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GEOL 6381 Petroleum Geology - Saturday AM 1-22-2022
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00:00 and I'm going to start record and I will be able to pull things
00:05 with record on anybody wanna answer that situation affected massively in all aspects.
00:25 you speak up just a little I didn't quite hear that. Oh
00:29 , I'm saying that the COVID-19 has a massively in all the sectors.
00:36 . And yeah, that that's probably caused the issue. But but um
00:41 of mathematically what happened if you can and and you don't have to answer
00:47 question, make somebody else could answer . But if you can answer it
00:56 you can answer it. Okay, Covid, Covid 19 had an impact
01:04 it. What was that? What that impact have been due to the
01:11 on the pandemic, a lot of got shut down or went on breaks
01:17 prevent the spread of COVID 19. I guess because of that the production
01:25 the production of petroleum resources reduced, therefore reducing the release of non clean
01:34 resources. And I think because this um this led to the growth of
01:41 korean resources or the korean energy resources we have right now, The increase
01:45 2.7%. Okay. And and that's pretty much it. But just to
01:52 the uh what happens is the overall drops. But the clean energy was
01:59 going to power generation because that's what does and uh and so it stayed
02:05 same and the overall demand dropped. with the overall demand dropping the
02:14 it appeared that the percentage of growth went up because the total demand went
02:21 and and McManus you're absolutely correct the of all of industry, a lot
02:30 it was transportation energy and the transportation uh would be the hydrocarbons for the
02:39 part. And so that sector cut quite a bit in fact from Nearly
02:48 from nearly a 100 million barrels per to somewhere just over 80 million barrels
02:56 day. Which which actually did affect levels of C. 02 in the
03:02 over that period of time. Drop down a lot but probably not
03:10 So anyway um let's see here We're to start with lecture three and I
03:16 for not knowing you were watching me Yeah the zoom joint menu popped up
03:29 it completely covered this up and I see a way to get to
04:02 Think I need to get a camera my my mainframe because that would work
04:06 than this laptop actually my desktop. . Can everybody see my screen?
04:31 . Yes sir. Okay, there are. Okay so now we're going
04:42 start Basically this is Chapter one in book and I do know you can
04:51 it electronically. We have a bookstore always wants to know what our books
04:58 but um how many of you actually to the bookstore and buy books at
05:02 campus bookstore. I've gotten books from bookstore before you have. Okay because
05:10 most of the time everybody buys them amazon in spite of what I said
05:15 about amazon. But but usually, know, you can get a better
05:21 . Um I don't know if that's true anymore, but in the past
05:27 price of the bookstore was always a bit more than than what you could
05:31 online. Mm hmm. Okay. anyway, we'll start out with what
05:40 petroleum Geoscience and this is the definition the book. Um A lot of
05:50 like to go through a whole bunch definitions that I have in the
05:54 but I've given up on that. uh this is a this is a
06:00 definition. You know, let you read that and after you've read
06:15 if there's anything you think they've left , let me know. Okay.
06:35 guess nobody's seen anything they left Okay. Uh you know when I
06:41 read this, I thought, you know, they don't talk about
06:46 and scale and all that kind of . But in a way they do
06:49 origin relates to scale. So when start talking about petroliferos, basins,
06:56 in which we we hope to find think we can and have found oil
07:02 gas and the origin, it has lot to do with the type of
07:08 . It is the distribution has a to do with the type of basin
07:12 is. And and then beyond that actual properties of the reservoir and where
07:20 petroleum bearing rocks are, has a to do with sedimentary processes, like
07:27 stuff that those of you have taken learned in heterogeneous deposition assistance. I
07:32 everybody here just took that right. so that was a very appropriate
07:37 And of course you're going to have . You have a course in basin
07:41 in the program. And, and in this, in this uh particular
07:50 . We'll look at basins for a and kind of talk about how these
07:54 basins in different sedimentary basins actually formed habitat of petroleum systems. And,
08:04 so depending on the nature and type basin that we have form, it's
08:10 to impact ways in which that oil oil and gas was originated in a
08:16 rock. What the distribution of that rock is with the transportation routes or
08:25 routes from that. Um, Source is and uh, and also the
08:31 , the deposition all systems that create that have porosity that actually hold mm
08:41 , the hydrocarbons in conventional reservoirs, we know, the source rock deals
08:50 both the reservoir and the source of unconventional, a typical unconventional resource.
08:57 , there's a lot of different unconventional , but the main one or the
09:03 and uh, and that's kind of difference between the two right there.
09:07 at the end of the day, really talks about everything you need to
09:11 about to understand both conventional and unconventional . Okay. Uh here is uh
09:25 mentioned that I do this in um we, The value chain has six
09:32 frontier exploration exploitation, appraisal development and . And based on the way a
09:41 of the workflows are integrated with each . Ah The one at the top
09:49 very distinctive from all the others in exploration really is trying to look in
09:57 where we're not that familiar with the systems yet. And now that we've
10:04 drilling for oil for well over 150 , I think a lot of people
10:11 at first thought, I think that a lot of places that we've already
10:17 and there's nothing else to look But that's never true. We will
10:21 about some, some very real frontier areas and they're not just places that
10:30 kind of off limits or unapproachable, like the Antarctica or the arctic
10:36 uh or places like Anwar, the National Wildlife Refuge, you know,
10:47 where we haven't been able to get by due to the environment or by
10:53 and or even conscience in some, ways, I think people probably don't
10:59 to mess up the arctic ocean and , and at the same time the
11:04 of the antarctic and uh, but there are definitely lots of resources there
11:10 be had if we if we ever them. Ah the key is there's
11:17 lot of places we've never looked and even even right under our
11:23 for example, the big boom in uh the unconventional is particularly the shale
11:33 uh prior to the technology that was to help us produce that natural
11:43 We didn't even look at it. was right under our noses. We
11:46 right through it and I'm not sure any of, you know this,
11:53 one of the, one of the that we um actually started looking at
11:59 potential was that a lot of wells drilled through the source rocks also had
12:05 in the source rocks and they just , from an engineering standpoint figure out
12:10 way to extract those hydrocarbons to the of their advantage and efficiently and in
12:15 manner that would allow them to make . So that's kind of the start
12:22 all that. But so uh and very obvious place would be anywhere along
12:32 margin of the south atlantic, that's the Akkadian age. Uh, it's
12:39 of near the top of the Excuse me, it's sort of the
12:42 of the cretaceous or the top of , of the lower cretaceous when,
12:49 the oceans opened up to the rest the world sees and us. It
12:58 a immediate thing. There was, was a phase where it opened and
13:03 and you get the salt deposits and it opens back up again uh in
13:08 late al being in the center And so, you know, because
13:16 the fact that it's still difficult to underneath two km of salt, there's
13:21 a lot of areas of potential expiration salt that could go on. And
13:28 course imaging sub salt with seismic has a very difficult thing and will remain
13:33 very difficult thing I think. But can get tools down into the sub
13:41 . And we've had a lot of drill into that on the margins of
13:46 of the, of the south atlantic , the stuff on shore in in
13:54 Africa and then eastern brazil, there's lot of outcrops and a lot of
13:58 have been drilled. I remember at point in time, I I went
14:04 to Petrobras and looked at Samples from like 102 wells all along the eastern
14:12 of brazil at at things that were salt and age. And that's
14:18 another tool that we have in geology the fact that sometimes we can't always
14:27 without a very expensive well what's in basin. But on the margins and
14:32 are shallower cores, we can see lot of material and shallower wells as
14:37 and ones that aren't don't cost as because they're not out in the ocean
14:41 require platforms and that sort of sort of a self sustaining um platform
14:49 in the middle of the ocean is going to be more expensive.
14:56 then the next thing exploration exploitation, frontier exploration aspect of this kind of
15:04 us started on the whole whole But then exploration again, as I
15:11 is is basically uh when we start and exploitation is if we if we
15:21 , if we find something successful, then we then we look at that
15:28 , we call these plays, but look at that that particular play in
15:33 area that we just drilled that discovery and start looking around to see if
15:39 same set of conditions that created the there could be lurking very close to
15:45 property. We own the well we have within the property owner or other
15:52 nearby the property we own. So those, those are kind of closely
15:59 things, exploitation is kind of an of, of exploration. But
16:07 the value chain relates to the So here here we're trying to figure
16:11 where the reservoir might be here, trying to figure out and we actually
16:17 to find it here, we we out based on what we found,
16:22 might be able to find something similar people started getting successful in the bacon
16:27 the Eagle ford. Ah another way looking at exploitation is that everywhere in
16:34 world that there's a shale, a rock uh to exploit that resource because
16:39 started to find it in exploration, could kind of categorize that as,
16:44 exploit exploitation as well. But once find that reservoir, the next thing
16:50 have to do is figure out how it is. So you start a
16:54 of appraisal wells and when you drill appraisal wells, the key is to
17:01 of figure out the boundaries of the . And then of course, once
17:06 done that, and you come up a plan of how to develop
17:09 in other words, put enough straws the ground to get it out.
17:15 uh, and as it turns out shales, it's a lot of straws
17:20 conventional resources, it's a limited number straws. And then after that's going
17:26 , you look back at a lot your production records and things and try
17:31 figure out is there something here we've . And one of the problems is
17:36 of the things that I've seen a is people will be developing a field
17:41 they'll, you know, two different can happen when you can sit there
17:47 go, you know, we're producing oil than we're supposed to be
17:50 what's going on here. So you to go back in and try to
17:54 out what it is about this reservoir series of reservoirs in different compartments that
18:01 don't understand completely, so that you fully develop it if you're, if
18:06 producing somewhere on the order in a resource, 50 or 60 of the
18:14 And your typical recovery rates are somewhere 35. Uh then obviously there's there's
18:22 aspect of that reservoir you don't understand it's bigger than you thought it
18:26 and when it's bigger than you think is, it strongly suggests that you
18:30 need more straws into into that reservoir that reservoir system. And then,
18:37 then of course, other things that look at, uh you don't get
18:41 production. So you try to figure what you can do with secondary,
18:49 and quaternary recovery methods and and try get the most out of that.
18:56 um in some ways, because you've draining this resource, a particular resource
19:04 a conventional due to the processes of and migration from a source rock,
19:12 could even imagine that that production would wherever you have a source rock,
19:19 a way to get in there and it. But then it it's
19:23 it's a very different beast and a animal. So, in a
19:27 you've kind of dipped into this idea frontier exploration again, to get at
19:32 uh unconventional and try to figure out what it's going to take. But
19:38 big key difference. And I'll mention more in the future, is that
19:42 it's unconventional, kind of start in basin, where it is, in
19:47 words, you know, where you know, where there has to
19:51 hotspots for production and uh and you of work from that center of activity
19:59 you know about within it. So , an unconventional, really starts from
20:06 the basin. And, but frontier , uh, you might run
20:13 many, many kilometers of three D over a huge area, stay off
20:19 atlantic coast of the United States and you're sort of looking at from
20:27 outside and and to uh, you , all around it and what's gonna
20:32 going on in it. And like south atlantic, when I mentioned
20:37 uh there was a lot of production in the post salt offshore, but
20:44 was before they got offshore, they onshore in africa and also in in
20:51 and the onshore stuff kept indicating uh there might be something further into the
21:00 . And in other words, quite with frontier exploration, in conventional,
21:05 start evaluating from outside the basin, in conventional you're already in the base
21:12 usually, and trying to figure out way to actually produce uh something in
21:18 , uh, may not be low and usually isn't, but it's a
21:23 , very low permeability. Okay, , um, I'm gonna have to
21:31 this just to make sure I follow , explain this correctly. So I
21:36 see everything okay. And so you can see the value chain in
21:50 , a really important point, you like to get hints on on test
21:56 right Here, I've listed the value um I didn't, I forgot to
22:08 in four steps where we combine this here and we combine this here.
22:17 exploration is is a very different this is definitely a different beast exploitation
22:24 kind of a twist on that. appraisal is sort of the link between
22:31 it and developing it and production is of is sort of like development and
22:40 . So I like to lump them like this and when I asked you
22:45 a test question uh what are the of the value chain? Some of
22:54 answers may not look like this, this would be the correct answer as
22:58 is here. Um So I just to make it easier and uh I
23:07 to combine these things that seem to very closely related to each other but
23:12 is the jumping processes from frontier to in this is very big and from
23:20 to there is a very big important and from here to there is a
23:25 big important difference. Now I was developmental geologist at and mobile and an
23:34 geologist mobil and Amoco and an exploration might end up doing these things in
23:44 developmental geologist. Of course we'll be these things but most of the time
23:49 you're in developmental geology they've got a idea that it's that it's definitely an
23:55 discovery and uh and so you have to do with this, but one
24:01 the reasons why I want to point that this is a big jump.
