VideoPoints

• ••• • •• • ••••• • •
BIOL 4315 Neuroscience Mo Wed 4-5.30pm - Neuroscience Lecture 23 Brain Rythms, Epilepsy, and Medical Cannabinoids I
Help Tour
© Distribution of this video is restricted by its owner
Transcript ×
Auto highlight
Font-size
00:02 This is lecture 23 of neuroscience. you will not be responsible for the
00:08 coverage in this lecture for your But you will be responsible for all
00:13 the materials that led up to this 2, 22. And in lecture
00:20 dr Ramachandran describes several syndromes. And I asked you to actively take notes
00:26 track information on those three syndromes, parts of the brain that are
00:32 Perhaps something about the prevalence sea of syndromes and certain individuals increased rates of
00:41 among artists. And also this article example, shows that there is increased
00:48 of synesthesia and autistic individuals with adults autism three times greater than in control
01:02 presence of ministerial In each one of conditions. The three conditions top graph
01:10 , phantom lemons anesthesia dr Ramachandran described brain circuits involved, how the problem
01:17 arise with its traumatic brain injury or trimming. Also discussed simple ways,
01:27 techniques for diagnosing um the organic skin was mentioned and simple ways for treating
01:37 . A mirror box was a device he built to treat one of these
01:43 . So please review this. This be on influence now. Everything else
01:48 we're covering today will not be on . But if you recall, I
01:54 you this slide at the very beginning and I said I'm gonna show the
02:01 over again throughout the course and tore down to the course and now I
02:06 you to take a pause for a look at what you're seeing on the
02:13 and think about work. understanding how from an understanding the knowledge you have
02:24 and just mm hmm Since january, March april just three months time.
02:37 we only have a few lectures We can understand a lot about individual
02:45 , the structure and function of different of neurons, dendrites and that X
02:50 so much axons. So long You understand a lot about synaptic
02:58 There are chemical interactions, electrical gap junctions understand the varieties of self
03:08 are present varieties of neurochemicals and neurotransmitters these cells use to communicate with each
03:18 . We also understand that there are circuits that are built and that these
03:25 become parts of the system such as visual system, the auditory system.
03:32 a lot of sense, sewage system so on. And we've learned that
03:39 circle anatomy and the representations of the world such as a homunculus, it's
03:45 matter of sensory cortex or retinal topic and the primary visual cortex and the
03:53 columns. And there are still a columns in the primary visual cortex.
03:59 the tone, a topic map in temporal lobe of the auditor cortex.
04:03 have learned that there are structures in areas and that there are maps,
04:12 maps that are created by the circuit systems and the structures that are involved
04:19 processing sensory information and producing a motor to these brain waves and brain maps
04:35 are created even by smelling something when is a map of smell in the
04:43 , that brain activity is going to , going to travel and spread into
04:51 adjacent interconnected level. And this brain is going to produce oscillations activity up
05:03 and downstate upstate and downstate. There networks that are more engaged at certain
05:10 in producing these oscillate story modes or . And they're different facilitation modes,
05:19 and frequencies and communication between individual south circuits, some larger parts of the
05:28 . And so these brain maps that created brain waves that travel through the
05:37 through the interconnected brain network. They produced because they're synchronized activity in the
05:47 . And that synchronized activity would call rhythms because there's brain rhythms come at
05:56 frequencies and produce certain activity of certain . The way we know that the
06:05 produces these rhythms is we can measure . And unlike the imaging techniques that
06:12 discussed, clinical imaging techniques such as scans and FmRI, those imaging techniques
06:21 up metabolic activity, oxygen, blood , glucose. When we talked about
06:31 neuroscience, we talked about voltage sensitive images that was in the last lecture
06:38 voted sensitive damaging was a direct correlation electrical activity of essentially measuring electrical activity
06:47 measuring changes in the dies as they with voltage crossing through plasma membrane in
