| 00:04 | now it's recording. I'll see the don't show up the liberals you |
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| 00:14 | you have to rely on technology. hard. Yeah ouch All right. |
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| 00:19 | , so Uh you didn't show up class. You're now here in this |
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| 00:23 | I rented for 30 minutes. It a meme ranting. They like to |
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| 00:28 | at anybody to accuse you of Alright, so first off we just |
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| 00:34 | to have some basic understanding. So so that we understand what we're dealing |
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| 00:37 | receptors. We have three terms that going to, we're going to use |
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| 00:40 | receptor and stimulates sensation is simply a awareness of the information of your surrounding |
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| 00:47 | . So in other words, it's your brain and being aware of sensory |
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| 00:52 | . All right. So, if look at this room is the room |
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| 00:54 | ? Is that dim? Right, . So see you're aware you have |
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| 00:59 | conscious awareness of the amount of light around you? All right. That's |
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| 01:03 | would be an example of a sensation now. This can only occur if |
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| 01:07 | since your input has reached your cerebral because remember the process of thinking about |
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| 01:12 | takes place in the cerebral. All . So we have receptors that are |
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| 01:17 | to be constantly receiving information but not sending information directly to the cerebral? |
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| 01:23 | give you an example of this. have receptors that are monitoring the water |
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| 01:27 | salt balance in our bodies. Can tell me what your osmolarity in your |
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| 01:31 | is right, this very moment. like what? Yeah, they're receptors |
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| 01:36 | look for how much water and particles circulating but you have no awareness or |
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| 01:42 | awareness of what those are. I tell you when you become a |
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| 01:46 | consciously aware of it though. Have ever been thirsty? Yeah, that's |
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| 01:52 | that conscious awareness of my salt levels too high and my water levels are |
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| 01:56 | low. You can look at it way. All right, So what |
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| 01:59 | a receptor? That receptor is simply that responds to stimulus initiates an input |
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| 02:04 | the central nervous system. Alright. range in their complexity. We can |
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| 02:07 | about a molecule as a receptor. can talk about as being a |
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| 02:12 | We can talk about an organ as a receptor. So contextually you have |
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| 02:17 | know what you're looking at. All . So what we'll do is we'll |
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| 02:20 | contextualizing on here is an example of receptor and it would be either one |
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| 02:24 | those three things. All right. the stimulus is basically the change in |
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| 02:29 | sensory information. So we're looking in room and you say, okay, |
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| 02:33 | the light's not changing. But what doing is you're saying I'm recognizing those |
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| 02:39 | uh being stimulated by that stimulus. there is change taking place. It's |
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| 02:44 | not like oh it's not getting bright dark, bright and dark, bright |
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| 02:47 | dark over and over again. It's this constant barrage of information. So |
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| 02:53 | what stimulus really is. We're just to play this game. We're just |
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| 03:01 | just making sure that it's not going . All right. So, your |
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| 03:06 | are transducers. Alright, That's a we've used before. But a transducer |
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| 03:11 | takes one form of energy and converts into another form of energy. The |
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| 03:15 | the nervous system communicates is through electrical and through chemical communication. That's what |
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| 03:21 | spent all the last time talking about neurotransmitters and action potentials. Now, |
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| 03:28 | light hits your eye, does your understand the language of light? If |
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| 03:35 | know in other words, if I a hole through your skull and shone |
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| 03:39 | flashlight at your brain, your brain Yeah, I get that. |
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| 03:43 | Right. It understands the language of potentials and chemicals. So, the |
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| 03:48 | of receptors is to take all these modalities which are the fancy word for |
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| 03:53 | different types of stimuli and converting it a language that the nervous system understands |
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| 03:59 | potentials and chemicals. All right, where that's the transaction that's taking |
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| 04:06 | So, receptors have some features they and maintain a resting membrane potential. |
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| 04:12 | my goodness. That language again about potentials. Yes. So each cell |
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| 04:17 | sits and has a membrane potential. if I'm going to speak in the |
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| 04:20 | of action potentials and chemicals, I've change where I'm starting from. |
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| 04:26 | that's the first job of the All right. The second one is |
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| 04:30 | its job is to contain the delegated . In other words, It has |
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| 04:34 | have something that detects what it's trying detect? Well, the All |
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| 04:41 | But if I'm trying to detect light my eyes, what type of receptors |
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| 04:46 | have to have in my eyes? receptors. Right. If I'm trying |
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| 04:50 | detect touch, I need to have receptors. If I'm trying to detect |
