| 00:00 | So this is a lecture 16 where discussing the structure of the CMS. |
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| 00:04 | looked at the different brain structures and animals. We talked about the orientations |
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| 00:11 | the language which describes these orientations that this interior roster. All the tail |
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| 00:18 | posterior coddle. The back is The front is ventral, um medial |
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| 00:24 | . It's in the midline and away midline is lateral. We discussed several |
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| 00:29 | of cuts. The cardinals Orosco which is mid sagittal cut and shown |
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| 00:33 | figure. See here talked about the cut along the horizontal plane as well |
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| 00:38 | the coronal cut will cross sectional cut is perpendicular to the horizontal plane. |
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| 00:44 | these are all of the cuts that allow us to reveal the structures of |
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| 00:48 | brain in different views and different And to formulate really, uh, |
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| 00:54 | three dimensional, uh, maps off brain structures and their connectivity. So |
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| 01:01 | re broom, cerebral hemispheres will process lateral information, sensory and motor. |
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| 01:07 | discuss that cerebellum will process it's uh, information and cerebellum. Let's |
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| 01:13 | contra lateral brain will initiate motor functions side of the brain through the left |
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| 01:20 | . but they're a ballon will actually middle managing. This initiated commands from |
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| 01:26 | cortex, and we'll be doing it the same side on it's the lateral |
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| 01:31 | and you will see that cerebellum is very intricately involved in management of movement |
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| 01:37 | serve elements responsible for procedural memory. learning how to ride a bicycle, |
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| 01:44 | how to catch a ball, learning to throw a Frisbee. Very deeply |
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| 01:48 | procedural memories that you usually don't You may forget who you were riding |
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| 01:54 | bike with or the story that you talking about on a bike ride. |
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| 01:58 | you will never forget how to ride bicycle unless you have a very, |
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| 02:02 | severe injury. Thio to different parts the brain, including cerebellum brain |
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| 02:08 | Is this where you have cerebral Sarah , Arabella Cerebral and Sarah Bella cerebral |
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| 02:15 | back ways traversing, and it's responsible the vital body functions, which is |
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| 02:20 | consciousness Control of body temperature. if you think about it during the |
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| 02:26 | evolution, brain stem was developed first later. Structures like the cortex developed |
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| 02:32 | , and this is the newest structures the evolutionary development of the brain. |
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| 02:37 | course, the CNS communicates with the . M. S, which has |
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| 02:40 | somatic and visceral component which controls the and motor sensory information from skin joints |
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| 02:49 | muscles also has a visceral component, is autonomic nervous. System that is |
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| 02:55 | involved in the digestive system controls internal , blood vessels and glands. And |
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| 03:02 | this autonomic nervous system that is associated a digestive system, for example is |
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| 03:10 | justice complex as the CNN's in the and almost like there is another brain |
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| 03:16 | orchestrates all of the digestive industrial Oregon and communicates that function very extensively to |
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| 03:23 | C. N s. And so interaction between the C. N. |
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| 03:26 | and P. M s are very . Of course, we don't have |
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| 03:29 | time to cover that information, but that is happening in the periphery gets |
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| 03:35 | to the spinal cord, gets fed to the C. N S and |
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| 03:39 | N s is protected. It's protected three meninges and is protected by the |
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| 03:44 | fluid that is being bathed in the meninges that cover the brain. After |
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| 03:50 | open the skull, you will The first is Dura Mater or hard |
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| 03:54 | . It's actually a very I think men just tissue that it's hard to |
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| 04:00 | even with a knife with a you have toe cut it pretty |
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| 04:04 | In order, Thio, open the mater. Underneath Dura you have the |
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| 04:10 | Lloyd membrane, which is a spider membrane that extends this Iraq lord like |
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| 04:16 | into the subarachnoid space and closer to the very surface of the brain tissue |
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| 04:21 | the very surface of the brain tissue covered by General Mother Pia mater, |
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| 04:27 | this one is much softer than the our modern. And if you recall |
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| 04:32 | nations that we discussed from the very of this course and we said, |
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| 04:36 | would there be a necessity to open skulls and to open the skulls multiple |
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| 04:42 | or in multiple locations? So now have this picture where you have a |
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| 04:46 | vessel and imagine there's something wrong that with a micro vessel here, and |
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| 04:51 | a leakage of the blood. And is what we call subdural underneath dura |
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| 04:57 | in the communication of blood that is to coagulate. If you can imagine |
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| 05:02 | blood leak may be very slow or coagulating and being stopped. But at |
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| 05:08 | same time, what it could do it could cause damage, and it |
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| 05:12 | cause pressure on the brain, causing pain. So therefore, you can |
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| 05:17 | that Trumper nations were potentially done to subdural hematomas to clean up the blood |
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| 05:26 | damage that may have happened severely that happened on the surface of the brain |
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| 05:30 | , or to drain abnormal amounts of , coagulating blood or other fluids or |
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| 05:36 | fluids as well. That may be because of the injury to the head |
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| 05:41 | injuries. Subdural lee to the blood Ventricular system is another way in which |
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| 05:48 | brain is cushion. So these men just around the brain, but also |
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| 05:51 | is being bathed in fluids. These are produced in the coral plexus, |
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| 05:55 | two central ventricles toe left in the ventricle of one and two, and |
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| 06:01 | cerebral spinal fluid is being circulated and new fluid that is being produced every |
