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00:09 sure. I don't know. Mm hmm. Hey, folks,

00:36 . Um, So today, I'm gonna finish up part 6 1st

00:43 viruses. We have one more life to go through a couple of

00:48 other things. Um, Uh, we'll go into the Chapter 13

00:54 So remember it will be a number questions kind of built a discussion around

01:01 . Um, so, uh, , uh, you tend to,

01:08 guess. Okay, rightly so or . Um, you get students can

01:14 a bit tunnel vision to just worry the grades, write great books.

01:21 about the grades so much. So me say upfront quicker questions or two

01:26 whether you answer right or wrong. . So don't focus on the rightness

01:29 wrongness. Just focus on here is content and the question. I think

01:33 through, we'll go through it. , so obviously trying to, you

01:37 , answer the best of your But you know, don't stress it's

01:44 ? Okay. Better. Yeah. . Much better. Okay.

01:52 so, so don't just worry about focus on the content as we

01:59 And you know, you have but tablets and stuff can be a

02:03 sticky for some people. Okay. hopefully I'm going to unstick that.

02:09 , um, but if you have , certainly, uh, bring him

02:13 , uh, and we'll go through get through get parted metabolism metabolism.

02:19 remember that as you go through. you already looked through the book,

02:22 , that I don't, you don't to memorize, 50, 60 70

02:26 reactions and all the enzymes involved. , I don't handle it that

02:29 If frankly, if I wanted you know that. Um, you just

02:34 it up. Right. More important breaking what what's the purpose overall purpose

02:39 it? What are we breaking down the stages of the process?

02:42 What goes in? What comes out the stage? And we're only talking

02:46 maybe four or five stages. So it's more that uh, you

02:51 look it up if you if you to know individual reactions and things.

02:55 . So it's more about more of , but you know, details at

03:00 point. Okay. So we'll go it. Um and uh, hopefully

03:06 makes sense to you. Okay, , um so let's start with so

03:12 , I sent out the email So we're still kind of back in

03:16 mode of a quiz each week. then there will be a smart work

03:20 . Um, and and so So let's look at I think I

03:29 a question. We're gonna start with question I believe. Yeah. So

03:34 is back to the um plus and . Right, so I kind of

03:39 that and whether plus train represents the strand represents. Um just kind of

03:45 basic question here to kind of see you remember that. Um and so

03:52 we're gonna as you reading this So today we're gonna go through the

03:57 is a retrovirus life cycle. little and then finish for a little

04:03 about post defenses. Okay against How how we can defend against

04:08 Um Let's see here. All So this question of course, remembering

04:17 the we have a single stranded plus RNA virus. This genome would first

04:24 to transcribe this into a minus antisense . Then translate from this antisense strand

04:30 viral proteins. True or false. . Sure. Mhm. Mhm.

04:46 right. And that's okay. So some question about what's going on.

04:56 . So who answered truth. So why did you pick Truth

05:16 Right. So the second part is be what? So can you express

05:24 can if the minus sent strand if had a minus sent strand I just

05:28 into a beaker of buffer zones. drivers won't be able to do anything

05:32 it. No I won't be able trans translate. So the plus trend

05:36 the only strand form that is Okay so um so as you said

05:46 plus trend is transcribed into a minus . Okay. And then um then

05:55 my strength is not translatable. Okay remember that um the you could it

06:08 certainly translate that plus trained as it into the pits infecting virus that plus

06:12 could certainly be translated as it enters uncoated and is inside the cytoplasm but

06:20 that that wouldn't be enough. It would have to end game.

06:25 . That virus is infecting will want make lots of viral progeny. Each

06:29 of those viable project requires a copy the genome. This is a plus

06:32 would have to have a bunch of plus strained copies to put into the

06:38 as they assembled the viruses. So you need numbers of stuff.

06:43 . Um, any question about Okay. Alright. Um,

06:51 questions go ahead. Why you It's it's not. Why do they start

06:59 a poster and they are just that of virus there. A poster and

07:05 flu um, et cetera. That's the viral. It's not that they

07:11 . Why it's not. Why are starting out that way? It's that's

07:13 they are. Okay. It's like double stranded. We have double strand

07:18 . And our ourselves. That's what are. Right? These viruses are

07:22 viruses are the viruses, DNA It can be, it's just what

07:26 is. Okay. That what's the that you have? Mm hmm.

07:44 , if that were the case would these advice still have to be

07:48 to this point that were true, they would have died out and become

07:52 . Right? Is there? Like don't know if the top of my

08:04 . I don't know if anybody knows . But we do know that they

08:09 are quite successful. Um, I know Inherently there's anything what's negative about

08:15 . What's bad about it. What up more than most resources. Not

08:24 because whether you're a plus or you're gonna have to go through.

08:27 you're a plus you're going to go and plus minus to a plus.

