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00:03 | Like you're pointing one of neuroscience and talking about the factor in the |
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00:08 | So what is all faction? It's ability to perceive different smells and the |
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00:15 | that we perceive smells is that we air, the air molecules and odor |
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00:22 | that are in the air to our . And here at the top of |
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00:30 | nostrils and at the base of the , there is all factory at the |
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00:37 | . And there are these rations in crib form plate and down below the |
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00:45 | the helium, you have olfactory receptor and have their CIA that will contain |
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00:51 | receptor proteins and they will generate action and they will have their axons physically |
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01:02 | through the skull through these fest administrations form olfactory nerve, which is cranial |
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01:09 | one, and the projections will go the olfactory bulb where it will contact |
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01:16 | secondary order of neurons. So, this factor of the, you have |
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01:22 | cells, you have basal cells, will also talk about this type of |
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01:27 | called sustentaculum cell. When we talk covid-nineteen infections. Again, uh much |
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01:34 | what you eat, much of whom date much of uh how you select |
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01:42 | things in life. Uh shampoos things like that depends on your sense |
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01:49 | smell. A lot of flavor that perceive in food. If you think |
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01:54 | your taste receptors, the major taste , you perceive sweet salty, |
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02:02 | bitter, umami tastes, but we're talking about banana, sweet versus |
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02:10 | sweet. So the ability to really the flavor of that sweet or salty |
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02:18 | that matter of food is because when ingest food and you chew on |
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02:25 | air molecules also rise into the nostrils the back of the nose and you |
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02:31 | the flavor. And that was quite for many of us that lost a |
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02:35 | of smell during COVID. If you a COVID infection, it's one of |
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02:40 | typical effects of the peripheral nervous system the loss of smell or anosmia and |
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02:49 | recovers because these cells and the CIA , but they actually regenerate. So |
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02:55 | Olfa receptor neurons have the ability to . But once you lose a sense |
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03:01 | smell, you are now limited to taste perceptions that I was talking about |
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03:09 | versus sweet and, and texture and temperature, cold versus hot, so |
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03:13 | ice cream. But you cannot tell vanilla ice cream, you can just |
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03:17 | it's something which is cold, Ok. So, so you need |
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03:23 | for a lot more than just smelling that we don't think about quite |
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03:28 | So then uh uh uh these uh il we enlarge them. What we |
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03:36 | is we have these odorant molecules and are different odor molecules and they bind |
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03:44 | these odorant receptor proteins of the, the factor receptor neurons. What are |
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03:53 | odorant molecules? While natural odorant they are chemicals that have a certain |
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04:00 | . They have a certain size to structure. The smaller the size and |
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04:03 | more volatile are the molecules. There certain um substances that are natural and |
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04:10 | smell food and we smell tea and . And there are substances that are |
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04:15 | or chemical substances, uh gasoline and and things like that. So these |
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04:24 | molecules that in are in the air bind to this odorant specific G |
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04:34 | Golf. So this protein receptor odor molecular bonds. So golf protein gets |
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04:41 | and it activates and then a little which transforms the AD P into cyclic |
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04:49 | MP. And one target of the A MP is a ion channel. |
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04:57 | it opens up a mix that's called ion channel because it's a cat channel |
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05:03 | not selected to just sodium or just two plus. It allows for the |
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05:09 | and calcium for both to come in calcium influx is inside calcium opens calcium |
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05:19 | chloride channels. So that's something we seen before. It's ion gated ion |
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05:26 | or ionic gated ion channel. So will open chloride channels and chloride will |
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05:34 | be leaving from the cells instead of , it's going to be leaving from |
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05:41 | cells. And both of these the influx of calcium and the influx |
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05:48 | chloride will contribute to the numbering depolarizations the level of the cell in this |
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05:55 | of. So, if the factor neurons are receptor neurons, they also |
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06:05 | to generate receptor potentials and receptor potentials synaptic potentials. And equivalent that we've |
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06:13 | are graded potentials. So we talked how in the central nervous system, |
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06:17 | single synapse is just a half a of depolarization. And if you have |
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06:22 | , you may be getting one millivolt depolarization. So they're graded potentials. |
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06:27 | they're graded in size, they can in size, they were separate potentials |
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06:31 | like synaptic potentials. So graded potentials in a way that is the beginning |
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06:37 | encoding of at least the strength of stimulus. In this case, the |
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06:42 | of the odor molecule, it could how much of that odor molecule is |
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06:47 | . Some smells are very strong because is a very strong odor, a |
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06:51 | of odor molecules. Some smells are faint and maybe there's less of the |
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06:57 | molecules. And therefore, in the of less of the odor molecules that |
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07:01 | be in smaller depolarization here, smaller potential generated. Now, if that |
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07:07 | potential is sufficient and large enough, will generate action potentials at the level |
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07:15 | the SOMA and will conduct those action through the axons which comprise the olfactory |
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07:28 | into the olfactory bone. Ok. it will go from the these olfactory |
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07:35 | neurons. The olfactory nerve, here goes into the olfactory bulb and in |
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07:44 | in these anatomical structures organized in a way that you referred to as factory |
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07:54 | . Ok. And here you have order olfactory neurons. Now that will |
