call a |
|
| 15:39 | box. You have a cardboard box a mirror in the middle, and |
|
| 15:42 | you put the Phantom. So my patient data came in. He had |
|
| 15:46 | arm amputated 10 years ago. He a brachial avulsion, so the nerves |
|
| 15:50 | cut. The arm was paralyzed, in a sling for the year. |
|
| 15:54 | then the arm was amputated. He a phantom arm, excruciatingly painful, |
|
| 15:57 | he couldn't move. It was a phantom long. So you came there |
|
| 16:01 | I gave him a mirror like that a box. Okay, what I |
|
| 16:04 | a mirror box right on the patient his phantom left arm, which is |
|
| 16:10 | and in spasm on the left side the mirror and the normal hand on |
|
| 16:13 | right side of the mirror and makes same posture, the clenched posture and |
|
| 16:18 | inside the mirror. And what does experience? He looks at the phantom |
|
| 16:23 | resurrected because he's looking at the reflection the normal arm in the mirror, |
|
| 16:28 | it looks like this phantom has been . Now, I said, Now |
|
| 16:32 | , wiggle your phantom. You're really or move your real fingers while looking |
|
| 16:36 | the mirror is going to get the impression that the phantom is moving |
|
| 16:40 | That's obvious, but the astonishing thing the patient then says, Oh my |
|
| 16:44 | , my phantom is moving again. the pain, the clenching phantom is |
|
| 16:48 | . I remember my first patient, came in. My first patient came |
|
| 16:57 | and he looked in the mirror and said, Look at your reflection of |
|
| 17:01 | Phantom he's and he started giggling because can see my Phantom. But he's |
|
| 17:04 | stupid. He knows it's not really knows it's a mirror reflection, but |
|
| 17:07 | a vivid sensory experience now. I Move your normal hand and phantom He |
|
| 17:12 | . All I can't move my You know that it's painful. I |
|
| 17:15 | , Move your normal hand He Oh my God, my phantom is |
|
| 17:18 | again. I don't believe this on pain is being relieved, OK? |
|
| 17:22 | then I said, Close your eyes close his eyes and move your normal |
|
| 17:25 | . Oh, nothing. It's clenched . OK, open your eyes. |
|
| 17:29 | my God ! Oh my God, moving again. He's like a kid |
|
| 17:31 | a candy store. So I OK, this proves my theory about |
|
| 17:36 | paralysis and the critical role of visual . But I'm not going to get |
|
| 17:40 | Nobel Prize for getting somebody to move phantom limb. Completely useless ability, |
|
| 17:47 | you think about it. But But I started realizing maybe other kinds of |
|
| 17:53 | that you see in in neurology like focal dystonia. There may be a |
|
| 17:58 | component to this which you can overcome the simple device of using a |
|
| 18:03 | So I said, Look, Well, first of all, the |
|
| 18:05 | can't just go around carrying a mirror alleviate his pain. I said, |
|
| 18:08 | , Derek, take it home and with it for a week or |
|
| 18:12 | Maybe after repeated practice, you can with the mirror, unlearn the paralysis |
|
| 18:16 | start moving your paralyzed arm and then yourself of pain. So he |
|
| 18:21 | Okay and you took it home. said, Look, it's after all |
|
| 18:23 | . Take it home. So you it home and after two weeks he |
|
| 18:26 | me and he said, Talk to not gonna believe this. I said |
|
| 18:30 | . He said, It's gone. said, What's gone? I thought |
|
| 18:32 | the mirror box was gone. He , No, no, no. |
|
| 18:36 | know this phantom I've had for the 10 years, it's disappeared and I |
|
| 18:41 | I got worried. I said, God, I mean, I've changed |
|
| 18:44 | guy's body image. What about human , ethics and all of that? |
|
| 18:47 | I said, Derek, does this you? He said, No. |
|
| 18:50 | three days I've not had a phantom and therefore no phantom elbow pain. |
|
| 18:55 | clenching, no phantom forearm pain. those pains have gone away, But |
|