08:30 your mind is you're gonna go minus minus. So they're both going to

08:32 through that process. And so they're they're not once not using any more

08:36 than the other because they always whether a plus or minus single stranded RNA

08:42 , you're gonna go through the route if you're a plus plus minus

08:46 if you're minus minus plus minus. why is that again? What's the

08:56 ? Making baby virus is each of babies needs a protein captured at minimum

09:00 the genomes stuck into them. And it becomes a numbers game a

09:05 strand of virus entering communities. One you've got to make a bunch of

09:10 genomes right eventually to put in all viruses here assembly. So that's gonna

09:16 the case whether you're going in starting a plus virus or in mind if

09:20 gonna go through those two stages. . You're really not using any more

09:27 in their perspective. Yeah. Any questions. Okay. Okay. So

09:37 summarizing to look at the plus RNA the minus RNA viruses um uh and

09:44 just gone through the process uh Ian process around with animal viruses. Uh

09:52 different variations under the incoming physical releases free genome and then then there's different

10:00 for that. Whether it's just the becomes confident is used for virus production

10:07 doesn't integrate into a into a chromosome making approved virus. Okay so there's

10:13 there as well the cut. Um with the retrovirus, okay, it's

10:20 RNA virus group that's a little bit in terms of it goes to

10:26 D. N. A. Intermediate . So there's there is uh it

10:29 have the need for an RNA dependent polymerase because it's copying its genome which

10:36 plus RNA into DNA. Okay. so again the what's gonna end up

10:44 in this life cycle is happening because endgame eventually is going to have to

10:50 if this virus wants to replicate it will have to eventually make viruses

10:55 look like this, each having a RNA genome. And of course our

11:00 assembly. Uh so with the retrovirus transcriptase viral enzyme. Okay. The

11:09 again notice the relationship between an opaque , right? Even though it's it's

11:16 D. N. A. Still plus minus relationship. Right? And

11:22 this minus single strand of DNA is into a into a double strand by

11:27 the host DNA. Because this double form is what is going to integrate

11:33 the chromosome. This this single platform integrate into the chromosome needs to have

11:38 needs to be the same as what going into. Okay. And so

11:42 while integrated can uh and does direct transcription of the Plus RNA which can

11:53 be translated into proteins, assemble viruses package genomes into them. Okay so

12:00 retrovirus is one that we see the here. It has an envelope.

12:08 . It go through the encoding process binding to receptor. And so these

12:13 very specific in terms of what they . So um type of T helper

12:19 , T helper cells will talk about later in the semester. They have

12:26 roles in in not just um certain your immune system such as um dealing

12:34 infected cells for example but they also involved in helping other cells make

12:40 Alright so b cells make antibodies don't that but you'll learn that but actually

12:44 cells help to activate those b So T cells are very important in

12:48 overall what we call adaptive immune Okay. And uh and so this

12:56 is very specific for that particular cell and so it effects um and then

13:02 see the um you were transcriptase copping D. N. A. Uh

13:10 the double strand using host DNA primaries then integrating. And then while integrated

13:17 can um directed synthesis of new viral . So I remember that viruses are

13:23 the nucleus right like this would be into the host Crowe's own that translation

13:30 proteins across outside here in the how it is directing synthesis of viral particles

13:38 then the budding process some of the is how deep envelope is acquired,

13:43 around the captured as it exits. and then um and so this can

13:51 can happen. Uh so number when the virus inserts into the

13:57 it can just sit there and do right? For a long time,

14:02 , weeks, months, and even . Okay. And then uh and

14:07 not exactly sure what the trigger but then it may begin to then

14:11 viruses and do so at a lower so that viruses but out okay,

14:17 a low rate in the cells that violence. Okay. So that can

14:21 for a period of time and it's of when that begins to happen,

14:26 get a slow accumulation of viruses of . Um and then then an eventual

14:33 blood test results, right? So it's integrated into the chromosome in doing

14:39 , whether it's not really detectable, ? It's a negative be produced even

14:47 at some point it'll get to a that's detectable and that's when it becomes

14:52 positive. And so um this latent refers to viruses that do this.

15:01 the individual shows no symptoms for a time. Okay, then all of

15:05 sudden they do as the viruses begin multiply and accumulate. Um and then

15:10 then of course began to kill off cells that they've infected. And so

15:18 the uh and so the of course you begin to kill the particular to

15:24 ourselves, that then of course really the immune system. The people that

15:33 to the disease do, so not of this virus, but because they

15:36 defend themselves against typically pneumonia, that's they died from, because the immune

15:42 just can't fight it. And um, but nowadays it has been

15:47 quite some time. It is it's curable, but it's certainly treatable.

15:52 can live with HIV uh, fairly life. Okay. As long as

15:57 have access to them, the Right. So, uh, nowadays

16:01 think it's like a combination of eight nine different antiviral drugs is given.

16:06 them is a enzyme are a drug counteracts the effects of reverse transcriptase,

16:15 an ideal target since it's completely viral . And so many drugs target that

16:22 one. And so, um So I said, people nowadays have access

16:28 the medication to live a fairly normal unlike 30 years ago or so.

16:35 . But unfortunately not everybody has access those two, that medicine and there's

16:40 of the world where AIDS is Okay, epidemic. And uh and

16:47 for a whole other host of reasons having access to drugs for various economic

16:52 other reasons. Okay. But that the nature of this retrovirus.

16:59 it can also there's types of these cause certain leukemias as well affecting blood

17:05 cell production. So, um, think uh, the feline leukemia virus

17:10 used often used as a model to the retrovirus as well. Okay,

17:16 , any questions about retrovirus? so, uh, so lastly here

17:24 little bit about the fences. So talked about genetic resistance. Okay,

17:30 me. And genetic resistance, is going to be a, anything that

17:34 infected with the virus could potentially become resistant. And that simply refers to

17:40 mutation that occurs in the population that a meal acid change occurs in the

17:48 of a receptor protein or however the gets into the cell, a change

17:52 . Now it's kind of like changing locks on the door. The virus

17:56 really get in. It doesn't recognize that component anymore or it binds only

18:02 weakly to an inquiry in effect not strongly. And so these are typical

18:09 against a virus um Not more specific what we called RNA interference. We'll

18:17 about that later in the in unit . Um but it's widespread among all

18:23 kingdoms. These are our NHS that bind to the virus. Again,

18:30 base pairing can trigger uh destruction of of the viral genome or and or

18:40 it or blocking expression of it. , the interferon, it is a

18:48 of our innate immune system defense. will also talk about this later.