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| 06:06 | . Certain amount of it that is recirculated, and this is being produced |
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| 06:11 | . Like I said in the very location here called Core oId plexus on |
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| 06:16 | in the syrup subarachnoid space of basically the whole cerebral cortex and different tissues |
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| 06:25 | the CNS in the cerebrospinal fluid. the originally? It was thought that |
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| 06:31 | this ventricles. Are this anatomy of ventricles of the ventricles themselves? So |
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| 06:37 | most important? Because this fluid must the way the brain communicates the |
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| 06:43 | But it is really just a supportive structure that provides nutrients and cushions the |
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| 06:49 | in this gel like fluid like If you have a normal production of |
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| 06:56 | , you could have accumulation of and in some cases, in rare |
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| 07:01 | disorders, you could have formation of much cerebrospinal fluid. If you have |
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| 07:08 | on the developing brain of the cerebrospinal , what happens to the ventricles? |
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| 07:13 | and as the ventricles expand, the start pushing on the surrounding brain tissue |
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| 07:20 | brain tissue soft so it lends itself being pushed by this balloon off the |
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| 07:26 | that is being inflated with the fluid fluid. The consequence is that is |
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| 07:31 | there is shrinkage and stretching up the tissues and potentially damage to the brain |
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| 07:37 | . The same time, the skull newborns and infants is very soft, |
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| 07:43 | the skull plates do not fuse until end of the first and in some |
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| 07:48 | , into the second year. And what this does is then because of |
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| 07:52 | skull, bone or soft that is around this abnormally inflating balloon. Now |
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| 07:59 | get abnormal hat shape of the and so if you don't drain these |
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| 08:03 | during the development, then you can a permanent miss shape of the skull |
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| 08:09 | people would like into alien like head shapes. So it obviously is very |
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| 08:16 | to detective Early is obviously very important drain these fluids, And if it |
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| 08:20 | a chronic problem because it can be chronic problem or it could be an |
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| 08:25 | induced problem, that is not So in the case of the chronic |
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| 08:31 | , you would be in starting needle the tube and that tube will |
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| 08:35 | draining the fluid into the peritoneal and you will have some extra length |
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| 08:40 | this. Cable is the is. infant is a newborn child is developing |
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| 08:45 | growing, so you have to realize so very rare developmental cases you could |
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| 08:51 | hydrocephalus. But hydrocephalus can also be by injury, especially in infants. |
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| 08:58 | so I always tell the story that have experienced a Z Ah, a |
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| 09:04 | father. I was in the I u U in the pediatric i c |
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| 09:08 | unit with my child and next door us. There was a child that |
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| 09:14 | very, very severe case of hydrocephalus had a couple of tubes and started |
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| 09:20 | draining the fluids from the brain and was maybe 6 to 9 months |
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| 09:28 | and it is pretty severe. Problem what happened is that the child was |
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| 09:33 | . There's a shaken baby syndrome when that are uneducated and very frustrated and |
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| 09:39 | child is screaming and crying and the girls so much that parents feel like |
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| 09:45 | can shake their child to just have be quiet out of frustration. But |
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| 09:50 | could lead thio neurological damage. That obviously not something to do. I'm |
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| 09:55 | forward. People do it, but can cause hydrocephalus. Um, in |
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| 10:01 | case, the father was led away the hospital in the highly coughs. |
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| 10:06 | there's something to know that this is rare developmentally happens but it can also |
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| 10:12 | in the injury, and sometimes the doesn't have to be a hammer hit |
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| 10:16 | the head. But it could be that severe shaking that leads to |
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| 10:20 | It's a shaken baby syndrome and potentially of hydrocephalus. Now we're talking now |
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| 10:29 | how this brain structure comes about From primordial tissues is three layers of the |
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| 10:38 | ERM and, ERM method, and so the first thing that happens |
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| 10:43 | you have the formation off the too. It's called no relation. |
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| 10:48 | you have information of the neural you have neural plate, and this |
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| 10:52 | shown that neural plate green. You neural plate that is surrounded by layers |
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| 10:58 | extra term and down below. You as a German under Derby, and |
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| 11:05 | this plate starts folding, you start neural tube. So this neural fold |
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| 11:12 | neuro folding places again. The neural that neural plate becomes as it's |
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| 11:20 | folds into a neural tube and that to the surrounded by cell minds. |
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| 11:25 | cell minds become vertebral column and skeletal , right, And then you have |
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| 11:32 | crest on top here, and bank neural crust becomes the peripheral nervous |
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| 11:37 | so you have essentially neuro to which a C. N S and |
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| 11:41 | N s. And this is the column and the muscles that form out |
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| 11:45 | this. So under Durham forms the of internal organs with Sarah has a |
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| 11:51 | skeleton bones muscles after Durham produces nervous and skin cells, so floor from |
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| 12:00 | pleura potency and stem cell perspective. actually have quite a bit in common |
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| 12:06 | that stage with skin cells, which be taken to scientific advantage. So |
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| 12:12 | is the process of new relation during process of no relation. Think about |
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| 12:18 | happening. You have. You have a code that code, the sperm |
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| 12:26 | the egg and information of the fetus information of the central nervous system and |
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| 12:32 | formation of the brain is a self . It's a very complicated self |
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| 12:37 | So once the code, once the is initiated to assemble a new human |