06:57 clinical setting. You also want to what is happening with electrical activity inside
07:01 brain. The only way that you record a non invasively is using
07:06 G. Which stands for electrons to . Gram. And when electrodes and
07:13 are placed it's usually an array like cap that contains many electrodes. And
07:18 electrodes are picking up activity underneath that electrodes in that particular part of the
07:24 . Some frontal lobe, temporal occipital lobe, parietal lobe. And
07:32 E. G. S. Are over time when electrical activity is picked
07:37 through these recording electrodes on the the AGI cap there are dominant
07:45 There are certain rhythms. There are oscillations that dominated certain frequency to
07:54 G. Patterns are characterized by amplitude frequencies of synchronized network alpha rhythm
08:04 delta zeta gamma. All of these rhythms. They come in different
08:09 So alpha is 8 to 10 And this alpha rhythm this 8-10 alpha
08:18 represents a relaxed state and relaxed Beta Rhythm which is a different
08:27 13 - 30. Mhm. This beta rhythm 13 to thirties intense mental
08:36 or excitation, excited state. Delta which is slow waves. It represents
08:47 drowsy state fade activity shown here represents state pathology during wakefulness but also it's
08:57 important in learning and memory. Gam of 40 hurt. Also it's very
09:05 for learning and memory within the So the brain and different brain areas
09:14 dominated by rhythms that fall within certain of dominant frequency. And each one
09:26 these rhythms, son oscillations of the frequency represents different behavior and mental state
09:38 versus relaxation. So of course these come about because of the complex interactions
09:46 synchronization of excited or in an inventory as well as the contributions from the
09:54 authority substances such as the means that studied in this class. The other
10:03 shown here below show a grid of that are placed on the actual surface
10:11 the brain. So this is an technique. This is essentially intra operative
10:22 . Why would you make a big in the scala and expose this large
10:28 of the brain? Because you're probably neurosurgery and likely there is a resection
10:35 removal of a small part of the . So after you have identified with
10:41 . G. Recordings the bad part the brain, whatever it's the bad
10:46 , it's causing seizures. For it's called the focus of seizures and
10:52 know where seizures are beginning. Now have identified that they're beginning and let's
10:57 temporal lobe, you're gonna want to another grid of electrodes. It's a
11:02 more sensitive directly on the brain tissue pick up electrical activity, intra cortical
11:09 activity and that will help you refine precise location of the bad area of
11:16 brain, like the focus that's generating , it will allow you to minimize
11:23 amount of the brain you may need surgically remove and it will allow neurosurgeons
11:30 identify parts of the brain that are necessarily responsible for important functions. These
11:38 of recordings intra operatively in the operating . A quite often performed by an
11:49 in the presence of Mds. In presence of neurosurgeons. Ph D.
11:54 are the ones that helped place these of electrodes and interpret the data that
12:02 coming out of the grid of the together with neurosurgeon honing in on the
12:07 part of the brain that needs to surgically removed. So you wouldn't have
12:13 for any diagnostic, noninvasive. This a very harsh, very severe surgery
12:21 the brain. Um And you'd want minimize the damage, pardon me,
12:32 of the brain is one of my books but dr euribor jockey and he
12:39 about different rhythms and the system of rhythms and this what he describes the
12:45 relationship between space and time. So keep talking about spatial temporal. It
12:49 this concept of spatial temporal specificity of resolution, of temporal resolution. So
12:58 that's happening is happening with space and and the rhythms and these brain waves
13:03 spatial temporal representations. Space and time packaged into the concept of spacetime
13:11 Y. Z. In time. the 4th I mentioned, oscillations can
13:17 conceived off and displayed in terms of space or time, The face plane
13:23 assigning. Soit harmonic oscillator is a . We're gonna walk the perimeter of
13:28 circle, once, twice a billion . And yet we always get back
13:32 our starting point, what has been what will be and what has been
13:36 is what will be done. And nothing new under the sun. This
13:40 the circle of life. And now its perimeter is measured as dislocation.
13:45 we walk the circle of life and find ourselves in the same position?