18:54 is um basically antiviral drugs are produced response to interferon. And so of

19:02 there's vaccination that's a way to counteract viral infection. Um anybody has produced

19:11 virus. The virus cannot then That's what the Covid vaccine works that

19:17 . These are what are called neutralizing buying into the viral surface of the

19:23 cannot then buying too to the micro to on the soul surface. Okay

19:31 interfere on it's best to just show here. Okay so interference is naturally

19:38 produced by many many of our cells um it will be set aside in

19:46 to a virus infection. So here's cell the virus affecting it. Um

19:53 viral infection itself can induce the production interference. Okay and you're throwing diffuses

20:00 of the cell. Okay. And cells that had the receptor for it

20:06 can take it in and then that as a um molecule that induces expression

20:15 antiviral proteins. Okay so essentially these are infected with the virus and are

20:22 against the viral infection due to the of these antivirals as a result of

20:29 . Okay so the infect the this cell is infected will likely succumb to

20:35 viral infection but in doing so it basically protected those around it by executing

20:42 interferon that then those cells can take and have a defense against the

20:47 Okay so um and so interfere Is can be also given it is

20:56 given as a external drugs as an to fight the fight environment affection as

21:02 as part of the treatment, but it's a it's ourselves many of brussels

21:07 these on their own for this for purpose. Okay. Um, So

21:13 concludes chapter six on the virus. there any questions about these?

21:20 um Alright, so now we're kind gonna do it. Someone about 1

21:24 here. Okay, as we go metabolism. Okay, so the first

21:28 of this is more of a Um . 101, if you will.

21:33 . And so basically, we're of , looking through the context of protest

21:38 , it's obviously applicable to any living on this planet. Okay. And

21:44 it's true metabolism is how, you , that's how life works. You

21:49 , it's how life can survive and the things that needs to do,

21:53 production of energy, which is needed , you know, obvious things like

21:58 limbs and whatnot. But maybe less things like, you know, carrying

22:02 those sailor functions that are going on our bodies right now. Okay.

22:07 as well as especially for us, Therms right? We rely on heat

22:14 right to to maintain our body And so that comes from eating breaking

22:18 food because that generates heat. And we use that heat to control

22:23 body time. So, obviously metabolism an essential thing um to to allow

22:32 to live basically. Okay, and we're gonna start with a kind of

22:36 question here, just kind of to , test your knowledge of kind of

22:42 basic metabolism stuff or maybe not so . Okay, so, here's the

22:46 question. Okay, So, looking the false statement here, if there

22:51 one. So these are kind of then we're gonna go through all these

22:56 some of these are basic concepts will through today and next time. Um

23:02 there really are just fundamental things. and like I said, it's really

23:08 processes that enable us really to to what we do. Okay. Or

23:14 living thing to do what it Um Oops, sorry. There we

23:26 . Yeah. Yeah. Okay. . Mhm. It ain't counting down

24:26 5.4. Mm hmm, mm Let's see. Okay. B C

24:44 A B C D E F and . Okay. Um so, certainly

24:50 is required to form a tps. uh, you know, stuff you

24:54 for lunch would have you? I , you're constantly, constantly producing and

24:58 constantly breaking down millions of a tps second. Okay. Um generally,

25:05 food that you eat will ultimately become by the cells in your body.

25:09 . One of the things, one the main things in this Chapter

25:13 Chapter 14 in Metabolism General is our reactions. Right, oxidation reduction

25:22 Right. So, oxidation is our . Right, reductions are gaining of

25:29 . And so electrons are energy. . And you can transport electrons

25:35 You're carrying energy. Right. Um that is done to a big degree

25:42 metabolism as you'll see uh you have reactions occurring in your body uh you

25:49 when you had a workout and your are sore. That's fermentation reactions that

25:54 generated lactic acid. Um you waited this morning, your body sees this

26:00 a source of electrons. That is . As we'll see. Um donuts

26:06 full of carbs, Right? Right? That's that's one of the

26:12 energy sources you use are carbs too . Right. And so um

26:18 And they break the redox reactions. ? So if oxidation ins you

26:22 cause release of electrons, well then you go, we're gonna capture those

26:27 we're going to get energy from We're going to make a tps from

26:30 . And so um https can be to provide energy for cellular process.

26:35 course. Okay. So the thing remember is, you know, we're

26:39 familiar with a T P. I , I'm assuming. Okay. But

26:44 you can break them down and you form them and one takes energy.

26:50 releases energy. Okay? Um and the option you inhales converted the

26:55 That's true. Okay, so all these are true statements. Okay,

27:00 G is the correct answer here. , so we'll go through these uh

27:08 . So we'll start with this thing micro let's call it. Okay.

27:15 um the process of growth, We're talking about from Chapter Four growth

27:22 division production of biomass, right? is going to take a lot.

27:29 represents a lot of energy. we are building biomass biomass is is

27:35 living um uh mass of material in example of cultural growing, this is

27:41 biomass and people are always standing and on a scale at one time.

27:44 the biomass in this, in in this auditorium. Okay, so

27:49 represents um lots of energy and you , cell division protein synthesis at high

27:56 when this is going on. It takes lots of energy to do

27:59 . And so of course you need for that. Okay, we mentioned

28:04 , how important carbon is carbon is that based molecule right? The carbon

28:10 and what all your bio molecules are of. And so and going from

28:13 one sell these several, we've generated lot of biomass and along the way

28:20 of uh of new biomolecules that we to have carbon to both provide energy

28:29 You and the components to make these molecules. Okay. And so of

28:34 in this chapter it's mainly we're focusing 13 on metabolism which breakdown of organic

28:43 but it's um header trophy sitting on trolls right? Like us.