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08:01 | up the olfactory tract that will exit of the olfactory bulb. And the |
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08:08 | these olfactory receptor neurons are organized is interesting. Each one of these olfactory |
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08:15 | neurons expresses that there's different subtypes of olfactory receptor neurons. And they're distinguished |
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08:23 | the fact that each one of these expresses a different olfactory receptor or odorant |
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08:34 | protein. OK. And so this illustrated here in this image where different |
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08:45 | protein here is displayed in different So that means that all of the |
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08:54 | of fact, receptor neurons that are will have a certain odorant receptor |
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09:01 | All of the ones that are blue have a slightly different type of odorant |
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09:05 | protein and they're going to be dispersed a mosaic without any particular order throughout |
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09:18 | epithelium. And how does the different then would interact with these different factor |
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09:29 | neurons and in particular the odor and . So here's an example of citrus |
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09:36 | and these ulfa receptor neurons are exposed citrus smell and the cell that has |
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09:43 | particular receptor odor and receptor protein. green one will get activated by that |
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09:52 | that creates the citrus smell. So cell gets activated by a locked by |
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09:59 | smell. Now, the cell that blue and it expresses a slightly different |
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10:05 | receptor protein, it reacts to that molecule also, but to a lesser |
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10:13 | . So it produces a smaller number action potentials. Now, this cell |
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10:18 | that produces yet another sub type of protein odor proin, it doesn't respond |
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10:28 | the molecule that causes citrus mo doesn't to that chemical. So it's this |
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10:35 | sensory system essentially, that's what we talking about it. Like we are |
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10:39 | chemicals which are odor molecules and we're with these chemicals and odor molecules, |
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10:46 | metabotropic signaling inside the cells. And can see that if you compare it |
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10:52 | the molecule or chemical that produces a and there's many different floral smells with |
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10:59 | generic say flower, floral smell. can see that green cell will react |
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11:04 | it. That protein will react in little bit blue will react a lot |
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11:08 | red will react a little bit. there's a code here. Now for |
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11:14 | scents for different molecules, some of will activate two different odor preceptor |
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11:21 | others will activate 33 others like here activate the blue cells and the red |
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11:28 | but not the green cells. And this is becoming now the code for |
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11:34 | smell for the molecules and the smell we eventually perceive at the higher processing |
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11:40 | in the brain. So, if have this uh essentially microelectrode recordings from |
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11:48 | different cells show that each one responds many different odors but with different |
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11:54 | So this number of action potentials, frequency or the pattern of action potentials |
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12:00 | the beginning of the code for the that are outside and starting to activate |
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12:06 | olfactory receptor neurons. The projections then into the glomus and the olfactory ball |
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12:17 | they get organized here, they disperse without any specific uh organization. Blue |
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12:25 | , there will be blue cells dispersed the pot thelium. Now, when |
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12:29 | comes to the projections to the all of the blue cells that express |
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12:37 | particular odor and podium, all of will converge on the single. So |
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12:45 | may be dispersed throughout the factor of helium, but then they will converge |
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12:51 | precisely onto the or to the secondary neurons. The process is that |
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12:59 | this has the cells that has that odorant uh receptor. So particular receptor |
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13:06 | gene, OK. Now, we about the digital system and we have |
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13:17 | from retina into L G N into primary visual cortex, auditory system, |
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13:22 | , medial geniculate nucleus into the um cortex. Um We had some matter |
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13:32 | sensory information going into the ventral posterior of the thalamus and then going into |
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13:36 | cortex. We had outputs from the that goes into superior colliculus without going |
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13:43 | thons, which was for all almost a reflexive saca eye movements. But |
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13:50 | at this here from the olfactory ball goes the olfactory tubercle area where it |
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13:57 | into the medial dorsal nucleus of the . And from there, it goes |
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14:02 | the orbitofrontal cortex. So thalamus here engaged into the conscious perception of |
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14:12 | But there's a divergent pathway that comes this olfactory tract and projects directly into |
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14:18 | olfactory cortex and related temporal lobe Those temporal lobe structures are limbic |
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14:27 | When we talked about uh uh a of sensory system and we watched the |
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14:33 | by Doctor Ramachandra and he actually alluded the structure in the limbic system. |
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14:39 | , it's emotional center. He talked fusiform gyrus for face area processing. |
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14:43 | was a great uh uh exam and questions by the way, from those |
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14:47 | conditions that we discussed last lecture. but he also mentioned Amygdala is an |
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14:53 | response. And uh it's a part the limbic system. We also know |
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14:59 | structure called the hippocampus. It's part the limbic system. It's also located |
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15:05 | close within the temporal lobe and some the diagrams that we looked earlier in |
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15:10 | course. So what is happening there suggests that there is a very strong |
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15:17 | or factory component that before there is conscious perception of smell, it already |
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15:22 | these other areas of the brain. it also explains why sometimes when you |
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15:29 | things, it brings a lot of . So it has a strong emotional |
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15:33 | and has a strong memory component. can be disgusted by a smell, |
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15:38 | by a smell very strongly and you even know why because seemingly you're not |