24:04 because the modern geosciences and I know from students and from from seeing how
24:12 work. Uh there's a big difference where you play so well when it's
24:17 exploration well and where you place an will, but an attempt to save
24:24 , a lot of people start to their first well instead of locating it
24:33 the middle of where you think it or close to the middle, they
24:39 drill their first well, their discovery around the border to see if not
24:45 can they find it, but can find, can they appraise it And
24:49 it with one will. And I'll you a couple examples in the future
24:56 of how drilling that exploration, that hopeful discovery? Well, the
25:05 you would drill an appraisal well makes in different parts of the world,
25:11 tremendously large reservoirs And come up empty a couple to even up to as
25:18 as 10 wells and still, they not found the mother lode. And
25:23 some, some places where the countries strong control over over there. Their
25:32 budgets and oil drilling, you reach point where it becomes politically impossible for
25:39 country after they've danced around the reservoir go to management and tell them,
25:47 know what we did it all Um, we've made a circle around
25:53 reservoir, I think we need to in the middle of it. And
25:57 sometimes a hard sell in places where are very, very tight and times
26:04 budgets are tight. Okay, so , here again is all three of
26:08 steps or excuse me, all six the steps, but like I
26:14 this is in red for a reason I think of this as a very
26:19 bit of the value chain. This becomes another very interrelated part and step
26:28 the value chain. This is if right. The appraisal is very distinctive
26:34 , from the yellow steps and of the purple steps. Development has a
26:41 to do with maximizing your return and draining a particular resource. And of
26:49 the production part of it is how tweak it with limited amount of capital
26:56 , you're trying to get more and value to come out of a,
27:01 particular reservoir or a series of One of the things that was
27:13 say not more than 10 or 15 ago, was that uh oftentimes geologists
27:24 in this area and engineers were more in this area, but now,
27:31 it turns out, like I said some ways producing an unconventional is more
27:38 a development production thing because you're already the basin, you already, you've
27:44 gone through a lot of this But if you do frontier and
27:49 it's, it's to try to find how far the limbs of this source
27:54 are good enough to do horizontal drilling fracking and whether or not you even
27:59 to do frightening. For example, Austin chalk is very brittle and has
28:04 lot of natural tracking and uh, a fine grained carbonate, but
28:10 you often, you don't need to and then in the North Sea
28:17 uh, they have highly fractured invigorated . They also have ones that
28:25 have not lit defied yet. And were charged before segmentation took place.
28:35 so it's almost like toothpaste when you it. And uh, and so
28:40 are areas of unconventional where you don't to do any, any really extra
28:47 things. So it's basically more of . You get into, you
28:51 we figured out where it was and we're going to just develop it.
28:56 we can figure out exactly how many we have and what kind of shale
29:01 there are between that porous, carbonate , fine grain formation is. And
29:14 any rate, the geological effort in beginning for conventional ah was very limited
29:25 here on this end. And the the geological effort was very high up
29:39 and uh, but hard geological data uh Mac Dennis, you're going to
29:47 to forgive me. But um, think hard geological data is seismic
29:53 I think hard geophysical data is, actually seismic data, to me is
29:58 very good form. I'm not criticizing , but it's a type of remote
30:03 . You're not actually touching the but you're sending sound waves through it
30:07 getting reflections and refraction records back. uh, and and of course there's
30:13 aspects like gravity Magnetics, which again similar to what you might call remote
30:21 , but in um, in in any uh drilling effort, uh,
30:28 know, when we drill a well we have a wire line log,
30:32 still an estimation of things. But , but at least it's touching the
30:37 all the way down the well bored we get sidewall cores, we have
30:42 hard geological data when we have a ah that's something that you can hold
30:48 your hand to me. That's hard data. What's interesting is that most
30:53 the hard geological data in the sense I'm trying to use it. Most
30:59 that is down here where you've got these wells drilled course taken sidewalk
31:05 taken all sorts of things up All we have is seismic. And
31:12 and I think it's it was funny the whole time that I was working
31:17 the oil industry directly. I've worked the oil industry since the turn of
31:23 century. But before the turn of century mm hmm. I worked directly
31:28 him since then indirectly. And, know, in spite of this,
31:35 geologists focused on this and the engineers down here when they had production
31:42 But also all this hard geological data the geologists working up on this
31:49 Never got to see. In other , geologists became very good at arm
31:55 . And of course now, now we go into unconventional, we're all
32:01 at a lot of the processes that on down at this level of what's
32:06 on. And so these are some the things that I consider real deal
32:14 geologic data. And and again, cores are part of the formation.
32:19 sidewalk cores are cuttings are wire line . There are tools that estimate
32:26 But but they are at least touching rock or not too far away from
32:32 on the other side of the mud . And then there's seismic. And
32:36 course as seismic imaging gets better. , it gets harder. Uh,
32:43 recently did a PhD at U. H. And they decided that this
32:52 was all soft data. And the was hard data. And the topic
32:58 the dissertation was correlating soft data with seismic data. And and that
33:08 it's seemingly a novel thing. But the same time that's been done in
33:12 in the oil industry since time in because mostly we had this as geologists
33:19 we often had input from seismic and . And so, uh that's kind
33:27 the way it was. Now everything out with seismic because that's what you
33:35 up here on this end and this to help you find where the reservoirs
33:40 . And so it's a lot of paid upfront. Okay. And so
33:49 where you get most of this information is from the steps of appraisal development
33:54 production, which is not, it not considered the sort of sexy part
34:00 being a geologist back when I was geologist. Uh but I learned an
34:06 lot being a developmental geologist because I to uh to see what you could
34:11 with hard data with or without seismic . Mhm. Okay. And so
34:22 are some of the main roles of and conventional reservoirs and I put a
34:29 of dollars here because because geophysics is incredible tool, but it's expensive and
34:38 think one of the reasons why a of research has been done in
34:41 it's because it's it's been a big item and when you are a big
34:46 item, uh the that particular technology a lot of focus and it gets
34:52 lot of use and uh and and of that, you have a lot
34:57 people doing it and you get a of advancements over short periods of time
35:02 is what we've seen and in some geophysicists are kind of keeping up with
35:08 medical industry and and how to image you can't you can't actually touch and
35:14 like inside of a body versus inside of the earth. And uh so
35:20 became it's a very expensive thing. still an expensive thing. And I
35:28 your realization has been, if you back here, if seismic was mostly
35:34 up here, uh and we can a lot of money by not doing
35:42 uh and focus just on this area here. Why don't we do
35:47 Now? Having said what I just , uh a lot of geophysicists are
35:55 brilliant and uh and clever. So figured out that they're actually very useful
36:01 here. But but they haven't been that for as long as they've been
36:06 these big surveys and looking at in basins and trying to figure out the
36:13 developmental history of a particular basin and layers the strategic graffiti and then the
36:18 within the strategic fee or the sequences in the pair of sequences and eventually
36:24 faces. So, so this uh has sort of been a migration of
36:30 effort from these huge uh geophysical surveys cost millions of dollars. And now
36:39 might even cost there might some of ones that were done in the
36:43 If we were to do three Over that same amount of area might
36:46 billions of dollars. And then, I don't know that for sure.
36:50 I'm guessing it could get to that , but now they're focusing down on
36:55 of that part of the basin where see the source rock that's really in
36:59 shape and it can focus just on . And it's still, that's something
37:05 a lot of companies have been doing various places, but it's a smaller
37:11 and in less dollars than it used be when they were doing these.
37:15 huh, for example, seismic surveys the entire gulf of Mexico, Some
37:22 those were funded by the government as for geological research. Okay.
37:31 the main role of unconventional, of and unconventional reservoirs right now seems to
37:40 a lot of this geo steering But again, they're looking for sweet
37:47 in and around a major play. other words, you're not coming from
37:51 outside and trying to figure out where the spot is on the
37:55 You're actually on the inside, you're probably initially starting where somebody had
38:01 well that had some shows. And , you kind of knew this petroleum
38:07 already. And so you start doing kind of thing. You focus on
38:12 you can get higher volume and higher rates. You're also gonna try to
38:19 out places where you can actually align wells with the direction of the stresses
38:26 create natural fractures because it's often a thing to drill perpendicular to to the
38:34 fractures. But again, the way surface politics are and I don't mean
38:44 and stuff. But land ownership in can complicate the direction that you can
38:53 a well, if you get a of land, it's very long in
38:59 direction, and it's pointed north south the fractures are north south, there's
39:08 way you're gonna drill along horizontal. , that's going to be perpendicular to
39:13 north south trend because east west, might be a very short distance,
39:19 know, maybe, uh, a of miles this way, but seven
39:26 8 miles that way. Uh And you can't really get um too many
39:32 these things. And of course, I just said was a pretty big
39:36 of land, but say, say half a mile across and two miles
39:43 , then you'd have a hard time the north. Excuse me, In
39:46 west path on your horizontal well, a lot of that ends up being
39:53 . But nevertheless, sometimes people have acreages and they can drill the wells
40:01 any direction they want to, and they can figure out up front what
40:06 best direction would be, they could aligning all their wills. Other things
40:11 happen is they don't understand the stresses the natural fracture system and they just
40:16 drilling wells in a certain direction. after they've done that, they kind
40:21 , it's a lot easier just to of keep in line with with that
40:25 , even if it's the wrong direction uh and then they start looking for
40:30 where they could start taking advantage of what the stress fields are and the
40:37 natural fracture direction is. Uh and try to uh to drill perpendicular to
40:44 in another part of the play on another a new piece of acreage.
40:50 The one of the keys of course total organic carbon and and these other
41:02 here obviously the more the richer the rock is, the more likely you're
41:11 to have something left and there is produced after it's been matured and I
41:16 been bleeding off and migrating into conventional . Another thing is uh does anybody
41:25 know what avi shale is? Can tell us what what the shell
41:45 So v shell is just to determine amount of sharing information. This according
41:50 google. Mhm. Okay, so shell is at the v. Is
41:58 . So uh it's the volume of within that rock. And um and
42:05 this kind of getting down to basic but when we start looking at rock
42:10 , reservoir rock properties, it becomes to, but but but the volume
42:17 shale refers to what type of fine material. Well that rock let the
42:31 section on the rocks of reservoirs won't wasted. Okay, But the the
42:39 mainly focuses on the salacious Claes and salacious clays or what can anybody remember
42:47 one of the properties are of salacious as opposed to as opposed to carbonate
42:57 grain material shares. There are rich silica, they're what they are rich
43:06 silica, they have more silicon Oh yes of course they do have
43:14 silica. Uh And that might throw off in terms of the actual physical
43:22 of the rock. Because you know you think of silica, you think
43:25 courts a lot. But what happens you step in a salacious clay say
43:40 walking around uh marsh? What happens you when you step in salacious
43:47 Oh you just go deep inside. . Another and suspicious clays are very
43:54 . In other words they're like they're a massive putty or plastic.
44:00 And because of that uh rocks that a high d shale versus ones that
44:09 a low v shell uh Perhaps more uh clay sized particles rather than cell
44:20 , is clay sized particles, which of those is going to be more
44:36 . Okay, remember we're drilling into um through through through the little notification
44:46 . Uh huh. It takes a for the salacious shales. Another property
44:51 of them have is is uh they water, they have to be de
44:56 and so between the simple nature like if you get a piece of um
45:06 you know, you can actually bend but delicious clays ah don't typically cement
45:15 that much. And they they stay say sort of in an unending rated
45:25 manner quite in terms of the rock process? It takes a lot longer
45:30 those things to become hardened. For , you can go and look at
45:37 of cretaceous shales all around texas and they're pretty easy to break off,
45:44 if you go to a limestone ah of carbonate sedimentation rates, most of
45:52 buried chalks and stuff like that gets pretty quickly. And so anyway,
45:58 make a long story short since we're getting there uh by asking questions,
46:05 one of the real important things geologists at is this be shale thing because
46:10 the vichy is high, the ability fracture the rocks is going to be
46:20 . And of course if you have with a low b shale and its
46:24 rich instead of salacious rich, it's going to have natural fracturing in addition
46:31 being a rock that could be fractured lot easier. You know,
46:37 some shales actually form seals and they're plastic to the point of being like
46:44 balloon and sometimes they're hard to rupture leak off and uh and they hold
46:55 brakes and secondary migration. So this something, the total amount of the
47:03 carbon is important and then how much material is in there is important,
47:10 what about the, we're talking about stuff and I mentioned that quartz is
47:17 hard, of course. What if get sand sized particles that are
47:22 what do they do to one of systems? I would say due to
47:34 fine grained nature of descend, it be easier to fracture compared to the
47:41 ability compared to the visual that's coarse , easier to fracture. Okay,
47:47 you have if you have silk court and stuff like that that that would
47:54 it up a little bit. So fracturing might be better if you had
47:57 sand in there. But but the unfortunately has another negative effect on this
48:03 of a potential source rock and that dilution. The organic material is all
48:09 to be fine grained. And if get coarse grain influx of sands ah
48:16 going to um see uh that your . O. C. S.
48:22 drop off dramatically for those of you with the Eagle ford. Um There's
48:28 arch that runs up sort of the of texas coastal plain and uh On
48:34 side of it the Eagle ford is rich. Uh it has lower v
48:43 and uh and it's a really good for unconventional resource development. If you
48:49 across the arch uh you get into Houston and basement and a couple of
48:55 investments uh that were there in the the way back into the cretaceous.
49:05 they they were producing lots of salacious and salacious sands And so a lot
49:13 places, the T. O. . S. Are much lower.
49:17 the and the rocks for lack of better word they're more they're less frack
49:25 east of this arch. And uh so uh that's an important thing that
49:33 look at. And then of course a lot of special seismic and geological
49:38 available. I think one of the things for anybody to learn is how
49:47 correlate logs and that's when they're But when a lot goes horizontal correlating
49:56 particular section while you're wiggling through you be wiggling just threw one formation maybe
50:03 second one above a third one below gets very hard to actually do geo
50:10 and and figure out exactly what you're at with some of the earlier tools
50:16 we have now we have tools that almost can look ahead of the drill
50:21 but not quite. They have a spread which which when they angle down
50:28 gives them a bit of a forward when they angle up it gives them
50:32 forward look to the units below. and so some of that new technology
50:38 making it different but in general the in unconventional reservoirs are already pounding.