28:49 And we're looking 14, we'll look uh little trophy photo trophy.

28:55 but 13 we're focused on on things eat like we do. Okay.

29:01 approach And so um chemical eric so obviously if they're eating chemicals were

29:08 energy from that? Okay but there's ways to be energy. Okay it

29:13 be like all at once like a of dynamite going off. That's a

29:17 of energy. Okay you can combust , you can combust these kinds of

29:23 , you see it up there, , proteins um and they'll give off

29:28 . Right? But life cannot rely getting energy from something like that.

29:35 wouldn't survive. Okay. To extreme exchange heat of course. So we

29:43 why one of the reasons you have many reactions of metabolism. Right?

29:49 60 something plus reactions occurring because you molecules down in increments in certain steps

29:56 can capture the energy turns out to much more efficient to do it that

30:01 then as like an all in one of a process multiple steps um and

30:08 stuff to capture energy. Okay and again back to electrons. Right?

30:14 we have oxidation reactions going on which us to capture those electrons and then

30:19 gonna be able to do something with . Okay, as this will all

30:23 as we go along. Okay, looking at um we've seen some of

30:31 terminology before. Okay, so the processes. Right? So we're really

30:37 on header coach really in this in section. Okay so we already know

30:42 breaking down complex organic material. Right where does the energy come from?

30:48 the molecule? Where is that coming ? As we break it down?

30:53 is the energy actually coming from? what's the what makes up the

30:59 hurry up. C6 H 1206 is . Alright. So what what is

31:05 in that thing that we're breaking apart and bonds are made of electrons

31:13 so violently bottom. Okay. And as we consider our actions as we

31:17 it apart, we're gonna capture those . Right? That's what redox is

31:20 about. Okay, so it comes the bonds in the molecule and breaking

31:26 bonds into capturing the energy. And so um so respiration and

31:33 So both rely on breaking down more organic materials. Remember? Right?

31:39 not talking in this part about auto . Not talking about those guys that

31:45 the 02. Right? It's all these more complex organic forms.

31:49 so in fermentation, okay. Often to as an in incomplete oxidation,

31:58 complete oxidation. We go to any to which you really could do nothing

32:04 with. Okay, could not break down any further. And you'll see

32:10 respiration gives us C. 02 and that's complete oxidation because we can't take

32:14 . 02 and break it down any . Sio two is actually a very

32:18 molecule. Okay. And we're not break water down to get energy from

32:23 . So um but fermentation there's still left? And these molecules? It

32:30 be you know, this is Example two types of products of fermentation.

32:36 more of us that are possible. they're all typically short chain um acids

32:41 alcohols like this. Okay. And are bacteria that can actually eat these

32:47 . Okay? And get energy from . So the point is that's what

32:49 call these incomplete oxidation or not. still some energy left there. But

32:54 the nature of fermentation, right? uh and you don't use oxygen as

32:59 . Okay, so now respiration by is looks much more complicated. And

33:07 is because it involves doing many more involving other components. Okay, So

33:16 , complete oxidation, right? Can't anything with co two and water.

33:21 actually exhale ceo too. Right. but we do form a teepee and

33:28 of the things when you have redox . Okay. In a biological

33:34 um you will form a tps directly some at some steps. But you

33:40 many more of these, some of A D H. But a lot

33:46 N A D H. These two . Our electron carrying molecules.

33:52 so we can have we'll have a right with the food, you know

33:58 stuff we ate for lunch today. ? That could be that's our source

34:01 electrons. Right? If you had hamburger, right? That's your source

34:06 electrons. Okay? Of course. You have to get at those electrons

34:12 first breaking down, right, the and getting your digestive system and broke

34:17 down eventually down to individual molecules. ? That's what then were willing to

34:22 to yourselves. Right. And then when we begin these processes of

34:28 Okay. And um and so that hamburger source of electrons isn't one actually

34:37 . Right. It's these electronic caring . That's what that's what's gonna

34:42 Be involved in these reactive oxidation reactions they're gonna be the ones being the

34:47 . Right? So they're going to the work. Okay. And but

34:52 only result they only result right by from an electrical source that was broken

35:01 . So it starts with that. then then they're going to be handed

35:05 to these electron carriers that are then to go to electron transport system.

35:11 . And so that's where Uh A lot of the work is going

35:15 be done as well. See? . And then finally to uh what's

35:20 the terminal except er right oxygen or could be something else. Right?

35:27 remember the bacteria archaea. Right? don't necessarily just have to re spire

35:35 but actually they can have nitrate is common. It could be iron,

35:41 could be um sulfate, it could a number of things. Right,

35:46 respiration. I mean honestly anaerobic respiration uh are more prevalent among the pro

35:55 archeo world than is aerobic respiration. . So it's very common in that

36:01 that precarious world. And so um even though you're seeing any D.

36:09 . And F. A. H. We're not we're not seeing

36:11 tps yet. Okay. Their work carrying electrons to this system here.

36:20 . Results in a lot of A . T. I'm gonna we're gonna

36:25 this again in a second. So not gonna get into specifics here but

36:30 that those restaurant carriers end up resulting making a lot of https as we

36:35 see shortly. Okay. And so ahead of trophy. Okay. Also

36:42 the category of metabolism. Okay. the operative word or part of the

36:48 is this? Alright. We have trump. Even though it has photo

36:53 now most people association when they see . Oh it's a plant. Now

36:57 photo had a trove. Can use to produce energy and but It cannot

37:04 Co two it must still have organic organic forms of carbon to eat.

