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00:01 | Alright, Y'All Welcome Back to Week of College. Does it feel |
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00:09 | Yeah. Not really. Alright. to remind you all you have a |
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00:16 | game to watch this weekend, cheer your Cougars. Um Today we're gonna |
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00:21 | is we're gonna cover what many of are going to consider the most boring |
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00:25 | ? Well maybe not some of you gonna consider other stuff more boring. |
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00:28 | what we're gonna do is we're gonna at some biomolecules today and remember what |
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00:32 | said is that there's an organization to any sort of organism. And at |
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00:37 | lowest level is the biomolecules and This is where most of us are |
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00:41 | all of our time, is trying figure out how things work at the |
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00:44 | level, but that's not why you the class, right? You're you're |
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00:49 | in, how does my body work general so that I can help people |
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00:53 | I go into a profession in the , in health care. But in |
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00:57 | to understand how the big things you do have to kind of understand |
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01:01 | small things are involved. And so what we're gonna be covering today. |
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01:05 | before we do that, I want kind of finish up with something that |
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01:09 | left off on thursday's lecture o you added on friday or today, go |
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01:15 | the blackboard. There is a video you can watch. I'll record all |
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01:20 | lectures, go back and watch the video, remember homework assignments are gonna |
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01:25 | coming due this week on thursday And then we're gonna start doing a |
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01:29 | schedule again, right? Because yesterday the last day to add a |
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01:32 | Um So I should probably mention that . Oh and one other thing um |
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01:38 | guys saw the two like club announcements the student, Right. Do you |
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01:43 | like it when I post those or like quit sending me spam? You |
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01:47 | them? All right, because they come for a long time. It's |
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01:50 | the first couple of weeks to get whole bunch of those and if they |
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01:52 | them to me, that's where I them, just to make your lives |
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01:55 | . All right. Um Alright. anyway, so what we're gonna do |
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01:57 | we're gonna first deal with this little here and then we're gonna walk through |
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02:00 | biomolecules and I don't want to spend much time here. But one of |
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02:03 | things you need to understand is that your body you do have a whole |
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02:07 | of fluid and that fluid is really of if you think of your skin |
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02:10 | being your container, right? Then fluid inside your body that's kind of |
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02:15 | into two compartments. All right. fluid is divided in into the compartment |
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02:20 | inside cells and the fluid that's outside . All right. So, we |
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02:24 | some really, really unique names for two fluid compartments. We call one |
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02:28 | extra cellular fluid and won the intracellular . So you can see again there's |
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02:33 | easy nomenclature inside cell fluid And outside fluid. Now uh I'm not so |
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02:40 | in knowing the differences in terms of like two thirds versus one third. |
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02:45 | you should understand that. Okay, body sees that there are some special |
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02:51 | where fluid needs to be. And in addition that extra cellular fluid is |
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02:57 | divided again. Now the division for inter cellular and extra cellular fluid is |
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03:01 | to be the cell membrane, which get to when you start talking about |
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03:04 | on thursday. Right. So you say I've got this wall, this |
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03:09 | that separates these two environments and then environment that's outside the cell. The |
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03:14 | cellular fluid is again divided one more . And that division is between that |
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03:19 | which circulates through the body all the , and the fluid that sits just |
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03:24 | the cell all the time. We special names for them. We got |
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03:28 | interstitial fluid, which literally means in the cell fluid and then we have |
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03:34 | which is the fluid that's in your . All right. Now the difference |
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03:39 | the interstitial fluid and the plasma is is none. It's just one moves |
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03:44 | one just kind of hangs out. mix freely. But they're divided because |
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03:48 | are pathways through your body through which travels. We call that collectively the |
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03:54 | . Right? And specifically where the of missing is is at the |
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03:59 | So the wall that divides the extra fluid is the capillary wall or the |
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04:06 | wall if you want to use that . Alright. Now, why do |
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04:10 | care? What does it matter? fluid is divided? Well, think |
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04:14 | your homes for a moment, There are different parts of your home |