13:50 alternative to the period is city view the universe. And the circle is
13:54 display periodicity is a series of sine . Now we can walk along the
14:01 and peaks, peaks and troughs off line without ever returning to the same
14:08 point. We find ourselves in a position, for example, at the
14:13 here and the trough here, whatever similar position is, for example,
14:18 of the electrical amplitude, chemical function the brain at the time. So
14:22 a stimulus state of being, but not the same in time. Time
14:29 is a continuum with a cycle as broom as it's symmetric. The cycle
14:35 identical in shape and the start and points of the cycles form an infinite
14:40 into the seemingly endless universe. This line illustrates the basis of our time
14:50 . So this is this is how sort of a meander. And so
14:54 is almost like things you can think , you do every day, you
14:58 up, you find yourself in the bad most of the time you go
15:05 the same routine, brushing teeth showering whatever the routine is working out
15:16 Find yourself in the classroom at 8:30 on Zoom on Tuesday and thursday,
15:23 are you in the same location and now? Time has changed. Time
15:28 passed. And this period is The internal area of this city that
15:35 talking about, the circadian rhythm was up and doing similar things day in
15:41 day out day after day for every day for every other week. And
15:48 course now you can see that there periodicity in the brain activity as
15:55 That's a much, much much faster . So why are there so many
16:03 regimes and how can these many different regimes be creative? And is there
16:09 system, the mathematical system to these river? So first of all we
16:15 that different cell subtypes are very important what we talked about from the very
16:21 is the different cell subtypes produce different in the action potential firing. They
16:29 different frequencies of action potentials. They different patterns of action potential backfiring some
16:36 them continuously firing. Some of them starting, some of them are burst
16:40 , some of them are very fast , some of them are slow
16:45 So out of all of this cellular that diversity came comes the ability to
16:52 multiple dominant rhythmic regimes, Of course have Uh huh neuro modulators. So
17:05 you think about excitation and inhibition this neural transmission. And then when you
17:11 about your model a torrey substance as , does that mean that epinephrine will
17:17 a certain rhythm in the brain Like up kind of rhythm? Because it's
17:21 stimulant for the brain. Does that that serotonin will produce a different rhythm
17:28 the brain? And that is true that is true for different parts of
17:32 of the brain? External entrainment, environment. We are surrounded by
17:40 You will hear a frequency of 100 and you'll hear a frequency of two
17:48 very fast. And so your brain going to recreate that rhythm your hair
17:55 remember. It's going to turn the molecule oscillations and the oscillations of the
18:02 into an electrical activity. So if a slow rhythm that you're listening to
18:08 it's gonna be slow rhythm in the faster than it's going to be faster
18:12 the right visual stimulate, they're going come in at different frequencies different wavelengths
18:19 this case. And so it's external . Whatever repetition you're doing motor
18:30 wrong style or just driving it three , notes your rhythms in the brain
18:37 going to adjust the motor output, going to adjust. Why do we
18:43 so many hostility torrey regimes. Why we have these very slow regimes that
18:48 can see on this table here, have some of the rhythms that I
18:53 it very slow. Like super charismatic will dictate the diet and over by
18:58 changes in the transcription factors in the asthmatic nucleus telling the rest of the
19:05 , Wake up this morning time or to sleep it's night time. Then
19:11 are slow rhythms that are on the of seconds. Then there are rhythms
19:16 are one or two oscillations. View like delta a second, four Hz
19:23 it's four oscillations that happened per second . 4 to 10 data. 10
19:30 30 and say look wait a This is a big split that 10
19:33 30. Yes, there is no clear defined. Well I am the
19:36 now but you can see that there dominant rhythms that get picked up.
19:41 you have some very fast rhythms, and neuronal networks can oscillate at speeds
19:50 up to 600 hertz per Wow 600 per second Neurons. That means have
20:01 produce 600 action potentials per second. have to synchronize and the whole network
20:10 to produce this very fast and ultrafast . So from really, really slow
20:21 ultra fast. You need to perform tasks. You need to be precise
20:29 fast and sometimes you need to be and this is going to be reflected
20:34 dictated by some of these facilitate the in the brain, you would also
20:42 that you need complex levels of computation the brain. And if the brain
20:47 only capable of producing two or 3 rhythms well then you can say that
20:55 computation of the brain that the rhythm computation of the brain. That the
21:03 is not only the sensory map that maps of activity as I told you
21:10 represent thinking thought processing and they can represent bad neuro degenerative activity such as
21:20 pill, epic seizure. So if have these distinct facilitate the regimes that
21:30 that your brain is capable of processing complex information and be dominated by multiple
21:41 dynamic regimes which essentially means different behavioral and behavioral output or lack thereof.