37:09 so it does Kuttab allies but it produce some energy. Light.

37:13 Okay. Um and as we saw the previous slide, you know many

37:20 most all examples and textbooks are glucose a starting material. Obviously many things

37:26 be used in place of glucose. sugars, fats, proteins undertake

37:32 Any of these things can be potentially eaten as a source of carbon and

37:38 . Okay. Um Now And so because it's just for completeness only looking

37:47 these different metabolic categories. Right? we're not focusing on focusing on these

37:51 until Chapter 14. Uh you have autotrophs of course. Right. So

37:57 little troughs. Methanol genesis also fits that group. Uh they all fixed

38:02 0.2. Okay. And it's always they remember to do this right?

38:10 you're taking co two units and making complex organic molecule Okay. The building

38:18 building takes energy breaking down, releases . Building takes energy. Okay?

38:24 that energy can come from light if a photo of a trophy can come

38:27 just oxidation of inorganic. That's little . Okay so again we'll come back

38:35 that next week. Okay. But I'm just gonna focus on uh these

38:41 . Okay and so here's a question . Let me just throw this one

38:46 . What we've been talking about Sure. So respiration does not require

38:55 one or all these requirements. Okay we're not sure about it. That's

39:20 we're gonna go through it. E two. Yeah. Mhm.

39:48 . All of these things are Okay so let's let me just bring

39:54 up here, come, okay All right so you're gonna see some

40:07 of this diagram whether it's like this I draw it like this where

40:13 T. C. Is electron transport and I'll have something here and something

40:19 . Okay. Use this a lot kind of we're doing oxidation reduction reactions

40:25 what's going on. Okay so, the membrane is essential. Right?

40:35 remember the membrane is what gives you , ion gradient is really in a

40:43 respiration is all about maintaining an ion . That's as basic as I can

40:48 it. Okay. And so here see and I am broken gradient.

40:53 . And we talked about this Okay. But the uh this respiration

41:00 all about maintaining that. Okay, How are we gonna maintain a

41:06 Right, well, number one This proton gradient is hello, concentration

41:15 high out here. As you can by the number of H is

41:19 So, if we're going pushing right low to high, that's energy

41:24 energy to do that. Well, don't see any https being expended?

41:30 only see https forming here. That's a D P to a tee

41:37 . Right. You're still not seeing . The energy coming from.

41:42 well, the energy is coming from on left side here. Right,

41:47 we have protons being pumped out. what's that Got to be interviewed supplying

41:51 because we're going up the grading. , It's coming from the transfer of

41:57 . Okay. Electronic or energy transfer for transferring energy. Right. And

42:04 leads to a release of energy. ? So electronic transfers you can release

42:09 that can be used to do stuff and this process here is to pump

42:14 protons. Okay, um now in to do that. Okay, you

42:22 have to have something supplying electrons. ? Because you have to have something

42:28 these. Okay. And so we mentioned that. Well, the food

42:34 . Right. The food source will those. Okay. And now the

42:43 interaction right? With with the components electron transport system are things like an

42:50 D H F A D H. ? Although the food source is the

42:56 the source of electrons ultimately get broken . And then we're gonna form an

43:00 . D. H. D th the process. And those guys are

43:02 be the ones interacting electron transport Okay, so these guys will give

43:08 the electrons. Okay. And you have um a very important part of

43:15 process is flow. Yes. Going this direction, electron flow.

43:25 And so you need how you keep going. How do you keep going

43:28 left to Right, well you have have something there that that must be

43:33 electrons to it. Right. So is where the terminal Except there comes

43:45 . Oh, to for example if aerobic. Okay, so you're gonna

43:49 a molecule at the B end. gonna be something that's a super duper

43:56 grabber that loves electrons. Okay. molecule that's a very strong um oxidizing

44:05 . Don't worry about that yet. about that yet. Strong oxidizing agent

44:10 electrons and oxygen is very very powerful agent. Okay. It's why it's

44:15 the end the most powerful one in context. That's why it's at the

44:20 , right? It's a electron sucking . Okay, at the front end

44:27 at the left hand over here, say over here, because you arrange

44:31 components in this chain point in this . Left to write in order of

44:41 guys have to really give up electrons . Alright, strong donors.

44:47 So the ones that give up black easily at the front those that like

44:52 grab onto them more and more so we go to the right,

44:57 that maintains flow. Okay guys, give up electrons easily those that like

45:03 grab. Right? And that's what slow going. Okay, if you

45:07 believe me, put a paper plastic over your head, tie it

45:12 What's going to happen? All This Stops stops on this track.

45:21 have about eight minutes and you're Okay? So if you don't believe

45:27 , believe that. Okay, So it is absolutely true. Okay,

45:34 , um you're just walking out the accepting from getting from doing that by

45:40 that. Okay, So, electron flow, you're basically stopping electron

45:45 when you do that. Okay. so all backed up and then you're

45:50 . Okay, So, um okay, we've got that going.

45:55 now we know how to do Strong dollar, have a food,

45:58 electron source of food source um have in this chain that will go from

46:06 giving up electronic ones that grab them strongly now keep flow going. We

46:12 electron flow. We've got a proton sustained. Okay, so so I

46:17 to answer the question. How are making these? Okay, because

46:22 let me just scroll down to This is one of the main concepts

46:28 thing right here. Okay, coupling requirement, processes energy releasing all the

46:35 habits and the tablet. Right? so we just saw it. We

46:40 sought the electron transport chain. electron transfers release energy. Right,

46:46 that to public. Protons requires Right? So, we did it

46:50 there. We're going to do it on the right side. Alright,

46:54 now we've generated a proton gradient A lot of potential energy there.