| 18:59 | problem is I still have my phantom dangling from the shoulder and your box |
|
| 19:04 | reach. So can you change the and put it on my forehead so |
|
| 19:09 | can, you know, do this eliminate my phantom fingers? I he |
|
| 19:13 | it was some kind of magician. this happen? Is because the brain |
|
| 19:16 | faced with tremendous sensory conflict. It's messages from vision saying the Phantom is |
|
| 19:21 | . On the other hand, there's appropriate reception muscle signals saying that there |
|
| 19:25 | no arm right and your motor command there is an arm. And because |
|
| 19:30 | this conflict, the brain says, hell with it. There is no |
|
| 19:33 | . There is no arm right. goes into a sort of denial. |
|
| 19:35 | gates the signals when the arm The bonus is the pain disappears because |
|
| 19:41 | can't have disembodied pain floating out there space. So that's the bonus. |
|
| 19:46 | . This technique has been tried on of patients by other groups in |
|
| 19:49 | so it may prove to be valuable a treatment for Phantom pain. And |
|
| 19:53 | people have tried it for stroke Stroke, you normally think, offers |
|
| 19:58 | to the fibers. Nothing you can about it. But it turns out |
|
| 20:02 | component of stroke paralysis has also learned , and maybe that component can be |
|
| 20:08 | using mirrors. This has also gone clinical trials, helping lots and lots |
|
| 20:12 | patients. OK, let me switch now to the third part of my |
|
| 20:22 | , which is about another curious phenomenon synesthesia. This discovered by Francis Galton |
|
| 20:28 | the 19th century. He was a of Charles Darwin. He pointed out |
|
| 20:32 | certain people in the population what otherwise normal had the following peculiarity. Every |
|
| 20:38 | they see a number, it's Five is blue. Seven is |
|
| 20:43 | Eight is chartreuse. Nine. Is OK, Bear in mind, these |
|
| 20:47 | are completely normal in other respects. , or C sharp. Sometimes tones |
|
| 20:52 | color. C sharp is blue. sharp is green. Uh, another |
|
| 20:56 | might be yellow, right? Why this happen? It's called synesthesia. |
|
| 21:01 | called it synesthesia. Mingling of the , You in us all the senses |
|
| 21:05 | distinct. These people muddle of their . Why does this happen? Another |
|
| 21:09 | aspects of this problem a very intriguing runs in families. So Dalton |
|
| 21:14 | this is a hereditary basis, a basis. Secondly, synesthesia is |
|
| 21:18 | and this is what gets me My point about the main theme of |
|
| 21:22 | election is about creativity. Synesthesia is times more common among artists, |
|
| 21:27 | novelists and other creative people than in general population. Why would that |
|
| 21:31 | I'm going to answer. That question never been answered before. Okay, |
|
| 21:36 | is synesthesia? What causes it will their many theories. One theory is |
|
| 21:39 | just crazy. Now. That's not a scientific theory, so you can |
|
| 21:43 | about it. Okay, Another theory they are acid junkies and potheads, |
|
| 21:47 | ? There may be some truth to because it's much more common here in |
|
| 21:50 | Bay Area than in San Diego. , now, the third theory is |
|
| 21:56 | well, let's ask ourselves what's really on in synesthesia? Alright, so |
|
| 22:01 | the color area and the number area next to each other in the brain |
|
| 22:05 | the future form gyros. So we there's some accidental cross wiring between color |
|
| 22:10 | numbers in the brain. So every you see a number, you see |
|
| 22:13 | corresponding color, and that's why you synesthesia. Now, remember, Why |
|
| 22:18 | this happen? Why would they be wired in some people? Remember, |
|
| 22:21 | said, it runs in families. gives you the clue. And that |
|
| 22:25 | , there is an abnormal gene. in the gene that causes this abnormal |
|