50:57 They're they're down here doing this. so they're getting lots of geological
51:03 And and so in some ways uh a geologist and unconventional reservoirs can be
51:09 interesting as long as they don't make do nothing but geo steering, it's
51:15 as a geologist and a professional to all the skill sets that you're learning
51:21 be able to focus on some of issues uh, using geological data rather
51:29 just just helping someone steer steer Okay. Um, so some of
51:39 main concerns that we have in the ah are these and uh, why
51:49 the first one important? Mm If it's a bigger basin, it'll
51:59 more economic to drill it and build and things out of it to transport
52:09 , if it's unconventional, even just transport water in for fracking and then
52:13 reporting the gas or oil out. transportation will be an issue.
52:25 Also, um, I know for were actually like looking for a new
52:31 we are looking for new resources and new reserve runs there. So if
52:36 have a bigger basin, we can an idea of the environmental conditions in
52:41 reservoir that brought about the resources in reserve world. So if it's
52:47 we can look for other locations in area or in this area that have
52:52 environmental conditions and we can have more of the trauma resolves resolves in
53:00 Okay. And, you know, these things are good and,
53:06 and of course, I didn't really it exactly, but the here it
53:12 overall basin type depot center structure in other words, mhm at all
53:19 of here, you know, a basin gives you a lot of
53:25 uh if it has multiple depot it gives you a lot of
53:30 Does everybody know what a depot center ? That's a that's a part of
53:36 basin that's subsiding faster than the It's creating more accommodation space. So
53:41 usually the thickest part of the sedimentary . And over time that can
53:48 The other thing is you need big and and the size of the of
53:56 potential prospects becomes also important. I a couple of students, somebody else
54:03 there, advisor, and he had evaluate, he had two students,
54:10 had them evaluate to very, very , obvious traps, structural traps.
54:18 at the end of the day, think, I think they had something
54:22 a couple of 1000 barrels of oil in these traps. So to begin
54:27 , you don't look for something that's to have small prospects what you
54:34 but you do have uh with larger and more depot centers and lots of
54:42 is, you have a lot more . Itty, and this would be
54:47 conventional. Now, Angela brought up good point and and it's, it's
54:54 , it's kind of funny because it's it's a different, it's a different
54:59 altogether. Uh when, when we're offshore in these big fields, these
55:06 areas. One of the limiting factors economics is, do you have pipelines
55:12 nearby. So in a way it's . So even a big a big
55:19 in uh in conventional resources can can be a problem in terms of
55:27 , just like the, well I you about in Denmark, you're sitting
55:32 in the North Sea, there's a of production there, but they didn't
55:35 a pipeline near it. And so , ah not only of supplies,
55:42 also distribution of the production to to refinery or refineries or buyers can become
55:53 , become a big issue. So can be to some extent detrimental and
55:58 happened in in uh in the premium in other places where we have lots
56:06 unconventional resources, particularly in texas, infrastructure it was built and and and
56:16 to handle the production that we got the conventional reservoirs. A lot of
56:23 legacy infrastructure no longer works and needs be replaced. So it makes it
56:29 hard uh to do that. And course, uh when we drill conventional
56:35 , we don't need as much water that that water becomes a tremendous
56:40 Another thing that needs to be transported the unconventional, his very special
56:48 which often are some type of sand particles of different natures and compositions.
56:57 a lot of times it is courts and other common things, but at
57:04 same time, it's difficult to get into place, but normally in conventional
57:10 kind of looking for uh something that's and the reason you have to say
57:17 , you know, you think about unconventional, there's shales extend like this
57:23 because that's the way shells are there , very extensive and uh but sands
57:30 high energy deposits that just occur here there. If you imagine a flu
57:37 system coming down the coastal plain surrounded a flood plain, there's mud all
57:43 it, it's cutting through mud, mud in it. But at the
57:47 bars, you have these little pockets sand which make up the the actual
57:55 reservoirs in the high porosity zones. high energy zones. And when we
58:01 to ocean de positional systems, you longer barrier islands and uh particularly in
58:09 in the gulf of Mexico where the range is low and they're mostly wave
58:16 . And of course there's places where the sand is wave dominated and it
58:21 grades as as as a straight line like you see in a shiny
58:28 But nevertheless uh a typical conventional reservoir is very small in area compared
58:38 ah an unconventional resource shale. and conventional is it's real important that
58:48 start out with with large features, geological features, large structures, large
58:56 , multiple deputies centers and for the North sea has depot centers all
59:03 and down the North sea. So North Sea has been an incredibly good
59:09 for petroleum systems. Okay, another thing is, does it
59:16 does it have these structures? And and that becomes very important in,
59:23 uh, conventional, in unconventional, would be the structural component in
59:31 what would be a very obvious structural in a unconventional shale play,
59:42 faulting and but also, um, know, if you have a limestone
59:48 it's deposited essentially flat, uh what if there's subsidence on the edges
60:01 it starts to do this on a scale, you're going to get
60:07 but if it flexes just a little , a little bit, excuse
60:13 what it is, Yeah, I'll false, but but on an even
60:18 scale, what happens as you start if if I have something that's plastic
60:24 I bend it, what happens to ? It's like an unconfirmed, it
60:30 do anything. So, but if have, if I have, you
60:37 , if I have something that's, salaciousness and there's subsidence on either
60:43 It does this, right, It and conformity. Okay, You're
60:49 you're right, you're absolutely right. just a tiny little bit of flex
60:58 on a cell ish. Isse formation going to do what? Almost
61:02 Right? It's just gonna bend. . Uh depending on how much the
61:10 gets stretched and the bottom gets you might start getting faulty, but
61:14 you just flex it, if there's some flexion? Uh not much is
61:19 happen if it's delicious, but what it's a carbonate rich limestone fractures?
61:31 . Um one of the things that market worked on with with lime stones
61:37 just curvature, curvature of the top a flat line. You know,
61:43 a limestone might be tilted because of scale structure or it might be flat
61:49 there wasn't that, but normally uh the gulf of Mexico, everything is
61:54 to the southeast and or the depending on what part of the gulf
61:59 on. But if for some reason flexes a little bit, you're going
62:03 get a lot of fractures. So of that top surface, it was
62:10 attribute that kurt market was used and developed. It's a good way to
62:15 out what units are going to have lot of natural fracturing as opposed to
62:21 that will have less natural fracturing. that's, you know, there's a
62:29 scale structure that becomes very important in unconventional is the point I'm trying to
62:35 . It's not just the faults are important in conventional because they become usually
62:40 of the seal and part of the of the trap itself, but,
62:48 in unconventional, the stress fields that rocks undertook, what's what's pushing and
62:56 , what direction uh does it happen have the highest stress, in other
63:01 , what's going to be the preferred of fracture and also the fact that
63:07 can fracture. And so, so , this is, this is back
63:12 a reference of the v shale in unconventional. Okay, then again,
63:19 it have organic rich deposits? And already mentioned this a little bit where
63:26 have coarse grained influx, you get of the organic source rock potential source
63:35 . And you can have ones that rich enough and have the organics been
63:41 and uh, let's just see. , so in a sense, what
63:48 it about organic rich? Well, looking at this list. Um,
63:57 anybody goes somewhere, they do, do try to decide whether it's big
64:02 to have, uh, conventional or shale is big enough to have significant
64:10 . Mm hmm. This is This button works sometimes and sometimes it
64:20 work. I'm still not being able figure out why. Okay, I've
64:25 had this laptop for 10 years. , so it might be because of
64:33 cursor that I use sometimes, but , nope, it's working now.
64:42 , I still don't know why. , so the here we have these
64:49 in here. Excuse Me, this and this one kind of relate to
64:57 , is there, is there is there going to be enough to
65:01 at? And here this is kind are we gonna have structures that will
65:06 us trap it or fracking? It's good way to put it. So
65:12 would be it creates traps unconventional. frak it. And then we get
65:19 here, we get to this organic stuff and also whether or not it's
65:24 matured, uh I put this at bottom of the list, but what
65:28 you think might be the first thing need to know when you're exploring?
65:38 need to know if it's set a or in if he is dominated by
65:44 or ignores rocks in there. well sedimentary is, Yeah, and
65:48 relates to this basin. So what , what is one of the,
65:52 haven't gotten to it yet and I know if I'm gonna have time in
65:56 this semester to go into a little of grabbing mag. But one of
66:01 reasons gravity Magnetics is used to actually out if if you have a big
66:05 when you don't have size, you got seismic yet. So that's one
66:09 the reasons why that's useful, turns it's very good for helping you define
66:13 boundaries with. So it's a really tool except uh not enough people working
66:19 to develop that technology to the full that I think it's uh that's worth
66:24 . Nevertheless. Uh wanna if did you guys just take petroleum Two
66:34 you just took petroleum geochemistry. okay. So, so you're looking
66:40 it from a petroleum geochemist perspective what was the most important thing about
66:46 petroleum system to a petroleum geochemist, , where it would be in the
66:54 or gas window. Okay, to what you're going to produce or if
67:00 over mature, under mature. And why is that important? Because
67:08 you're in, if it's over under mature mature, you're not,
67:13 could have a high toc, but not actually going to be able to
67:16 anything. Okay. And so you're, you're, I'm trying to
67:22 you this give actually a simpler but your answer is absolutely correct.
67:28 there is there is a tendency for geochemist and it's not an incorrect statement
67:35 to say that this doesn't matter. this doesn't matter if you don't have
67:40 . If there's no oil there, no point in even looking. So
67:47 you have some way to know whether not there's oil there, then,
67:57 , then you can actually high grade that you want to go look.
68:01 problem is, is in a large a lot of large basins. That's
68:05 to do. Now, I worked a project again with Amoco in the
68:10 center and after the Research center on basins, which tend to be smaller
68:16 . And on the, on the of these smaller systems are is usually
68:20 outcrops and you can look at certain that live there and they can tell
68:27 whether the butter was the right type hydro chemistry, you know, a
68:32 of us think of lakes as fresh , but there's all kinds of lakes
68:37 the world. And of course the that have uh well deposits in them
68:43 actually saline when they were in And not only were they saline,
68:48 they were a special hydro chemistry. there were certain Biota that would help
68:54 determined whether or not it was the , the good hydro chemistry or the
68:59 hydro chemistry. The good hydro chemistry phosphate in the system. And it
69:04 high productivity rates. And the other chemistry ah has all the elements of
69:12 a big large lake and all that of thing. But it didn't have
69:17 hydro chemistry that kept the phosphate in water. It turned it into
69:21 it took the the phosphate out and the productivity rates were low. And
69:27 ended up with nothing. So in cases, totally focusing on this is
69:33 good. And for for the customer , is that true? And almost
69:37 does it, because a lot of work that we did on this,
69:39 never published now. Um but in in the sense of an oil
69:47 uh, you know, looking at , you know, they're always going
69:52 want to do this if it's a oil company, because because large oil
69:57 have huge overheads and they need to , they need to uh to get
70:03 oil resources rather than small ones at time. Uh a smaller oil company
70:10 gonna always probably focus on this, they're at to make sure it's
70:14 But also a smaller oil company may even work in a place where this
70:20 been figured out already. In other , we're all drilling and on the
70:25 plain of the gulf of Mexico, we already know this is there.
70:30 not a question. The question is to be mostly migration and traps and
70:39 the case of unconventional again, it back to everything I've said about in
70:46 . Okay, well, here is , here is here. We talked
70:59 big basins. Here's, here's an from the book of a big
71:05 Um, just taking a quick look it. Can anybody tell me,
71:11 , what type of basin this might ? You look like a rift.
71:19 is a rift basin. And what category of basins would a rift basin
71:29 in? Um, no more Extension of patients would be extension.
71:35 basins. Right, okay. And is pretty much the central grabbing of
71:41 North Sea. And uh, and course, the people that wrote the
71:46 worked in the North Sea most of careers and other places around the
71:51 But this was kind of their stomping . And this is uh showing
72:00 uh, in this very large the very thing I'm talking about
72:07 you see, uh, different bits section and we're going to talk about
72:14 more in the future. But here have a basin that has source
72:19 that has reservoir rocks. It has called a seal. And people call
72:24 cap rock, I think they they it cap rock. Just so they
72:30 come up with a different letter from instead of calling it a seal.
72:37 and here you can see uh what you think, What do you think
72:41 be in here? And this in part, this part, this
72:53 this part this part and this part see there's a reservoir rock in
73:02 How does this in time relate to other deposits? And in the development
73:07 the basin? Think of crosscutting relationships uh think about superposition really. Basic
73:27 um fundamentals. They were all deposited the same time. Okay, which
73:42 ? Mhm. Like the coarse grain , the kind of squiggly line you
73:52 up here? No, down Yeah. Okay, that was a
74:03 guess. But no. Um So well we'll talk about this in more
74:10 , but these are probably what we call basement. These would probably be
74:15 rocks. This is probably an indication metamorphic rocks and not cross bedding.