21:56 you're sake and kenton and his post try to see is there a mathematical
22:03 and reason? This is the frequency hertz. This is natural log of
22:10 . The land hurts here and when align these dominant rhythms within the frequencies
22:18 seem to have been separated by one in future. On alan bird scale
22:24 . So they were trying to see a mathematical explanation. Can we derive
22:30 ? And this is one of the that take him up on. So
22:35 again this is an E. Cap on the person. Each one
22:38 these selectors will be picking up activity the skull. Different behavioral states will
22:46 dominated by either 8 to 10 alpha ways that are much faster that will
22:54 for example sleepy or eyes closed, open or engaged electrical activity of the
23:01 cortex can be monitored by multiple extras on the scalp. This is on
23:08 scalp. So when you do the . G. Recordings, a lot
23:12 that electrical activity will get filtered through scalp. But it's non invasive.
23:18 is facial resolution can be achieved by grid electorates. So this is what
23:24 intra operative placement of the subdural grid craniotomy craniotomy is opening the window in
23:31 cranium, removing part of the skull the estimated electric positions of reporting sites
23:37 on the patient's structural M. I. Residents imaging scam acquired after
23:43 were implanted. Okay so you implant your wire M. R.
23:48 Image now you have the three dimensional of the brain. You identify this
23:54 of the brain as a problematic area the brain. Now you're going to
23:57 a recording with overlaid M. I. Image, you can identify
24:01 really small part, a small part the brain that is a neurosurgeon.
24:07 you have to do removal, that's you're going to do hippocampus.
24:14 Hippocampus is a part of the brain that's involved in memory formation. Memory
24:21 memories are not stored in hippocampus but an area of the brain that's very
24:27 involved and many different kinds of And one thing that when we talk
24:37 these brain rhythms and they represent drowsiness wakeful state intense mental activity. That's
24:44 thing however, in many cases and in epilepsy, abnormal brain rhythms indicates
24:54 indicate abnormal electrical activity that is neurodegenerative as a consequence of this abnormal electrical
25:05 that you would see here, for , a person that has an
25:08 G. Cap and an A. person is having an aura, the
25:13 proceeds an epileptic seizure that he or knows that something is about to happen
25:20 b. Each one of these traces is the difference of electrical potential reporting
25:29 the electorates on this cap. And can see that in B some of
25:34 electrodes like especially 14 through 16 become active. That means that E.
25:41 . Starts picking up synchronized activity and there is abnormal synchronized activity in
25:48 the person starts having an epileptic What happens a few seconds later or
25:56 seconds later, while you can see only one half of the brain was
26:03 during the state of seizure and be the time see period comes around and
26:11 person was experiencing a full blown generalized . That means that the seizure has
26:20 over and generalized over the entire And you can see that each one
26:26 these 16 electrodes is now showing this synchronized rhythm. So to diagnose epilepsy
26:35 most of, you know, epilepsy the person who's having seizures, a
26:40 who's having convulsions. But in fact are many different types of epilepsy
26:45 And one of the definitive the diagnosis epilepsy ease is by using E.
26:53 . And recording these rhythms and studying analyzing the rhythms because they can indicate
27:02 part of the brain Where normal activity . It starts somewhere here between the
27:08 15 and 16 or 14 and It can tell you something about the
27:15 of this rhythm and the pattern of rhythm will help diagnose a particular type
27:21 apple of seeds that the person is . So abnormal rhythms and abnormal E
27:28 . G. Recordings is the diagnosis epileptic form, activity of seizure activity
27:35 the brain. These arrows born to your called the hippocampus that I already
27:42 at the very beginning of the slide hippocampus is very susceptible to damage by
27:51 so it does not necessarily start seizures the brain. The most common epilepsy
27:57 humans is temporal lobe epilepsy. Hippocampus involved in this temporal lobe signaling intricately
28:06 the circuitry with the limbic system which also buried close within the temporal
28:14 Do these interactions are very important. it's not the side of generating seizures
28:19 it's a side of susceptibility to seizures susceptibility to neuro degeneration and hippocampus can
28:28 degenerate and neurons can die in hippocampus epilepsy and seizures but also the other
28:36 conditions such as schizophrenia for example can to their degeneration samples. Also.