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15:43 | aware of why it's going on because activating, bypassing the thalamus cortex is |
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15:48 | activating these other structures. And um memory response was, you know, |
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15:55 | smell something and it's like, oh my smells like my grandmother's pancakes or |
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16:01 | grandmother's bowl of foe or whatever it , you know, and all of |
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16:05 | sudden it transports in time and recreates of these different memories. And that's |
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16:11 | of the connectivity, a very strong goes into the memory and emotional component |
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16:18 | as well as conscious perception of smell . So when we talked about rodents |
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16:25 | the last lecture, we talked about fact that they used the whisker pad |
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16:29 | lot. And because of the fact they use the Whisker pad a lot |
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16:33 | whisker pad and the specific structure of rows of the whisker was occupying a |
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16:42 | of the space in the primary the of sensory cortex. A lot of |
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16:46 | is dedicated in the cortex for processing information from Whisker pad, had the |
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16:52 | barrel cortex structure. And we looked the maps of activity when you wiggle |
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16:57 | whisker that you can see neurons light and we can look at the spatial |
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17:05 | patterns of neuronal activation. So space spatial temporal patterns, neuronal activation. |
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17:11 | throughout this course, we discuss how are several techniques that can reveal these |
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17:16 | temporal patterns in either the experimental neuron or clinical setting. So the clinical |
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17:23 | , we talked about pet scans and the experimental setting, we discuss things |
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17:29 | calcium sensitive dye imaging that means that and changes in fluorescent signal or some |
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17:38 | reporting signal changes with the concentration changes calcium. Specifically, we talked about |
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17:46 | sensitive dye. We said that there dyes that will track almost 1 to |
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17:52 | that will represent changes in membrane So these uh dyes can reveal activity |
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17:59 | neurons. And we saw that uh the example of a matter sensory system |
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18:04 | you work at a whisker and you activation of C two map, for |
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18:08 | and how that activity map gradually spreads the brain tissues. And rodents also |
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18:17 | quite a glass factory systems because they depend a lot on the on smells |
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18:25 | their factory bulbs are large and can relatively to the whole size of the |
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18:31 | . A lot of total body Uh It's an interesting and good experimental |
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18:38 | also because you can shave the So you don't necessarily have to open |
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18:44 | animal's skull. You can shave the so thin that you can visualize and |
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18:50 | the olfactory bulbs and that you can internally and some other means to |
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18:55 | You can image activity in these So you can now subject the animal |
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19:00 | the minty smell versus the fruity And look at the acidity map in |
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19:06 | glomeruli. And you can see very that the minty smell activates one glome |
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19:12 | strongly. So that's one odor receptor protein that we're talking about that converge |
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19:19 | . But also some other odor receptor is also reacting to minty milk. |
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19:24 | , giving you this map predominantly two are active. Maybe there is some |
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19:31 | in august. It's a minimal And here, the heat map here |
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19:36 | increases in calcium, which is synonymous this case with depolarization and synonymous with |
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19:44 | activity neuronal activity. But look at map next to it, which is |
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19:50 | fruity map. It activates very different receptor proteins, uh factor receptor neurons |
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20:00 | it has 12345 active line. That that there are five different subtypes, |
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20:08 | least of the protein and odor receptor proteins that react to the fruity |
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20:14 | And now this is the map of 10 factory mo but it doesn't have |
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20:22 | just stay at that level, the when they go into the factor cortex |
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20:28 | into the other centers. They can be described as maps or odor maps |
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20:34 | smell maps. So this is a of timing and notice that these molecules |
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20:41 | and fruity molecules, they look almost except that this one is missing C |
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20:49 | three over here, right? But map is very different. So no |
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20:55 | molecules will will, will smell the because no two molecules will generate the |
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21:01 | map of activity in the factor ball will then communicate that to the higher |
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21:06 | centers. If you look at the of individual cells and you have these |
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21:13 | different chemical structures. One is p resinous smell. Alpha pine is a |
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21:21 | uh one of the volatile molecules and any coniferous plants and Christmas trees and |
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21:28 | like that. Octonal, fruity, smell has a different structure. This |
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21:34 | cut grass hexen, OK. And which is seems to be a similar |
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21:41 | but xon is much shorter molecule because of these are carbons, we call |
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21:47 | carbon chains. C this is carbon carbon long black molecule, 12345678 carbon |
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21:59 | molecule. OK. So now you live with which cells are activated uh |
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22:06 | the olfactory cortex. And this is pine. All the cells in green |
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22:13 | reacting to pine. All the cells red are reacting to octin and all |
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22:20 | cells that are yellow, they means are to both smells. So certain |
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22:26 | will be specific to just one small other cells will process information from a |
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22:32 | of other molecules just like we saw the diagram right here. OK. |
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22:41 | , and now this is a cut map and green and citrus map in |
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22:49 | . And in this case, there not that many cells that process information |
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22:55 | , from both scents. So some more of a all right, that |
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23:01 | you that maybe pine smell is closer fruity citrusy smell, but the cut |
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23:06 | smell is not as close to fruity smell. And somebody will argue maybe |
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23:12 | far away Christmas trees smell a little like lemons, I don't know or |