74:22 This is pro gradation up here Uh at one point in time,
74:30 you move all these faults back up this, it was a unit that
74:37 all the way up like this and bowed. Uh huh. Now it's
74:46 . But it was bowed at one . What do you think in other
74:51 of if I push this up to point and that point and that point
74:57 that point, it's going to go in the air, it's gonna bow
75:00 little bit, but it's also going be shorter because as it's fallen down
75:06 this hole, it's extended but it's to be shorter and it kind of
75:13 of bowed up just a little bit this originally. And and the reason
75:22 , is because this was a spreading and magma was coming up this
75:28 So you may have some some igneous but and for the most part a
75:35 of these are igneous and metamorphic which is basement. And that's what
75:38 in conformity is the seaway came in eroded some of it. But this
75:45 this is all pre pre rift. in here is pre riff and this
75:52 post drift and appear and then in is sin rift while the rifting was
76:02 on, this was filling it. what happens is first you have the
76:08 pushing it up and things are kind sliding out of the way and then
76:12 on this is a failed rift. the magma source dried up, so
76:17 speak and it cooled and it and flexed and broke down and fell into
76:24 this depression like this, which created accommodation space up here later. So
76:30 have here, pre rift rocks syn rocks and then post rift rocks over
76:39 and the types of deposition, the of reservoirs that you get in the
76:45 drifting are different from the sin rifting different from the pre rift because the
76:52 rift was a completely different paleo Same here, you've got a source
76:59 which is predominantly syn rift, but also have later source rocks here that
77:05 postscript. Mhm. And uh this rock right here is getting charged.
77:16 pre rift, but it's it's an rock getting charged by syn rift source
77:24 . And we'll talk about this a bit more. Okay, And then
77:31 another aspect, you know, we're at all of this in terms of
77:39 . The other thing that you have think about it is you're gonna risk
77:44 lot of capital. You've got to infrastructure or find nearby infrastructure, you
77:51 to have access and uh, what , anything else this is you gotta
78:07 ready willing to spend money to get an area. You have to either
78:12 infrastructure or find nearby infrastructure here. have to get the acreage. But
78:18 else might be a problem here, you're exploring for oil and gas demands
78:29 to Yeah, because the economy is on it. But but I was
78:33 of something, let's let's just assume now, we know we have a
78:40 and we know that someone's going to that oil and gas. Okay,
78:58 . Nobody's gonna guess there's only three you. So I can't wait for
79:02 The 33rd person in the back of classroom to speak up. Ah One
79:06 the other important things is the security the area that you work, Is
79:12 a safe place to work? Either or environmentally? Uh And that sort
79:18 thing, if for example, uh and the arctic ocean has gotten a
79:26 bit easier since everything's the ice is , but it's still a very treacherous
79:30 to work. How how many of remember, shall tried to get a
79:36 rig up there a few years anybody remember that, do you?
79:47 a few years ago Shell was, trying to drill 10, 10 wells
79:51 one summer on the north slope in or somewhere near the north slope.
80:02 they they are taking a rig up that was essentially like a big
80:08 And uh again it's it's been warmer there than in the past, but
80:14 what's something else that we know about northern pacific and also the arctic ocean
80:20 there's free water, in other it's not icebound, the water would
80:30 deeper. Mhm. Well, and some of the places it
80:36 and I think where they were going try to plant this thing, it
80:39 a little bit shallower, but but getting from say Seattle or Anchorage and
80:47 around Alaska and getting up there, going to uh very treacherous waters.
80:55 , and one of the oddest things I've ever seen in my life is
80:58 used one tugboat to tow it and don't know if any of you have
81:04 seen a rig go offshore Norway. these platforms were the size of the
81:10 State building and, and they were out to sea during two weeks when
81:16 weather window was right and the it was only two weeks a
81:19 They could do this. And Those rigs would have somewhere on the
81:26 of 20 mm hmm towing vessels to sure that if something, if something
81:34 down, there would be a backup every position. And not only do
81:38 have, uh, towers that pull , you have ones that pull back
81:45 the towers to try to keep it because when you're in a mass of
81:50 , maintaining control requires that you have speed or a lot of propellers that
82:00 , can pull in very different directions , depending on what the currents are
82:04 and the winds are doing. Sometimes currents are opposite the wind. And
82:10 , tall structure is going to catch wind and want to go one way
82:12 the current wants to move it another and it's physically impossible to maintain Something
82:20 tow with one tugboat. And, of course, these aren't little
82:25 these are tug ships, I should . But nevertheless, they went up
82:29 with one tug ship and, and engine went out on the tug
82:33 And so if nothing happened to that tow vessel, it was already
82:44 . But then something happened to that vessel, they didn't have a,
82:47 backup. So safety. And in the terms of the environment,
82:53 also the politics there, there are where they're nasty little civil wars and
82:59 going on from time to time and don't want to work in there.
83:04 know Amoco, uh, we were leaders in uh, exploration geologists deaths
83:11 a while because we kept trying to to certain places and in central and
83:17 America that were, or having a bit of issues in terms of
83:25 And then, and then of uh, there was a time when
83:31 go to Papua new guinea and you run into rebels or you might run
83:36 headhunters even, I don't think that's issue anymore. But back in
83:42 The early exploration days in the 50s 60s, there were a lot of
83:47 that ran into trouble that way. what else could happen in terms of
83:55 aside from wars and rebels and, headhunters and that sort of thing,
84:05 . Yeah, corruption could be a thing. And, and rather than
84:09 that dirty word, I was just to say, uh, how the
84:14 of uh, works with the oil . And sometimes it works really well
84:20 the oil companies when you have But most american companies are not supposed
84:25 work under those conditions, but they do so anyway. But politics can
84:32 a lot to do with who gets and who doesn't get access. So
84:36 going to look for a, a that or even a state that that
84:44 an objective way of evaluating your bid you're bidding for acres. And so
84:53 has a lot to do with bidding acreage to drill, who are trying
84:59 line up acreage. I think in United States, sometimes the landman can
85:04 a little bit aggressive, overly So we tend to look the other
85:08 , but you can also have landowners make it very difficult to get
85:14 contiguous areas to actually drill into. in all cases access can be a
85:22 problem. And it's, it's it's not just a one thing depending
85:26 where you're at, there's different problems . Um when we were working in
85:33 on the luau structure, the, reservoir engineers kept working diligently to find
85:43 cheaper way to produce oil money, oil, Excuse me, More
85:50 Uh, at less cost so that could turn this two billion barrels oil
85:56 into a very productive thing and they using seismic to image it better and
86:01 sort out where the, the poorest were versus the less porous formations and
86:08 it more efficient that way. But time they came up with and they
86:13 always sharing their technology with with the like they're supposed to and whenever they
86:19 out a way to to actually make profit. The chinese government back
86:24 I don't know if they still do now because I haven't worked there in
86:27 years. But the the government would , would raise the attacks to lift
86:33 oil. So if you could make on a barrel of oil the next
86:38 , they turn around and and tax two more dollars. You could make
86:44 the next day because of something you , they would add another $3 to
86:48 lifting tax. So it was really . Two to find a profit.
86:54 of course when you negotiate, sometimes say we're willing to do this and
86:58 willing to do that. And so they agreed to some of these
87:01 So what they ended up having to is sell this massive oil field to
87:05 company that didn't have a pre existing and was able to to get things
87:11 in stone so that they could actually out a way to uh to make
87:15 money. So access can be a complicated thing from a very simple thing
87:20 , you know, you have to places that have civil wars often to
87:25 places I don't think you have to about headhunters anymore. But you do
87:30 to worry about other health issues. also in the case of central and
87:38 America, a lot of people ran drug lords and that kind of
87:44 So you have to be really careful and then in the United States,
87:49 know, you work in one there's a whole different set of rules
87:52 the next state and you work in county, there may be more
88:00 Not often county by county, but often state by state, but sometimes
88:04 could be county by county. Some the conditions could be a little bit
88:08 to make it more or less Also, can I add one more
88:16 the climate, the environmental coalition which be caused in in the conversion of
88:22 resources into use use. Yeah, I really apologize but I'm having a
88:31 time hearing you. Okay, understanding more point is that the environmental position
88:37 can be caused during the process of resources conversion and all into the
88:46 Okay. You mean by the fact we're getting the oil, we're creating
88:49 pollution problem. Ah Yeah, Yeah. Yeah. Okay.
88:54 And of course some. Yeah that's that comes under regulations and regulations is
89:01 whole part of that. And uh my my personal feeling is that we
89:08 we should welcome regulations to keep things in regulations to keep things cleaner and
89:17 when somebody lays down a rule and permanent, it's easier for an engineer
89:23 a geologist for a manager to figure how they can actually cope with it
89:29 come out ahead anyway. And the problem with all these things that I
89:34 just talking about is variability. You , some countries can be a great
89:39 to work for all the right And then the next day that
89:44 take, take the United States. was, I was going to allow
89:52 to drill on the East Coast and B. P. Uh made a
89:59 mistake in the gulf of Mexico. right after that, drilling offshore the
90:05 States anywhere became LTD and and now we have a new government in,
90:12 completely shut down lease sales, I they may be starting up soon
90:18 But but their first response was just shut everything down. And and so
90:26 that variability that also ah has a to do with this. So and
90:33 , another way we used to acquaint with stability. You know, are
90:37 laws stable or the regulations stable? is it a fairly safe stable country
90:45 terms of governmental leadership, that sort thing. And so that was very
90:51 . But yes, I totally agree you. Those regulations can be can
90:56 choking if they move up and just like the taxes if it moved
91:00 and down. But but if people and good guidelines in the beginning for
91:06 reasons. I think engineers can sort ways. Two to actually figure out
91:13 to make money without without spending too money to comply. Uh It's just
91:19 with the E. P. Laws uh We went from these cars
91:23 were gas guzzlers and and smog creators to something that was even higher powered
91:32 less fuel with a lot more emissions because a lot of emissions went back
91:37 the power of the engine so against of all those things is a critical
91:43 . So you kind of kind of that up with the with the in
91:47 mind through the through your answers. . Thanks a lot mate. Okay
91:53 think it's probably a good time maybe take a little bit of a
91:57 Um I think we've been gone almost hour and a half. It started
92:05 little bit late so um we'll go and take a break right now for
92:13 minutes and it's I see 1017 on clock in. I will try not
92:27 lose site of where my my thing . And and we'll see you back
92:39 I guess. Let's just uh make uh 10 30. Come back at
92:47 10 18 now on this clock that have. So we'll just make it
92:51 30 A little bit more than 2010 rather. Okay. Can you hear
93:35 ? Yes sir. Very good. so um okay uh the next slide
93:49 gonna really look at some of the type stuff that we were just talking
93:54 . But um again a little bit in depth uh explanation of exploration and
94:08 . We were looking at frontier. exploration exploitation, you you start getting
94:18 data. You might have done some seismic and some gravity Magnetics but now
94:24 gonna try to do it over some the basil features that indicate a high
94:30 that you're going to have um uh structural traps. Because at the end
94:37 the day, that's mostly what we for. Now when we find
94:41 graphic traps quite often it's it's a we can see on seismic but many
94:49 it's something we find accidentally. And you're in an area where you where
94:56 have ah various types of structures and or strata. Graphic traps. After
95:07 worked in the area for a you kind of get to to know
95:11 to expect and where to expect But when you first get started
95:16 you're primarily going to be looking for traps and large structural traps. Obviously
95:24 you run a regional survey and see lot of sedimentary, uh see strata
95:32 that looked like a good sedimentary deposits not just a big ringer that you
95:38 get when you hit the basement. and you see a lot of structures
95:42 that's usually what makes you happy if on you find strata graphic traps.
95:48 even better. Um It seems like was yesterday I said this, but
95:54 don't think I did. There was area in the gulf of Mexico that
96:04 worked on where back back when I working with mobile, which was,
96:11 was quite a few years ago now was able to find strata graphic traps
96:19 structural traps. And one of the fields with over 60 wells in
96:25 And people hadn't seen it before. I did that with hard geological
96:33 And uh approximately 20 22, years the A. P. G.
96:41 had a big article in that same , she had physicists were able to
96:48 strata graphic traps. And when I that article, I thought well it's
96:53 time they can do that because with data we were able to do it
96:58 that. But having said that the that we were working had really good
97:03 traps and we didn't realize that down . We had some strata graphic traps
97:11 created much larger in multiple reservoir systems the same at the same level it
97:21 , the beds were tilted like this up dip. We had something that
97:27 a typical structural trap down dip just it. There was a strata graphic
97:32 that was charged with oil and gas well with a different oil water
97:36 So it's pretty interesting stuff. So , you're gonna be looking for these
97:45 of things. You're gonna map these when, when a european defines this
97:52 , we call a play, which haven't, we actually have ah a
97:59 of the exploration thing. We go details what a play is and what
98:05 is and uh and that sort of and then various grades of plays and
98:12 or leads. And but for I just want to say that um
98:21 try to look for places that might good prospects and we do uh,
98:30 of the things we do now is for hydrocarbon indicators and there's a lot
98:34 hydrocarbon indicators and the use of amplitude offset, which is a tool where
98:42 look at the reflectivity of a formation from a near source of energy to
98:51 far source of energy. So, looking at it on the seismic line
98:55 from a different angle as you move a a near energy source, something
99:03 close to That body to one farther . It's just like reflectivity kind of
99:10 up as you get farther and farther and the angle of incidence gets lower
99:15 lower. Uh you can actually see example, reflections on a tar,
99:21 tar road and asphalt road. And you're looking straight down at it,
99:26 just a tar or asphalt, roll with, with hardly any reflection at
99:32 . And that variation due to the of incidence is what we call uh
99:40 . A. B. L. vs. Offset offset from the feature
99:48 um and then ava is a similar doing exactly the same thing using a
99:55 uh huh. A little bit different on it, but it turns out
100:01 not always exactly the same. But in a given area, geophysicists and
100:09 are able to learn uh what really hydrocarbons and sometimes whether it's oil or
100:15 or fist gas and in certain parts the gulf of Mexico kind of,
100:22 the continental shelf and excuse me, coastal plain rather the coastal plain of
100:30 texas particularly in the Eocene. Ah usual formation comes to mind and there
100:42 all prospects get defined by amplitude versus Because with a good three d.