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| 12:44 | to assemble a new brain, these go through this coded program and in |
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| 12:50 | in rare cases, one in a 1000. You can have abnormalities in |
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| 12:55 | neural do information process and If you that, you can have some rare |
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| 13:00 | disorders associated with that. In the where you have a mis folding on |
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| 13:06 | formation off the Ross Troll neural you could have a consequence off anencephaly |
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| 13:12 | not having the cerebral cortex essentially and having the brain, which is not |
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| 13:19 | . In other cases where there is mis folding and improper neural to information |
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| 13:25 | the coddle levels, you can have of spina bifida, which is extrusion |
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| 13:31 | the spinal cord outside of the vertebral and to the outside. And this |
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| 13:36 | something that could be fixed with surgical could be detected early on. Thio |
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| 13:45 | avoid any significant problems from spina But if you think about that, |
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| 13:52 | has happens only in one and then this code. This is a |
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| 13:56 | powerful code, and the self assembly fascinates me. How once the program |
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| 14:03 | initiated, you just have toe What happens with the self assembly off |
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| 14:10 | networks and these organs and CNN s the whole the whole new fetus? |
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| 14:17 | development after you have no relation goes differentiation, so this neural tube you |
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| 14:23 | have the three primary brain vesicles. call them the President Cephalon or the |
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| 14:28 | and Mesen, Cephalon or the membrane the Rahmat Cephalon behind Brain. And |
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| 14:33 | these primary brain rascals. They become more complex. They differentiate further, |
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| 14:38 | venture, differentiate into the secondary And so the forebrain will differentiate into |
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| 14:44 | talents of folic vesicles or talent stuff Diane Cephalon and off the vesicles they're |
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| 14:52 | here off the classic calls is essentially extension off the optic stock and the |
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| 14:59 | edge here that is shown off the cup that will essentially accommodate written. |
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| 15:05 | recognize a part of the central nervous . I always say that's why everybody |
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| 15:10 | the commentary building is also a neuroscientist they understand the visual system. They |
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| 15:16 | The retina and retina is a part the CNS, so it will be |
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| 15:20 | me here where the opera classical czar is Amazon, Cephalon and hind |
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| 15:27 | These air the secondary differentiations that we're , and they there's even more complex |
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| 15:35 | . Still, in Cephalon, Diane long midbrain and hind brain, and |
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| 15:41 | can see that Aziz, you follow over a timeline of differentiation. You're |
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| 15:46 | Mawr, grooves, Mawr, um, or nuclear forming. So |
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| 15:50 | the mid brain you have the formation these four nuclei that we refer to |
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| 15:55 | corporate Quadra Gemini, the body off four nuclei that are very special will |
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| 16:01 | them later in this course and you're looking here, the road and |
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| 16:06 | . So you can see there these large olfactory bulbs also because a lot |
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| 16:11 | space and these animals is dedicated moral . So tell him, Cephalon, |
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| 16:16 | starts forming into the gray matter into cerebral cortex. And you have information |
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| 16:21 | the ventricles and you have information of diet Cephalon so cerebral cortex and basil |
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| 16:29 | , Cephalon, basil, ganglia and . Parts of the talent Cephalon further |
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| 16:36 | . Um, you have again to ventricles and the third ventricle, the |
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| 16:40 | ventricle going into the spinal canal tow the spinal cord, the major fiber |
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| 16:47 | that connects the two hemispheres Corpus So once this information gets process contra |
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| 16:53 | , of course it is being marched the two hemispheres information and that information |
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| 16:59 | between the hemispheres happens through this massive bundle called the Corpus callosum and from |
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| 17:08 | , uh from the Solomon's and hypothalamus the dance Cephalon structures. You see |
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| 17:15 | known and there's cortical white matter. there's further differentiation in the cortical white |
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| 17:20 | and fibers and accidents, and this capsule is a fiber bundle. It's |
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| 17:25 | huge fiber bundle where you have many different connections from The column is |
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| 17:30 | into the cortex and from the cortex back into the columns. And so |
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| 17:34 | will learn why there is such an and important communication between columnists and what |
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| 17:41 | powerless service and adjusting the sensor information filtering and modulating it before it sends |
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| 17:48 | to the highest processing centers, which in the cerebral cortex, right? |
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| 17:54 | the brain ship enterprise. Then we telling Cephalon Dan Cephalon midbrain, which |
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| 18:00 | messing stuff along. Robin Cephalon Spinal . You have the cortex and the |
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| 18:06 | talent staff along. They have little evolves. Hypothalamus dance half along further |
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| 18:12 | into thalamus and hypothalamus Underneath it. midbrain region differentiates and detect Um, |
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| 18:21 | is the roof so the back of brain and take amount, Um, |
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| 18:24 | the Central Park, This green party , Rahman Cephalon hind brain becomes cerebellum |
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| 18:30 | and medulla blonde gotta. And then yellow part is the spinal cord. |
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| 18:36 | these an adventure calls the third ventricle fourth ventricle and the spinal canal. |
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| 18:41 | so you have this spinal canal, will contain sir the spinal fluids. |
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| 18:47 | so you will sample. For when you do a spinal tap your |
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| 18:51 | through the spinal fluids that you were at the level of the spinal |
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| 18:57 | So man versus rat Well, it's different. You know, Rod brains |
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| 19:04 | fairly smooth. They don't have the and groups. If you do the |
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| 19:09 | sagittal cut, you will see that brain structures are the same and similar |