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| 04:56 | , I need to have something to how that that movement or that wave |
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| 05:01 | sound. And so each of these in terms of these structures has to |
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| 05:09 | some sort of channel that allows for to pass back and forth. That |
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| 05:14 | open and closed by some sort of modality that allows for those action potentials |
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| 05:21 | occur. So that that signal can sent on to the central nervous |
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| 05:28 | Our senses are broken down into either sense receptors or special senses. All |
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| 05:33 | . And that's what this thing is . Here's our general sense, basically |
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| 05:36 | simple and structure. What we're dealing is we're dealing with the sense of |
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| 05:41 | . Alright. It's somatosensory. All . So very typically they're very simple |
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| 05:46 | structure. We have those that are , those that are visceral. Remember |
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| 05:49 | two terms somatic means usually dealing with skin or muscles. This all means |
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| 05:54 | with the guts internally. All And so we're looking for tactile. |
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| 05:59 | , we'll find them in the muscles the joints and then the skin as |
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| 06:03 | . Alright. We're just asking some questions, What is the degree of |
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| 06:07 | ? What is the change in in structure? You know what's touching |
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| 06:13 | That's really what this is when we're with the viscera. Were asking questions |
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| 06:18 | what's going on internally. So it be a temperature thing, it might |
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| 06:21 | a chemical thing, it might be stretch thing, it could even be |
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| 06:24 | pain thing. Have you guys ever a Dorito the wrong way? |
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| 06:30 | just making sure we're all on the page. Right. So, you |
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| 06:33 | what it feels like when that Doritos down your throat sideways. Right? |
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| 06:38 | just like a razor. All So, that's the type of visceral |
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| 06:44 | is an example of visceral sensory, dealing with pain, probably little bit |
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| 06:48 | stretching there as well. The special are these complex sense organs and that's |
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| 06:54 | we're going to go through them All right. And so, what |
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| 06:56 | talking about is gas station, which a fancy word for taste. |
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| 07:00 | which is a fancy word for audition, which is a fancy word |
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| 07:03 | hearing, vision, fancy word for an equilibrium or sometimes you'll see the |
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| 07:09 | balance and it just refers to my to know my position in space. |
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| 07:13 | other words, to keep myself in upright position. All right. And |
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| 07:17 | not shown here, but it's going be part of the uh the the |
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| 07:22 | structures the inner ear? You can at a receptor and you can ask |
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| 07:27 | , where are you detecting stuff So you're either detecting stuff outside the |
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| 07:31 | or detecting stuff inside the body. that would be an Xterra receptor. |
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| 07:35 | basically looking at things externally uh external . Right. So we're talking about |
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| 07:42 | receptors in the skin and also found the mucous membranes in terror receptors are |
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| 07:47 | at internal organs. So visceral we've already mentioned these these are gonna |
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| 07:51 | looking for changes in the visceral organs there's also some that are found like |
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| 07:56 | the muscles muscles, musculoskeletal system. we're looking at stretch receptors in the |
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| 08:01 | and um in the muscles themselves. so we're asking, what are the |
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| 08:05 | of our body in space. All . So we're asking questions that are |
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| 08:09 | on internally. So, if you the term sector or in terror receptors |
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| 08:14 | asking the question, where is the input coming from? This is just |
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| 08:20 | incomplete list of different types of sensory ? All right, so that's another |
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| 08:25 | we can classify. We're gonna ask question. What sort of modality are |
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| 08:29 | detecting? What sort of input are detecting stimuli are you detecting? So |
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| 08:34 | receptors looking at changes in temperature. right. Chemo receptors. We're looking |
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| 08:40 | the presence of specific chemicals. All , McKenna receptors touch pressure, vibration |
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| 08:47 | stretch All right. And then we have them specialized. And so there's |
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| 08:51 | ones. So you've heard of barrel we're looking at pressure there so we're |
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| 08:55 | at distinction within the bodily structures. so this is one way we can |
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| 08:59 | whether or not like for example blood is going up or going down and |
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| 09:03 | can respond to that osmo receptors. at the concentration of particles in |
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| 09:08 | this is what I'm describing. How you know when you're thirsty? Well |
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| 09:10 | the osmo receptors detect low or high or low water concentrations propio sectors look |
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| 09:18 | your positions of your body in right? If you are close your |
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| 09:24 | you can kind of feel alright I'm up right, you don't have to |
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| 09:28 | the world around you to realize that have these uh these receptors that actually |
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| 09:33 | your position where you are in with to really where your head is regard |