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23:18 | . So now no two different molecules the same. We just discussed that |
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23:25 | they have different structures and they create maps of activity and they just don't |
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23:35 | and they'll factor bulb. Obviously, in the areas that will factor bulb |
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23:42 | and other secondary neurons project to these areas, limbic areas, right? |
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23:50 | so this is the not of activity the human brain as there is a |
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23:58 | of rose. So what does What does that mean? That means |
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24:04 | when you smell these turkeys or volatile , the natural volatile molecules. So |
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24:12 | of like chemicals, uh but this molecules will also create their own different |
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24:19 | of affinity. So after you activate factory volve factory areas, now you |
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24:26 | limbic areas, guess what happens Association areas, then you're gonna activate |
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24:34 | lot of other interconnected and also association that might be related to a task |
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24:42 | you're doing while you're smelling something, you're choosing food. Ok. |
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24:47 | maybe you're trying to see if the is still good. And so is |
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24:55 | , is it smelling things? Only , a psychology, does it |
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25:02 | Only our psychology is aromatherapy all And it's a pseudo science. But |
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25:13 | when educated people go home and medical , they have their little, |
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25:20 | nebulizers and such or eucalyptus smells because gonna be coming. And so is |
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25:28 | , is it, is it just psychology or is it the smells that |
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25:34 | these maps of activity and these maps activity that spread through interconnected networks? |
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25:40 | is now physiology. So we're looking the changes in neuronal activity of how |
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25:47 | neurons communicate to each other, which to do what then? Well, |
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25:52 | will that influence your behavior, you , it smells like lavender, you |
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25:56 | , when you go to sleep or know, some different behavior, like |
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26:02 | this repulsive smell and you run away here as fast as possible, it |
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26:08 | change your mood and if it changes mood, it will change your mother |
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26:16 | . So you're gonna get more relaxed you're gonna, you know, kick |
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26:20 | legs back and read a story or versus get energized and do something different |
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26:27 | , with different smells or smells of , smells that are repulsive smells that |
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26:32 | something bad, you know. So are different maps for mint rose |
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26:42 | Now, this is another interesting thing we'll discuss and uh we'll watch a |
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26:48 | TED talk with the end of this , but something interesting to think |
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26:53 | And I think that maybe again, humanity is going to change and evolve |
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26:58 | our brains will evolve also. But become digital just about what, 60 |
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27:07 | ago, you don't know life without . We already talked about some amount |
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27:13 | sensory system and you know, slide , tap, tap and how our |
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27:17 | maps are affected. But what we it's activity dependent processes, right? |
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27:23 | peripheral activity on the periphery, stimulation visual system, plasticity and this all |
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27:29 | this activity then influences plasticity in the , these activity dependent processes and it |
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27:39 | the brain, it changes brain connectivity . Now what's interesting is in 60 |
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27:46 | of digital, everything we have we can take videos, pictures, |
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27:52 | can send it around the world within fraction of a second. We can |
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27:57 | an audio and send that over, ? Uh Well, we actually can |
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28:07 | touch people over distance. And that's you know, you have these uh |
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28:15 | surgeries where surgeons are here in the Medical Center, but they're actually performing |
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28:20 | surgery with robotic hands in work in field hospital someplace uh in the army |
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28:31 | . OK. So there are tools this. So you can touch people |
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28:34 | over distance, you can do you can do that, right? |
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28:40 | you send somebody a digital diagram? you uh send somebody a digital uh |
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28:54 | gram. Can you digitally send somebody smell? Yes. Not yet. |
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29:07 | answer apparently yet already. But it's a very wide practice. But so |
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29:13 | kind of a missing element, And uh imagine this and the TED |
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29:20 | at the end of this is gonna address it and I'm, I'm I |
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29:24 | put it in a kind of greater . But uh but imagine this that |
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29:28 | had a digital device attached to your . And when your friend took, |
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29:35 | a picture of the rose garden, digital device contains, let's say 5000 |
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29:44 | chemicals just like a printer, And your friend uh send you the |
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29:51 | and there's something when he took a , does he can also on his |
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29:59 | or his device? Select a a digital code of odors. He |
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30:05 | has the same device. So he these. No, it smells. |
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30:10 | , no, it smells a little . Oh, this smells exactly like |
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30:13 | rose garden. You know, they like three different things or five different |
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30:17 | that are already preprogrammed with these And so when they send you a |
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30:22 | , the rose garden and you open on your computer, your device, |
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30:26 | click another thing. Smell from the , your device now recreates the same |
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30:34 | that the person sent you selected and of a sudden you're not only seeing |
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30:39 | rose garden or the video of the garden hearing a story about it, |
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30:43 | at what I planted, but can imagine these smells? And I think |
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30:49 | that comes about it will make us lot more smell centric, I think |
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30:55 | depend a lot more on smells right . This is a, you |
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31:01 | a tool that you cannot transfer digitally of the dating and meeting other people |
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31:07 | online. But if the smell of chemistry, body chemistry, body odors |