100:48 surveys relatively small volumes. I mean guess they're big volumes but relatively small
100:56 . They get really detailed three seismic and figure out where there's good
101:01 or not. And that's because the . B. S. Give them
101:05 hydrocarbon indicators as to what's in the particular traps. And there's still
101:13 there's still places on the coastal plain have not been fully explored or
101:20 Uh then you risk. Uh This something that's really dangerous and and the
101:29 that probability works is that it has very strong lean to negativity and uh
101:38 Luaus structure was probably risked at But it wasn't risked in a normal
101:45 because if it had been, it would have been a 2% probability because
101:50 lot of people will average probabilities in subjective review of the probability, As
101:59 to a mathematical or quantitative one, you multiply all of all of your
102:07 times all your other negativity on For example, You think there's an
102:13 chance of having a good sand. of course There's a lot of reasons
102:21 you probably have a better than an chance of having a sand there,
102:24 you. when you see something like . But sands can be difficult in
102:28 areas to image. And then uh then you multiply that times your probability
102:37 the porosity And you come up with probability for, say 25% ferocity,
102:45 you think is good porosity, But you don't get that, you might
102:49 20 for 23 or 22. So probability That you're going to get that
102:55 might be 50% and uh and you 50 times 80 and you're coming up
103:03 fully, You know, a 40% of finding anything. And, and
103:10 something that looks pretty good By two variables. It looks worse when you
103:17 both of them. And and the why I say that's the quantitative probability
103:27 sometimes overlooking the fact, but it's that everything is going to be the
103:34 case scenario. And, and so get around this, sometimes people will
103:39 a high probability evaluation and a low and they'll come up with a midrange
103:45 and they go without rather than this my bottom line and you end up
103:50 nothing. And, and I know sounds kind of ridiculous, but when
103:55 was working at an echo, I the company actually decided it was never
104:00 to find any oil and gas because had a quality review team, prospect
104:06 review team that that used the most probability calculations To evaluate everything. And
104:14 over about 10 barrels of oil was low risk. It was very
104:18 risk rather and we wouldn't drill So we went from a company that
104:23 finding multi billion barrel fields all over world to one that can only
104:28 uh, Maybe a million two million fields in a little place in a
104:35 in texas or a county in, uh north Dakota or something like
104:41 So it really, it really hurt company. And at the same
104:44 the, the group of people that in that, I thought they were
104:49 a great job. But you have be real careful when you're, when
104:53 working out a probabilistic model that you focus on all of the negative
105:00 You have to look at both the side, the mid and the high
105:04 . And it's best to do the , the low and come up with
105:07 mid. And and then again, think it's also good to subjectively consider
105:14 you think is going to happen, if you're doing more of this exploitation
105:19 you have some idea what the outcomes are in that area, as opposed
105:24 what you might have to deal with you're dealing with a truly exploration area
105:29 you don't know much about it at . Okay, so all of these
105:37 again need to be done and uh of course once you've gone through this
105:44 , you per purchase the acreage and recommend well, location and uh,
105:49 can tell you this subjective probability. example, you just kind of look
105:56 what you have the kind of information have and you decide you have A
106:05 chance of striking it rich On one 5 large prospects. Uh Add it
106:13 , you got 100% you think of that way. It has to do
106:19 learning to deal with risk rather than be frightened by risk. And if
106:25 drill those five wells, usually one come in, Maybe the other two
106:31 . But the um if it's, it's one of your bigger plays,
106:39 will easily pay for the exploration, cost of trying to drill this.
106:46 a good um manager and an oil understands how to deal with risk without
106:54 frightened by it. And there are managers that are good risk, they're
107:01 to cope with risk and understand how deal with it. And so they
107:07 make the decision, you know, may have to to drill a few
107:11 , but if I do it I'm gonna get one that will pay
107:14 way more than all five of those wells. And again, that's why
107:20 looking for these large structural traps because wanna, rather than be somebody that's
107:29 adverse, you're somebody that can, actually do positive things in the face
107:33 risk and that becomes really important. then you, once you get
107:38 you you purchase this acreage and recommend locations and uh you to get to
107:48 point, you have to come up a bid and an offer and we'll
107:53 a little bit more about that in , in the future. And when
107:58 actually doing the exploration process and in some of the examples now in the
108:06 drilling, you also have to think the location in terms of visit on
108:12 , is it offshore is in deep ? Is it shallow water? Um
108:16 it close to market or is it away from a market? Of
108:19 the North Sea is very close to a few markets and still infrastructures and
108:26 wasn't maybe more in the past. it was a huge consideration. Did
108:34 have any infrastructure at all? We'll at some extra frontier exploration to,
108:41 now appraisal and development of some areas were in the past untouchable. But
108:49 infrastructures eventually caught on and they're able start monetizing some of these things that
108:57 discovered There. There are things in west of Shetland Island that were discovered
109:02 the 70's that are just now becoming , for example. So the location
109:11 really important west of the Shetland sort of out in the middle of
109:16 . Ah then you have to worry these things which relates to uh the
109:22 , we were talking about the drilling , what her depth is really
109:27 And onshore on shore has its own of, of issues around ownership of
109:36 because it's pretty hard to get. many cases, it's hard to get
109:41 plots of acreage, particularly if you into a highly populated populated area,
109:49 has a huge farm. It's not problem. Okay, uh then you
109:54 to come up with an idea of your casing points are going to be
110:01 there's a drilling engineer knows that given certain depth and no unusual conditions,
110:09 can drill to, to a certain with an open hole before he has
110:14 put a casing in to protect the bore. But there could be um
110:20 things that could happen where the pressure over pressured relative to the formations around
110:27 . And you want to make sure you have a a good casing in
110:31 casing shoe set before you cross from normal hydrostatic and with a static pressures
110:39 something that's overpressure. Of course, of the problem in the BP.
110:46 , aside from 11 serious mistakes being , they also had some high pressure
110:52 that they penetrated that even when you're things right, they caused you
111:02 Okay. And uh so when anything from the standard with a static
111:10 uh the first while you're drilling an , you're not, you're probably not
111:13 know. But as it turns there are ways with seismic too to
111:19 some indications of subsurface pressures. But , to do that, it also
111:26 to have wells in the area that actually penetrated some of these over pressured
111:32 . And so if you're in an and you're drilling the first well,
111:38 for 10s of miles around, uh kind of out in the woods and
111:45 don't know exactly what's going on. you have to be very careful and
111:49 for pressure kicks. But once you where those pressure kicks might be,
111:54 helps you set the casing points and can do things once they get some
111:59 data to help direct the drillers and them to where they think those points
112:05 going to occur. Bye ! Correlating few wells and projecting down dipper up
112:11 where they think the depth is that going to penetrate that particular thing.
112:16 you come up with the expected geology be be a prospective geological evaluation of
112:26 that well is going to drill And then you also have to deal
112:31 sampling. Uh huh. one of things we normally do, which is
112:38 as as wait until we get close the areas of interest to start collecting
112:43 lot of the cuttings. But you collect some cuttings just to keep track
112:47 the with ology and make sure you're the rocks. According to what you
112:53 would be the potential section that you're to be drilling into. And you
113:00 a logging and testing plan based on proposed strata graphic column for that
113:07 Well the geologists don't have to do but but waste disposal is always an
113:14 . And with unconventional as it becomes huge issue, especially if you're gonna
113:20 hydrofracking. And then and then the again, we'll look into abandonment and
113:27 plans. And uh when I was in developmental geology we um we normally
113:37 every well as a potential producer and you could also in case it was
113:45 Duster, the engineer would decide what costs were if we didn't put in
113:51 tubing and do all the casing that necessary to do to get that production
113:56 in there. And then he also a price ah for just going
114:04 we had a dry hole price and had a production well price. So
114:10 kind of comes in here too. , so when you go, maybe
114:20 I can go back here since this working really, this is kind of
114:24 you're looking at it. And sometimes of what you can see might be
114:30 . Some of these little points might popping out of the ground and you
114:34 use them to get an idea. are places in Greenland where you can
114:39 see this northeast section and it also up to the south biking and north
114:44 Robbins, a similar section. those are um, that's an arm
114:50 , of the uh, of the in outer moray Firth is another part
114:54 the rift. Ah there's, I'll you this later, but the rift
115:00 three arms to it, the central Outer moray Firth, and then also
115:05 south and north viking Robbins. But are places where you can see outcrops
115:10 Greenland and in other places of this . So, as an X as
115:15 frontier exploration, you're kind of trying figure out what all this might be
115:19 on some of these other sections as as what you know about the geology
115:23 , of these outcrops and whatnot. so you're looking sometimes outside the basin
115:29 figure out what you're going to find the base. And when you get
115:32 first seismic line. But when you into exploration exploitation, you're looking for
115:44 and maybe you'll have a prospect here a prospect there. This is supposed
115:48 be a predicted will water contact. you know anything about estimation of pressures
115:56 you drill into it and the seal , you can figure out whether some
116:01 these things are reasonable or not. first, well, you drill,
116:04 not gonna know, but the well, you drill, you might
116:07 a better handle on the strength of seals. And uh, and you'll
116:12 able to decide whether this, this column at this height, uh,
116:18 going to be created too much of buoyancy on the, on the seal
116:22 the top and cause it to And if that's the case, then
116:27 oil water contact would move up to point uh, upon which you would
116:33 a stable balance between the overbearing pressure the pressure of the buoyancy pushing up
116:42 the, on the pores and and here in this, this particular
116:50 , uh, this would be a of one of these structures. And
116:56 you kind of have rough thing And Um, I'm assuming this is
117:02 7500 ft deep. They do what lot of us do in geology.
117:10 forget to put our minus signs, this would be subsidy And sub sea
117:15 . And that would be -75 and would be -7000. Ah Normally when
117:22 see a fault like this and closure around like that, this is always
117:26 to be the shallow end because this actually showing you three way closure pretty
117:34 defined, three way closure, in not four way closure, but
117:41 water contacts down here, which would represented by that and come out of
117:46 screen and into the screen. For , you might have a section right
117:51 through this and and of course the goes into the screen and out of
117:56 screen if the soil water contact is fact an oil water contact. But
118:01 you first started drilling a well, a guess and that's another thing uh
118:06 helped us find bigger fields is we to have a lot of people that
118:11 afraid to guess, make an educated , it's not just a wild
118:16 it's an educated guess. Uh you , of course, when we were
118:22 at that level, we did have that were panhandling, obviously bad potentially
118:30 that look like they probably had a low probability of success, they would
118:34 them as as good prospects or And uh so that's kind of the
118:42 you're at an exploration exploitation and to from this from, from exploration to
118:48 that once you drill that well, you want to exploit it. And
118:51 figure, well, if I got here and say this oil water contacts
118:55 little bit higher having the same that oil water contact might be a
119:00 bit higher and um and uh and sort of thing. And it's also
119:06 because it's separated. I don't know it's obvious to you, but this
119:10 is higher in that column and if stabilized here and you don't have any
119:20 , secondary migration across this, ah that distance right there, you drill
119:28 , that's good. You might want consider the seal being strong enough to
119:31 hold it to there also ah all . If you look at this
119:37 if this was a reservoir, uh has a spill point down here because
119:45 can get around that fault over you'd have to go a little bit
119:49 to get around that fault, which kind of mhm bounding the reservoir on
119:55 end. And as long as the aren't leaking, you'd be okay.
120:00 on top of that, you have worry about the seal above it.
120:05 is that sealed strong enough to keep buoyancy of this hydrocarbon column uh captured
120:14 in place. And I was just the history of um geologists in North
120:23 in the, one of them said of his greatest moments was explaining to
120:31 why leaking reservoirs are very, a significant thing around the world and why
120:38 important to understand it. And I tell you even to today, highly
120:43 and highly skilled geologists, just don't it and you're going to have a
120:48 on how it works and and why works and so hopefully you'll be able
120:55 use it in your careers. then when we get to discover your
121:01 , you um you drill an initial on the, on the best prospect
121:10 uh and if it's successful, you this and so on and so
121:17 You have been successful, you have flute of champagne. If it's not
121:23 , you drink the whole bottle, a whole case because you know that
121:28 one of the things when you drill exploration, well the, the,
121:34 it's, if it's a Duster, next thing you have to do,
121:36 to your boss why it was a and why you didn't know enough to
121:42 that that was going to be the why it was a Duster. It's
121:45 very difficult thing to do, but a very good educational process. What
121:51 a lot in larger companies that sometimes will come up with a lot of
121:57 work in an area for two or years, come up with all these
122:00 and move on and start looking for in another place. And then
122:06 some developmental geologist has to take this that didn't work out and figure out
122:14 to do with it or get rid it. And, but once,
122:21 you do have that discovery, let's we have the discovery, then you
122:25 to go down dip to identify the , oil, oil water contacts or
122:29 phase contacts to delimit the base of reservoirs and the size of uh of
122:38 particular reservoir and how it might fit a concept of a play that you
122:44 , that you can start to Um as in here, say you
122:49 oil here, I discovered all you'd be drilling a well over here
122:55 this was in your acreage as soon possible to try to exploit that new
123:01 that you have of these pre rift that are charged and full of
123:10 Okay. And uh so then you'd delineate um additional fault blocks around
123:17 accumulations of strata, graphic traps and uh when I help America find the
123:24 field, the they actually had done lot of this delineation. They had
123:33 seven, seven exploration wells that were as appraisal wells and they hit the
123:38 every time where the oil water contact they never found um What I determined
123:45 be 90 million barrels of oil in center of all the wells they drill
123:52 by missing that reservoir, they missed fault block to the north and the
123:57 fault blocks to the south. So you add that all up together,
124:01 was about 250 million barrels of oil Amico drilled seven wells to not find
124:08 they were drilling them like an Okay, so here um here,
124:16 we go back, this is what starts to do for you, here
124:21 the exploration geologist, simple concept of the reservoir looked like and he would
124:27 made a I SEpak map of this area and he would have done it
124:32 just figuring out, you know, I've got ah 500ft of section,
124:40 I've got maybe Up to 500 ft pay and okay, it's wedged a
124:46 bit, So they might just you know, here's my blob
124:50 approximately 250 ft of a vertical section this area, that's what I I
124:58 it's going to be and if that the case and the process is really
125:02 , put a couple of wells in and you'll be happy and get a
125:05 of oil. But once you start here, presumably this would be the
125:12 . Well, as it says over , I don't like this one because
125:19 we go back here um you don't to get that close to this fault
125:27 if you hit the fault, then some reason it deviates on that
125:32 you're going to miss it. So want to get back kind of back
125:35 , you might not get the exact of this hydrocarbon column, if you
125:42 to get off any kind of fault will, if you can imagine uh
125:48 if I came here, I would none of the section. If I
125:53 here, I would get a little of this section. And they basically
125:58 map, the top of that that fault comes up to here,
126:01 they might also pick it right here that is another boundary on that.