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| 09:40 | uh to to gravity. And then weird one that has a name that |
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| 09:44 | kind of stands out is where it . No c sector notice doesn't have |
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| 09:47 | re in there. So no. receptors comes from the word noxious. |
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| 09:52 | basically we're dealing with things that are . So this is painful stuff so |
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| 09:56 | detect all sorts of different things. have some nosy receptors that detect specific |
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| 10:01 | of changes like chemical damage or heat , mechanical damage. We also have |
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| 10:08 | ones which can detect all three types two types. So. No so |
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| 10:13 | deal with pain. And so you see I can look at a |
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| 10:16 | I can just classify and say, , what is it detecting? It's |
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| 10:20 | a chemical, it's detecting temperature, detecting changes in shape, you |
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| 10:25 | So, I'd be Nakano and then course in animals like to detect or |
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| 10:31 | things by structure. All right. we've seen these before, we're gonna |
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| 10:35 | repeat a little bit of what we've earlier when we talked about things in |
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| 10:39 | skin. So we have some sort receptors that are encapsulated, run |
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| 10:44 | So here you can see as an of an un encapsulated, you have |
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| 10:47 | free endings that are the receiving side the cell. And so they're capable |
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| 10:54 | manipulating each of those dendrites that you're at the end of those or the |
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| 11:00 | which we call dendrites and encapsulated. example, right here is showing you |
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| 11:06 | nerve ending that's been wrapped around with tissue and there's different types that have |
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| 11:12 | type of connective tissue, what this . It actually spreads out the area |
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| 11:18 | detection because you can stimulate just say region. But if you're stimulating from |
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| 11:23 | angle you're actually causing changes in the structure which can be detected. |
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| 11:30 | We also have sensory cells that can coupled with the neurons. So here's |
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| 11:34 | example of the neuron there's a sensory . So that would be the one |
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| 11:38 | doing the reception and then here that's it's going to communicate with the neurons |
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| 11:43 | the signal inward. In the first cases you're directly stimulating the neuron with |
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| 11:49 | receptor over here. This is another of a type cell where you have |
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| 11:56 | receptors on the neuron. But this structurally different. Right? What we're |
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| 12:02 | at here is a type of olfactory which we'll get to a little bit |
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| 12:06 | . But the idea here is the itself has receptors in the peripheral |
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| 12:10 | And so when you stimulate those that stimulates the neuron directly. Lastly, |
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| 12:20 | can classify receptor, is it is tonic or is it basic? |
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| 12:24 | How much stimulation does you know? does it respond to stimulation? A |
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| 12:31 | receptor is going to constantly respond to . All right. So in other |
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| 12:37 | , what happens is is when the comes on, it begins to fire |
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| 12:41 | it stays firing until the stimulus is . And so what you're doing is |
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| 12:46 | basically you're you're changing that rate. normally let's say, the receptor fires |
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| 12:52 | so and then you touch or stimulate receptor, then it speeds up and |
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| 12:57 | you take away the stimulation and it away a phase. IHC receptor on |
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| 13:03 | other hand, basically changes in terms its state when that uh that stimulus |
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| 13:11 | appears or disappears. And so the here is that it's kind of a |
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| 13:15 | system. It basically gets stimulated when when change occurs and then it does |
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| 13:21 | until the next change occurs and that's of what this is trying to show |
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| 13:25 | , it says, look here, if you look at this top graphic |
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| 13:30 | says, here is nothing is This is uh this is the off |
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| 13:34 | , this is the on. All , so that's the stimulus. So |
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| 13:37 | can think about it. Um you , I'm not poking the person |
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| 13:42 | I'm poking the person now I'm stopping person. And so basically what this |
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| 13:46 | like I'm not poking now I'm poking then I'm not poking again. So |
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| 13:50 | is like the bottom is like All right, So notices an on |
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| 13:55 | it's often than on. And so you're talking about tonic notices goes boom |
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| 14:00 | boom boom boom boom boom. It just stays on and keeps going until |
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| 14:05 | stimulus is removed and it stops. right? But with the physic is |
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| 14:09 | saying, oh I'm telling you that now being touched and then nothing else |
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| 14:15 | along the way. And really what should happen, They didn't draw over |
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| 14:18 | is like, oh now we've turned off. So you'd see a series |
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| 14:21 | exponential fire again. So we've been off. So it's basically in those |
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| 14:26 | of states, right? What we is tonic receptors don't adapt their very |
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| 14:34 | to adapt if they do adapt at . That's what this is trying to |