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31:16 | agree. You cannot, you can very difficult time. But now you've |
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31:21 | probably, you know, hours days in love flew, bought a ticket |
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31:26 | , you know, haircut, you know, and then you're |
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31:30 | oh no, I can't, I take that smell, you know, |
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31:33 | just, it's not me and it's like the person should be guilty. |
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31:37 | as you learn, our, our body odors are as unique as a |
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31:43 | . Ok. So, but if changed in this world, then we |
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31:49 | perceive world differently, we would choose differently. We would choose mates |
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31:55 | We would interpret this world in a fuller way. Imagine, you |
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31:59 | like virtual reality. By the when uh Ramachandran said in his |
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32:04 | you know, oh, well, did it with Mirror Box. If |
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32:06 | do it with virtual reality, you , it costs millions. That was |
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32:11 | 15 years ago now it doesn't cost . We have meta, it costs |
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32:17 | . And I wonder if the same for like Phantom limb syndrome and the |
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32:23 | input and uh visual input and helping learning the paralysis. Basically, if |
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32:29 | has been now performed with virtual that's one way to think about |
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32:33 | Another way to think about it is these massive, you know, hundreds |
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32:37 | billions of dollars of companies and meta doesn't have a smell built into their |
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32:43 | that would be revolutionary because virtual imagine adding a virtual reality, adding |
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32:49 | smell component, you're almost like you everything up. Ok. So and |
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32:56 | think that would change, that would our minds, that would change the |
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33:00 | , that would change plasticity and uh overall development of different brain structures as |
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33:05 | of the slow evolution of the So turbines and smells that we typically |
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33:12 | any large group of volatile and saturated found in central oils of plants, |
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33:20 | and citrus trees, but turfs are produced by bacteria. So bathrooms will |
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33:26 | a lot of turps, very strong and things like that. And typically |
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33:31 | we find locations on the map, , you know, we look on |
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33:36 | Maps or map quest or whatever app using or we unfold the map if |
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33:41 | old school and look at the street and find the Walmart and so |
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33:46 | And now imagine if you couldn't see you couldn't hear anything. How would |
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33:55 | get around if you couldn't see or couldn't hear anything you still have, |
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34:00 | know, to touch. And if visually impaired or blind, you can |
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34:05 | get around with a cane. But it be wonderful if you had a |
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34:11 | ? That was an olfactory map? this is uh an artist, Kate |
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34:18 | . And she walked around the city Edinburgh and uh she walked around and |
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34:25 | she encountered sea sand beach in green she put the green dots and she |
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34:34 | of uh drew over space actual over space of how these smells spread. |
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34:42 | then brewery bloom. She found the breweries and described the smell from |
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34:50 | Vaults and underground streets and purple boys in primary schools in orange. Wants |
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34:59 | have a really, really strong pungent , especially boys toilets in primary |
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35:04 | not middle schools but universities but fish chips shops. So now close your |
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35:12 | . You can't hear anything if you're and you have a task to get |
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35:18 | the beach and then from the beach go to a brewery. Ok. |
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35:24 | you, your starting point is So you're lucky. You, you |
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35:29 | out and you're like, oh, a boy's toilet over here you walk |
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35:35 | then no, nothing you walk to right. Oh, another boy's |
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35:38 | Ok. So that's the second And if you uh can still |
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35:42 | you can do it by braille right? Smelling and have a brail |
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35:47 | . Then you're like, ok, means what's next on the braille |
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35:50 | Cut grass. When I walk in cut grass, I need to get |
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35:55 | the beach. I'm gonna take a . I'm gonna follow this until the |
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35:59 | of the cut grass. Luckily there's boy's toilet over there and then if |
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36:05 | kind of linger around the sand, gonna start smelling the beach and the |
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36:10 | and hopefully I'm gonna walk up and is gonna be the, the waterfront |
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36:16 | . So this is like a another of looking at the world through the |
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36:20 | map. And, uh, I love some day to do a project |
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36:26 | U H Smell Knock University of Houston map. So if you're walking from |
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36:31 | direction, you know, is the to smell concrete and construction, you |
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36:35 | , if you're walking from the other . Yes. Yeah. The other |
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36:38 | you're smelling cafeteria, you know, the gym and all of that, |
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36:43 | know, like it's, it's, quite realistic actually. So, and |
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36:48 | , it's unique because that's another way think about this world. And, |
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36:53 | , how lucky we are that we all of these senses that we can |
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36:57 | and how unlucky we get and depressed get. If we lose the sense |
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37:01 | smell, if any of you experience during COVID, you know, a |
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37:05 | days is bad enough people that lost for a couple of weeks. It's |
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37:09 | . You know, there's no there's no strawberry. There's, I |
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37:12 | smell anything. I can't smell You know, it's, it's |
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37:16 | uh psychologically and psycho physiologically because you the physiology in the brain too. |
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37:22 | it's very telling. There's a really scientist. His name is Doctor Luca |
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37:28 | Turan and he wrote this book, Secret of Scent. He works for |
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37:32 | perfume industry has a really good ted too, but I didn't think it |
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37:37 | that uh appropriate or good for this actually. So we want not to |
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37:43 | the step talk. But uh the is that perfume industry in particular have |
