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00:36 Ok. Um, can everybody see slides or is, is there a

00:42 right here? Yeah, we can this, like, ok.

00:49 I'm very sorry, I had to this again, but I'm not feeling

00:52 and I'm more than anything. I'm about, uh, passing something on

00:56 any somebody else know when we, , when we're doing social distancing,

01:02 didn't catch anything but, uh, been picking up all kinds of bugs

01:08 then. So, um, and would like to point out, Been

01:16 here for 20 years and this is first semester I've missed a class in

01:22 when it was scheduled to be in . And, uh, I think

01:27 really irritating to me that, uh, that I'm getting sick.

01:32 hope that, uh, you, folks as students, whenever you get

01:37 that's a little nasty, you stay too. And, uh, and

01:42 me know because I can stream while lecturing from the lecture hall if,

01:46 it's necessary. So, I, don't know who I caught this

01:51 but, uh, when my wife quite often I would catch things from

01:55 that she caught from students and she's . So, uh, I'm guessing

02:01 probably caught something here on campus Um, all of that aside,

02:09 , we left off here and, , I may take a drink of

02:15 every now and then. Um, to make sure I don't overwork

02:23 uh, vocal chords here, which tend to do. Uh,

02:27 we got to the point of, , Turbidity currents and of course,

02:33 is 1, 1 looks like in tank. And um the key is

02:40 to, to, to any turbid , whether it's a current or an

02:47 mass, like you might see with avalanche, it's that the, the

02:52 lines cross each other. Um here you're seeing um laminar flow,

03:00 call it. And even if things like this, as long as they're

03:06 of sub parallel, the flow lines parallel, that's still laminar flow.

03:11 that's what you see before you get the turbine flow. Uh Once you

03:16 to the turbine, the, the has gotten to the point where things

03:20 to roll over and mix. Uh like breaking waves in the ocean

03:26 And uh it causes uh a considerable amount of cross cutting of flows

03:35 and uh and so it's just a of water that's tumultuous and just churning

03:41 this rather than stuff that's rolling like like down the side of the

03:46 Uh like we might see uh when have uh the debris flow itself,

03:52 getting uh dynamic dila see going on the particles are getting farther apart,

03:58 in with more water. Here, have things bending over, but it's

04:02 laminar flow uh uh with limited uh invasion and um dynamic di latency.

04:13 here you're getting some good dynamic di . So the, the mass itself

04:17 becoming less dense but it's still very when it gets down here in turbid

04:21 because it's uh particles that have specific over two, mixing with things that

04:27 a specific gravity of one. And the uh famous Boma sequence is

04:36 . And uh When this uh first into being in the 60s,

04:44 it was a little bit before I in classes. And uh in

04:50 I was in uh wasn't even in high yet. But anyway, the

04:57 uh the sequences, this uh graded , which is high energy energy uh

05:04 . Uh And you get these um things they call standing waves which actually

05:11 it doesn't really show you this, you can get Andy Dune standing

05:15 The standing waves of course are uh sign of uh anti dunes when

05:22 when you see those things moving up hill and uh sometimes they just,

05:27 reach a point where they're just stable the flow is still going out but

05:31 not moving. And uh and then get to uh plain bed with the

05:37 grain movement where it's just kind of everything out but dropping the sediment and

05:42 have a lot of sediment that's uh traction. And um and then you

05:48 getting these dunes uh and uh uh can kind of lump this into three

05:56 uh crosscut beds and dunes. And and then you reach a point where

06:04 you have an upper division where it's that energy is slowed down. And

06:09 is uh uh sort of like just sediment settling out and falling like Laina

06:16 lake. And then uh then you this poetic. So a lot of

06:23 , fecal pellets and stuff like that this in. And uh if it

06:28 relatively low oxygen level, it, uh won't get breed. If it's

06:33 higher oxygen level, it will get and you'll, you'll miss, you'll

06:37 the lamination all disrupted by uh that biotic activity. So this is

06:43 sort of the uh the sequence that expect to see pretty much at the

06:50 end of a submarine fan. And depending on where you're at within a

06:57 fan overall architecture, which we haven't about yet, we have uh um

07:06 channels and then as it starts to out, it has distributors to the

07:11 channel. And as it fans out , all you have are uh things

07:15 look like this sequences that come out this shape because it's the high energy