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04:19 | are specific to different types of Right? In the kitchen? What |
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04:26 | you do cook in the bedroom? do you do? Good answer. |
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04:32 | , in the bathroom, what do do? You do your business? |
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04:37 | . We're just gonna keep it Right? So you have specific compartments |
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04:42 | in your home that are divided by and doors, right? To create |
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04:46 | unique environment. And so you can of think of cells and these plasma |
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04:51 | as unique environments where chemical reactions take . Now, one of the things |
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04:56 | last talked about on thursday last week homeostasis in the body, trying to |
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05:02 | a perfect balance in order to have chemical reactions taking place in those unique |
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05:09 | that we've set aside. We have have a watery environment and we have |
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05:14 | have the proper balance of water and stuff to make sure that the chemical |
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05:18 | work well. Okay, water can back and forth between the compartments. |
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05:25 | , so water moves by simply by . And if you've ever done anything |
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05:31 | osmosis, water moves to where there's water. That's kind of the easy |
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05:34 | to think about. So what we're to do is we're trying to maintain |
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05:38 | balance so that the chemical reactions can in the different environments. Alright, |
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05:44 | the reason we care about this is this is what allows you to be |
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05:51 | . Okay, think about what happens you become dehydrated, right, all |
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05:56 | of bad things can start happening right . The easy one to think about |
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06:00 | I get all icky and I don't good. I get a headache, |
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06:04 | ? That's just an overt thing. there are chemical reactions that are taking |
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06:07 | well. So what we need to in order to make us less |
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06:11 | we need to add water in, goes into the body and then redistribute |
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06:15 | via osmosis to ensure the homeostasis. , so that's what all this is |
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06:20 | trying to tell you is that to sure that our chemical reactions work, |
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06:24 | have to move things around water around ensure that happens now. The other |
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06:29 | of that is that we have stuff . Alright, that's just the collective |
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06:34 | of stuff. So we're talking about and ions and all sorts of |
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06:38 | But in particular ions play an important in both the electrical well, really |
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06:45 | the electrical activity of the body, it also creates that balance. It |
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06:49 | a role in making sure the water solute are in balance. And so |
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06:53 | we end up seeing is that the fluid looks a lot different than the |
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06:58 | cellular fluid. And so right now is not the day to memorize this |
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07:02 | , but we're going to see this come up again. So, for |
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07:06 | , inter cellular fluid has a lot potassium. It has these proteins in |
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07:12 | that are negatively charged, which we're ignore right now. But it basically |
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07:16 | , look, the inside of the looks very, very different than the |
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07:19 | the cell. Where we have lots sodium, lots of calcium, lots |
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07:22 | chlorine and lots of if you don't that's bicarbonate. All right. |
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07:26 | what we have is we have unique and this in equal distribution of these |
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07:32 | are what the cells can use to electrical signaling and create electrical activity. |
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07:38 | fact that you're rubbing your hands or your eyes or breathing here are functional |
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07:45 | activity of the cells to allow muscles contract and signals to go up and |
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07:49 | the brain saying I need to do , Y or Z. And that's |
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07:53 | because of those differences. Alright. right now, your takeaway is there |
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08:00 | compartments in my body that have different of ions. Water is regulated moving |
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08:06 | and forth between these compartments to ensure . Alright, that sounds like a |
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08:11 | of stuff, but it's really kind easy just trying to maintain homeostasis. |
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08:16 | , so do is I want to shift gears and kind of go down |
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08:21 | start dealing with those biomolecules that our is made up of And we're again |
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08:28 | doing this in a very very generic way. So when you walk out |
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08:32 | here you're not gonna be biochemists but will know some names of stuff. |
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08:39 | , now I throw this up here remind you. All right, we |
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08:43 | interested in living cells. Cells are lowest form of living organisms that |
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08:49 | It's the lowest level of life in bodies. All right so all living |
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08:54 | have one or more cells. They're responsible for carrying out the activity |
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08:59 | our of our lives, right? in order to do that they're gonna |