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| 14:38 | . You look, see it goes and then it's like a slowly die |
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| 14:42 | . Yeah. That's that slow adaptation time. It is kind of decreases |
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| 14:48 | . It's rapid adaptation. Basically I on and I go off almost |
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| 14:54 | So I'm just looking for that I've adapted to that stimulation actually |
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| 15:00 | And that's why you get the actual in the patterns that I did. |
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| 15:04 | you need an example of this ever given this before in a previous |
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| 15:08 | It's really hard for me to remember I teach this twice in a |
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| 15:11 | So sometimes I can't do You need example? Mm hmm. Pay might |
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| 15:16 | good. We'll give you a real one. Everyone here before I said |
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| 15:20 | words, Do you recognize that you're clothes? I did do this. |
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| 15:26 | . Okay. So see I have this. See this is what |
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| 15:28 | You repeat yourself enough times in the . You forget when you do |
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| 15:31 | All right. And that's really what is. Is this idea that I'm |
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| 15:35 | touched. And I don't need to again that I'm being touched until I'm |
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| 15:40 | longer being touched, Right? That's idea behind the physic. Whereas tonic |
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| 15:45 | be What's my position? Am I my body up, right? |
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| 15:49 | I'm constantly sending signals to uh speak that. Mhm. Now receptive field |
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| 15:58 | simply the area in which a stimulus actually detected. And I think we |
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| 16:02 | about this before where you can get two probes and basically you can walk |
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| 16:07 | probe up up a body part and can kind of say when you touch |
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| 16:10 | Tuesdays, basically just it represents how of an area that a receptor actually |
|
| 16:18 | . And so this is an example one like in the forearm. You |
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| 16:22 | need a lot of coverage. You're to cover the whole thing, but |
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| 16:24 | don't need a lot to know fine , right? You just kind of |
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| 16:28 | to know generally speaking where you're being as long as you know, you're |
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| 16:32 | touched. That's good enough. And this touch receptor right here covers a |
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| 16:36 | area. And so it doesn't matter I'm touching over here, touching over |
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| 16:40 | , I'm stimulating the same neuron. so my body perceives touch in this |
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| 16:46 | area. Alright. It can't it pinpoint exactly where it's just kind of |
|
| 16:50 | yeah, it's over there someplace right , the receptive fields are much much |
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| 16:56 | right in the fingers because I need be able to know fine touch, |
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| 16:59 | am I actually touching. How can do stuff. And so you have |
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| 17:03 | receptive fields And so here now I localize or pinpoint where the touch is |
|
| 17:09 | occurring. All right. So receptive are going to their sizes are inversely |
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| 17:15 | to the density of the receptors. would be less dense. That's more |
|
| 17:21 | . It's a terrible picture to demonstrate it shows that. All right now |
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| 17:29 | gone through these before and so I'm going to reiterate them. All |
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| 17:32 | These are the tactile receptors. These mechanical receptors. They're the most numerous |
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| 17:36 | of receptor in the body. All . They're located primarily in the dermis |
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| 17:41 | the sub Q layers. All And they can either be simple or |
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| 17:46 | . We're going to first look at simple and we're gonna move to the |
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| 17:49 | . All right. But just understand is the tactile sensation? It's touch |
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| 17:54 | pressure. So there we go. our touch and our pressure and then |
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| 17:57 | also vibration. All right. I've got these pictures as big, |
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| 18:01 | obvious things. But think about taking hand and trying to grab something and |
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| 18:07 | your fingers across the desk. That's . And you can feel your fingers |
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| 18:12 | . That that that sensation of my are slipping. Is vibration that's being |
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| 18:17 | by these receptors. All right. , touch is location, texture, |
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| 18:23 | , shape, and movement, Is How deep am I going? |
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| 18:27 | there is there lots of of of or very little interaction. And then |
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| 18:33 | repetitive sensory signals. Kind of gives sense of movement as well. |
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| 18:41 | So our starting point here is the encapsulated. Three types. We have |
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| 18:46 | frieder bending the root hair, place the tactile disk. You can feel |
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| 18:50 | repeat now feeling okay. Yeah. right. So here, no protective |
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| 18:57 | . That's the key thing. Un . No protective coat there throughout the |
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| 19:01 | connective tissue. And many of these violated. That means the signals are |
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| 19:05 | be fairly slow relative to other And so if you look at the |
|
| 19:09 | nerve ending in the root hair basically we have our terminal branches. |
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| 19:14 | you can see here here's our neuron in and off it goes. And |
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| 19:18 | have these terminal branches. They're not over here. They're trying to show |
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| 19:22 | a root hair plexus. Here is neuron ending going and wrapping around the |
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| 19:25 | of that hair. We did the earlier where I said just grab a |