126:08 you could just be a little bit close to the fault by drilling it
126:11 close. So in a case like , I would strongly suggest you don't
126:16 it quite that close, you might to drill it out here. But
126:21 after a while they noticed that the up depend is separated. So you've
126:26 a well over here because they've tried get to the peak and they found
126:32 that the section over here is actually here somewhere and they've hit this and
126:44 and then they drill another well over . Uh And they actually found the
126:51 water column. In other words, well, water contact isn't all the
126:54 down to 70 500 -70 500 they drilled a three and so
126:59 In the scott field, they had fall block without all these little faults
127:03 it. And they drilled a bunch wells like this. And they build
127:08 a bunch of wells along the you know, they had seven wells
127:11 the way around it and I tried get them to drill it in the
127:16 . But they drilled it kind of that and they, when I saw
127:20 location, I said, God, hope you don't hit the fault again
127:25 complicated things like this can happen as that you see on seismic might have
127:29 , have a branch to it and , you're having an issue since it's
127:33 near vertical fault. You might be an issue imaging exactly where it is
127:38 position in terms of migration, especially you think there's too, if you
127:43 there's one fault and there's, there's faults, they could have a big
127:48 on, on the image that you get. Nevertheless, uh, example
127:53 I was telling about the scott they got, They did get it
127:57 they got exactly, they got 89 barrels instead of 90 million barrels.
128:02 I did get some criticism for missing by a million barrels. But previous
128:06 that, the, based on the that they drilled all the way around
128:11 , they just assumed there was no there at all that could produce oil
128:16 gas. And Amerada Hess who was the other side of the fault in
128:21 block, was doing everything inequity disputes court to keep us from drilling our
128:27 and producing are, are well, they were sucking us dry. But
128:32 , uh, that's the kind of when you start drilling the first thing
128:37 do is you drill this well and sure that you get into the sweet
128:42 then after that you drill these appraisal and you expect some of them to
128:46 mrs I would think that you drilled well, given this structure, you
129:00 have hit the oil water contact. but they don't indicate, they don't
129:08 that they did find the oil water . If you found the oil water
129:11 , you would know just exactly where was with that well. And then
129:14 would never have drilled this one and never would have drilled that one.
129:18 another reason to drill the right the well in the right place. When
129:21 the number one, will you have be really careful where you, where
129:27 picked that spot? Um Again, save money. A lot of
129:32 Now, I had one class, couple of students as well, we
129:36 to do this because because they want know how big it is and and
129:40 can figure out how big it is you drill this well here and you
129:44 hit that oil water contact, you figure out with trigonometry exactly how far
129:50 thing extends because you're good at that in time, you're going to have
129:54 indication of the dip and you're going have some indication of that flat thing
129:59 as an oil water contact. And can, you know, it's just
130:03 math. Now here, you can faults in here like this, anybody
130:08 an idea how they figured out those might have been there. Is anybody
130:28 ? Yeah, I would say because the location of the discovery.
130:35 we're one maybe they mistakenly drilled into fault. The fault war the world
130:44 then the fundamental unfortunately. Okay, this one is dipping that way and
130:52 one is dipping that way. So those faults are there, where would
130:59 ? Will have hit it above the or below the reservoir, cool below
131:15 you would have hit above the this right here. If you come up
131:22 , it's moving in this direction. fault here, if you go up
131:27 , it's moving in that direction. the fault is really this small,
131:34 not sure how they figured it out it probably wouldn't have intercepted that that
131:39 before unless of course the platform is and it went across it. But
131:47 that the, the location of this , and I don't know normally this
131:52 is going to be a straight given the location of this will uh
131:58 to the dip of these faults, one's dipping up, but when you
132:04 up section, it moves in this . If you go, if you
132:07 down this fault, say down to ft. This fault would move in
132:12 direction to come up to 60,500 ft fall would move in that direction Where
132:19 is right now, it's right around and over here, this one is
132:23 75. Getting close to, I , 7 : 50. Okay.
132:33 but actually the structure is going down . So it should the fault should
132:39 been relative to the, to the and the depth of the top.
132:46 this is something drawn simply for you see these things. But but these
132:52 faults would be curved just because of orientation that they have. If they're
132:59 , if you have a straight fault it cuts a surface, the
133:04 you're going to see it migrate. other words, from this end,
133:10 would be At less than 7000 ft . This would be over 70 200
133:16 . And so this this fault would of bend that way. Or maybe
133:20 fault was actually like this. If looked at it from map view and
133:26 causes it to bend over this way you go down dip. And uh
133:33 this one ah as you go as go up dip, um This one
133:41 going to bend in that direction and start to get an orientation more like
133:49 . And maybe maybe if it was little bit longer, I could see
133:52 penetrate, being penetrated by that. , sometimes you get over here and
133:56 get over there and you see something the pressure that suggests a different pressure
134:04 and pressure regimes relate to some sort disruption in inflow of height of fluids
134:12 the, in the rock section. therefore sometimes differential pressures from one well
134:20 the next at the top, can give you an indication of whether
134:27 not there's a barrier or, or baffle of some sort between the
134:31 Normally, the way you spot these that way though, is you're producing
134:35 this well and you're producing in that . And the oil water context changed
134:40 a different rate, which means there's seal going across it. This would
134:45 a hard thing. These would be to pick from wells that haven't penetrated
134:52 given the size that they are when was probably done, that's a,
134:57 are fairly small false, but maybe can see them with, with seismic
135:08 you can also see there's not a of offset. See that offset right
135:11 . That indicates what the throw is the fault. Okay, so then
135:18 we get to, uh, development production, it becomes a, an
135:25 of moving product. And when you're unconventional, this comes up pretty quick
135:30 you already, you already knew where basin was. You knew where the
135:33 rock was. You know, where lot of this stuff is. And
135:37 right away, you're, you're not moving product out of the well
135:42 to to a buyer, you're also product into actually frac the well and
135:48 complete the well and uh trying to these wells at a high rate with
135:58 least formation damage is important most of time there's chokes on the, on
136:04 well, so that uh you if you, if you reduce the
136:09 of the reservoir too quickly, you get breakthrough of water and damage
136:15 And so engineers have a lot of and rules of thumb. And then
136:20 course when they work in an area a while, they get really good
136:23 of them that tell them approximately what of rates you ought to be producing
136:30 . Now I had a blowout when worked at mobile and we were producing
136:37 I think somewhere around Um 50 million feet of gas per day. And
136:48 let me think, no, it's like 15 million cubic feet of guests
136:54 day. But we had to blow and we had a guy in a
136:59 suit, get on there and and it on a production line, We're
137:04 producing 100 million cubic feet of gas day. And because we had a
137:10 , the pipelines gave mobile a big to produce it. So we're actually
137:16 a lot of money on a blowout we had that under control that way
137:21 caught fire and we were able to draw eventually drill a relief well and
137:26 in there, but and get it control, But it actually went from
137:33 million cubic feet a day, which means that we had to choke
137:37 to 15 million. And the reason we had to choke back because if
137:41 drop all that that gas, ah you're going to get stringers of water
137:48 to come through towards that well and and they're going to block off the
137:54 of the gas once they hit the . And so there's, there's ways
137:59 calculate ah based on the conditions of reservoir rock, the ferocity, the
138:06 and in the combination of fluids that in there, you can have free
138:10 , you can have water and you have oil and those things don't like
138:13 mix with each other. So you to be really careful at what rate
138:21 produce a reservoir, You can't just a, put a straw in it
138:23 just suck it out as fast as will come out. But in the
138:26 of a blowout, we had no because we couldn't get any controls on
138:30 well, other than a than a pipe. And uh and I think
138:35 they tried to put a valve on and shut it off, it probably
138:41 have just blown itself right off again it was wide open, there was
138:44 choke and there was nothing controlling uh rate at which it was coming
138:49 it would have been very hard to it, Uh even if you put
138:54 a valve in that it would, would be a little bit like a
138:59 , like a train running into a wall. It would just go right
139:02 it. And so it was something couldn't do without, without killing the
139:08 and of course even if you could it off, there was a subsidy
139:12 which can cause all kinds of Okay, so so then one of
139:19 things that you try to do is many straws that you're going to need
139:22 actually produce this because obviously you can 40 acres depending on the process.
139:30 might be able to do 40 acres more if there are no little faults
139:33 this, no baffles or barriers. of course the barrier is something that
139:39 flow baffle is something that slows it . Uh for example, this would
139:44 more of a baffle down here, it's not a barrier because it
139:48 If you have a fault that goes the way up like that, then
139:51 a barrier. This is a The bounding faults that seal it are
139:57 but these little faults that fluids can around would be baffled. Excuse
140:03 I have a question sir, um the discovery and appraisal, um map
140:11 treaty assessment coverage, Why do they um along the sides of the
140:20 It's over in the middle. I you mentioned it before area but I
140:24 the answer. Oh I might not , which well in particular you
140:30 Well four and will three and Okay. I think I kind of
140:39 it, but if you drill this and it penetrates that oil water
140:48 you don't have to guess it where is today. And uh now it's
140:53 they drilled the well and they stopped the middle of the formation which is
140:56 a dumb thing to do. Normally you have a prospective formation you want
141:01 drill through it and you want to completely through it. So they should
141:05 been able to to find an oil contact. But if for chance they
141:14 drilled down to here but they didn't all the way down to there,
141:19 they wouldn't know where the oil context and they would call that oil down
141:24 that depth of the red dot or because they have oil in the well
141:32 have all oil in the well for and they wouldn't know it now if
141:37 the reservoir was one of these formations not this whole unit, say it
141:45 just this formation and they drilled down that 2nd formation um they wouldn't know
141:54 the oil water contact was down here this is this would be the reservoir
141:58 here. Okay, okay, so the reservoir right there and they drill
142:04 well here, you can see it be oil down to here, but
142:09 don't know where the oil water contact yet. So it's boiled down to
142:14 . And that's one of the terms use in the book, There's other
142:17 for it, but in other you've cut through the, say this
142:21 the reservoir, you've cut through the and you've got nothing but oil with
142:26 oil water contact. So then you be, you know, that it
142:33 this way to find it. So started drilling wells down, dip in
142:38 direction to find that oil water So that would be a real explanation
142:44 how that happened. And And so drilled this one and they still didn't
142:50 it Because they still didn't find They didn't know if it wasn't all
142:54 way down here to 7500 ft Um as close as this well is
142:59 it, you there's a good chance would have hit it. But I
143:03 what they're trying to show you here they still didn't find it. And
143:07 they drilled this one to see if went all the way down 2 70
143:12 ft. And of course it isn't This is going to have what are
143:17 to a certain depth, in other , the number three. Well,
143:22 what I was saying was correct, this was the formation, the number
143:28 well would have drilled down here and have had just water in the
143:33 So they wouldn't know where the oil contact is, in three in
143:38 it looks like they drilled uh they to have drilled right about here to
143:49 missed the oil water contact because this still all be oil. And the
143:57 three well had to drill over here , if this is the formation,
144:05 that make sense? Yes, Now the other issue is the false
144:10 here and in looking at looking at map that we see over here,
144:18 is showing some thin sections that have off, so maybe they're actually working
144:24 this structure And not that one. uh and I think the idea might
144:32 , you know, because this is of an idealistic problem and it might
144:36 that, you know, this is you have none of these splinter faults
144:40 this, uh and this is if do, and so one of their
144:45 might be, they had something like , but they ended up with something
144:48 that, and that's what these faults . And so they had to drill
144:55 the other side of that fault to this to find out whether the reservoir
145:08 was all the way up here instead down in here, you know,
145:15 trying to find the up dependable and , once you get a few wells
145:23 can use trigonometry and figure out exactly all all that is uh weather without
145:30 . Mhm. So again, it's three D. Problems. So the
145:36 , you know, originally they thought fault was up here like this and
145:39 that, but there was a splinter there that that was looking like the
145:43 fault and the major fault was actually the way back here, but they
145:47 sure. So they drilled up dip the formation. Of course there would
145:52 been across this which would have dropped you lose the closure uh that you
145:57 here and uh and it would be different a different rock unit that would
146:02 dropped down. So when they went , well they were hoping to find
146:08 fault that went like this, but turns out this fault was way over
146:16 and I don't know why this, , well didn't help them because they
146:19 have penetrated that fault if you come section that well, would have hit
146:24 up a few 100 ft this well have hit that, well a few
146:28 ft above that reservoir. And that's in three dimensions. Okay, so
146:37 got to there, do we talk that? Yeah, we're uh we're
146:43 about moving product product, how many ? Um Another thing and I'm gonna
146:50 a diagram to show you a little later on, but reservoir characterization sometimes
146:58 very necessary and other times it's not uh well what would uh define a
147:09 rock that doesn't need reservoir characterization. rock would be porous, high
147:21 high probability. And he's going to adequate social work, um heating mechanism
147:31 cook the sauce or to cook Now you're talking about source. Now
147:37 assume we already have a source. were and we're calling it a reservoir
147:42 we're calling it a reservoir. that means there's oil in there
147:46 So we know we know we have those elements. So the focus here
147:51 , what is it about the reservoir that it would need or not need
147:57 be characterized to be more effectively and the ah aggressively characterized. You
148:10 why would I have to spend extra to do reservoir characterization on what type
148:15 rock? And you you were getting those points, by the way,
148:24 issue? You said, you said lot of porosity, a lot of
148:30 . What's one other thing that would really important? So you had a
148:33 of wells, what would also be about that rock if it was high
148:38 and high permeability. A cap or to trap. Okay, again,
148:47 a reservoir. So, you there's got to be a trap.
