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00:01 Alright, Y'All Welcome Back to Week of College. Does it feel

00:09 Yeah. Not really. Alright. to remind you all you have a

00:16 game to watch this weekend, cheer your Cougars. Um Today we're gonna

00:21 is we're gonna cover what many of are going to consider the most boring

00:25 ? Well maybe not some of you gonna consider other stuff more boring.

00:28 what we're gonna do is we're gonna at some biomolecules today and remember what

00:32 said is that there's an organization to any sort of organism. And at

00:37 lowest level is the biomolecules and This is where most of us are

00:41 all of our time, is trying figure out how things work at the

00:44 level, but that's not why you the class, right? You're you're

00:49 in, how does my body work general so that I can help people

00:53 I go into a profession in the , in health care. But in

00:57 to understand how the big things you do have to kind of understand

01:01 small things are involved. And so what we're gonna be covering today.

01:05 before we do that, I want kind of finish up with something that

01:09 left off on thursday's lecture o you added on friday or today, go

01:15 the blackboard. There is a video you can watch. I'll record all

01:20 lectures, go back and watch the video, remember homework assignments are gonna

01:25 coming due this week on thursday And then we're gonna start doing a

01:29 schedule again, right? Because yesterday the last day to add a

01:32 Um So I should probably mention that . Oh and one other thing um

01:38 guys saw the two like club announcements the student, Right. Do you

01:43 like it when I post those or like quit sending me spam? You

01:47 them? All right, because they come for a long time. It's

01:50 the first couple of weeks to get whole bunch of those and if they

01:52 them to me, that's where I them, just to make your lives

01:55 . All right. Um Alright. anyway, so what we're gonna do

01:57 we're gonna first deal with this little here and then we're gonna walk through

02:00 biomolecules and I don't want to spend much time here. But one of

02:03 things you need to understand is that your body you do have a whole

02:07 of fluid and that fluid is really of if you think of your skin

02:10 being your container, right? Then fluid inside your body that's kind of

02:15 into two compartments. All right. fluid is divided in into the compartment

02:20 inside cells and the fluid that's outside . All right. So, we

02:24 some really, really unique names for two fluid compartments. We call one

02:28 extra cellular fluid and won the intracellular . So you can see again there's

02:33 easy nomenclature inside cell fluid And outside fluid. Now uh I'm not so

02:40 in knowing the differences in terms of like two thirds versus one third.

02:45 you should understand that. Okay, body sees that there are some special

02:51 where fluid needs to be. And in addition that extra cellular fluid is

02:57 divided again. Now the division for inter cellular and extra cellular fluid is

03:01 to be the cell membrane, which get to when you start talking about

03:04 on thursday. Right. So you say I've got this wall, this

03:09 that separates these two environments and then environment that's outside the cell. The

03:14 cellular fluid is again divided one more . And that division is between that

03:19 which circulates through the body all the , and the fluid that sits just

03:24 the cell all the time. We special names for them. We got

03:28 interstitial fluid, which literally means in the cell fluid and then we have

03:34 which is the fluid that's in your . All right. Now the difference

03:39 the interstitial fluid and the plasma is is none. It's just one moves

03:44 one just kind of hangs out. mix freely. But they're divided because

03:48 are pathways through your body through which travels. We call that collectively the

03:54 . Right? And specifically where the of missing is is at the

03:59 So the wall that divides the extra fluid is the capillary wall or the

04:06 wall if you want to use that . Alright. Now, why do

04:10 care? What does it matter? fluid is divided? Well, think

04:14 your homes for a moment, There are different parts of your home

04:19 are specific to different types of Right? In the kitchen? What

04:26 you do cook in the bedroom? do you do? Good answer.

04:32 , in the bathroom, what do do? You do your business?

04:37 . We're just gonna keep it Right? So you have specific compartments

04:42 in your home that are divided by and doors, right? To create

04:46 unique environment. And so you can of think of cells and these plasma

04:51 as unique environments where chemical reactions take . Now, one of the things

04:56 last talked about on thursday last week homeostasis in the body, trying to

05:02 a perfect balance in order to have chemical reactions taking place in those unique

05:09 that we've set aside. We have have a watery environment and we have

05:14 have the proper balance of water and stuff to make sure that the chemical

05:18 work well. Okay, water can back and forth between the compartments.