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09:05 | to have something to do that And then the last thing is all |
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09:09 | originate from a pre existing cell. if you're sitting there going oh wait |
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09:13 | second, where did the first cell from? That's a different class. |
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09:18 | I would encourage you to go and that class. We could talk about |
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09:21 | here but then you'd all be bored we'd be going down the wrong |
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09:26 | Alright? So if you don't want agree with that right now you can |
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09:29 | kind of say okay I'm not gonna with it. I'll have a conversation |
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09:33 | with somebody. But this is our baseline for biology right here. All |
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09:39 | now, what that means is is there is hereditary information in every single |
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09:45 | of your cells that's passed from one to the next. You exist because |
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09:50 | parents gave you their D. A. All right. And you |
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09:54 | then have offspring to which you have D. N. A. |
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09:58 | And all the individual cells. Remember always said on Tuesdays you begin or |
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10:01 | you begin life as a single cell those single cells divided and divided and |
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10:07 | . So every one of those cells that hereditary information from that original cell |
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10:13 | which you became or from which you formed. Now the biological molecules the |
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10:19 | that allow the cell to do the they do fall into these four basic |
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10:24 | . Alright. You're either going to a nucleic acid and protein and lipid |
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10:27 | carbohydrate. So what these do is create the machinery of the cell. |
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10:35 | allow you to create the structure of cell. They allow you to make |
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10:38 | the little tiny compartments inside the cell organelles to allow the cell to do |
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10:44 | it does. And they have very distinct structures. And if you have |
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10:49 | district a distinct structure that means you distinct mechanisms to allow you to do |
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10:55 | things that you do. So nucleic do specific things, proteins do specific |
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11:01 | that nucleic acids don't do. And versa. Right. So these categories |
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11:06 | a function of their structure which is of anatomy and physiology in the first |
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11:10 | . Right. Different structure. Use functions or different functions require different |
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11:16 | What you want to say that So, the structures give different properties |
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11:22 | that means we need to kind of at them and ask, what are |
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11:25 | made up of now? Most of three out of the four are made |
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11:29 | of small sub units called monomers. just a fancy word. Legos are |
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11:36 | . The kit, once it's built now your polymer of whatever it was |
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11:39 | you built. So monomer just means unit polymer means lots of units put |
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11:45 | . Right? So, we have are a series of polymers, the |
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11:50 | acids, the proteins and the lips sorry, the carbohydrates are all |
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11:56 | All right. In other words, have the little lego bits that you |
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11:59 | allowed to create them. The odd out in this group are the |
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12:03 | The lipids do not exist as They just are okay, so they |
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12:09 | have sub units. And really why say that there mon emerges? Because |
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12:12 | we look at them, you can that they have these these repeating units |
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12:16 | are basically the same structure. They have some small variability to them. |
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12:22 | , legs are really bad example, you guys play with legos. |
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12:27 | So, you know, a two four brick. Right? You |
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12:30 | to buy 10 brick. That's just longer one. You know, to |
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12:34 | three brick. A one by three . The weird one that looks like |
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12:37 | wing that you get with every Star kit. See that see all of |
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12:40 | sudden now it starts breaking the the , doesn't it? But if you're |
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12:44 | of everyone being like, I've got two by four brick, but I |
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12:47 | a red two by four brick, yellow one, a white one, |
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12:50 | black one, a blue one. of a sudden. Now you can |
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12:52 | all those monomers are very similar. just made with a different color |
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12:57 | And that's kind of what we're describing is these monomers are very similar to |
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13:02 | other. There's just a small detail different. Okay, so what we |
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13:07 | do is we wanna walk through these , Here's the chemistry for the |
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13:12 | All right. The chemistry for the is how do we form monomers and |
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13:17 | from each other? So, when take monomers, I bring them together |
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13:22 | when I chain them together and create polymer, but I can also take |
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13:25 | polymer and cut it apart. And get a bunch of monomers and the |