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| 19:29 | and just kind of pull on You can feel that stimulating at the |
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| 19:33 | hair plexus. All right. So project in a alpha different types of |
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| 19:41 | . Fast ones as well. Um They are gonna lie close to |
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| 19:45 | surface. Um And they are polymetal they can detect temperature, touch |
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| 19:51 | stretch ends or cell damage. All . So, there's a variety of |
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| 19:55 | different types of free nerve endings is we're trying to get out here. |
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| 20:01 | also slow to rapidly adapting. So the ones that lets you know whether |
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| 20:05 | not you're close or touching you. merkel or tactile disk is slightly |
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| 20:10 | Instead, these are gonna be found the tips of your fingertips can be |
|
| 20:13 | on your lips. All right. detecting fine touch. These are tonic |
|
| 20:17 | . All right. They're asking the . When does something happen? And |
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| 20:21 | does it go away? They're just always firing. All right. They're |
|
| 20:26 | in the stratum easily of the And you can see this is the |
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| 20:33 | and notice it's attached or associated with sensory neuron. The encapsulated are a |
|
| 20:39 | bit more complex. Are all named people that discovered them. They're still |
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| 20:44 | studied because we don't understand everything about . Almost all of these are mechanical |
|
| 20:49 | . Typically they are uh these are endings that are Sarepta surrounded by connective |
|
| 20:55 | and glial cells as well. And here's the fun one. The misers |
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| 20:59 | cell notice it's in the papillary dermal , so right up there next to |
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| 21:04 | epidermis. Right? What we have is we have a series of narrow |
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| 21:08 | or Schwann cells that are wrapped around ends and then they are arranged in |
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| 21:13 | a way that they create these So, they have this kind of |
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| 21:16 | structure of pancakes as the danger. kind of wind in between them. |
|
| 21:22 | right. So, fingertips and Their physic light touch and vibration kofinis |
|
| 21:30 | puzzles are much much deeper. All . They are located in the dermal |
|
| 21:34 | uh there around the fingernails. And they're doing is you're trying to monitor |
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| 21:40 | you're gripping. All right. what they're doing is they're detecting deep |
|
| 21:46 | . And what happens is as you the dermis, you're going to stretch |
|
| 21:50 | connective tissue that surrounds these nerve And so that's what you're actually detecting |
|
| 21:56 | stretching the connective tissue. All So, it's this collagen that's that's |
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| 22:01 | connective tissue here. These are tonic , they don't exhibit adaptation. Help |
|
| 22:07 | to hold all the things. Krause Is the last one in normal |
|
| 22:15 | I'm sorry. No, I'm This is the one that's mucus |
|
| 22:18 | This is the one that stands out being by itself. So, basically |
|
| 22:24 | I've got my free endings and I'm sheathing connective tissue. Again, they |
|
| 22:28 | look kind of bulbous in nature. , you can think in terms of |
|
| 22:33 | membranes and they are deeper in the there in the particular layers. All |
|
| 22:38 | . So, this is like pressure temperature. But wherever you have a |
|
| 22:41 | membrane, that's where you'll find And last is Puccini's Puccini's basically take |
|
| 22:47 | nerve ending and just keep wrapping successive of connective tissue around it over and |
|
| 22:52 | again. Uh hairless skin. So and soles. Um basically they're also |
|
| 22:58 | the particular layer deep. They detect pressure at high frequency vibration. |
|
| 23:05 | those are the textiles all over the . Thermal receptors are going to detect |
|
| 23:15 | in temperatures. I think this is awesome picture. And you're probably going |
|
| 23:19 | , why? Because they're showing you receptors here and they're showing you also |
|
| 23:26 | sort of chemical they can actually So, these are examples of a |
|
| 23:30 | model receptor. These are molecules that found in the cell. And |
|
| 23:35 | for example, here this particular receptor a one detects that gets activated very |
|
| 23:42 | temperatures, but it's also stimulated by , horseradish and garlic. All |
|
| 23:49 | All right. We'll make it easy you. So, you don't have |
|
| 23:51 | memorize any of those things. You had a york, peppermint Pattie. |
|
| 23:55 | . That cool sensation. I'm I'm becoming commercial. Right. Just |
|
| 23:59 | the person. It takes me away the arctic where I'm gonna freeze to |
|
| 24:04 | . Alright, mint. Look at temperatures sub 30 C right. A |
|
| 24:14 | , refreshing flavor gives a sensation of . All right. So, temperature |
|
| 24:22 | uh these different types of receptors, detect different at different levels. |
|
| 24:31 | We need something spicy. What do say it is? It's hot. |
|
| 24:36 | right. Look at where we are . Here's chili. Of course |
|
| 24:44 | Don't know how to spell it, that's okay. Mhm. All |
|
| 24:48 | cam for garlic as well. All . So, these are what are |
|
| 24:52 | transient receptors. That's what the Trp . That's what they're referred to. |
|
| 24:58 | they change their shape in response to temperatures. But they're also capable of |
|
| 25:04 | these different chemicals. And what they is they are calcium channel. |
|
| 25:08 | calcium comes into the cell casa solar polarized when they change their shape or |
|
| 25:13 | they get bound by one of these . That's a thermal receptor. |
|
| 25:18 | So, there are these just showing different ones. You don't need to |
|
| 25:21 | which ones do which That's an The idea is thermo receptors detect |
|
| 25:29 | Lastly on our list, we have c sectors. Trying to see what |
|
| 25:33 | we got here. About 20 man. I could've ranch another extra |
|
| 25:38 | minutes like maybe I should have. don't know. All right. |
|
| 25:45 | Uh So nosy receptors. This is specialized free nerve ending. All |
|
| 25:50 | They adapt very slowly or they don't at all. That's the other |
|
| 25:55 | And basically they're prone country in areas are prone to injury. Let's think |
|
| 25:59 | areas that are prone to injury. here jammed your toe? Yeah. |
|
| 26:05 | . Little toes. I think that's they all are located. You |
|
| 26:09 | bottom of your feet. Especially if Children have legos. No. |
|
| 26:14 | I'm just I'm just What do they ? It? All sorts of different |
|
| 26:17 | of cellular damage. Alright, noxious uh different. They respond to different |
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| 26:25 | of signals that are signals of damage . So, that's what all these |
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| 26:30 | . Right. And what they do these chemicals basically lower threshold so that |
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| 26:35 | cells can be stimulated at a at lower graded potential or lower lower |
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| 26:42 | All right. So, what is ? There's lots of different types of |
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| 26:47 | . All right. It's basically a mechanism to prevent tissue damage. You |