28:45 these rhythms as I mentioned come about you have this incredible diversity of specific
28:52 within the circuits. Chemical communication within circuits and electrical communication. Electrical
29:00 Journalists will be very important for the to synchronize large networks of south to
29:07 you recall him the campus. It's three layer structure. But when we
29:12 about neocortex and these E. Recordings are taken from the surface of
29:17 skull. So when you're recording something the surface of the skull you're not
29:22 recording from these deep brain tissues such the campus. Rather your recording from
29:26 superficial layers of the new york And in fact you're picking up activity
29:32 the optical dendrites. If you're a that The cell layer five cells will
29:38 these large parameter cells going into their done dries layers 23 parameter cells with
29:45 capital done dries. These are most the inputs coming in from june equivalent
29:51 for example the lateral ventricular nucleus and primary visual cortex. But the take
29:57 message here is that E. We'll be picking up activity from the
30:03 from the surface of the skull and activity is a representation of what is
30:08 at the optical dendrites. The electromagnetic of the optical done rides in the
30:16 and um that activity gets filtered so don't have a direct contact between the
30:25 and the neuronal tissue. The electrode sitting on top of the skin just
30:31 on top of the skull. Which then you have three men in jeez
30:37 then you have the brain tissue and inside there you have the optical criminal
30:42 right? So in order for the . G. Signal to be picked
30:47 you actually have to have large numbers cells synchronized together in order to produce
30:54 rhythms. One cell activity will not picked up by an E.
30:59 Electorate. So the E. Electorate represents hundreds or thousands of cells
31:05 one electrode and electrical activity that has filtered through the tissue and energies and
31:11 skull before it gets picked up by E. G. Electrodes. And
31:16 signal is going to be very small weak. So you don't need lot
31:20 amplification and longer to detect to filter the E. G. Signals.
31:32 While we're recording Eg recordings we also to know individual contributions of the
31:38 And then the modern experimental neuroscience you these electors that are super thin.
31:44 these are individual cells that have been and you can see that you have
31:48 super thin electorates and on top of one of the electorate's this is
31:58 Okay so they have each recording sites they are very thin. So experimentally
32:05 can use techniques that you can implant lectures deepened their into the tissue to
32:11 picking up activity from the tissue. because you have multiple recording sites and
32:16 can implant these te treze these four 1234 together each having eight recording
32:23 Four times eight is 32. And of the location the location of those
32:34 and the time delay takes for the to travel. You can use the
32:40 and the triangulation and the calculations and and time to start picking up what
32:47 of cells individual neurons are contributing to . And so you need to reserve
32:53 again to experimental neuroscience techniques and implants electrodes that you would do in order
33:00 understand what cells are responsible for contributing action potential patterns in order to create
33:07 overall network. Credit some of the of epilepsy is that in epilepsy you
33:17 these synchronized and this is the cellular of epilepsy that we're looking at.
33:23 looking at this intracellular recording and extra recording. This is not an
33:28 G. Recording. It's an extra recording in the tissue. But typically
33:33 you would see you would see these bursts of activity. These deep polarization
33:40 numbers of action for cultural a normal doesn't produce these directional spikes. But
33:47 brain and epileptic tissues will produce these rhythmic repetitive activity that would be detected
33:54 the normal networks. So this has referred to as paroxysmal de polarizing shift
34:01 deep polarization of about 200 milliseconds with burst or certain frequency number of action
34:11 writing on top of that deep So this repetitive synchronized activity is formed
34:17 intrinsic neuronal number and properties and synoptic repetitive synchronized activity. It's formed by
34:28 neuronal number of properties because different neurons different rhythms and firing because they have
34:35 neuronal number of properties. Length, time, constant ionic channels that they
34:43 and also synaptic signaling which means that are certain rules of connectivity and feedback
34:50 and and so on. Mhm. you have in epilepsy the south and
34:58 cellular mechanisms that we're talking this courses typically have enhanced excitability or hyper
35:08 That hyper excitability is because there's typically excitation of AMP A. And
35:15 D. A. And glutamate So if you have a network that
35:23 excited and the balance has shifted towards and there isn't enough inhibition then you
35:30 want to boost the inhibitory now. most of the treatments for epilepsy and
35:38 would be boosting gaba signaling Gabba Gabba . And also opening up potassium channels
35:45 that will promote hyper polarization. So excitability or hyper excitability promotes abnormal synchrony
35:57 glutamate and gabba. And other channels as calcium dependent potassium channels promote hyper
36:07 and reduction in that synchronous. What the role of leah. So these
36:16 come about. And then we talked networks and these neuronal networks are surrounded
36:22 glia by different types of glee. We already know that ostracized for example
36:29 the amount of glutamate and cycle glutamate these circles. So is there glial
36:36 in neurological disorders? Says the glial for formation of seizures and narcolepsy?