07:20 down uh and sort of being buffered it falls uh farther and farther into

07:25 basin. And this is um uh of early on what everybody thought we

07:33 see for all turbos, we didn't the complexity of a submarine fan

07:38 Uh But we, we were applying things in sequences and our crops and

07:44 course, realized that it was uh deposition uh after Arnold Ba and some

07:50 folks at L S U sorted out uh what, what the character of

07:57 deep water sediments looked like. And they hadn't come to grips with,

08:04 the full three dimensional complexity of a fan at that point in time.

08:10 as you might suspect, uh there our crops around the world that went

08:16 very shallow water interpretations to uh uh , they all, most of them

08:23 started out as interpretations of some sort fluvial alluvial system. Then uh many

08:30 out crops were interpreted by the experts the time as being uh short face

08:37 . And then later on, uh they ventured further out into the

08:41 they realized there were uh bars below base, sand bars below wave

08:48 And uh eventually they started seeing these and recognizing them for what they were

08:53 make a long story short as uh , ologists were able to get deeper

09:00 deeper water examples of sedimentation through And uh then relating that back to

09:09 crops that we've seen lots of There are, there are many

09:13 especially on the coast of England where has been done for a long

09:19 Uh There are places where the, same, the exact same outcrop uh

09:26 interpreted over the years uh from anywhere uh uh pluvial uh sediments to near

09:35 to offshore bars. Uh just and finally to something that looked like a

09:42 fans, this of course, is in the distal part of the fan

09:46 you get more approximate or closer to source of the sediment. Uh You

09:52 up seeing uh more and more uh the coarser grain stuff and less and

09:59 of this because it keeps getting cut with uh with a higher energy uh

10:06 until you finally get uh way offshore it's distal. Uh do you guys

10:12 ? Didn't, did I tell everyone depositional dip is in this class?

10:16 I'm pretty sure I did. Yes. Yeah. Anybody want to

10:27 me what depositional dip is. Nobody's enough to tell me. Huh.

10:39 was uh sort of it related to proximity of the source. That's exactly

10:51 . So, uh so when you of a delta, for example,

10:57 see the river that's forming the delta , is the source. And as

11:02 get farther away from that um initial into the uh in the in the

11:11 mass that it's building out into, , you're getting farther and farther away

11:18 it. So the faces have lower lower energy. In other words,

11:21 have that jet flow, it's coming fast with a turbo. You have

11:27 , um, you have something that's down a hill and picking up

11:31 So, uh, in most it's not always that case, but

11:36 it's that case or sometimes it's an in size valley that things are rumbling

11:40 . And uh but anyway, uh sources uh landward and uh and so

11:50 is away from the land in depositional . And um and then of

11:58 if you're up dip up depositional you're gonna be approximate to the coast

12:03 or the source. And so, what I'm trying to tell you is

12:08 you understand these words, then, this, this is without drawing you

12:13 fan, this would be in the portions of the fan, you

12:16 the fan sticks out into the water this and it has, you

12:21 a nice crescent shape to it. this is the distal part, this

12:25 be where um uh you would see aboma sequences as you come farther

12:33 they get truncated, the upper parts get truncated because it's still high energy

12:38 as we come closer and closer to shoreline on my, on my hand

12:42 get more uh proximate to the And of course, uh this sequence

12:49 fining upwards. But as the delta out each sequence that stacks on top

12:57 this one is gonna be coarser grain the previous one. And so the

13:02 submarine fan is coarsening upwards, but coursing upwards with uh depositional events which

13:12 call episodes sometimes. But that a event is uh putting this out as

13:20 upward sequences. But as the thing up, if it's, this becomes

13:25 spot becomes more and more proximal as builds up because the whole thing is

13:30 out into the basin. OK. it's really important to kind of understand

13:37 . Um when we talk about sequence , if you don't know uh up

13:42 and down dip deposition, you're, kind of missing a lot of uh

13:46 the key implications and interpretations. Um inferences that you can make from various

13:54 patterns of lap out, which we'll about when we talk about sequence stratigraphy