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| 19:15 | . Of course, there's a lot differentiation and specialization and the human |
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| 19:20 | and also noticed the angle, so angle of the brain stem to the |
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| 19:25 | the Super Bowl. Cortex is about toe, 90 degree angle in |
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| 19:30 | and it's almost on the same claim humans are walk on two legs and |
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| 19:36 | on four. You see that this as much of, ah, deflection |
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| 19:41 | the angle here the spinal cord so cortex is the seed of reasoning and |
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| 19:49 | , the salsa and the gyre I improve the surface area and the complexity |
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| 19:55 | the virus wiring that we have in brain. The major lows is a |
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| 20:00 | lobe parietal lobe. The two are by the central cell FIS occipital |
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| 20:06 | the temporal lobe, and this is three dimensional image off the ventricles. |
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| 20:12 | these air the ventricles on these air ventricles as they would be sitting inside |
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| 20:17 | brain. So you have the 212 ventricles, the third one supplying down |
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| 20:22 | folic sub cortical tissues on the fourth , supplying the brain stem and enter |
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| 20:28 | spinal canal for the supply with CSF spinal fluid off the spinal cord. |
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| 20:36 | , what's interesting is you have such animals, like alligators and rats and |
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| 20:43 | , actually, and we have quite self similar cells that live in similar |
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| 20:48 | and have similar arrangements. The first to notice is that we have neocortex |
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| 20:54 | in mammals, so we're blessed to neocortex and neocortex. A six layer |
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| 21:00 | is actually the newest structure that has in the C. M s |
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| 21:06 | It's the youngest structure that have and we're still experiencing the revolution off |
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| 21:13 | of these circus as we speak. in alligator look at the factory |
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| 21:18 | That's all alligators do. Is they for for for food, rats. |
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| 21:23 | also have pretty massive Went back to . If you put like a little |
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| 21:26 | of their cortex from alligator or you will find a similar criminal cell |
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| 21:31 | we've discussed the applicant. Them rights have p a matter surrounding it. |
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| 21:37 | it's very interesting that there's quite a of replication in rodents, circuits and |
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| 21:46 | circuits and cats. Circuits that. lot of these similarities a lot of |
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| 21:52 | canonical arrangements and economical functions replicated and complex brains, which is human |
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| 22:00 | This is a cross sexual coronal section the brain through the right brain, |
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| 22:05 | it's showing again. And missile stain , missile stain is showing neocortex. |
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| 22:10 | is a hippocampus, the structure that discussed. It's responsible for semantic memory |
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| 22:14 | the storytelling memory as opposed to which is procedural memory. Hippocampus was |
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| 22:21 | involved in the emotions processing and intricately with other parts of the body. |
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| 22:29 | parts of the brain sorry. Now organization. This neocortex has only found |
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| 22:35 | mammals has a certain organization of inputs outputs. First of all, if |
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| 22:40 | were just to take a plug of cortex here from prefrontal association area from |
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| 22:45 | primary motor cortex from parietal association cortex here or primary visual cortex in Area |
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| 22:52 | you will see that maybe the thickness the cortical matter differs. The thickness |
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| 23:02 | different here. That's thinner, but anatomy and organization off the structure off |
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| 23:10 | cortex is very similar. So you two types of very interesting organization in |
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| 23:16 | cerebral cortex. You have column So these air columns, these air |
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| 23:21 | , these air micro columns, these micro columns and their collections of |
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| 23:26 | the process the same are very Type of information in these court is |
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| 23:31 | , and these Curtis's have layers, these layers are connected to each other |
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| 23:38 | long distances. So the organization is that you have six layers in the |
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| 23:46 | , and if you look, how we know that it's six layers? |
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| 23:50 | we can do missile standing when we a missile? Steyn. What missile |
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| 23:54 | doesn't stains all of the South. will reveal these bands. This is |
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| 23:59 | view of looking in the missile staying the cortical Aris 1234 A. |
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| 24:05 | C. 56 to some of these , like four subdivided into ABC. |
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| 24:11 | there's six layers, so this is structure. And then there are |
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| 24:16 | so there's columnar structure, and this stain will stay in all of the |
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| 24:21 | to reveal how they position themselves. they stack themselves side are architecturally in |
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| 24:27 | micro columns. Gold. This stain pick up only a fraction of |
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| 24:31 | but will reveal all of the processes and axons. Finally, with the |
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| 24:36 | time that has shown here is a stain. Weigert stand is specific to |
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| 24:42 | and what you're seeing. You're seeing fiber bundles inside the column that is |
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| 24:48 | the cells inside the column. Inside micro columns that are going up vertically |
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| 24:54 | horizontally, you have other fiber and so these air the connections, |
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| 24:59 | lateral connections, the horizontal connections that interconnect the micro columns. Aziz well |
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| 25:05 | different parts of the brain, such the frontal lobe with the parietal or |
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| 25:11 | lobe with a pariah or simple and you will find out how that |
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| 25:16 | happens. It happens in very special called association areas. Once again, |
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| 25:22 | will have neurons with the same or response prop properties. This information at |
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| 25:28 | level of the micro column is like like micro processing off the information, |
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| 25:34 | we have parallel processing because there will adjacent Michael Collins that will be processing |
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| 25:40 | similar type of information. So you this processing in parallel, but you |