36:42 answer's yes. Remember the glia take ions and they siphon off and then
36:51 and redistribute specially local increases in We re update and metabolize and release
37:02 . They produce slow calcium waves and are influencing licensing production which is an
37:12 . D. A receptor code factor activation of an M. D.
37:15 receptor Real South also control inflammation in brain. So apart from the active
37:24 of neural transmission and neurotransmitter cycling, are cells are also involved in slower
37:33 such as control of inflammation, an response in the brain. This is
37:47 picture of Children that having untreatable Form epilepsy in more than 30% of the
37:59 that have this form of epilepsy called Syndrome or severe my chronic epilepsy of
38:07 . These actual pictures of the Children the driving syndrome foundation and this is
38:13 disease that I studied for a decade this case the cause of driveway syndrome
38:22 childhood up or Pepsi is a mutation a mutation genetic mutation involved educated sodium
38:32 and this is a developmental form of epilepsy is typically most prevalent in early
38:42 and then they also then again become into late adulthood an aging years.
38:51 for Children and for the families that dried a syndrome, this is called
38:56 catastrophic form of epilepsy. These Children 30% of them were not responsive to
39:04 standard pharmaceutical treatments for epilepsy, either excitation or manipulating ion channels or increasing
39:17 . Benzodiazepines, about which you already boosting gaba. It doesn't work for
39:27 of these Children. That means that receive cocktails or pharmaceutical drugs, they're
39:32 intoxicated they are high and drunk. Benzodiazepines and other drugs experience a lot
39:43 side effects as dizziness, somnolence. and unfortunately the pharmaceutical drugs or cocktails
39:54 30-plus% of these Children don't work. , I was very interested in my
40:01 career here at u of age to the cellular mechanisms behind seizures, Annapolis
40:07 also try to find novel therapeutic treatments at least study and research what is
40:15 there that is novel that could be these Children. It's catastrophic because it's
40:22 for families. These Children can have to hundreds of seizures per day,
40:30 seizures a day, 400 seizures a . These Children are very susceptible to
40:39 changes. And so when their body goes up because of the infection or
40:46 , they're more likely to experience seizures it's hot outside, they're more likely
40:51 experience seizures too. Over 20% of Children and some of the Children that
40:59 pictured here have passed Over 20% of syndrome. Children die in their sleep
41:10 sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. So can imagine this is catastrophic for families
41:18 live with Children that have uncontrollable It starts impeding their progress because debilitating
41:27 Children can cause mental developmental reputation and of all, after all of the
41:38 , um, puzzle solving and trying control seizures for these Children. You
41:43 find them dad and and bad. spoken to my no parents that have
41:54 from this unbelievable tragedy truly catastrophic. lot of times when you have a
42:03 that has a severe neurological disorder, a child that may not be able
42:08 express themselves fully. It becomes an burden on families. Families have a
42:16 time staying together to to maintain to maintain the challenges that this,
42:24 disease and many other treatable forms of present. So it's difficulty, genetic
42:32 , It's a lot of seizures, form of epilepsy reputation and wealth educated
42:39 channel. Um, and uh DR became very publicized and it was actually
42:52 I started studying it. Not but As I was studying driving syndrome
42:58 the lab and I was doing the on the cellular level in 2013 and
43:07 . some interesting news started coming out this country. So there's this little
43:11 , charlotte Figi and her parents were parents and charlotte had driving syndrome and
43:19 seizures were not being controlled by available drugs. So her parents who were
43:27 cannabis which is marijuana or hemp, all cannabis plants and their parents were
43:33 it. And our military parents, moved to colorado but cannabis was legal
43:38 started treating this little girl with help the treating physician Edward Maher with an
43:46 from cannabis plant and that extract and contain two phyto economic roids can either
43:56 all and delta nine tetrahydrocannabinol CBD and . These are the two dominant phyto
44:07 that are produced by cannibals plants. talked about endocrine ah minerals that are
44:12 with our bodies and interact with cannabinoid . CB one CB. Two.