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37:50 | the smells. The multibillion dollar companies worked on nothing but smells. And |
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37:57 | Turan developed his own secret theory of that looks at the molecular structure and |
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38:06 | properties of different smells based on their chemical and atomical atomic uh uh uh |
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38:14 | structures. And uh I think about people pay sometimes $300 for a small |
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38:24 | of perfume or food oil or some essential oil. That's, that's, |
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38:33 | , that's a lot of money. people spend that kind of money even |
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38:36 | you buy a cheap uh like uh the to it's still like 40 50 |
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38:43 | , 30 bucks, you know, , you know, but then if |
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38:46 | look at really expensive ones, so they sell so people use them and |
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38:53 | are certain cultures that are built around in a very strong way. Uh |
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38:58 | all cultures kind of have different smells that's partly dietary, partly what, |
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39:03 | they do, partly what the environment surrounded with or the smells that they |
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39:07 | to put on themselves. Um, perfume industry has perfected selling smells. |
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39:16 | they sell smells online, they sell through magazines. You open a little |
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39:21 | and you smell it and you like and you buy it for your date |
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39:25 | something like that. Anyways, uh perfumes are typically designed that they have |
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39:34 | top notes, longer heart notes and bottom notes. And it's really a |
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39:40 | of different odor molecules. So the ones are really shorter carbon chains. |
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39:44 | 68, 10 carbon long chains, longer ones we're talking about 10, |
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39:50 | carbon along the longest bottom ones are 12, 14 carbon long chains and |
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39:57 | more the shorter the molecule, the volatile it is the quicker it's going |
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40:01 | evaporate. And that's why when you perfume, you first smell citrus, |
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40:07 | like limine Turpin, it's uh quite . After a while you start smelling |
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40:14 | smells and the bottom smells that last or days, it typically wood like |
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40:20 | almost uh animatic like smells and a of expensive perfumes are designed to include |
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40:29 | three of these within the perfume so the user will experience it from seconds |
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40:35 | hours long you know, smell uh their body and not just perfumes but |
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40:43 | know, shampoos and things, other that, that, that we use |
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40:46 | day. Now, everything that's over carbon molecules long, we cannot |
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40:52 | we cannot perceive that. And one the strongest smells and notorious for people |
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40:59 | and notorious for people getting arrested because smelling cannabis or marijuana plants and |
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41:08 | But when we smell cannabis, we're smelling cannabinoids. We we already introduced |
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41:16 | cannabinoids or T C, it's So in all of the flowers, |
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41:20 | it's lavender flour, cannabis, we're smelling turkeys and in cannabis, |
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41:25 | not smelling active ingredients such as cannabinoids phyto cannabinoids. Ok? And there's |
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41:32 | other molecules that we cannot perceive because are longer. Ok. So |
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41:38 | a digital way of perceiving different There are robots that can detect |
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41:45 | volatile uh chemical warfare things uh used for military. No, but they |
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41:52 | cannot, they can detect it and what it is, but they cannot |
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41:57 | it into a digital representation. The the smell, the fresher, the |
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42:01 | , the fresher, the fruit, a warning to stronger allergies. So |
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42:06 | you're allergic and you smell grass, smelling flour grass, it you smell |
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42:12 | from far. That means what it's cut grass probably. So everything is |
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42:16 | off. All the fallen molecules. also are volatile, distributing themselves. |
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42:22 | know, with the with the odor you go shop in the grocery |
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42:27 | you pick up a cantaloupe or a and different people do different things and |
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42:33 | pick up, put it in their . Others shake it. You |
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42:36 | other smell, it very common if doesn't smell sweet or it smells a |
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42:42 | bit funky, you put it down you get another one, you smell |
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42:46 | and then it's ok. So it's , you know. So I invented |
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42:51 | term a Romo psychophysiology. Um when talk about uh anything in the |
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42:58 | anything that is related to consumers and that's related to neuroscience in your |
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43:04 | aroma, smells, psychology, because it's affecting our psychology, our |
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43:12 | setting physiology because we have physiological activation these different odor maps that will then |
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43:19 | our behavior, our behavioral response and response according to that an interesting |
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43:27 | But it's important to understand how that . You know, like if you |
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43:30 | the neuroscience behind this, there for example, uh perfume shops that |
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43:38 | elite in Europe and they don't just the products, you know, like |
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43:44 | brand next to another, next to third, next to 1/4. You'll |
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43:47 | that in duty free. Usually because , it's not that uh it's not |
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43:53 | sophisticated, but uh they will instead the sophisticated stores will arrange the |
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44:01 | and deodorants in a smell tunnel like because they understand the short, the |
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44:07 | , the long molecules and they want consumer to be exposed to these smells |
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44:13 | a certain way so that they end essentially buying the product rather than somehow |
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44:20 | them too strong of a smell at . And they can't smell a more |
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44:25 | , more expensive product. And now comes down to the economics or neuroeconomics |
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44:30 | that store. Yeah. Uh, is it that they say, |
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44:35 | like they do in terms of like you smell coffee. So, |
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44:39 | kind of. Yeah, it's it's a good question because it has |
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44:43 | very strong smell, uh coffee beans particular and it does reset. Uh |