13:59 a little bit. OK. So other things that happen is you have

14:03 structures. And of course, uh is this is from a basic sediment

14:11 . Um I could show you a from uh um technology which uh shows

14:21 lot of uh different types of uh biogenic structures. Uh This is kind

14:32 showing you ones that sort of have structure to them and they maintain that

14:36 . But there's a lot of grazing burrowing uh that just simply turns this

14:41 one thing you don't see in this is a lot of lamination you can

14:45 here where this particular animal is, backing out and moving upwards uh in

14:52 , in his, uh his living , so to speak. And,

14:57 , but, but that's it, don't see the lamination and, and

15:00 a lot of times when you look this area that they don't show anything

15:05 oftentimes this is politic and there's a uh tic and they, uh,

15:12 course, there's lots of organisms living the bottom that feed from the fecal

15:16 that drop from above from uh all invertebrates and vertebrates, uh uh either

15:24 the water column or uh crawling across surface. In some cases, swimming

15:29 it, they could be neck, time or um, things that

15:33 uh can swim. Ok. And is, uh just an example from

15:40 rock record showing you, uh the of a lot of these things.

15:46 this is, this is actually the side of a bed that's been burrowed

15:52 the surface. And the, the tracks and tunnels that were being

15:58 were preserved. Uh Sometimes when you at a shale that's been heavily

16:06 you don't see these structures but you'll see shadows and stuff like,

16:10 if you do a thin section through , you might see a slightly off

16:14 for a tubular thing that was coming it in this direction. Of

16:18 the thin section, it was uh to this face. In other

16:24 perpendicular to it, uh you would something that would be close to uh

16:31 uh burrow that uh that you could just from changes in the color because

16:37 gonna have sediment here. The burrow be full of sediment but uh uh

16:43 the process of ingestion, digestion and , uh some of the minerals are

16:51 concentrated, some of them are uh and therefore you see sort of slightly

16:55 colors. And here's something I did fun. And I, and when

17:01 did it, I didn't think that would be so incredible. But um

17:08 is uh a micro C T A cat scan. Um the software and

17:14 machine together cost about a million This was at Shell lab, which

17:19 now in the petroleum engineering department because shut down that lab. Mike Myers

17:25 the one that ran this lab and had a, a student doing a

17:30 on this. But uh this particular is interesting because, you know,

17:35 talk about porosity and permeability and uh know, this is a core from

17:44 recent beach sand that if you're not careful with it, it would just

17:51 . The sand was not cemented together anything, but we were really careful

17:56 it and we left it in the and a half tube. And um

18:03 of the things that you do to rid of the tube. Uh It's

18:05 plastic tube. You, uh, the cat scan, it has

18:08 a thing where you can pet out and not look at things of a

18:13 density. And, uh, you , with a regular x-ray, uh

18:20 this was a regular x-ray, these might be bones, uh,

18:24 bones or something in the middle of soft mudd but, but this was

18:32 almost a pure sandstone and you wonder the the poor channels look like,

18:39 poor throats might look like. Uh I did was decided to, to

18:46 everything between almost no density at at all to zero density. So

18:53 in fact, is an image of all the rock away and allowing you

18:59 see the framework of all these interconnected pores and poor throats. And it's

19:07 bio turb that's done it. This probably a burrow uh that's opened up

19:14 a real fluffy zone in this uh this thing where it's almost, it's

19:19 all air and uh and same And first thing you notice about these

19:26 is they look exactly like algal rhizomes something of that nature. Uh There's

19:32 plants that have roots. Some of bigger ones are could possibly be

19:37 Uh This could be where it was and it's was very recent. I

19:42 it's a Yucca pudge or something like . Fiddler. Crab. But

19:49 this is, was probably a bigger . Now, I, I sliced

19:53 too like this, but you are seeing through a good bit of

19:58 If I was to slice it much , uh, in, in the

20:03 like this, there would have been few of these things and you could

20:08 which ones might be interconnected except that minute it would go into another

20:13 you would lose it. In other , this burrow probably goes into uh

20:17 probably comes out at you in the because this is the front face

20:22 of that core. It was a core like this, we cut it

20:25 that. So we're looking at the that would be right here. So

20:32 these are traces of rhizomes and filamentous and also probably some significant roots.