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| 25:45 | have hierarchically. More complex processing is inputs come into the cortex and is |
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| 25:51 | process in the column and then shared the columns laterally through the laminar |
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| 25:57 | That's when you get the complexity of full sensor information or the motor outputs |
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| 26:03 | your motor cortex is putting at the . So you have both the parallel |
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| 26:08 | these fiber bundles running in parallel, similar types of information than you have |
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| 26:14 | seriously processing, which is the higher the court. Texas information gets the |
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| 26:20 | complex the processing of that information than circuit becomes, the more representative. |
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| 26:26 | is really off what the external world so the number billion Brockman he was |
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| 26:33 | scientists had used. This will stain describe these different side of architectural areas |
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| 26:40 | the brain. Onda. We've studied that in the first section of the |
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| 26:48 | . No cortexiphan evolution, primary censoring motor in association areas. This'll is |
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| 27:03 | of my favorite slides to talk and I'll just refrain from making a |
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| 27:08 | that I've been making for 15 years showing the slide. But here you |
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| 27:15 | in a rat one of these blobs red, the blue and the |
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| 27:20 | This is the primary Area sensor information area for additional information for auditor or |
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| 27:29 | motor. Huge olfactory involved. This an Iraq very cool factor about lots |
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| 27:35 | space dedicated to smell with lots of sensor information. Lots of the brain |
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| 27:45 | dedicated. The primary sensor information just sense of your primary information |
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| 27:52 | What is really happening out there? you look in the cats now, |
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| 27:58 | seeing much more sauce I and gyre cats also have pretty massive olfactory |
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| 28:06 | very smelly like animals. So, the smell things strong olfactory sounds. |
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| 28:13 | also have visual information, but the the sensory, motor and visual primary |
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| 28:22 | . They occupy a much smaller amount the brain, comparatively to the rest |
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| 28:26 | the sides. So relatively, those air smaller. That's compared to the |
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| 28:32 | of the size of the brain. you were to compare it with the |
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| 28:35 | with these areas are massive your primary and motor information processes. If you |
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| 28:44 | to the left in humans, this a small red dot. Here is |
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| 28:49 | 17 this primary visual cortex, this visual sensor information processing area. This |
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| 28:56 | a primary auditory area. This band , uh, this group is a |
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| 29:02 | sensor, and this yellow groove is motor, so you can see that |
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| 29:10 | very little space in humans that is dedicated to primary sensory or motor information |
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| 29:18 | . And instead from the primary visual area, the one that information and |
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| 29:24 | and Hierarchically Mawr complex processing model will to the secondary area, the to |
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| 29:30 | , the three before the five and information will be co joined in the |
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| 29:37 | areas. So the fact of the that very little spaces dedicated the primary |
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| 29:44 | information processing tells you that most of space in the human brains is dedicated |
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| 29:50 | association areas, association areas, multiple census association areas, our processing |
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| 30:01 | from multiple modalities in processing, visual and censor information at the same |
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| 30:09 | So association areas. That's where the happens. That's where we are able |
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| 30:15 | put the visual inputs, the emotional state of mind, maybe what |
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| 30:21 | smelling or tasting at the same time into one full. Just stall, |
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| 30:27 | picture of what's happening in the including as it is being biased by |
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| 30:33 | perceptions, understanding in our emotional So the association areas and that's why |
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| 30:40 | of the brain is dedicated. The processing areas and our Arctic Aleem or |
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| 30:45 | information happens in secondary tertiary. And the joining of this multimodal processing is |
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| 30:53 | in the association areas in the So that tells you that rat is |
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| 30:57 | concerned of what is really out All the human is really concerned is |
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| 31:02 | me interpret was out there in combination these other senses, plus all of |
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| 31:09 | internal soft machinery that we already have in to and then again, plastic |
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| 31:17 | . So this is all plastic processes we're talking about learning and memory is |
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| 31:23 | plastic processes, thes air, the sensor information maps. But as we |
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| 31:28 | these maps and processing off the maps and the brain changes is the |
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| 31:32 | . Activity in the surrounding environment So let's look at the major parts |
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| 31:38 | the CNN, starting with a spinal , which is divided into the Saco |
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| 31:43 | , thoracic and cervical regions. The cord receives and processes sensor information from |
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| 31:50 | , joints, muscles of limb and . So everything below the neck below |
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| 31:57 | neck is being censored. Information comes dorsal root ganglion, and on the |
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| 32:03 | side you have motor neurons that are the movement of limbs and trunks. |
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| 32:07 | the neck brain stem is subdivided into blonde gotta palms, which is a |
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| 32:14 | part of the connectivity in the back with the cerebellum. So you will |
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| 32:18 | a lot of Sarah Bella cerebral on Cerebral Sarah Bella, Sara Bella, |
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| 32:24 | , cerebral sell about spinal tracks. through here is well, and ponds |
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| 32:30 | a site where you will have this bond laws and attachment off the cerebellum |
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| 32:35 | the dorsal part. Now midbrain as . We'll discuss. It has some |
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| 32:41 | interesting and important nuclear brain stem. have all of the sensor information from |
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| 32:48 | off the head and face. So cord process everything from neck below. |