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44:52 | , it basically then in a way the odor molecules that are stuck on |
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44:58 | Olfa, recept Ayia. So it's very distinct, a very strong |
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45:04 | So it's a good comparison. It's good contrast to almost anything, you |
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45:08 | , and that's what it typically you that when you're doing smell discrimination. |
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45:13 | it's not when you're smelling, I'm smell coffee versus uh flour. You |
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45:21 | are choosing a perfume or something like and you go back to smell coffee |
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45:26 | it's too much of those other So you contrast it with something, |
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45:30 | almost like resets your system, resets um olfactory perception too in a |
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45:38 | But neuroeconomics essentially, that's what it , you know, producers, |
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45:43 | that's what they worry about. They a lot of phd s that sit |
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45:48 | massive companies, you know, now Artificial Intelligence is out, right. |
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45:52 | has to adjust all of a all the retailers, all the marketing |
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45:57 | , a lot of people that are uh digital world that are doing content |
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46:04 | their, their jobs are real, real threatened by artificial intelligence. They |
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46:09 | not be needed or may not be as much or paid as much. |
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46:14 | it's, it's changing, everything is but army of, you know, |
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46:19 | smart people sit around and just think how they can make a click of |
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46:25 | button to buy. So that's you know, so you have to |
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46:31 | what goes into the person's head, they perceive as that information, whether |
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46:35 | gonna click on it or not, know. So it all plays into |
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46:40 | . And if we introduced a component smell, digital component of smell, |
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46:46 | would, it would change the I think of a lot of things |
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46:51 | , you know. So people will just be buying because of just the |
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46:56 | , the look or the price, this additional component all of a sudden |
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47:00 | there digitally. So, and that change the A I too? |
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47:06 | Now the last uh few minutes here wanna spend watching this uh TED talk |
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47:15 | I have queued up. The beginning very slow. It takes, takes |
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47:21 | uh this person like uh 20 seconds walk out on stage. But there |
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47:28 | really interesting and I'm sorry, I provide you with a small component of |
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47:33 | talk. But maybe you can imagine . You can imagine how you would |
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47:39 | history differently. You were able to what your grandparents smelled. Imagine if |
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47:47 | had a digital representation of the soap grandfather used. Isn't that interesting or |
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47:57 | ? For me, it's really But, you know, anyways, |
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48:01 | you go. Thank you. 15 ago, something happened to me that |
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48:14 | my life and the way I look history, I walk into this building |
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48:20 | there was something off, something There was this very pungent strong smell |
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48:25 | it wasn't that the smell was that by itself. But it was the |
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48:30 | context because I was in my final as an art history student and I |
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48:34 | an art show in Venice and I thinking, I'm supposed to look at |
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48:41 | here, not to smell. did something happen in the kitchen? |
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48:45 | accident? This is really disturbing my gaze. That's what I was |
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48:50 | And only hundreds of meters ahead. smelled the source and I saw the |
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48:56 | of my irritation and it turned out be this work of art like |
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49:05 | I was flabbergasted. I was I thought can smell actually be part |
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49:11 | art. Then. What am I an art historian supposed to think about |
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49:15 | ? How am I supposed to handle ? So I did what any other |
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49:20 | person would do? I decided to a smell historian. And I found |
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49:27 | examples of our volatile heritage and smelly that we will share with you |
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49:34 | But first we're going to do a course of smelling. You were all |
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49:40 | a stick, a smells stick. you have it? Uh Some people |
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49:48 | have it. Maybe you can borrow of your neighbor. We have two |
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49:54 | and we have two ears to perceive . But why do you think we |
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49:59 | two nostrils? Let me demonstrate or after me, close one nostril smell |
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50:08 | the same thing with the other Now, who has the strongest perception |
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50:14 | the right side? Please raise your and who has the strongest perception on |
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50:19 | left side. But don't worry, all the same. I'll explain why |
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50:25 | a constant fast air flow in one your nostrils and a slow one in |
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50:29 | other because some molecules are only detectable slow or fast air flows. So |
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50:35 | order to perceive everything, you have use both nostrils to smell three |
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50:43 | And here he comes every three this changes your nostrils take shifts. |
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50:50 | now that you're all experts smell, can start the rest of this |
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50:56 | Let me take you back 2000 years . You all know this building, |
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51:01 | Colosseum in Rome and you all know happened there. People and animals fought |
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51:07 | other to death. There must have the smell of fear. The smell |
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51:11 | blood, the smell of decay, smell of excrement of elephants and |
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51:18 | That's not what we're defusing right Don't worry, the Romans had clever |
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51:27 | to hide these smells. What you're looking at is the largest smell diffusing |
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51:34 | that has ever faced our planets. was an elaborate tube system in the |
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51:39 | pipes ending in the statues that once the arches and there, this smell |
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51:45 | diffused, that's also on your And that's sometimes there are more apparent |
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51:52 | to our volatile history. You probably this story as well. The three |
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51:58 | offering gifts to Jesus think of what were gold frankincense. And so two |
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52:06 | . Did you ever wonder why did three kings offer a newborn child? |