47:02 , so now if we can get going downhill, police energy again.

47:07 , so we'll couple that process to a Tps. Because making a Tps

47:13 energy. That's how we're gonna couple production to make energy to make these

47:20 release from those guys going downhill. , so you've generated a high concentration

47:28 of protons outside the cell. Big hide low. Right? That's that's

47:33 force, right? Because they will go downhill. You give them an

47:38 . Another charged they can't just flop a lipid violent, Right? They're

47:42 be repelled. So you got to him an opening and the opening is

47:46 A. T. P sentences. , so they'll flow in that

47:50 Okay, So you have that concentration force. Okay? You also have

47:58 shown really is most cells or have negative on the inside. Okay.

48:06 learn that. That it comes really the proteins you have in your in

48:10 cell. Ok. Charge at the exists if you like negative charges

48:16 So these positive protons have that So you have two forces protest.

48:22 called a proton motive force, Charge attraction. And the concentration

48:27 Both those combined bring these protons in and that brings him in, releases

48:34 . And that's what can be used fuel that. That's that 80 Pecent

48:38 . Making A. T. S. Okay, so again,

48:42 energy releasing with energy requiring process. , very efficient. Right. So

48:49 doing this as you see in the , we're not expanding, physically expanding

48:53 teepee. Right? Because remember that to go from here. Mhm.

49:01 here. Right, releases energy. . And you don't see this reaction

49:12 in there were in their right to a source of energy. Right?

49:15 just doing it by combining these right? Transfer energy released to the

49:20 protons. Um protons going down pregnant or at least to form an

49:26 So very efficient that way. so um again yeah, we're gonna

49:35 through this again and again. So So um but that's that's really the

49:40 of respiration. Okay? Remember Um It can be doesn't have to

49:48 aerobic right. Does not have to it could be an aerobic sports,

49:52 ? Um And we can involve light in the process. Right? So

49:58 the same basic components of electron transport proton pumping 80 P synthesis. That

50:08 also occurs in plants analogy and santa . Right? And these it's all

50:14 it's driven by light and so but similar in terms of how what you

50:19 there happening also happens in other Okay. It's just the energy source

50:24 different. Okay, that that drives . So um so let's look at

50:34 Any questions. Yeah, it's already . Yeah. Well, two there's

50:44 charge. There's and then there's the difference. Yeah. Yeah.

50:50 Exactly. Like I said, I'm . It's on entry now, technically

50:54 I just talked about. We'll talk that and later in Chapter 13.

50:58 I figured let me just like a blast throw it out. Some stuff

51:03 stick. At least we come around it again. All right.

51:05 you know, we're just talking about . So that's my purpose here right

51:08 . So if you don't quite get , it's all right because we're gonna

51:11 gonna hear it until you want to up basically. You're gonna hear it

51:14 and four and five and six Okay. So I'm going to get

51:16 into your head no matter what. right. So all right. So

51:21 a question. So, think about , I was just talking about.

51:28 . And then look at this the diagram. I'm just labeling five different

51:32 . 123, 45. Okay. So you're inside the colon if this

51:39 . Coli work and uh and aerobically . Okay. If you could,

51:47 would you what area went through? would say? Oh, okay.

51:52 why I determine that at. Okay. The timer on.

52:52 Okay. Um there's gonna be another with the same diagram, but a

52:57 question. Okay. Yes. let's see. Cut. Yeah,

53:06 would be location three. Okay. would be there. So, let's

53:13 at this next question. Then I'll back and and uh will go through

53:19 . Let me reset that. so now we're saying bacterium.

53:24 now it wouldn't be any cooler. be something else. But uh if

53:27 were a little trough, how would determine that? Where would you

53:32 Where would you look to see if it's a little trophy for not what

53:37 tell you that? Surely. Yeah. Okay, mm hmm.

54:28 . Mhm. Mhm, mm Yeah. So right here, if

54:38 an arab. Arab anaerobic aerobic Look at the terminal Except er for

54:43 . That's the truth. Hello. . Look at one, Right,

54:48 you're asking really, what's what's the . Right, what's the electronic source

54:53 inorganic sources hair pros like us more . And so it's gonna be one

55:01 will tell you that. Okay, um so we just went through

55:07 So let me just go to It's kind of just another summary.

55:11 , so, again, just the of these components of the membrane,

55:17 ? Respiration and membrane is important because gives you besides writing stuff molecules on

55:23 side of the gradient. Right? Also the other the other benefit is

55:31 you always see this in whether it's or photosynthesis, a membrane, not

55:37 for the purpose of making a but also you stuff it full of

55:41 the enzymes involved in respiration. Very often these can be folded up

55:47 to increase surface area and just stuff full of the respiratory enzymes or

55:53 the horror films and pigments and Right? The membrane serves both those

55:58 . Okay. Um then uh uh transport system. Okay. And

56:07 so, remembering that, Okay, need a source. Right? Is

56:10 organic or inorganic? Little trophy. , Trophy. Okay. Um and

56:16 of course, that source is not the one that's interacting with the components

56:21 change. Right? But rather we're break it down. Okay. And

56:25 the process we're going to generate these electronic carriers that are gonna received electrons

56:32 these steps. So they become alternately and reduced as they gain electrons.