44:17 are phyto economic bonds that are produced cannabis plants. They also interact with
44:22 endocannabinoid system. They also interact with €1. Chemical systems in the brain
44:30 chemical systems in the body. So it. Biggie was the case of
44:39 From nearly 50 convulsive seizures per day now, two or 3 in the
44:45 convulsions per month. So Marijuana and were placed on Schedule one by
44:59 A. And F. D. . Food and Drug Administration and the
45:04 enforcement agency D. A. That the law Schedule 1 to Schedule one
45:10 in 1970s. For thousands of Medical Cannabis, marijuana, medical marijuana
45:19 used for treatment of many different films the 1930s. The regulators and the
45:26 interests of chemical lumber industry, big in the United States, they decided
45:31 no, marijuana's too it needs to eradicated because it's too much competition.
45:39 too many things that can be produced him in the industrial world and textiles
45:45 papers and plastics. And so the that are running the mills, paper
45:52 and lumber and chemical industry, they want to jump around. And in
45:57 1930s, if you recall this country alcohol prohibition. So it was illegal
46:04 drink beer goes to jail for drinking in the late 1920s, early
46:11 But when alcohol became legal in the and the regulators said, Okay,
46:15 need to make another enemy. And enemy became cannabis or marijuana. And
46:20 campaign of reefer madness was started where was told that if you smoke
46:27 you're gonna have interracial sex. It told that you will become lewd and
46:36 will go into psychosis from consuming marijuana wild crazy orgies. Which was all
46:43 up propaganda by media special interest and at the time, but it still
46:51 very lasting consequences on the mentality and stigma everybody is special in the older
46:58 , not everybody with a lot of people still carry around themselves with
47:02 but that is very rapidly changing. what happened with charlotte figi, is
47:07 the only case? No, it's of years, thousands of medical
47:12 it's not an adding that and thousands parents that came in front of the
47:18 . So despite the fact that marijuana in schedule wanna is the most dangerous
47:24 the same as heroin that has absolutely medicinal use. So that is highly
47:30 according to the federal government. you have medical cannabis programs all over
47:36 country. And the way it started in the 70s, just when marijuana
47:43 being placed on schedule one by the agencies, the hippies in California on
47:50 West Coast and the draft Dodgers in seventies that ran into british Columbia in
48:00 . They started growing cannabis receive bliss since amelia which came from Mexico,
48:08 up into California. And people started into genetics and people started getting into
48:16 and AIDS. Problem emerged in the on the West Coast and a lot
48:22 people that developed HIV and autoimmune disease . Aids, we're wasting away.
48:33 so were the people that were having cancers and we're undergoing chemotherapy and radiation
48:39 treatments. They were undergoing what is the wasting syndrome where the person loses
48:48 and they cannot eat anything and they're nauseous losses. The hippies that were
48:55 these different marijuana cannabis strains of starting make extracts and concoct things that were
49:01 not new. It's been around for of years, but maybe with more
49:05 a genetic implant care and selection, noticed, hey, that if people
49:11 these extracts and in fact if people cannabis, if people smoke marijuana,
49:16 alleviates the nozzle and it makes them and it makes them eat. And
49:23 all of these people that were suffering wasting syndrome that had AIDS or were
49:30 from cancer saw a little bit of and how relaxation and ability to
49:40 and so in 19 the eighties than United States government came out with a
49:46 delta nine THC to treat nausea for . Guess where they got that
49:54 Okay. The pharmaceutical agencies in the government which has the patent on cannabis
50:01 neuro protective and under inflammatory but also cannabis. And schedule one. So
50:06 did they get that idea? Making drug for nausea treatment of of of
50:15 and wasting syndrome. Let me guess We come forward some 2030 years and
50:23 notice that these extracts, it's not good for wasting syndrome. The modern
50:29 growers realizes specific strains which means that selected for specific plants that have a
50:36 chemical output that are known as different that come from. See genetically and
50:42 they've grown very carefully. They can similar chemical output. And so Forward
50:48 years from 19 seventies into early two 1996. Medical cannabis, medical marijuana
50:58 legal in California early two thousand's is Washington D. C. Early two
51:05 is legal in Colorado State. There's brewing, there's something going on these
51:11 started moving to colorado. Other families watching their kids take these cocktails of
51:18 medications with pictures of their Children approaching regulators and the lawmakers saying,
51:25 give us an alternative form of treatment these untreatable diseases such as epilepsy.
51:32 Children, we cannot wait for them have another 500 seizures, we cannot
51:39 for them to die in their The pharmaceutical drugs are not working,
51:43 system is not ideal. We need else. And people start advocating.