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| 32:54 | stem processes everything in the head and and also the facial muscles, so |
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| 33:00 | control head muscles. But brainstem, apart from the sensory and motor |
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| 33:07 | also regulates levels of arousal. So awareness It has the centers and the |
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| 33:14 | that control very important body functions. it also has the cranial nerve. |
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| 33:21 | it has 12 cranial nerves and cranial nuclei that a sensor in motor as |
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| 33:27 | as it has special senses that are being processed at the level of the |
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| 33:32 | . So medulla blonde gotta is your economic functions breathing heart rate, |
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| 33:38 | And if you damage the nuclei of structures in medulla blonde gotta you are |
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| 33:43 | breathing, heart rate and digestion without you cannot really live. And that's |
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| 33:48 | evolutionarily, maybe we as primordial humans able to survive with the brain stem |
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| 33:55 | some sort of a dying stuff along sort of a thalamus and maybe some |
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| 34:01 | one or two layer neocortex. It is called the new cortex. |
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| 34:07 | is the structural cortex. Neocortex is sixth largest structures, the most sophisticated |
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| 34:12 | the latest in our evolutionary development. brain stem is these vital body |
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| 34:20 | Palms was motor information from serve, of cerebral and back. Cerebellum is |
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| 34:27 | range of movement and learning of motor . So once a complex motor command |
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| 34:32 | initiated at the level of the primary cortex, let's say I'm gonna hit |
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| 34:37 | ball, the tennis ball, and something changes is the motor command that's |
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| 34:41 | initiated. So cerebellum will command and adjust if force a range of |
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| 34:46 | In certain are the specific adjustments instant to for this, uh, |
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| 34:53 | command for this motor command. It's learning motor skills. So procedural |
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| 34:59 | they cerebellum. That's procedural memory, , motor skills. Learning how to |
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| 35:04 | a bicycle. Pete Don Coles is where cerebellum is connected. Thio |
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| 35:10 | Uh, midbrain midbrain will contain four that are very important. I mentioned |
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| 35:16 | corporate choir Gemini that process sensor motor , including eye movements and coordination of |
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| 35:24 | on auditory reflexes. So some of . Visual and auditory information processing and |
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| 35:29 | information is happening at the level off brain stem dying Cephalon just divided and |
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| 35:36 | and hypothalamus dying, solemn following this intake all of the information, |
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| 35:43 | going into the cerebral cortex. So all of the sensor information enters into |
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| 35:49 | cortex that will have to go through thalamus hypothalamus below is responsible for autumn |
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| 35:56 | and involuntary bodily functions. It's also in the end, a green system |
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| 36:03 | influences the release off hormones to neuron in system and influences visceral functions as |
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| 36:11 | . So we will hemisphere. So have cerebral cortex, but then major |
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| 36:16 | , major collections and three layer Such a simple campus or outline |
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| 36:21 | Basil ganglia, hippocampus and the Basil ganglia is very important. Motor |
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| 36:26 | , memory and motor command of Hippocampus is very important for encoding and |
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| 36:33 | calling semantic memory. So as opposed cerebellum, which is procedural memory, |
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| 36:41 | storytelling, memory, remembering things, events, stories, names and made |
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| 36:48 | villa is involved in emotional processing, the fear and anxiety process is is |
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| 36:53 | a prominent nuclear, also, that always discussed, and so many different |
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| 36:58 | of the brain will be involved, when you're doing a simple behavior such |
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| 37:02 | hitting the ball. And so, of all, you will be looking |
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| 37:05 | the ball and you will be noticing direction the ball is coming from. |
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| 37:10 | your occipital lobe is involved. Of . You have home in a Stasis |
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| 37:14 | emotions which are partly processed by a villas. Well, motivation to hit |
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| 37:19 | good shot by a hypothalamus pre motor trying to initiate what is gonna be |
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| 37:25 | motor command that I'm going to initiate send that command of the mussels |
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| 37:30 | Paloma just said. Then you have , heart trade control and breathing respiratory |
|
| 37:39 | . And so you have many different functions of all. Have toe play |
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| 37:43 | unison, in parallel, in Siris in time in order for you to |
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| 37:48 | a perfect shot. If you do you score a point that gives a |
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| 37:51 | motivation, you put campuses happy and may even get a dopamine release, |
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| 37:56 | is giving you that feeling of joy goodness and end the cannabinoids as well |
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| 38:03 | with activity and physically it is one the best ways to simulate looking at |
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| 38:08 | sistemas. Well, so once these diagrams are all very good for |
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| 38:14 | questions. Identifying the frontal cortex, motor area. That's a matter. |
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| 38:19 | cortex. The posterior parietal cortex, visual cortex Area 17 This primary visual |
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| 38:25 | 18 Secondary 19 is tertiary visual cortex 42 is the auditory cortex. If |
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| 38:33 | peel a piece of this, structure right here, you will reveal |
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| 38:38 | gustatory cortex, So taste cortex So all of these senses will be |
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| 38:44 | in the primary areas processed hierarchically more , and Siri's and secondary church coordinate |
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| 38:51 | and then finally merged into the overall sensor Mona picture off the world. |
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| 38:58 | the association areas, Diane Cephalon or has shown here isolated from the |
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| 39:05 | So it's been taken from this picture . And what you notice is that |
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| 39:10 | is actually a collection of very different . And these nuclear I have their |
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| 39:15 | . Lateral dorsal, lateral posterior. lateral dorsal nucleus located? Well, |
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| 39:21 | has to be located laterally and on dorsal side. Uh huh. I |