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| 26:52 | , I mean, I like to , you know, you've heard this |
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| 26:54 | if you've ever had a coach, is pain? Pain is weakness leaving |
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| 26:59 | body? No, no, it . It is. Yeah. You |
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| 27:05 | wanna agree with that or disagree with . You agree with that. It's |
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| 27:08 | right, weakness leaving the body. , it's your baby. I like |
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| 27:14 | . So, it is a protected prevent it. It's your body telling |
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| 27:17 | this is going to kill you. is why working out hurts so |
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| 27:20 | Because you're basically saying, bodies, killing me, you're gonna I'm gonna |
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| 27:27 | . Alright. Fast pain. This very, very short, sharp short |
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| 27:31 | and it's localized. Alright. If stab poke something like that, that |
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| 27:36 | be a fast pain. Slow Is that a key. Bernie pain |
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| 27:41 | , begins after about a second after occur and it gets worse and worse |
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| 27:45 | worse over time. All right. usually diffused and is not easily |
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| 27:50 | right? So, it's kind of I heard over here, I'm not |
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| 27:53 | why or what? Right. But getting worse. Acute pain is something |
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| 27:59 | suddenly onset, but declines when the is removed. A chronic pain is |
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| 28:05 | persistent pain. All right, What is the source and cause of |
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| 28:10 | ? That's how we're going to be to relieve it. All right. |
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| 28:14 | And then we have visceral pain, pain is the stuff that's internalized. |
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| 28:18 | abdominal organs usually it's poorly localized. radiates to adjacent areas to make it |
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| 28:23 | more uncomfortable. And basically, you this with nausea and usually unpleasant |
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| 28:30 | All right. So, basically, can think of like a stomach |
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| 28:34 | Uh you can't really kind of it's here, it would be an example |
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| 28:38 | visceral pain, referred pain is the of internal pain or internal damage in |
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| 28:49 | viscera of the derma tomes of the . And the reason this happens, |
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| 28:54 | least we think this is what happens that we have the shared pathways. |
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| 28:57 | right. So, it be something that derma tone is being shared with |
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| 29:01 | pathways, say from the heart. so your body perceives the pain is |
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| 29:06 | from that particular area of the even though it's not All right. |
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| 29:11 | , the classic example when they use for medical diagnosis is the classic example |
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| 29:15 | is a heart attack. All You know, if you watch enough |
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| 29:19 | and Son Redd Foxx always grab this , I'm dying. I'm coming |
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| 29:23 | You know, But that's not what people experience when they're having a heart |
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| 29:27 | , they start saying my arm has numb over here and they start grabbing |
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| 29:34 | and that's an example of that referred . Anyone here have appendicitis. I |
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| 29:41 | the only one. Yeah. I was at summer camp when I |
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| 29:45 | appendicitis. It's awesome. You at least my mother thought I was |
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| 29:49 | happy contract. So, I would died if I was at home. |
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| 29:52 | uh basically, you know, you this this pain that's kind of |
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| 29:57 | you know, I'm nauseous. I feel good. But when they start |
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| 30:01 | and start touching, it's like, here and you'll just shoot up |
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| 30:05 | no, don't touch me. All . You can see on the little |
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| 30:10 | it appears as if it's on the . It's not it's your appendix right |
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| 30:14 | here and there's you can get don't to memorize any of these things, |
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| 30:19 | you can kind of get a sense wow, this is what my body |
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| 30:24 | , where it thinks this this damage occurring, but it's actually internal. |
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| 30:31 | was long in the diaphragm spleen. , it is what it is. |
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| 30:42 | right. This is our first All right. And by then the |
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| 30:47 | we're going to start, we're gonna with some sensory pathways. We're going |
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| 30:49 | deal with some motor pathways. All . But the pain pathway is our |
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| 30:53 | one. And what I want to out here first off is the number |
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| 30:57 | neurons that are involved. So, have what is called the first order |
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| 31:00 | and then it terminates and then you into the second order neuron and |
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| 31:06 | Usually this might be even termed the order neuron on top of it. |
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| 31:10 | right. But notice if you come here, you can see there's actually |
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| 31:15 | and then four neurons in there. there's like why are you skipping over |
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| 31:19 | ? Well, the first order of is the one that conveys the information |
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| 31:23 | to the central nervous system. The central nervous system includes the spinal |
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| 31:27 | . So, I'm getting the information . So here we can see I'm |
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| 31:31 | a tack and then that information is pain quickly goes in and then it |
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| 31:36 | processed. So, you can imagine of that process would be to send |