148:51 , there's gotta be a seal, else about that reservoir rock? You
148:57 , you have, let's say you one. Well and you you have
149:02 porosity and hyper permeability and you have second. Well, and you have
149:05 porosity and permeability, but they're close and then you have a third
149:10 What a third? Well, what that third? Well, would tell
149:14 uh that you would need or not reservoir characterization, the migration routes of
149:26 ? No, if okay, in this reservoir characterization is looking strictly
149:33 the nature of the reservoir, the itself. And so we have these
149:41 properties and one of them is processed permeability. But are those things,
149:47 that a homogeneous or an in homogeneous of the reservoir? In other
150:00 what's the variability of the porosity and ? If I have three wells over
150:06 good area of the thing and they exactly the same porosity and permeability.
150:11 is that telling me about that The sediment that they possess it at
150:19 same time using the same mechanisms and probably at the same environmental conditions,
150:26 most importantly is that it's widespread. has has ferocity but has thickness and
150:32 has, it has areas and if that area and it can be
150:39 you can have vertical ah changes in and permeability. But if you if
150:46 drill in in this case, I'm about two wells with 26% ferocity,
150:53 first thing you got to figure out in the, in in all the
150:56 is the process of the same You know, is it, is
150:59 more or less uh like a um of a very homogeneous sandstone and
151:11 And then the other thing is a homogeneous sandstone in distance and there's certain
151:16 environments and we'll get into this with a particular figure that goes into
151:22 But if you have a deposition environment has widespread sand stones and they're like
151:29 sand stones as opposed to inter collated stones. In other words, it's
151:34 big chunk of sand, rather like , like a big channel Phil or
151:39 or a barrier island as opposed to something that has shale breaks and finds
151:48 or courses upwards, you know, kind of thing. So, reservoir
151:54 is only needed in places uh which not homogeneous. In other words,
152:01 not, in other words, an porosity and permeability are not gonna work
152:05 you in this area. That's when need to do reservoir characterization now,
152:10 it turns out when, when reservoir and in reservoir engineers ah in the
152:19 years they looked at everything like almost a tank and everything was homogeneous ah
152:25 the probably in the, I don't , maybe the late 60s, early
152:35 , I actually a two lane taught course called the heterogeneous nature of reservoir
152:43 and it was an eye opener for petroleum engineers. And and of course
152:49 we know that most, most of reservoirs are heterogeneous and and the,
152:57 can't think of the uh oh anisotropy uh is kind of a geophysical
153:06 analog to heterogeneity. But anna Satrapi has a direction to it. And
153:14 heterogeneity doesn't. But a lot of it does, but it could be
153:18 could be vertical in the well or could be lateral in the reservoir.
153:23 reservoirs have an area and they have thickness. And if it's very homogeneous
153:31 his thickness and laterally, then there's no reason at all to do reservoir
153:37 . Otherwise, reservoir characterization can help a lot and it can help you
153:43 in where you place not just your , but where you place your preparations
153:48 when we get into development, we'll discussing some of those things. And
153:55 again, strata, graphic traps are important because they also address this uh
154:01 heterogeneity. Because if you have a bed that pinches out, then you
154:09 a you have a deposition situation where may have had incision in deposition or
154:17 may have um you've moved deposition early dip. And uh it's pinched out
154:27 by the activity of structural geology it's that the deposition really down dip thing
154:32 in the air. And it's become good strategy graphic trap. Okay.
154:41 before we get started on this is ready for a lunch break yet.
154:51 is ready for a lunch break Mm hmm. Okay, I can
155:06 everybody there. Do you wanna go half hour or you want to take
155:10 lunch break? Now, I see nodding their heads. But I don't
155:16 anybody because you're we can take we go another half an hour to
155:21 Okay. Sounds good. Oops. , so development production. I'm not
155:47 why these diagrams are so small, oh, I see. This is
155:52 to show you that we've gone from to exploration two Appraisal. And then
155:57 get to production and when we get production, we're actually looking at that
156:03 characterization. And we noticed that in to this structure having faults in
156:09 the structure also has uh high porosity and low porosity beds. In terms
156:17 faces. In other words, this channel. Um, And this when
156:24 d. seismic first started identifying these masses, people said they were
156:32 But in fact, there were probably belts given the size of them.
156:37 of course this channel belts. That there's channels going like this. And
156:44 another channel that started over here at different period of time. It went
156:47 this. And then another channel that have started here and maybe meandered like
156:54 . And these are the boundaries of floodplain here. And so you have
157:00 , uh, an amalgamation of channel prete Parsons and eroded point bar sands
157:11 clay plugs in here. So this all in three D. Seismic.
157:16 see something that looks like this. this isn't all 100% saying this is
157:22 that feature, okay, that was when this river cut through the
157:31 that were already deposited much earlier and these meandering channels that make up the
157:39 channel belt that's bound on either side the floodplain boundary. In other
157:47 you start to get elevation over here you get elevation over here, that
157:52 bounds as the river goes through it's bound by the clays inside the
157:58 and uh and it's bound because it more to a road play than it
158:03 to move sand. So anyway, when you start figuring out where you're
158:11 to do um production wells, two . Do you want to abandon the
158:19 appraisal wells or do you want to from them? And just have production
158:23 ? And do you want to have injection wells? And I guess it
158:30 help you can still see this. , Let me get this over
158:57 Okay, you can see here there's there's a lot of additional wells put
159:03 here and I don't know why I this would be more visible, but
159:17 would work better in a classroom. . Uh you can't quite see
159:24 but the dark ones are production wells . They have water injection wells.
159:28 other words, they're putting water injection down dip. So the the reservoir
159:33 in the production phase, they've already uh produced some of the audience.
159:39 here's an outline of where the oil was. And they put these,
159:50 are injection wells down dip of the Thing. And you can figure this
159:54 with seismic with 40 seismic and you figure it out from production data.
160:00 things work and pretty effectively. And they work really well. You may
160:07 notice that drainages faster on one side the other Or less on one side
160:12 the other. So you want to sure that you don't put too much
160:16 water on the side that's moving faster the side, that's moving slower.
160:21 you want to get that slow side get some more reservoir more energy.
160:26 you put the same amount of input this side, that's moving a lot
160:33 . You might start to get breakthrough some of europe deep wells quicker than
160:37 you would anticipate. So that becomes very complicated estimation and calculations, there's
160:46 to calculate what you really want to there and we'll be looking at it
160:50 this problem in cross sections and and in cross sections and looking at the
161:00 section of a well and how the water column. Ah this wouldn't necessarily
161:06 a straight line. It might, know, it might be encroaching a
161:10 bit here and a little bit less here. So you don't always get
161:14 a complete, this is a very sweep that we see here right
161:19 but often times it doesn't sweep so and you want to make sure that
161:23 don't have a sweep where something shoots here and hits this production will and
161:28 off the oil supplies, because then have stranded oil in your reservoir and
161:36 better put this back the way it okay. But you get the idea
162:07 this, we've we've gone through all this and now we're looking at the
162:13 of the story and what we do where we start getting the reservoir
162:18 secondary water flood. And when, oil and gas starts getting trapped in
162:24 pockets here, we might use tertiary quaternary methods to uh, to produce
162:29 oil and gas. So we'll get up here. Okay, so this
162:37 sort of what we just went through discovery, we've got frontier, then
162:42 do exploration and exploitation, then we appraisal. Uh, we kind of
162:49 the appraisal, We're kind of uh, we're trying to find the
162:56 upper and lower limits of that oil . And we're trying to figure out
163:01 lateral extent of it because that area that thickness at each position tells us
163:08 the full volume is. And that's thing we're looking for. And then
163:14 start putting in your development wells and you might notice you're getting breakthrough in
163:18 well or something like that. You're getting an efficient sweep and you start
163:23 maybe a secondary butter flood because that's the easiest and cheapest thing to
163:29 But it could be different in some depending on the the availability of
163:35 And then you get into your more recovery methods and uh, so geology
163:42 apply to every step of this. as I mentioned before in the
163:47 a lot of geology was up on end and more engineering was being done
163:54 this. And now, now, with the events of unconventional, where
164:00 some ways you kind of, you're shotted through the upper levels of this
164:05 and you go right into this part away and your, your frontier exploration
164:10 actually to try shales that you don't any holes in, but you expect
164:16 see the same kinds of numbers when get there. But of course,
164:21 you know, as people have searched around the Bacon and the Eagle
164:26 there are reasons why it's not every is not as good as the other
164:31 . It's not homogeneous either. And that book on geologists of the gulf
164:40 Mexico over the last 100 years or . The one of them said he's
164:45 disappointed that that the oil industry seems think that geologists don't know much about
164:51 because we should and we've always known were not homogeneous, even though
164:58 they often get characterized as such Okay, the typical field data that
165:07 going to be looking for in an . It's gonna be this, this
165:18 porosity and permeability and with the oil places what the recoverable reserves are.
165:26 , you know, there's a certain of friction going on and these and
165:29 have Multiphase fluids so you can't always everything out. And what people try
165:38 do is to make it easy to in an area, is to come
165:43 with typical field data, like an processing an average probability. And again
165:48 mentioned heterogeneity and if if there's a there then you have to worry about
165:55 the fact that an average might not very good. But but are these
166:01 horizontal or vertical, you know, the process and permeability changing horizontally?
166:06 verdict permeability relates to the flow rate it's that flow rate that's going to
166:14 to cause you a problem. And course when ferocity goes down, you
166:25 have a reduction in permeability. But premier ability goes down, it doesn't
166:31 mean uh that process is going You can have very good porosity.
166:38 terrible permeability. Yeah, the pores small and one of the aspects of
166:46 that isn't shown by an average or a value. Yes, you
166:53 26% porosity of interconnected bugs might be in some cases than 50% porosity of
167:07 bunch of shales because the permeability. effective porosity is what's important. It's
167:13 interplay between the pore size and the throat sizes that give us this
167:20 So it's very, very complex in relationship between size of grains, a
167:29 of pores, in the size of poor threats. And but anyway,
167:36 , at some point you reach a of coming up with a volume subtracting
167:42 water and that will tell you the prophecy minus the water. We will
167:49 tell you what the oil in places then you don't always know what a
167:54 recovery factor is in an area that's new where you've worked before. You
167:59 have a really good idea of what recovery factor should be given the rock
168:04 that your dealing with in the, the other conditions of that reservoir as
168:10 relate to premier ability and effective porosity uh and that that will help you
168:18 up with this recoverable reserves. Uh api gravity can be uh something that's
168:24 important um when we uh started producing luau structure and uh offshore china,
168:37 the api gravity was 19, which typically has a very um a very
168:48 pour point because it's because it's heavy and so we were a little bit
168:57 put some special bio degrade bio degradation in the oil as it was migrating
169:04 because of that um it was less than Audi gravity 19 oil normally is
169:14 they were able to have a four close to 60 F And uh it
169:21 deep water. So they had to a little bit, but the amount
169:24 jacket ng required for the production tubing a lot less than we thought it
169:28 be because again the oil is going be coming up hot in the first
169:33 and a little bit of jacket ng was all it took to to get
169:38 to the surface through the water column so all this is variable and then
169:47 and then the average water saturation, course that, that tells you what
169:51 of the, the volume that you in your ferocity, that's effective uh
169:57 going to be uh it's gonna be or oil. And of course I
170:02 mentioned oil viscosity and the api gravity is directly related to the disgusting,
170:09 sometimes there's, there's deviations from what normal expectation is. Okay. And
170:17 stuff is maximum and average net Uh and this is looking at
170:29 the column of the, in the Lord and the reservoir and kind of
170:37 a handle on the vertical variations that well bore is a single point,
170:42 it's the Z axis and you get idea of what, what it is
170:47 the whole interval. And if it's porous at the top or more porous
170:52 the bottom, that will affect where put your perforation points depending on the
170:58 that you're dealing with, which way up dip and which way is down
171:04 oil water contact is really critical. if you have a connected feel.