|
| 39:26 | that lateral posterior located with your eventual has to be on eventual side of |
|
| 39:33 | . So somebody told me, Go for ventral anterior nucleus in the |
|
| 39:37 | Us. Where am I gonna I'm gonna go to the ventral |
|
| 39:41 | They will say, Go to the natural side. Left, Go left |
|
| 39:45 | side, which is in the uh, natural interior in the |
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| 39:50 | natural mhm versus lateral central. so it's going to be on the |
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| 39:58 | the ventral side versus the lateral which is here, or the dorsal |
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| 40:02 | , which is the back. So have this nucleus, and then I |
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| 40:08 | a great deal off my life studying activity in this nucleus and last lecture |
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| 40:15 | you gabba and Gabby responses. And those gabba and yeah, baby responses |
|
| 40:20 | I showed you were recorded by me the structure called the lateral Jinich Hewlett |
|
| 40:26 | . And the information comes from the . So visual information enters into our |
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| 40:32 | through the retina through the eyes. you don't have the eyes, you |
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| 40:36 | have the visual information. So now visual information before it goes into the |
|
| 40:42 | , goes into the columnist and has specific nucleus, remember? Nuclei collections |
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| 40:47 | south of process the same or similar of information. So it goes into |
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| 40:51 | lateral Jew Nicollet nucleus and for lateral nucleus. The relay cells will relay |
|
| 40:57 | information and project through the internal Remember, through this fiber bundles information |
|
| 41:03 | the visual cortex and the primary visual in the back of the brain, |
|
| 41:08 | this is lateral Jew Nicollet nucleus. day, the medial Jew nucular nucleus |
|
| 41:12 | located immediately, and the medial Jinich whistle process ought to turn for me |
|
| 41:20 | the front year to the L. M. A lateral nuclear nuclear. |
|
| 41:24 | have a nucleus called ventral posterior so it's located centrally, posterior and |
|
| 41:31 | and VPL. Eventual posterior lateral nucleus process all of the information coming from |
|
| 41:38 | spinal cord. Dorsal column Nuclei ascending the spinal cord into the solemn US |
|
| 41:45 | the specific nucleus. All of this of sensory information from the spinal cord |
|
| 41:51 | from the brain stumble, then enter the thalamus before it goes into the |
|
| 41:56 | lobe into the somatic sensory cortex. this illustrates that solemn asses, first |
|
| 42:03 | all, a collection of nuclei that served their own distinct function, sensory |
|
| 42:08 | , visual L g m auditory, , somatic sensory vpl and nuclear. |
|
| 42:17 | the information that flows through the thalamus not just passively relayed as it was |
|
| 42:24 | , but instead the Islamic circuit inside the surrounding. Very interesting, ridiculous |
|
| 42:33 | . Both of these the local circuits , in the surrounding particular nucleus will |
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| 42:40 | and modulate and gave them out of signal information that passes into the |
|
| 42:45 | That may tell the cortex pay attention lot more to this visual signal versus |
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| 42:51 | auditory signal or vice versa. So have a lot of control of what |
|
| 42:56 | at the level of the column was that information gets passed on to the |
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| 43:01 | , it serves a gating and modulation signal function in this ridiculous formation. |
|
| 43:08 | , it contains all of the inhibitory . So all of these inhibitory south |
|
| 43:14 | like a sheet of inhibitory neurons that these excited to really neurons. And |
|
| 43:19 | the really neurons process information, they that to this inhibitory sheet, and |
|
| 43:24 | inhibitory sheet again has a control What is gonna pass through these different |
|
| 43:31 | eyes and the follow us and what going to be communicated, accentuated or |
|
| 43:37 | on the way to their respective particle . Hi Pathology Mrs. Involved again |
|
| 43:44 | located right here, involved in autonomic bodily functions. It's a part of |
|
| 43:49 | endocrine system. It's involved in End Queen Glands and hormones hormone hormone hormone |
|
| 43:57 | . And this little functions can affect little functions because it has very thin |
|
| 44:02 | brain barrier between the thalamus, hypothalamus the blood structures. It's also somewhat |
|
| 44:09 | the detector of the body temperature, well as any toxic materials that might |
|
| 44:13 | circulating into in the blood. It's responsible for appetite in part for water |
|
| 44:20 | , sexual activity, lactation and slow and slow growth because it can influence |
|
| 44:25 | release of hormones or release of releasing hormones that are responsible for actual |
|
| 44:32 | growth and slow maturation of our Finally, there is a Chiasson uh |
|
| 44:39 | stands for two optic nerves crossing over when the two crossing nurse crossover behind |
|
| 44:47 | . There's a super charismatic nucleus, it's a part of the dying stuff |
|
| 44:52 | . Also super charismatic nucleus is, learn, is responsible for controlling our |
|
| 44:57 | rhythms. Circadian rhythm is your dire clock. You're dying night cloth. |
|
| 45:02 | so in the super G, asthmatic Clues. You have two transcription |
|
| 45:07 | and during the daytime they turn on prescription factors and that life they changed |
|
| 45:13 | prescription factors and by that virtually control rhythms. Our day night rhythms and |
|
| 45:20 | rhythms air pretty solidly ingrained in our , and it's difficult for us. |
|
| 45:27 | have jobs that are in shifts there of the regular circadian rhythms. Because |
|
| 45:33 | lot of the circadian rhythms are influenced external environment. Such a slight outside |
|
| 45:39 | should probably be awake dark outside. should probably be going to sleep. |
|
| 45:43 | it's influencing very much as a very visual component that allows the super charismatic |
|
| 45:51 | Thio kind of us see if it's or night time in a way, |
|
| 45:56 | adjusted circadian rhythm cycle inside the brain . We're looking at the mid sagittal |
|
| 46:04 | through the human brain, but here have the served along. Now all |
|
| 46:09 | these different parts ponds medulla along God going into the spinal cord. This |
|
| 46:15 | the corpus callosum, the bundle that the two hemispheres. This is |
|
| 46:20 | Gyrus is shown here. What else showing you? This is the amygdala |
|
| 46:25 | we discussed. And this is the . The hippocampus together is responsible for |
|
| 46:31 | semantic memories, for emotional memories, encoding and retrieval, of memories of |
|
| 46:38 | responsible for anxiety, for for fear , emotional centers also very much intricately |
|
| 46:48 | in the middle of processing cerebellum. is the back of the brain |
|
| 46:52 | It has the left, sir Bala and the rights Arabella Hemisphere. Environments |
|
| 46:56 | the middle. We won't be able really study the circus of structures inside |
|
| 47:01 | cerebellum. All the some of the beautiful anatomical was sells for Kenji styles |
|
| 47:08 | parallel fibers and the climbing fiber circuits located within the cerebellum. Here. |
|
| 47:13 | you peel the cerebellum off the back the brain and expose you first of |
|
| 47:18 | , our exposing thalamus on top Okay, so this is the back |
|
| 47:23 | the brain Thalamus in mid brain in brain, you have the corporate Quadra |
|
| 47:29 | . So you have the superior sis, the two superior curricular left |
|
| 47:32 | right and inferior curricula. It's left right. Superior curricula. Sis |
|
| 47:37 | Very special part of the visual senses sense of visual information. Visual census |
|
| 47:44 | movement. That's CATIC eye movement. , as humans and animals actually don't |
|
| 47:50 | a smooth pursuit, but instead we we follow something in visual field, |
|
| 47:55 | eyes actually jump like this. And they jump, they re focus in |
|
| 48:00 | whatever we're following. It is moving our visual fields of the superior |
|
| 48:04 | us responsible for the psychotic eye And if anybody has a cat at |
|
| 48:10 | , what's your cat's? Because they tremendous psychotic eye movements of the |
|
| 48:15 | just scoping, jumping all over the , and that's a superior curriculums |
|
| 48:21 | So again, this is somewhat ever , so unnecessarily very complex. Visual |
|
| 48:26 | processing that is happening at the level the midbrain in physical Oculus is you |
|
| 48:31 | learn is a part of that auditory . By the way, we're going |
|
| 48:35 | come back to. All of these were talking about the visual system, |
|
| 48:38 | know, the structure of the retina of the columnist, and the second |
|