| 22:29 | wiring in all of us, it out we're born with everything wired to |
|
| 22:34 | else. So every brain region is to every other region, and these |
|
| 22:38 | trimmed down to create the characteristic modular of the adult brain so that there's |
|
| 22:44 | gene causing this trimming. And if gene mutates, then you get deficient |
|
| 22:49 | between adjacent brain areas. And if between number and color, you get |
|
| 22:53 | color. Synesthesia has been toned in . You get tone color synesthesia. |
|
| 22:56 | far, so good. Now what this gene is expressed everywhere in the |
|
| 23:00 | , so everything is cross connected? , think about what artists, novelists |
|
| 23:06 | poets have in common. The ability engage in metaphorical thinking. Linking seemingly |
|
| 23:12 | ideas such as it is the East Juliet is the sun. But you |
|
| 23:16 | say Juliet is the sun. Does mean she's a glowing ball of |
|
| 23:20 | I mean, schizophrenics do that, it's a different story, right? |
|
| 23:23 | people say she's warm like the She's radiant, like the sun she's |
|
| 23:27 | , like the sun instantly form the . If you assume that this greater |
|
| 23:32 | wiring and concepts are also in different of the brain, then it's going |
|
| 23:36 | create a greater propensity towards metaphorical thinking creativity in people with synesthesia. And |
|
| 23:44 | the eight times more common incidents off among poets, artists and novelists. |
|
| 23:48 | , it's a very fraternal, logical of synesthesia. The last demonstration cannot |
|
| 23:52 | one minute. Okay, you are sinners, steets, but you're in |
|
| 24:00 | about it. Here's what I call alphabet, just like your alphabet. |
|
| 24:04 | is a B S B, C C. Different shapes for different |
|
| 24:09 | Right here. You've got Martian One of them is Kiki. One |
|
| 24:13 | them is Buba. Which one is ? And which one is? But |
|
| 24:16 | many of you think that's Kiki? that's Buba. Raise your hands. |
|
| 24:19 | , it's one or two mutants. many of you think that's Buba? |
|
| 24:22 | Kiki. Raise your hands. 99% you. Now you. None of |
|
| 24:26 | is a Martian. How did you that? It's because you're all doing |
|
| 24:30 | Model Sinise. Thet IQ abstraction. ? You're saying that that sharp inflection |
|
| 24:36 | in your auditory cortex, the hair being excited key mimics the visual |
|
| 24:43 | sudden inflection of the jagged shape. this is very important because what it's |
|
| 24:47 | you is your brain is engaging in primitive just it looks like a silly |
|
| 24:52 | . But these photons in your eye doing this shape and hair cells in |
|
| 24:57 | year. Exciting the auditory pattern, the brain is ableto extract the common |
|
| 25:03 | . It's a primitive form of and we now know this happens in |
|
| 25:08 | refusal form gyrus of the brain. when that's damaged, these people lose |
|
| 25:13 | ability to engage in Buba Kiki. they also lose the ability to engage |
|
| 25:17 | metaphor. If you ask this guy all that glitters is not gold, |
|
| 25:21 | does that mean? The patient Well, if it's metallic and shiny |
|
| 25:25 | mean it's gold, you have to its specific gravity Okay, so they |
|
| 25:29 | miss the metaphorical meaning. So this is about eight times the size in |
|
| 25:34 | , especially in humans, as in primates. Something very interesting is going |
|
| 25:38 | here in the angular gyrus because it's crossroads between hearing vision and touch, |
|
| 25:45 | in humans. And something very interesting going on. I think it's a |
|
| 25:48 | off many uniquely human abilities like metaphor and creativity. All of these |
|
| 25:54 | that philosophers have been studying for We scientists can begin to explore by |
|
| 25:59 | brain imaging and by studying patients and the right questions. Thank you. |
|
| 26:04 | about that e, |
|