20:39 I think because of where it it was up beyond the dunes,

20:43 think this is all uh for the part vegetative activity, there could be

20:48 uh small vertebrates uh that did some the burrowing up in here. One

20:54 the things is uh it does look there might have been some sort of

20:58 here. But again, this could be the bro has come out of

21:01 plane of the core and uh we see it continuing. And um I

21:09 if you're doing anything with uh it would be really useful to do

21:16 , which by the way was the they got this thing and I don't

21:19 how the research advanced or if anybody was doing this, but um anywhere

21:25 you have uh micro perros, micro uh and you have uh natural fracture

21:34 your trying to fracture, uh this be a good tool to actually uh

21:40 that in a core uh because you be able to remove the rock and

21:46 look and see what the uh fracture were, uh what the pore throat

21:52 looked like and, and that sort thing. So this is an extremely

21:56 thing uh for anybody that would be advanced reservoir characterization. And uh I

22:02 have time to, to keep working it. And uh I know at

22:06 time the people to show up thought was crazy, but I, they

22:10 talked to me about it for a . So I think they're probably doing

22:15 . OK. Anyway. Um And this is, uh you know,

22:22 of the, uh one of the uh structured things is uh betting and

22:29 and of course, it kind of to uh from where we were

22:34 uh where we're looking at things that like this or things that look like

22:39 . So it's still kind of on higher end type of stuff. But

22:43 also, as we know from the sequence, we get the same structures

22:49 from high energy and low energy, is low energy, this is really

22:54 level. And so none of these structures by themselves or can always be

23:04 the indicator of what it is. the three dimensional relationship to it and

23:09 relationship to other faces. For in the Boma sequence, you have

23:16 faces, you have that faces, you have this one and then you

23:22 uh the smaller rippled beds and then get this. So, you

23:27 it's slowing down as it comes up way. So, you know,

23:30 is this is between this high this high energy and it looks exactly

23:35 where it should be and so on so forth. So again, this

23:39 only a two dimensional diagram and you're looking at it in a sequence as

23:44 one single dimension, that single dimension you interpret uh these two two sets

23:51 structures that look quite similar. Um would expect that the grain sizes down

23:57 would be greater than the grain sizes here as well. OK. Uh

24:05 anyway, laminate usually less than a centimeter beds can be greater than a

24:11 and attain great thickness like meters And uh trying to explain to an

24:20 . Uh one of the hardest things is is to explain to him what

24:25 bed is because it's, it kind uh goes beyond scale. But,

24:31 uh the biggest lumps of things that see in an out crop often are

24:35 we're gonna call a bed. uh, the laminate are gonna be

24:39 fine grain, uh smaller uh Uh You would get lemonade though in

24:46 of these course grain things if it's . Uh, here is,

24:55 beach slip face. Um, I know exactly where this picture came

25:00 Again, this is out of but this looks very similar to a

25:04 of the trenches that I did on South Carolina coast and uh in the

25:08 Carolina coast and the Virginia coast. and that's because you get heavy minerals

25:14 the heavy minerals help you see a between the uh lighter colored quartz grains

25:21 the heavy minerals. And you can all sorts of little, uh Here's

25:25 a little erosional surface in here, sorts of uh little structures and um

25:32 uh dewatering fractures, probably all sorts things are going on in this.

25:37 And here this is a beach, is high energy, but it's coarser

25:42 than over here over here is deep . And um and basically, uh

25:51 a lot of places, uh we things called varves where you can see

25:55 of these, which one is one be in the spring and uh one

25:59 be in the summer or the, the fall. Uh And it's kind

26:03 usually related to overturn if you have Diy lake, what's called a Dim

26:08 that overturns twice. Ok. And of to pulling that all together.

26:16 There's a lot of lemonade, finer lemonade and these shales in here.