51:49 of these Children with epilepsy, especially Dravet syndrome, start advocating for legalization
51:55 medical cannabis federally. And that legalization about in many, many states,
52:01 38 states have uh some sort of marijuana, medical cannabis program, charlotte
52:11 becomes like a poster child for CBD THC treatment. There's a strain that
52:17 named after her called charlotte's web. unfortunately charlotte figi passed last year um
52:27 seven unexpected death in Epilepsy I So, these parents that push the
52:34 and help a lot of other people helped a lot of states have their
52:39 cabinets programs really helped not only people epilepsy but people with other conditions because
52:47 states, including state of texas as medical candidate of medical marijuana program That
52:54 approved for over 120 different conditions or . So you may have seen the
53:00 medical correspondent Sanjay Gupta. He did whole story on charlotte Figi and the
53:06 said good Canada strain that contained these of THC and CBD. And so
53:14 done a week two weeks, 3 four weeks 5. And that's the
53:18 evolution the changes in the laws, changes in the stigma that was associated
53:26 marijuana and changes in the regulatory environments the country. So some things to
53:36 when we talk about medical cannabis and , What is cannabis? What are
53:41 economics? What is cannabis is a where our endocrine ominous molecules that are
53:48 endogenous li by our own bodies What a fight, broke anonymous fight
53:54 anything that comes from a plant. plant based phenomenal. What is
54:00 What is hell? Campus pd federally marijuana is legal state by state
54:08 Home and marijuana. Why is hemp ? Why is marijuana illegal? Why
54:15 it becoming increasingly more legal? That last year 23 us states now it's
54:20 us states. Why is Canada's client the medical marijuana. All of these
54:26 great questions to consider as we're learning some of the things new phenomenon especially
54:34 your book can be released from past neurons and act on pasta. Matic
54:38 pre synaptic terminals. So it's retrograde , retrograde messengers. Okay. And
54:45 regulated voltage gated calcium channel. They're packaged investable. They're small and number
54:54 . They bind selectively to CB one CB two receptors. And we discussed
55:00 . And then we can have a to A. G. And and
55:05 these are And O. Canal. . All right. Spider oak
55:14 And there is a whole discovery of Fido Kananga. So Delta nine THC
55:22 from the plant cannot die. All from the plant. Uh huh.
55:31 there are other molecules also that are coming from the plant. There are
55:39 synthetic or that if you ingest off nine th C. There's a metabolism
55:45 these phyto cannabinoids into 11 0. . Delta nine THC and delta nine
55:50 . 11 Oleic acid to the two phenomenon is that we see in Canada's
55:58 is Delta nine THC and cannabidiol. eight THC Delta eight THC does not
56:12 from that plan. Delta nine This is carbon eight and 9.
56:21 , Delta nine has the double bond of the ninth. Carbon Delta eight
56:28 is semi synthetic process. Mm This is incorrect. It says some
56:34 the plant produced Delta 10 has a here on the town. Carbon double
56:41 has been moved around. These are are synthetic moments inside. So this
56:50 your brain. And under cannabinoids. neurotransmitters were discovered long before their
56:57 But modern techniques have we tended to the tradition and the story of the
57:03 were discovered before their transmitters. And we get in now into discussing the
57:11 and some of the cellular mechanisms and of the endocannabinoid system. And what
57:18 in general from cannabis and the fact the United States Government has a pattern
57:24 Canada's and there's a lot of information cannabis. And so what I'm going
57:30 do is there's a lot of updates happened in this area, Including from
57:37 states. When I prepared this lecture this course a year ago 2 38
57:44 having medical Canada. And so I'm continue on this theme on thursday.
57:53 . And there is a reason why segue from epilepsy into talking about medical
57:59 because in the state of texas, first approved condition for treatment by medical
58:07 was intractable upwards because the first pharmaceutical that is plant Canada's plan dr drag
58:17 non synthetic drug that is approved by is cannabidiol to treat Drive a
58:25 the severe mark Watney, couple ups infancy and other severe developmental epilepsy.
58:32 a reason why we segregated but I to update these slides because there's a
58:38 of more and interesting information that came so that we can shape a really
58:43 understanding of what is medical pharmaceutical phenomenal . What is medical state regulated cannabis
58:54 Canada's products and how to navigate this and what might the future opportunities in
59:02 emergent market and emergent industry. So will end here today. So please
59:08 that you are taking a quiz That will cover chapters 19 through 22
59:13 not cover today's
-
+