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| 31:40 | right back out again to cause me remove my hand. So, it |
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| 31:43 | be the reflex arc, right? not shown here. And then the |
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| 31:46 | order neuron is responsible for sending that up to the thalamus. What was |
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| 31:51 | thalamus for again, you guys So, really it's basically it's the |
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| 31:56 | hat of the brain. I've never that term before. Are you going |
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| 32:03 | slither in or you know, it says where do I need, where |
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| 32:07 | need to go? All right. , here, what we're gonna do |
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| 32:09 | we're gonna take that information up in thalamus of primary or the first order |
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| 32:13 | to bring it in. Second order up to the thalamus. Notice that |
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| 32:16 | crossing over this is the devastation, ? So, when you see crossing |
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| 32:21 | , that's devastation. So, basically it goes up to the thalamus. |
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| 32:26 | it will go uh we'll go one two different tracks, which will spend |
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| 32:30 | talking about a little bit later, you see these names in the |
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| 32:34 | notice the name. Look at the and ask the question, what's it |
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| 32:38 | me? So spinal thalamic, what cord to the thalamus. It basically |
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| 32:46 | you where the from and the wear all of these. Okay, so |
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| 32:51 | be some really weird ones, but you see it, it's already telling |
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| 32:55 | where it's coming and where it's Alright. And what it's gonna do |
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| 32:58 | up here in the elements that information gets processed and projects information in different |
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| 33:03 | . So for example you can go the insular cortex. So insular. |
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| 33:07 | think it's a special area you've already about that area is the insula, |
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| 33:10 | ? We just turned it into an here, we're gonna distinguish it. |
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| 33:14 | uh you know uh pain is going be distinguished from mitch and or nausea |
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| 33:20 | really what I'm trying to get out here, the anterior cingulate cortex. |
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| 33:25 | ? What what what is this What's it? Trying to tell you |
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| 33:27 | do? Right? You know, you twist your ankle are telling you |
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| 33:31 | stay off your ankle right? And year's matt essentially cortex, this is |
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| 33:36 | perception of paint, all my ankle in this case, Al my finger |
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| 33:41 | , right? Have you have you burned yourself on the stove? You |
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| 33:46 | , what do you touch the You move your hand first and then |
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| 33:49 | say, al right. The reflex way before your brain perceived the |
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| 33:56 | And this is what we're talking Is that the processing takes a little |
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| 34:00 | longer. But now what you're doing you're perceiving it. This would be |
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| 34:04 | of this matter sensory cortex. And because those third order neurons are basically |
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| 34:08 | projected up into areas for perception and . Here we are, back to |
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| 34:16 | fibers. All right, fibers are based on their diameter, their degree |
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| 34:22 | mile nation and their conduction speed. right. So, there are three |
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| 34:27 | types of pain fibers. A the deltas and the seas. A |
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| 34:33 | . These are thick, modulated meaning that they're big and fat and |
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| 34:37 | have violations. So, the information sending is fast, fast, |
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| 34:42 | All right, So, this is you're gonna get that sharp well localized |
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| 34:46 | . These numbers and things over here not matter to you. I'm not |
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| 34:49 | to ask you that. Okay. deltas have my own nations. That |
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| 34:55 | that they're still fast. But they're than this because they're thinner. So |
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| 35:00 | are faster than the deltas. Deltas gonna be faster than the seas which |
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| 35:04 | imagination and they're also thin. so, notice this is a fast |
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| 35:09 | . A sharp pain. This is little bit more of that dull achey |
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| 35:13 | right here. Three different types of that are going to travel as to |
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| 35:18 | mechanical chemical, hot and cold. here ever been hit by a |
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| 35:24 | right? Or if you haven't you play dodgeball, right? You get |
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| 35:29 | in dodgeball, you get that side where you know you're sitting there looking |
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| 35:32 | this and that ball comes in and you in the face. You get |
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| 35:36 | initial sting, right? And then you get the throb throb, throb |
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| 35:43 | alphas and really the deltas in the are kind of mixed in that latter |
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| 35:49 | . So that throbbing later pain is same area. It's just different fibers |
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| 35:56 | information more diffuse general areas where I hit is really kind of what that's |
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| 36:04 | . Here's our last slide of the , modulating our pain pathways. How |
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| 36:08 | we modulate pain? Have you ever people walk across hot coals? |
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| 36:15 | How do they do that? Is magic? Yeah, that looks like |
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| 36:22 | . Now. Do they feel the ? Yeah, their receptors are screaming |
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| 36:26 | them, You're stepping on hot coals what they're doing is they're internally overriding |