26:20 this, this is an ancient lake . Then we get some of these

26:26 coarser grain thicker uh units that are much bed size. But within

26:32 but within here between this carbonate rich in this carbonate rich bed, you

26:38 a bed of shales in here that's of laminate. So you can get

26:42 in this bed. But sometimes we have a massive bed where you don't

26:46 see any of the laminate uh like thick sandstone, for example. And

26:53 just looking here and you, and can see if you look at

26:56 the resistance To erosion profile here a bit, you can see that this

27:03 cemented up more and it's a little more uh resistant to erosion and sort

27:08 kind of go in here again and pops back out at the next bed

27:12 that's really what a bed is on scale that uh uh from, from

27:17 here to about there is probably uh ft. And uh so uh this

27:25 right here is probably on the order a, a yard or a meter

27:29 . This might be a little bit than a meter and these are getting

27:33 here and then you get some bigger back up here. But then

27:35 you can see Laina in between. uh these are the uh organic rich

27:43 shales in the Uinta basin uh that quite famous uh for their high

27:50 greater than 25% in some places. . So that's the end of that

28:00 . Let me just make sure. . Yep, we're recording. Is

28:09 here today, doctor? I I just uh wanted to let you

28:18 that I didn't receive the email Last night, Mohammed just sent me

28:23 link but just for you to know maybe I can send you an email

28:26 my, with my email just for to double check if maybe there was

28:30 mistake there or something. Ok. , this is uh this is

28:37 Yes. Ok. Yeah, I'm about that. I, you didn't

28:41 trouble getting the last one, did ? No, I didn't.

28:45 That's weird. I didn't use a email, I don't think. But

28:48 knows? Ok, my apologies, I'm glad you're here. Yes.

28:54 . No, no problems. Ok. It's not important to you

29:15 , I love it when my escape doesn't work. OK. The next

29:36 is, um, this is sort , uh, you know, because

29:40 is a class that covers a lot topics. We uh and because traps

29:46 often are related to structure and almost always related to basin development,

29:55 kind of have to talk a little about sedimentary basins and uh this is

30:01 a course in structural geology. Um I do remember when I did my

30:08 G R E s in geology, of my highest grades was in structure

30:11 I have no idea why. But I think it had a lot to

30:16 with the, the folks at Wits uh came down and visited us.

30:22 We had guest lectures for our structural from the people that were actually uh

30:28 the work to uh to pretty much the fact that plate tectonics actually

30:35 And uh they were working on sea spreading. So we got a,

30:39 got a lot of lectures on that since that was an up and coming

30:42 and it was being taught in the , even though I went to school

30:45 the Southeast, uh uh it was heavily imprinted in uh in the G

30:51 E test. And uh and I getting trained, at least in that

30:56 from professors that uh that taught in northeast. So, uh you folks

31:02 don't, I don't know if everybody the G R E because we don't

31:05 it anymore. But, but for very long time, the G R

31:09 s were uh very provincial. They , they're really geared and calibrated to

31:15 any school in the northeast. They have, they might have gone out

31:19 Stanford to get a couple of questions something like that or CAL tech.

31:24 , uh, basically, um, , it's, it was really straightforward

31:30 geology, you know, in the we didn't really talk about uh,

31:35 , uh, deposits as much as would have expected. Or actually it

31:40 like it was normal. Uh, spent a lot of time talking about

31:44 planes because we had coastal planes. , uh, if you went to

31:48 in the northeast, there's not much a coastal plane. So those people

31:53 were to on anything that had to with the coastal plane. But at

31:56 same time, um, um that in the test. So, uh

32:04 test was really focused on the universities the northeast and uh through the

32:10 uh, of the G R E , it got better and better.

32:12 mean, people started screaming, scratching and kicking and whatnot and they

32:16 to, uh, get a lot at it. And then I think

32:20 most, uh geoscience departments decided not use that test. But anyway,

32:25 an aside that, uh, just a little bit of our time

32:28 Um So we're gonna go into this of course, one of the reasons

32:32 , uh uh we really want to this is because, uh, is

32:41 anything that says screen sharing that's blocking title up there? No.