05:25 , so water moves by simply by . And if you've ever done anything

05:31 osmosis, water moves to where there's water. That's kind of the easy

05:34 to think about. So what we're to do is we're trying to maintain

05:38 balance so that the chemical reactions can in the different environments. Alright,

05:44 the reason we care about this is this is what allows you to be

05:51 . Okay, think about what happens you become dehydrated, right, all

05:56 of bad things can start happening right . The easy one to think about

06:00 I get all icky and I don't good. I get a headache,

06:04 ? That's just an overt thing. there are chemical reactions that are taking

06:07 well. So what we need to in order to make us less

06:11 we need to add water in, goes into the body and then redistribute

06:15 via osmosis to ensure the homeostasis. , so that's what all this is

06:20 trying to tell you is that to sure that our chemical reactions work,

06:24 have to move things around water around ensure that happens now. The other

06:29 of that is that we have stuff . Alright, that's just the collective

06:34 of stuff. So we're talking about and ions and all sorts of

06:38 But in particular ions play an important in both the electrical well, really

06:45 the electrical activity of the body, it also creates that balance. It

06:49 a role in making sure the water solute are in balance. And so

06:53 we end up seeing is that the fluid looks a lot different than the

06:58 cellular fluid. And so right now is not the day to memorize this

07:02 , but we're going to see this come up again. So, for

07:06 , inter cellular fluid has a lot potassium. It has these proteins in

07:12 that are negatively charged, which we're ignore right now. But it basically

07:16 , look, the inside of the looks very, very different than the

07:19 the cell. Where we have lots sodium, lots of calcium, lots

07:22 chlorine and lots of if you don't that's bicarbonate. All right.

07:26 what we have is we have unique and this in equal distribution of these

07:32 are what the cells can use to electrical signaling and create electrical activity.

07:38 fact that you're rubbing your hands or your eyes or breathing here are functional

07:45 activity of the cells to allow muscles contract and signals to go up and

07:49 the brain saying I need to do , Y or Z. And that's

07:53 because of those differences. Alright. right now, your takeaway is there

08:00 compartments in my body that have different of ions. Water is regulated moving

08:06 and forth between these compartments to ensure . Alright, that sounds like a

08:11 of stuff, but it's really kind easy just trying to maintain homeostasis.

08:16 , so do is I want to shift gears and kind of go down

08:21 start dealing with those biomolecules that our is made up of And we're again

08:28 doing this in a very very generic way. So when you walk out

08:32 here you're not gonna be biochemists but will know some names of stuff.

08:39 , now I throw this up here remind you. All right, we

08:43 interested in living cells. Cells are lowest form of living organisms that

08:49 It's the lowest level of life in bodies. All right so all living

08:54 have one or more cells. They're responsible for carrying out the activity

08:59 our of our lives, right? in order to do that they're gonna

09:05 to have something to do that And then the last thing is all

09:09 originate from a pre existing cell. if you're sitting there going oh wait

09:13 second, where did the first cell from? That's a different class.

09:18 I would encourage you to go and that class. We could talk about

09:21 here but then you'd all be bored we'd be going down the wrong

09:26 Alright? So if you don't want agree with that right now you can

09:29 kind of say okay I'm not gonna with it. I'll have a conversation

09:33 with somebody. But this is our baseline for biology right here. All

09:39 now, what that means is is there is hereditary information in every single

09:45 of your cells that's passed from one to the next. You exist because

09:50 parents gave you their D. A. All right. And you

09:54 then have offspring to which you have D. N. A.

09:58 And all the individual cells. Remember always said on Tuesdays you begin or

10:01 you begin life as a single cell those single cells divided and divided and

10:07 . So every one of those cells that hereditary information from that original cell

10:13 which you became or from which you formed. Now the biological molecules the

10:19 that allow the cell to do the they do fall into these four basic

10:24 . Alright. You're either going to a nucleic acid and protein and lipid

10:27 carbohydrate. So what these do is create the machinery of the cell.

10:35 allow you to create the structure of cell. They allow you to make

10:38 the little tiny compartments inside the cell organelles to allow the cell to do

10:44 it does. And they have very distinct structures. And if you have

10:49 district a distinct structure that means you distinct mechanisms to allow you to do

10:55 things that you do. So nucleic do specific things, proteins do specific

11:01 that nucleic acids don't do. And versa. Right. So these categories

11:06 a function of their structure which is of anatomy and physiology in the first

11:10 . Right. Different structure. Use functions or different functions require different

11:16 What you want to say that So, the structures give different properties

11:22 that means we need to kind of at them and ask, what are

11:25 made up of now? Most of three out of the four are made

11:29 of small sub units called monomers. just a fancy word. Legos are

11:36 . The kit, once it's built now your polymer of whatever it was

11:39 you built. So monomer just means unit polymer means lots of units put

11:45 . Right? So, we have are a series of polymers, the

11:50 acids, the proteins and the lips sorry, the carbohydrates are all

11:56 All right. In other words, have the little lego bits that you

11:59 allowed to create them. The odd out in this group are the

12:03 The lipids do not exist as They just are okay, so they

12:09 have sub units. And really why say that there mon emerges? Because

12:12 we look at them, you can that they have these these repeating units

12:16 are basically the same structure. They have some small variability to them.