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| 36:31 | brains are basically saying ignore ignore, . So that's really what they're doing |
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| 36:35 | they're there. It's a mind over thing, but the receptors are still |
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| 36:39 | stimulated. All right. And so I want to point out is there |
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| 36:42 | different ways in which we overcome pain first as an analgesic. All |
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| 36:49 | The analgesic basically modifies our perception of . Alright, so this works well |
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| 36:54 | peripheral pain. So, when you're Tylenol, ibuprofen, acetaminophen. You're |
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| 36:59 | an analgesic. Alright. It's modifying perception of pain is not stopping the |
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| 37:06 | from receiving the pain. Alright. anesthetic blocks the action potentials. |
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| 37:13 | the receptor is not even able to a signal towards the central nervous |
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| 37:18 | All right. It's basically you're stopping before it ever gets there. All |
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| 37:22 | . So, the degree of blockade going to be inversely proportional to the |
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| 37:26 | of my own nation. All So more violated is the less of |
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| 37:30 | block you're gonna be able to Then we have the opiates. The |
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| 37:35 | are the fun stuff. The endogenous versus the naturally occurring opiates. The |
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| 37:39 | opiates or what your body produces. going to come back to the spicy |
|
| 37:44 | . You don't like spicy food, . All right. You're like, |
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| 37:47 | bring it hotter days. Bring Yeah. Ghost pepper salsa. |
|
| 37:54 | All right. Yeah. Anyone here the Trinidad scorpions this? Yeah. |
|
| 38:01 | . We got one. Anyone Yeah. I mean, that's like |
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| 38:05 | brutal pain, isn't it? it's it's it's it's it's If you |
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| 38:10 | know, train that scorpion is uh think it's 2-5 minutes scofield units. |
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| 38:15 | Jalapenos around 100,000 50,000 scofield units. , it's like crazy hot. |
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| 38:23 | if you look at the Trinidad I think your mouth burst into |
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| 38:27 | I'm just like, No, No, No. Not that |
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| 38:30 | All right. Why do we keep back for those of us who like |
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| 38:34 | food? Why? I mean it right? I mean you're sitting |
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| 38:38 | it's so hot. Mhm. Because your body pumps you full of |
|
| 38:51 | . All right? The endogenous Alright? So if you don't know |
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| 38:54 | spicy for those of you who like work out. I mean like it |
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| 38:59 | that you have to do it. just like I can't wait. |
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| 39:05 | It's endorphins right? Your body produces . Alright when you're lifting weights and |
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| 39:11 | and eating spicy foods and stuff, doing damage to the tissues. The |
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| 39:17 | go ah And then your body says wait I'll calm you down. I'll |
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| 39:22 | analgesic, I'll use this endogenous opiate I will make it feel better and |
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| 39:30 | stop doing what you're doing. But bind to these opiate receptors in your |
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| 39:35 | says yes I want more of the so you do more of the |
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| 39:44 | And that's what keeps us motivated. these are an example of those you've |
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| 39:48 | of the endorphins right? These are in the hypothalamus and the pituitary |
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| 39:52 | We have been calculations. These are over the place. We have dine |
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| 39:57 | which are found all over the So we got all these opiates that |
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| 40:01 | body naturally produces to bind to these in our brains that are called opiate |
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| 40:08 | and it's what gives us a perception no pain, it resolves that pain |
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| 40:15 | but also makes us feel pretty They inhibit the release of a substance |
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| 40:21 | in other words it basically stops the from going from that first order neuron |
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| 40:26 | the second order neuron and basically prevents well they activate inhibitory system that basically |
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| 40:34 | yeah keep keep this going. And that's what gives us that that sense |
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| 40:38 | no pain. Now there are also occurring opiates. You've probably heard of |
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| 40:44 | . This is what Afghanistan is most for opium you've heard of opium |
|
| 40:53 | You take this cute little flower before flour and what you do is you |
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| 40:57 | cut the sides and it oozes out little little um. Ike or lack |
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| 41:03 | better term they go and harvest that they process it and you got opium |
|
| 41:07 | then at opium is a naturally occurring it binds to the same receptors that |
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| 41:12 | body produces up here these opiates and gives you a sensation of uh it's |
|
| 41:20 | very very addictive. Just like the . Yes sir. Okay over the |
|
| 41:27 | which ones? Uh huh. I like over here. Damn. So |
|
| 41:36 | using old slides I'll bring it to next one. I'll have to look |
|
| 41:40 | see what's in there. Funny remember yeah it was not a lot there |
|
| 41:48 | it'll take like 30 seconds all right again. I know and I'm just |
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| 41:54 | come back and I'm just gonna say again. I know that you're in |
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| 41:56 | mode. All right before you truly come and talk to me. All |
|
| 42:03 | . I'll try to walk you away the cliff of DB. Hey, |
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| 42:06 | you need to drop I'm I will you know. It's yeah it's probably |
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| 42:10 | to go. All right. I I'm not gonna make you stay in |
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| 42:14 | class that you're not gonna be So talk to someone who actually knows |
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| 42:18 | do it out of emotion. Yes. |
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