56:40 . And it's actually these guys that interact with the components of the

56:43 Not not the source itself, but a source gets broken down then the

56:48 in a dhs that former little ones actually interact with the I can transport

56:55 then transfers, right? We're gonna transfers electrons. The components are organized

57:01 strong donors, easily give up electrons stronger except ear's right. They like

57:07 hang onto electrons. So we're going maintains the flow. And then of

57:12 the strongest one, strongest oxidizing agents be at the end sector aerobic.

57:21 . In the process it becomes Okay. Um, and so I

57:27 it's it can be uh counter You go, okay, Michael is

57:33 electrons, isn't it? Getting Right? Why are you saying it's

57:35 ? That's just that's just the Okay, so Michael that becomes reduced

57:40 actually gaining electrons. Okay. and so electronic transfers are coupled to

57:49 proton pumping. Okay. So we a gradient and then, uh,

57:55 proton motive force mentioned earlier, charge positive. Outside negative inside plus the

58:02 in concentration. Right. And so draws them through an https production of

58:10 . So protons are going down to release. He used to form

58:16 So, um, we will, kind of the overall process will focus

58:22 on this. The nuts and bolts this in Chapter 14 in the beginning

58:27 Chapter 14. Um, but as go through the rest of 13,

58:32 more like, here's here's the stages like like calls us and respiration.

58:37 um we don't focus so much on details but but kind of with the

58:42 process here. Okay. But it's causes respiration. The overall process of

58:47 is to maintaining gradient from https. ? But the the energy to that

58:56 this is the energy from the breakdown that source molecule. Okay. Breaking

59:04 down. So remember for us header , right? The the carbon source

59:11 . Is Serves two purposes as a of electrons. And it's um broken

59:20 , right? We get energy from right to the oxidation and then uh

59:23 serves as building blocks to make bigger . So we kind of get a

59:27 for one in that respect. Um so let's oh, I should

59:36 also this is a term you're gonna a lot in this chapter. Next

59:40 in this one, oxygen foster So everything you see on that

59:45 Okay, that's oxygenated fast forward. there's different ways to make a

59:54 Mhm. Basically three ways. Actually, the foster relation that you

59:58 there that involved all that stuff. then there's what's called substrate level foster

60:04 . Okay. What's simpler? All that's going on there because we

60:09 a a single reaction. Right? Let's say here's substrate. Very

60:18 That has a phosphate group on Okay. And then in a reaction

60:25 phosphate is added on to an D. P. Right? So

60:30 have substrate that's D. Phosphorus And you have an A.

60:35 P. Okay. That's all it pretty basic. Okay, so you

60:41 form a few https like that process substrate level cross correlation. Okay.

60:47 you can see compared to oxidative foster is much more complicated. Is oxidative

60:51 relations? Right? So this process restoration electron transport chain, proton radiant

60:57 https resulting. That's oxidative relation Now phosphor relation um is almost the same

61:09 oxidative except it's light. Light is driving thing. But for a false

61:13 you do have electron source. You have electron transport chain. You have

61:18 A. T. P. So all that stuff is similar.

61:21 ? Except that light is the is driver for it. Okay, so

61:25 level foster relations. Oxidative foster Similar components. So there's no population

61:32 more simple. Okay. So and speaking this process because this does occur

61:43 a as a adjunct as a addition respiration. Okay. But this I

61:50 produces about 4 80 P. S . Okay, Whereas this appear producers

61:57 34 or something like that. 34 . Okay. So that's sometimes oxidative

62:04 relation. Okay. So big difference substrate overpopulation and what oxidative cross relation

62:11 you? 34-4. I mean it's . Right? So um anyway,

62:18 certainly looking at you right now but what we're going to revisit all this

62:21 again. But I figure let's just it this way. Okay, so

62:26 it's you know, it was oh my God, stop. It's

62:29 much. It's all right. You , you're we're gonna go through it

62:33 and again. Okay. Um so a little bit about bio

62:39 right? Well, basically have been about that, but let's just put

62:43 a couple more terms on this. the delta G term, right?

62:49 Free energy. Okay, so free is the energy that can do useful

62:56 , whether it's proton gradient or or making a gps or what happened?

63:03 , Delta G. Is that useable ? Right. So we look at

63:07 overall uh delta G. Equals the energy delta H minus that. Of

63:14 times entropy score. Entropy is that often described as a measure of order

63:20 disorder? Right. More disordered, randomness. That that equates to greater

63:26 . Okay. To maintain order. . There's a decrease in entropy.

63:33 is a very ordered um things Uh to to maintain these bodies and

63:40 cells, it's about maintaining order. . And that takes a lot of

63:46 , right? That's why we constantly to keep eating, fueling ourselves,

63:50 to sustain that. And so um and you can measure these in the

63:56 like in heat, heat exchanges that . Okay. And you know,

64:03 plus years now of looking at different reactions and others. Okay, we

64:09 basically lump them into into being extra or rendered. Gotta write negative or

64:15 delta G. Okay. Um And terms synonymous. So eggs, organic

64:22 bolic sometimes called spontaneous. Okay all meaning the same thing. Right?

64:27 energy release. Okay so A delta . Produce negative DELTA G.

64:33 What you coupled to a positive delta . 11 can make the other go

64:39 um uh And so again positive energy organic non spontaneous uh Anabolic. Are

64:46 all kind of categories? Okay. so when we look at um when

64:52 talk about bio energetic sor thermodynamics, . You often you you when you're

65:00 at these kind of energy changes going , you're looking at you define what

65:07 you measuring these changes in? It can be defined in a number

65:14 ways. It could be just a reaction, right? It could be

65:17 cell, it could be a it could be the whole organism.