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52:14 | ? You have to realize that in days resins were extremely rare and extremely |
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52:21 | and they were suitable gifts to to priests, to kings, even |
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52:27 | God himself. They were burned through . Hence still our use of the |
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52:34 | perfume, what you smell. you've read the word 1000 times, |
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52:40 | probably never smelled it. It smells bitter, which is the exact meaning |
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52:45 | the word. And in the middle , this was seen as symbolic, |
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52:51 | bitterness of this resin was thought to a prophecy in its aromatic dimension. |
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52:58 | the bitterness stood for Christ's future So smells as symbols. So history |
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53:06 | tell us a lot about smells. sometimes smells, can also tell us |
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53:10 | lot about history. As a Historian, I stick my nose into |
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53:15 | things. Things you cannot even I smelled mummies here. I'm smelling |
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53:21 | ancient fragrant piece of jewelry. I've to antique apothecary cabinets and I've also |
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53:30 | perfumes, wigs in the 18th The wealthy perfumed their wigs. The |
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53:37 | Museum has a wig of an 18 century Amsterdam mayor and I wanted to |
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53:43 | if I could figure out which perfumes might have used. So I went |
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53:48 | , I was a bit hesitant at because of course, it's very |
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53:52 | It's something someone wore close to his . But I lend I bend |
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53:59 | use both nostrils, inhales no but I did smell something else. |
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54:07 | smelled this animal. This wig was made of horse hair and only the |
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54:15 | people, the chic people used real . So this mayor was either tied |
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54:21 | a budget or quite Everest. And smell of horses. Can you imagine |
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54:29 | a, a museum curator and getting call or receiving a call? Can |
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54:34 | come to my museum to smell this the ability to say that this is |
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54:40 | hair is by smelling it. You , that's why, you know, |
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54:46 | people at the back might smell it bit later. But the horse is |
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54:49 | right now. I think the smell horses always takes me back to my |
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54:56 | because I used to do horseback And I bet you all know this |
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55:01 | you enter a room, you smell suddenly you're back at your grandparent's |
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55:06 | Smell is apparently the strongest inducer of of early memories. And the beauty |
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55:13 | even people suffering from Alzheimer's dementia never their olfactory memory. An olfactory artist |
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55:23 | artist made use of this fact in home for the elderly people suffering from |
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55:29 | can hardly find their way. All hallways look the same. They get |
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55:33 | , they get lost, not since installed. His smell of flowers. |
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55:37 | , each hallway smells different and people simply follow their noses. And at |
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55:43 | same time, childhood memories are triggered this is extremely reassuring for people who |
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55:49 | do not even remember who they And in the different seasons, different |
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55:58 | are diffused and one of them is diffused right now and I bet it |
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56:03 | also trigger some childhood memories in you a bit mingled with the horse right |
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56:20 | . Yeah, I can tell that faces on the front road. They |
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56:23 | the smell. Smell has other unique . Did you know that each and |
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56:30 | one of you has a body odor unique as a fingerprint and that apparently |
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56:36 | choose our partner by their smell. can smell if the other person has |
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56:42 | immune system that is compatible with our complementary to ours. That's why we |
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56:48 | fall in love at first sniff an artist made use of this unique |
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56:57 | , Clara created Pheromone Link, a dating agency. You can walk |
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57:03 | grab a T shirt that was worn someone and then sniff out who you |
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57:09 | here. You see people in This girl over here apparently did not |
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57:15 | her true love. She did not this smell. Now imagine this. |
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57:22 | fall in love with someone through the . We cannot diffuse smells over the |
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57:28 | , but you're in love. You to meet and then you hate the |
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57:32 | person's smell. No way that that ever work. So why don't we |
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57:38 | diffuse smells over the internet? That a scenario that's already happening might already |
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57:45 | possible. In 2014, a Harvard invented the old phone and the first |
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57:52 | it transatlantic email that smell of champagne Macaroons was sent in 2014. But |
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58:02 | if we would combine the latest technology all this more meaningful historical and art |
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58:11 | uses? Then we can really start use smell in a much more meaningful |
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58:19 | . And even without that technology, can just start to smell, smell |
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58:24 | other, smell your surroundings and create history books with smells. Write down |
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58:31 | smells in a diary so that at people when you once get old will |
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58:38 | which smells triggered your memory. They an image can say more than 1000 |
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58:47 | . Well, I say a smell say more than 1000 images. Thank |
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58:53 | . Mhm So I think the application Alzheimer's disease is not, is something |
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59:00 | uh really important and really cool and , the dating service uh and the |
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59:08 | uh smeller grabs. Uh So, know, there's this fast dating uh |
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59:15 | dating or something like that. And and you date apparently like 10 or |
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59:19 | people in, in a couple of , we just talked to them really |
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59:23 | . Wonder what the outcome would be it started from, you know, |
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59:28 | each other's t shirts, you I mean, it's kind of funny |
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59:32 | we laugh about it, like, , or, or sick. |
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59:37 | but, but, but there's a silence behind in any case. So |
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59:44 | end the lecture here today and good on the quiz on Friday. And |
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59:48 | cover these three previous lectures up until |
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