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13:29 | of chemical reactions that we're doing what are called condensation and and or |
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13:35 | reactions versus a hydraulic sis reaction. all this refers to is that every |
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13:40 | has a hydroxyl group and a hydrogen on either side of it. And |
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13:46 | when you're Chaining them together, what gonna do is you're gonna break off |
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13:51 | hydroxyl group and you're gonna break off hydrogen on the other monomer. And |
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13:56 | two things come together and they form . So I'm taking water away from |
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14:01 | structure and putting the two things together create a polymer. So, polymers |
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14:07 | dehydration because I'm taking water away or a condensation. Alright, this is |
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14:13 | kindergarten chemistry. I'm trying to keep real simple for you guys. All |
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14:17 | , The opposite is all right. , I've got this long chain but |
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14:20 | want to start breaking it apart. , I'm gonna come in and I'm |
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14:24 | cleave that bond that I created. what I'm gonna have to do is |
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14:28 | I've got to unstable molecules so I to stabilize them. So I'm gonna |
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14:31 | water and I'm gonna clip water in hydraulic assist licenses to break. So |
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14:38 | water breaking. And I'm taking the group, jamming it on one and |
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14:43 | taking the hydrogen and jamming it on other. Now, we're not learning |
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14:47 | you put one where and the That's not important right now. But |
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14:49 | idea is is that water becomes very valuable and very, very |
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14:54 | You want to know why you have drink however much they tell you water |
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14:57 | , it's a lie. Whatever volume told you drink. That's a |
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14:59 | right? Um, but you know you have to drink water with your |
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15:04 | . Think about what food Is that is basically a polymer isn't it? |
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15:08 | what you have to do is you to break it down into monomers. |
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15:11 | if I'm making a whole bunch of , what do I need? I |
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15:15 | water because I need to break the in half to make those cultural |
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15:20 | Okay, so water is a valuable in the body because it allows us |
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15:25 | make and break the molecules that we're be working with. This is true |
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15:29 | all the biomolecules. Now, we different types of reactions depending upon what |
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15:34 | looking at. So, the first we're looking at is nucleic acids. |
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15:39 | you go look carefully on the texas plate, you'll actually see there's nucleic |
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15:44 | on it. If you look at right angle, you can kind of |
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15:47 | the imprint, Right? So nucleic , specifically deoxyribonucleic acid is the largest |
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15:56 | in your body. Now, the it's the largest molecules, I |
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15:59 | you've got lots of these molecules and it is, is there are these |
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16:03 | , very long chains. So, a polymer chain of a whole bunch |
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16:07 | monomers and its purpose is to store transfer genetic information in cells. We're |
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16:15 | see more detail about this over the of a couple of different lectures. |
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16:19 | we're gonna see we're gonna dip our in the water here. Now there |
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16:22 | two classes of nucleic acids. We the deoxyribonucleic acid, we have the |
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16:27 | acid you collected, you already know as DNA and RNA. All |
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16:31 | So, if you don't know what are, we're gonna see the differences |
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16:34 | the two and the next slide. . It's at the level of the |
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16:39 | nucleotide being the monomer that allows you make the polymer. Alright, |
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16:44 | when you see that little feature right , you're looking at a polymer. |
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16:48 | , this right here is a There's a monomer. There's a monomer |
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16:50 | each of these lines represent that that that have been tied together via condensation |
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16:58 | to form these unique types of bonds phosphor diaspora bonds. Now, |
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17:04 | if you're taking chemistry, you probably what that means. If you've never |
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17:07 | chemistry, that's okay. I'm not to say what is a phosphate ester |
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17:12 | . Alright, but phosphate ester bonds what are unique to holding these two |
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17:20 | together. And it's trying to show that line right there represents the |
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17:24 | All right. So, what does monomer look like? It has three |
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17:28 | to it. And this life kind kind of let you look at |
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17:31 | So, this right here is our , a generic version of the |
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17:36 | Alright, When we talked about DNA RNA. So, what we have |
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17:41 | we have a pinto sugar. You count up the carbons 12345. |
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17:47 | Each of those points represents where carbon . So, there's five carbons. |
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17:51 | the term |
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