171:13 me, connected reservoirs. Mm In other words, Say one big
171:19 , your royal water contact is going be just like a plane on a
171:25 . I mean, it's going to 7521 ft one place and it's gonna
171:31 7521 ft another place. And maybe will be 21 place and 20 ah
171:40 19 in another place. And in of the fields I worked in mm
171:47 . Using the seismic, we were to um, estimate where we we
171:53 the well water contact would be in in a gas field because that's a
171:57 good ringer. And We were within ft from this. But just by
172:04 the seismic. And that really, stunned the drillers because normally you can't
172:09 it. But, but if you a reservoir that's a very poorest reservoir
172:15 all gassed, you're going to get good amplitude event on that. And
172:19 , and you're gonna see something Um, if you use some multi
172:24 seismic, er, it would be , we're revealing. But nevertheless back
172:30 the, like in the dark ages I was working, we we were
172:36 to To nail down oil water contacts five ft with some of the technology
172:41 had at the time. Okay, formation value volume factor has to do
172:48 expansion to the surface. Uh what um have done in the well bore
172:57 is a volume, but that volume going to expand as you come up
173:00 the surface. And uh some some the things that net the natural gas
173:07 a lot and uh and whether it's solution with the oil or whether it's
173:18 free gas and uh that will expand and you get oil expansion a lot
173:27 times. That has to do with gas that's in it and the gasses
173:31 out of it. But the actual component of it, it doesn't expand
173:37 much because it's kind of like a system, you know, you can
173:41 on it and it pushes back uh to make it simple to understand and
173:48 and then, you know, what the bubble point for the gas because
173:54 going to have to do with whether you're dealing with all gas and solution
173:59 some guests not in solution. And that creates a different issue in terms
174:04 relative permeability, ease between the different admissible fluids and then uh formation water
174:12 is something uh that it can have little bit to do with what's going
174:21 with the systems in um and whether actually can help you in some cases
174:27 out whether you have continuous, continuous between wells or if you have some
174:34 of barrier, because the water salinity change uh with depth and laterally.
174:45 , okay. So I'm running unconventional and what are we looking for?
174:53 , Rather than ask you questions you want to answer. Um we we
175:01 where the source and reservoir already are so that's a given. And when
175:06 explore, we're going to look outside where we where we don't know because
175:10 don't have any wills, where is best porosity and permeability. Whereas it
175:17 susceptible to fracturing. What are the fracture directions? Where is the richest
175:22 of the oil source? Um One I don't have on here, but
175:26 would be also another good point is the richest part of the source?
175:31 where has the source been depleted or depleted? Because if you if you
175:37 to maturation and you have expulsion, more of the oils, expulsion,
175:43 had more oil expression that you've had that source rock, the less it's
175:48 to be left behind. And then course water production is critical and
175:54 Is anybody Angela, are you working unconventional? Yes, I've been,
176:02 of my time at swim has been Appalachian basin, but I just recently
176:08 into the Haynesville. Okay. And do you, do you have any
176:12 what the water cuts are there? . Okay. In Malaysia, I
176:20 think we have much water, I'm learning the Haynesville stuff. Our biggest
176:26 in Haynesville is the depth and the . Okay, so there there can
176:33 different things and why is the temperature problem? Um we drilled down,
176:38 like 13,000 ft. So the temperatures between like 2 85 to 300 degrees
176:49 drilling. So it's a lot of failures um having to trip out of
176:55 hole a lot. So you're reaching limits of safe drilling. Yeah,
177:01 the drill bits and stuff. Can't those types of temperatures. An elevated
177:11 flow there then, I guess, . Yeah, all those things come
177:16 play, you know, I'm trying focus on on what's most now from
177:21 lot of the unconventional water production is an issue just because for an unconventional
177:31 or to have porosity and permeability, almost has to be water in the
177:35 , uh, to have kept to kept the, the pore throats open
177:42 to get the oil to charge We're actually to get the oil to
177:46 from it. And because that, oil is part of the process,
177:50 me, the water is part of process of allowing the oil to escape
177:55 Source Rock in the 1st Place. , a lot of times the water
178:00 are very high. So that's why general, for the unconventional,
178:05 you have to worry about a high cut in the Appalachian stuff. You're
178:09 you're dealing mostly with natural gas. right, Yeah, we do
178:15 um, liquids, but the division worked in was all dry gas.
178:20 so, so that's a whole different of system. Yeah, because because
178:26 gas, the gas can find its through without the help of water and
178:32 , through through a source rock, . Okay, so, uh,
178:37 that's important. But I put seals here too, because one of the
178:41 that I noticed in some of the and stuff, and I don't think
178:46 do it anymore, but people kept , uh, if you're fracturing,
178:54 know, they think of, they of the source rock as a self
179:01 thing with its own seal on but in fact it leaks all
179:07 which is why it was a good rock and it's gonna move, move
179:15 either a transmittable formation or one. one that actually has the seal.
179:21 eventually it will hit a seal. , when you're fracking a um,
179:31 any uh, unconventional thing, you to be really careful that your facts
179:36 not going vertically up or vertically going down, you can you can
179:42 into an aquifer that will start damaging , your reservoir source rock.
179:53 and if it's up dip and you into it, migration of oil out
179:57 that thing could become less controllable than wanted to be. And there were
180:04 number of places where they actually broke top seals and bottom seals relative to
180:10 source rock and migration and those are you have to be careful of,
180:16 when they do drill, they try drill, you know, through through
180:20 sweet spot that's sort of well layered between a number of seals. But
180:27 , depending on how long your fractures , if they go vertically, they
180:32 horizontal or lateral, it's it's not much of a problem, but if
180:35 go very, very far vertically, you have an issue. Okay,
180:41 I mention something? Sure. absolutely. So one of the kind
180:45 interesting things that we've had an issue um Northeast Appalachia is the salt
180:52 So we drill a well frak it it produces well for about a year
181:00 then the production pretty much stops because we frack it, we're putting Sultans
181:08 solution and then the salt crystals are and plugging up all the fractures.
181:14 there's no more production. So there's lot of kind of strange things like
181:20 that happened to that you have to of figure out how to mitigate.
181:25 So right now we have areas that can't drill because we haven't been able
181:29 mitigate that issue. Yeah, that sense. Yeah. And salt salt
181:37 is good at precipitating quickly. you just, I guess as it
181:44 into the formation, it's a little cooler, that starts to happen.
181:49 . So we've tried different things to and mitigate it, but there's just
181:55 a lot of kind of interesting different that I think are in unconventional that
182:04 not in conventional um that we've been . So it's kind of cool to
182:10 at other geological problems and how to them. Oh yeah, and that
182:14 would be saying that's that's what it , that's what it means to be
182:18 geologist too. And uh and understanding it coming from a particular salt bed
182:25 is it just in the cold So there's a lot of salt areas
182:32 it. So that's what they're they're um it's coming from some of the
182:38 dominated areas around it. Um One the other issues we've had was drilling
182:45 salt and then collapse hole collapses because do you case the whole salt section
182:52 not? Um So there's there's definitely lot of salt up in in that
183:02 . Yeah, but you don't know there's like actual, well in the
183:06 , there's a lot that's in the . Right? I think so,
183:12 . You're talking about Appalachians. Yeah. Okay. Yeah.
183:18 there's there's places where there's bedded salts um in west, in parts of
183:23 texas where that they actually injection wells into it, it's just the reverse
183:28 dissolved it and uh and it started move it into a freshwater aquifer and
183:36 anyway, it created collapsed structures that reached the surface. It was another
183:44 where there, in my mind, drilling too close to the surface and
183:47 know it's great to get hydrocarbons wherever can, but sometimes when you're under
183:53 few 1000 ft, uh you probably leave it alone because it's kind
184:00 it's almost like poking into ah some the class rates on the, on
184:06 ocean floor. You know, it's a lot of natural gas,
184:09 you don't want to, you don't to disturb it because, you
184:13 it'll start coming up on its Okay, well, that's really good
184:17 . I really like that. Thank , Angela. Okay, so here
184:26 is sort of, the way I see it is that, you
184:33 you're spending a whole lot of time work through the, to the geological
184:42 or the, excuse me, the chain and there's sort of a peak
184:47 around appraisal of, of an overlap an unconventional appraisal is really heavy
184:54 And my guess is with problems like talking about Angela, the workload
185:00 could go up out here and be significant because, because one of the
185:05 geologists do quite often is figure out , where these different water compositions might
185:11 coming from and uh and where you have salt beds and stuff like that
185:17 uh, and of course geologists on different scale, there are a lot
185:20 geologists that work on heat flow Okay, so, um and then
185:29 we're talking about um reservoir geologists, is pretty much how people are working
185:36 now um you're going to be a of integrated team and you kind of
185:42 to learn the language of a geophysicist that of an engineer and you have
185:49 learn to really uh I don't know you've seen Angela, but normally what
185:56 is problems come up like the one mentioned when it's brand new, you
186:03 want to try to get answers really because you have to figure out what
186:06 do right away and but then as develop experience in that particular problem you
186:14 to come up with answers a little quicker and I don't I don't think
186:20 mentioned this to you guys yet, I had a really good mentor when
186:24 was at mobile and every time I him a question he immediately asked me
186:31 question which when he first asked that was kind of puzzled because I thought
186:37 was only one right way to do . He said well how long is
186:41 going to take you? And I what do you mean? It's going
186:45 take me as long as it takes figure it out, He says
186:49 when do you need an answer, does the manager want an answer?
186:54 does so and so I want an . When do the engineers need an
186:57 , when does the Vice president of need an answer? When do you
187:01 an answer and that? And this something that I think it's not unique
187:07 our business, but it is, is very uh huh. It's a
187:14 rewarding thing to learn when you're working an oil company, particularly if you're
187:21 um things right around the the the of appraisal where you might be looking
187:26 exploration issues and at the same time handoff to production to development and
187:33 So sometimes people need very quick answers the wells drilling and they got to
187:40 when to stop it or when to . And so as geologists, you
187:46 often have to learn how to answer questions without all the information you think
187:50 need, but you need to do good job in spite of not having
187:54 that information. And then of course you're given the benefit of a lot
187:59 time, you need to also know to do it exactly the right
188:02 In other words you need to two in an instant you need to make
188:07 you can, You can give the solution and explain that it's a 60%
188:13 And if you have a little bit time you do an 80% solution And
188:17 you have a lot of time you a 90% solution and odds are you'll
188:22 need to do 100% of the other words in in the business,
188:27 in a in a master's thesis, don't have to painstakingly convince people everything
188:35 exactly the way it is. You need to say how it works and
188:39 it's going to work that way. with those 80 and 90% solutions,
188:44 going to get close to reality, not proving a theory or or substantiated
188:51 theory. Rather I should say, you're trying to come up with given
188:57 information you have, what is the response that we can give and take
189:03 a certain situation. And I found found that when I was an active
189:12 developmental geologists to be more exciting than in exploration. And because, you
189:18 , it's every word you say, even when I was in exploration sometimes
189:24 you know, one of the I sat in the Caspian sea,
189:29 I was flown in, I was in all the way from from Houston
189:34 Azerbaijan, they gave me my own helicopter to get out to the rig
189:41 so I could make a decision on to stop that well that they were
189:46 because well they drilled before that they to do a core And it cost
189:51 $8 million dollars and the drilling engineer there's no Something, something, something
189:58 that I'm going to spend $8 million drilling a core. So I want
190:02 to tell me when we hit this . And I said okay, and
190:07 and I did that and uh and geologists get that kind of thing.
190:11 it it wasn't a perfect situation and sent SAM samples back to the lab
190:17 reconfirm what I did. But at point in time we had be able
190:20 make a decision literally. I probably on the rig a couple of days
190:28 we were drunk as we were getting and closer to the the formation that
190:31 had contracted to drill two. And and made that decision and uh things
190:38 that, completely different from that of very timely matter, happened quite a
190:44 . and here I say, one you don't ever want to do is
190:47 into the role of a map and section maker because you need to understand
190:55 how to make a cross section or to make a map. You need
190:58 know why you need to make a and why you need to make a
191:01 section, What is it telling the and the managers what they need to
191:07 about finding that oil. And uh I think when it comes to um
191:16 geologist, reservoir geologists, you don't to fall into the trap of just
191:22 a good operations ah between picker for drilling or geo steering because as a
191:34 , you can you can provide a more information. So I think this
191:40 geologists to learn more geophysics and engineering for for geophysicists to learn more geology
191:47 engineering is a really good thing for you to do because you can communicate
191:51 with each other. And I know example, personal example, I took
191:59 course and um uh different things to around the wellbore with problems and uh
192:10 think I've been working at mobil for weeks. I know excuse me six
192:14 , but somewhere around three months in got this course and in a different
192:20 issues, production issues around the preparations uh six months into it um the
192:28 engineer was was out on vacation or or something and somebody had on the
192:34 had to decide whether to gravel pack not. And they gave him an
192:38 good explanation because I just took a in it and they were stunned because
192:44 knew I wasn't an engineer and we up doing that. And uh again
192:51 it's a really good thing not only to learn about what it is you
192:55 to do on that job, but about what all the people around you
192:58 doing, so that you actually make feel like they really need you on
193:03 team, okay that I think we take a lunch break and this is
193:09 chart I was referring to in the but we'll get to this after the
193:13 break and But 45 minutes be long . Yes, sir. Okay,
193:28 good with that. A 45 minute break. I don't know about
193:32 You guys haven't been talking much, I'm really tired. Mhm. And
193:38 can get cranky so I'm gonna take good break. Okay. Thank you
193:45 see you. Uh see you Make it 1:00 because it's almost
194:00
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