65:23 could be an ecosystem, it could the world, right? So it's

65:27 measuring these heat heat exchanges going Okay. And that is done.

65:32 . To see you know the productivity an ecosystem. You know you can

65:37 what's the rate of zero to Things like this are all about these

65:41 changes. And you can measure these different scales from itself to to uh

65:46 an ecosystem. Okay. And so often the term system and surroundings,

65:52 the system and surroundings. Okay. in a completely so if we look

65:57 just the basic reaction of A plus reactions giving C plus D.

66:02 Okay. If this were happening in closed test tube right? You had

66:09 A. And B. To the the in a buffer. Close the

66:15 box. Okay. Well A. B will go to make C.

66:18 D, assuming it's a favorable Okay. And it will continue to

66:24 products until when A. And Would make C. And D.

66:30 we reach the word you deliver Right then don't change after that.

66:39 . Um That's the nature of a system. Okay. But fortunately life

66:44 an open system right? We can we can we can continue to add

66:51 . Right. Take it in. . Exchange with the environment we can

66:56 C. And D. It's very metabolic reactions that the products of one

67:01 of the reactions for another reaction. . So it can be tied that

67:05 can also exchange with the environment. ? C. 02 X.

67:09 C. 02 as a result of metabolism. Right? So we can

67:13 with our environment. And so the is if um when so by that

67:21 then we can exchange with our environment When do when does a human come

67:28 equilibrium when eventually dead then you're an . Okay. So what with the

67:42 system is you are you know the of all these metabolic reactions right.

67:47 are you are continually going to But because you can exchange with the

67:53 , stuff can come in, stuff leave that you never quite get

67:58 Okay, we're approaching delivery but you're getting there until the system is no

68:04 exchanging or it's closed. Right? for a living thing, it's closed

68:09 you're dead. Alright, because you're longer exchange with the environment. So

68:13 you can be equilibrium. Okay, um so uh that's a good thing

68:21 . Um ah And you can influence G. Right? By by the

68:28 of products to react. And so keeps coming in, right? Uh

68:33 can have a great excess of right? Let's say we have a

68:38 hundredfold excess of A. And Over C. And D. That

68:44 that can make a favorable delta Okay, well, I'll show you

68:48 I mean. I'm going to get there. I'm getting ahead of

68:49 Let's just go through these steps So how can we do so with

68:54 things? Of course. It's um It's about making processes go okay?

69:00 sometimes they need help. Okay, a an anabolic process, right?

69:05 delta positive DELTA G. Needs energy make it go, okay. And

69:10 you can see that here by these where they they show free energy changes

69:16 time. And so this is quite . A an uphill process.

69:21 This one this is glucose plus phosphate make glucose six phosphate. Okay,

69:25 uphill process requires energy. And so units we use for for Byron

69:32 Typically the human jewels from old. , this is plus 13 points let's

69:38 plus 14 killer jewels promotes that's a delta G requires energy to make it

69:43 . So on its own it So what we're gonna do?

69:46 we can add the energy released from teepee hydraulics is so we can add

69:51 tps to it. Okay, so is this is all additive. We

69:55 combine them. And if the net is a negative delta G. Like

69:59 is. Uh huh. Uh right to the net plus plus

70:08 Uh Combined with the minus 30 you from a teepee hydraulic versus the net

70:13 is a negative delta G. And directly should should go, Okay,

70:19 why you see https being added or get out. Um I thought they

70:37 riveted by the discussion of they want come in. Um Anyway. Uh

70:44 . Alright, so that's why a are added to many or you see

70:48 in all kinds of different reactions because energy release you get from them can

70:52 the process go, Okay, so we just saw mentioned the concentration

70:58 So it doesn't have to be necessarily chemical reaction. It can be the

71:02 graded. Okay, that's a form stored energy potential energy that can be

71:07 to do something I. E. down 80 pieces in place to make

71:11 T. P. S. Um Again this concept of energy releasing

71:18 for the energy requiring process put those together. Okay as I just mentioned

71:22 second ago the concentration of reactant and . So there's an equation that here

71:28 you can influence delta G. Um . Manipulating the concentration of products two

71:39 okay. Or vice versa. You're get it both ways. But the

71:42 is let's just look here that we . Um So here on this column

71:49 see an excess of reactant. So a 10,000 to 1 product,

71:56 sorry reacting to product ratio. Okay right here that equates to an increase

72:03 delta G. Of that much. so it can make it so you

72:07 , lots of times you know bacteria at the mercy of their surroundings.

72:11 they may be in a scenario where metabolic processes. Someone that's a positive

72:16 G. But if they just happen have you know being an area where

72:19 an excess of reactant I'm reacting then that's enough to make it become a

72:26 delta G. Process. Okay. there's a high excess and that can

72:30 in some environments um uh So or alternative of that is if not an

72:37 of reactions you can still have a ratio if you're taking away product that

72:42 being made right? That too. too increases the ratio if it's going

72:47 . Which is very often the case metabolism is their service reactions for another

72:51 and products may just be sucked out quickly as they're made. And then

72:56 two maintains a steep ratio between reactions products. So um uh so you

73:05 , it's about making a negative a delta G more favorable than it may

73:10 in some instances whether by any PPE a significant difference in propane reactions to

73:17 . Um All these things are Okay. Um Many questions I know

73:24 suit to look at you. Um Ruminate. Ruminate on this for

73:30 couple of days. Okay. And um we'll come back. Okay.

73:35 are there any immediate questions? So, well we're gonna have to

73:40 this again. Okay. Uh so folks. We'll see you on

73:57 Yes. Thank

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