12:22 , legs are really bad example, you guys play with legos.

12:27 So, you know, a two four brick. Right? You

12:30 to buy 10 brick. That's just longer one. You know, to

12:34 three brick. A one by three . The weird one that looks like

12:37 wing that you get with every Star kit. See that see all of

12:40 sudden now it starts breaking the the , doesn't it? But if you're

12:44 of everyone being like, I've got two by four brick, but I

12:47 a red two by four brick, yellow one, a white one,

12:50 black one, a blue one. of a sudden. Now you can

12:52 all those monomers are very similar. just made with a different color

12:57 And that's kind of what we're describing is these monomers are very similar to

13:02 other. There's just a small detail different. Okay, so what we

13:07 do is we wanna walk through these , Here's the chemistry for the

13:12 All right. The chemistry for the is how do we form monomers and

13:17 from each other? So, when take monomers, I bring them together

13:22 when I chain them together and create polymer, but I can also take

13:25 polymer and cut it apart. And get a bunch of monomers and the

13:29 of chemical reactions that we're doing what are called condensation and and or

13:35 reactions versus a hydraulic sis reaction. all this refers to is that every

13:40 has a hydroxyl group and a hydrogen on either side of it. And

13:46 when you're Chaining them together, what gonna do is you're gonna break off

13:51 hydroxyl group and you're gonna break off hydrogen on the other monomer. And

13:56 two things come together and they form . So I'm taking water away from

14:01 structure and putting the two things together create a polymer. So, polymers

14:07 dehydration because I'm taking water away or a condensation. Alright, this is

14:13 kindergarten chemistry. I'm trying to keep real simple for you guys. All

14:17 , The opposite is all right. , I've got this long chain but

14:20 want to start breaking it apart. , I'm gonna come in and I'm

14:24 cleave that bond that I created. what I'm gonna have to do is

14:28 I've got to unstable molecules so I to stabilize them. So I'm gonna

14:31 water and I'm gonna clip water in hydraulic assist licenses to break. So

14:38 water breaking. And I'm taking the group, jamming it on one and

14:43 taking the hydrogen and jamming it on other. Now, we're not learning

14:47 you put one where and the That's not important right now. But

14:49 idea is is that water becomes very valuable and very, very

14:54 You want to know why you have drink however much they tell you water

14:57 , it's a lie. Whatever volume told you drink. That's a

14:59 right? Um, but you know you have to drink water with your

15:04 . Think about what food Is that is basically a polymer isn't it?

15:08 what you have to do is you to break it down into monomers.

15:11 if I'm making a whole bunch of , what do I need? I

15:15 water because I need to break the in half to make those cultural

15:20 Okay, so water is a valuable in the body because it allows us

15:25 make and break the molecules that we're be working with. This is true

15:29 all the biomolecules. Now, we different types of reactions depending upon what

15:34 looking at. So, the first we're looking at is nucleic acids.

15:39 you go look carefully on the texas plate, you'll actually see there's nucleic

15:44 on it. If you look at right angle, you can kind of

15:47 the imprint, Right? So nucleic , specifically deoxyribonucleic acid is the largest

15:56 in your body. Now, the it's the largest molecules, I

15:59 you've got lots of these molecules and it is, is there are these

16:03 , very long chains. So, a polymer chain of a whole bunch

16:07 monomers and its purpose is to store transfer genetic information in cells. We're

16:15 see more detail about this over the of a couple of different lectures.

16:19 we're gonna see we're gonna dip our in the water here. Now there

16:22 two classes of nucleic acids. We the deoxyribonucleic acid, we have the

16:27 acid you collected, you already know as DNA and RNA. All

16:31 So, if you don't know what are, we're gonna see the differences

16:34 the two and the next slide. . It's at the level of the

16:39 nucleotide being the monomer that allows you make the polymer. Alright,

16:44 when you see that little feature right , you're looking at a polymer.

16:48 , this right here is a There's a monomer. There's a monomer

16:50 each of these lines represent that that that have been tied together via condensation

16:58 to form these unique types of bonds phosphor diaspora bonds. Now,

17:04 if you're taking chemistry, you probably what that means. If you've never

17:07 chemistry, that's okay. I'm not to say what is a phosphate ester

17:12 . Alright, but phosphate ester bonds what are unique to holding these two

17:20 together. And it's trying to show that line right there represents the

17:24 All right. So, what does monomer look like? It has three

17:28 to it. And this life kind kind of let you look at

17:31 So, this right here is our , a generic version of the

17:36 Alright, When we talked about DNA RNA. So, what we have

17:41 we have a pinto sugar. You count up the carbons 12345.

17:47 Each of those points represents where carbon . So, there's five carbons.

17:51 the term

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