| 48:43 | it's our schurick, ordinary areas of visual cortex. We'll talk about the |
|
| 48:47 | system, gonna learn about the projections gonna learn about the empirical Oculus, |
|
| 48:51 | ridiculous nucleus. You're gonna learn about auditory cortex and destruction back and the |
|
| 48:56 | topic map there. So we will reviewing all of this information. But |
|
| 49:01 | is really all very important that you all of this information, these diagrams |
|
| 49:06 | the key components that we're discussing here your winter the location of ponds and |
|
| 49:11 | are the cerebellum Podunk. Also, you take a cut off the cerebellum |
|
| 49:15 | that's hanging on the back of the now you will expose these expose these |
|
| 49:19 | peed uncles that are interconnectivity size really cerebellum and cerebral and vice versa. |
|
| 49:27 | you have the fourth ventricle here shown is observing the brainstem areas going into |
|
| 49:31 | spinal canal into the spinal cord down . Brainstem. All right, now |
|
| 49:39 | remainder of this class last 15 we're going to spend talking about cranial |
|
| 49:49 | . 12 cranial learns. I will you that if you go pursue graduate |
|
| 49:56 | in neuroscience, anything related thio, and psychology You go to dental |
|
| 50:05 | If you go to medical school, go to nursing school. If you |
|
| 50:11 | an advanced degree and rehabilitation and Neururer . You're gonna have to know your |
|
| 50:22 | nerves, and we're gonna learn And we're gonna learn the important ones |
|
| 50:28 | . And you will be asked some about these cranial nerves on your |
|
| 50:33 | Right. So this is the side off dying Cephalon, the midbrain, |
|
| 50:40 | and medulla blonde got off the brain here, and you can see that |
|
| 50:44 | , all of the 12 cranial nerves in this brainstem region Here. This |
|
| 50:52 | the front to you. So this a side view, and this is |
|
| 50:55 | front of you, and it shows nerves. Remember, we talked about |
|
| 50:59 | nerves, which is not here. cranial nerve to? And this is |
|
| 51:03 | crossover. This is the chi um that we were talking about. |
|
| 51:06 | Super chi asthmatic nucleus is located, ? Right. Uh, on that |
|
| 51:13 | of the sky as, um here we're looking at it from the |
|
| 51:16 | Mhm on. Then there is other . There's many different other nerves, |
|
| 51:22 | you can see a very prominent fiber of the trigeminal nerve. You should |
|
| 51:27 | able to recognize the two optic nerves the chi as, um And when |
|
| 51:31 | of the fiber bundles have come from retina through the optic nerve, the |
|
| 51:35 | through the chi asthma and then becomes optic tract here and the largest nerve |
|
| 51:42 | sticking on here. Trigeminal has three . Three tried general components is the |
|
| 51:50 | cranial nerve is very important for our motor information processing off the face, |
|
| 51:57 | there's 12 of them. And how you learn them? How do you |
|
| 52:03 | these 12 nerves and plus, how you memorize their functions? And as |
|
| 52:10 | memorize our functions, how do you which one's a sensory and which ones |
|
| 52:15 | motor or which ones are both? I will tell you that. So |
|
| 52:22 | will tell you how on one lonely , exam preparation night when we've studied |
|
| 52:33 | for our undergraduate. Their anatomy course my undergraduate anatomy and physiology course consisted |
|
| 52:46 | the brain and neck, the neuroscience and also the rest of the |
|
| 52:54 | It was it was actually quite We worked with a cadaver as undergraduates |
|
| 53:01 | dissecting, and we had to do identification of the cranial nerves on the |
|
| 53:07 | cadaver. So I was blessed enough go to school that had tremendous access |
|
| 53:13 | had access to cadavers for us to use their sections, different parts of |
|
| 53:20 | brain and the body during our So you won't have to do this |
|
| 53:26 | . But I wish that you would to do this. And you |
|
| 53:30 | This resource is But we were sitting and they're 12 cranial nerves. And |
|
| 53:35 | have all these weird names like trigeminal since this to be a cochlear glass |
|
| 53:40 | torrential. We're like, How do even remember the order? So we |
|
| 53:45 | sitting around 19 19 to 1993 were around and Bugs Bunny says, came |
|
| 54:00 | with this pneumonic Bugs bunny says, , to touch and feel very green |
|
| 54:12 | . Uh, so there's many different for cranial nerves. This is the |
|
| 54:20 | that worked for me since 1992. it will work for you. You're |
|
| 54:27 | to use other new Monix. What the stand for all the stands |
|
| 54:32 | Oh, it's the first letter o for olfactory o stands for Optic o |
|
| 54:41 | for third nor ocular motor The Roman 123456789 10 11 and 12 indicate the |
|
| 54:51 | the 12 cranial nerves. Mhm. personals you have here on top you |
|
| 54:59 | olfactory optic ocular motor truculent trigeminal which from these should you know, you |
|
| 55:09 | know the first nor because it's all optic nerve because it's really prominent. |
|
| 55:16 | should know the optic nerve in the eye, asthma and off the track |
|
| 55:19 | should be able to identify it on diagram Labeling diagram. Ocular motor nerve |
|
| 55:25 | three. You should know it because name says what it does. Motor |
|
| 55:31 | ocular for the I. I'm on nerve, trigeminal nerve totally unnerve. |
|
| 55:38 | don't have to know trigeminal nerve. have to know because this is the |
|
| 55:42 | stock right here off the fiber bundles this nervous sticking on. It's also |
|
| 55:47 | the major cranial nerve that controls the muscles on sensory information. So sensory |
|
| 55:55 | are for the for the phase. you have 6789 10 11 and 12 |
|
| 56:04 | nuisance facial vestibular, cochlea, lhasa angel Vegas accessory and half of law |
|
| 56:10 | . Again, some of these nerve tell you what they do. Guess |
|
| 56:15 | distributed Coakley and our does the studio Cochlear This tribute it tells you to |
|
| 56:23 | on. Wait for five minutes in vested. You No, listen in |
|
| 56:29 | your name is being called the stimulus for balance cochlear for hearing. |
|
| 56:35 | so no cranial nerve. Eight Mr Cochlear Because we will study it as |
|
| 56:39 | study the auditory system in the third as well. So cranial nerve eight |
|
| 56:44 | Mr Bullock Oakland. Just what vagus does should you know about vagus nerve |
|
| 56:51 | already know about vagus nerve? Vagus has one of the most extensive projections |
|
| 56:57 | run into the heart, run throughout organs in our body. So |
|
| 57:02 | the vagus nerve Because that's where auto We discovered chemicals and affect transmission. |
|
| 57:09 | guess what? HIPPA, glass. . What does it do? Hyper |
|
| 57:13 | . Hypo glass Algo Lhasa was Hi, Paul. Underneath tongue. |
|
| 57:19 | it has to be controlling something with underneath the tongue. Have glass of |
|
| 57:24 | JAL. We always have to decide these words. Take them apart. |
|
| 57:28 | . Glass of foreign. Jal. usually two words and one glass. |
|
| 57:32 | was glass. Oh, break up the world. Words glass of tongue |
|
| 57:36 | in jail with is that refer to ? Okay. Glass of Ferencz. |
|
| 57:41 | has to do something with tongue. thanks from troll. Maybe something to |
|
| 57:45 | with swallowing. Because thistles, this very important. The movement of the |
|
| 57:50 | access to the larynx and pharynx and on. Okay, so the name |
|
| 57:55 | you what it does. The name tell you always what it does, |
|
| 58:00 | it does. And when it doesn't you what it does, it doesn't |
|
| 58:04 | you whether it's a sensory and motor both. And so our second pneumonic |
|
| 58:10 | remember whether each nervous sensory motor or said sort of motor was another of |
|
| 58:17 | . And that one waas so so money. But my brother says Bugs |
|
| 58:32 | makes more so so much money. my brother says Bugs Bunny makes more |
|
| 58:42 | s stands for sensory now promoter be both the first nerve. So cell |
|
| 58:50 | nerves. Olfactory optic surprise, surprise motor nerve. His motor l for |
|
| 58:58 | clear motor trigeminal both. It will a sensory component and a motor |
|
| 59:04 | It will be sending sensor component from face from the muscles of the face |
|
| 59:09 | also controlling the muscles off the taste the motor component. And it has |
|
| 59:16 | stocks. So that's what it's called , General. Nor. All |
|
| 59:19 | so now you have a really good that you can use Thio. Memorize |
|
| 59:26 | order of all of the 12 cranial again for the exam for next |
|
| 59:32 | You have to know 123 Olfactory ocular motor five trigeminal eight. |
|
| 59:38 | Bulat, Cochlear 10 Vegas No, are all of the nurse that you |
|
| 59:43 | know. You should be able from nerves that identify the optic nerve, |
|
| 59:49 | optic Aya's, the optic tract and trigeminal nerve. This is what you're |
|
| 59:57 | for. You should know these nerves I said olfactory optic ocular motor trigeminal |
|
| 60:03 | to be all Coakley in Vegas. 10. And you should know whether |
|
| 60:10 | motor or sensory or both on you recall the whole story. About what |
|
| 60:19 | , in his stimulation off the vagus that's projects into the into the frog's |
|
| 60:26 | and in the discovery of the chemical |
|