32:48 it's, it's amazing you guys see whole picture. I see all this

32:52 hanging down in the wake. Um So anyway, um uh,

33:03 know, the, the most, simplest thing, of course, in

33:06 of structures would be an Anne And of course, uh, quite

33:11 when you had an Anne client, , everywhere in the world, it

33:15 Pena plane like this. In other , it wasn't eroded and scoured

33:20 we call that Pena plan. uh, but anyway, the,

33:27 , you normally would get like a high and, uh, farmer over

33:32 could see that structural high and that's they went after. And that's uh

33:35 they went after Pierce Junction, I I mentioned that uh the um this

33:42 kind of the uh the exploration Um I don't know what book I

33:49 this out of. It's really unfortunate uh but I would never uh color

33:56 blue even though it's a lighter blue the water. And uh you

34:02 this should be red for gas and for oil. Uh But that's the

34:06 it is. Uh But I'm just you so that, you know that

34:09 here it's the same thing. This oil, this is gas. Uh

34:14 this was the primary structure when uh exploration started. This was, this

34:19 the go get it model. And everybody wanted to get on top of

34:23 structure so they could get this big down here. And uh and of

34:29 , uh as it turns out, the structure, the top of the

34:35 would be like here in Pierce everything right underneath it was, was

34:42 . But the beds that kind of into that on the sides of the

34:46 around the edges is where it So it kind of looked like this

34:52 uh there was a, an there uh straddle terminations running into that anticline

34:58 this. It was a Pierce dome was breaking through the strategic.

35:05 So, uh and so that's the thing then, of course, um

35:10 I worked offshore, this was um of what I saw. Um a

35:21 of, a lot of people that up working in um uh the Denver

35:26 of, of almost any oil company some places out in the west,

35:30 course, where there's active uh rusting , you'd saw see this kind of

35:36 . But a lot of my experience been in the uh the Annie Klein

35:42 fault uh situation. And uh and might say a lot of normal

35:47 Uh and of course, uh down Venezuela, you have uh some things

35:52 this, there's a lot of places the world where the tectonics uh uh

35:58 thrust faults and other complicated types of . Uh So this is also an

36:02 thing to know. Um But it's, it has a lot to

36:07 with, with the development of that in the, in the underlying uh

36:13 tectonics. In other words, why that big basin sinking. Why are

36:18 sides lifting up? Uh what's going ? Is it just a platform like

36:23 coastal plane that's loading sediment on top something? And, and you're getting

36:28 weakness underneath that coastal plane uh to these kinds of things that are tension

36:34 um as opposed to where you've got , a nearby collision, the boundary

36:40 terms of plate tectonics that's causing uh rather dramatic type of uh faulting and

36:47 and overturn. And this is uh is a uh seismic interpretation up

36:57 And this is a plaster slash clay uh where they try to mimic the

37:05 of tension going on with uh with uplift of uh of this structure.

37:12 then later uh settling back down with uh you had thermal dumbing to

37:18 it, you had a surface that picked up like this. And so

37:23 short like this when it's flat, when it's lifted up, it's getting

37:27 out. And so you have to normal faults just fill in the

37:36 And I'm not sure if I'm gonna it through this whole hour and a

37:38 , but I'll, I'm gonna keep . Um Uh when I was going

37:45 the first slide, I realized I feeling 100%. So I'm glad I'm

37:50 in class with you anyway. Um So this is sort of the plaster

37:58 which, which, which kind of you see that, you know,

38:01 is all grounded in, in Um You know, you push,

38:06 something up here, it causes the surface to have to stretch out.

38:11 get these tension features known as normal . And um when we uh We

38:23 at something like this, this might normally what we see in an area

38:27 two km um With 20 m of or more. Uh but then when

38:34 uh look a little bit closer uh maybe we have well logged data and

38:41 we're starting to get uh three dimensional and looking at some uh uh amplitude

38:47 to help us uh see some of things. And sometimes you can see

38:51 patterns like this and uh gravity, data too to help you see

38:57 you know, you may have these faults, but there's a lot of

39:00 smaller fractures and compartments that are being at a smaller scale that's often hard

39:05 see by uh reflection, seismic and and uh and single component seismic.

39:15 you'd go to multi component, of , uh you'd get a bit a

39:18 of an enhancement as well. And and of course, uh might as

39:25 go back to this if you're um you're looking in the chalks, for

39:30 , in the North Sea and sometimes places uh uh for unconventional which is

39:37 uh because they have the gas cloud single um component uh seismic just doing

39:47 wave seismic. Uh sometimes uh these be faults that were, were uh

39:52 greater, definitely greater than 20 And at the same time with,

39:57 well data, uh there were places we were picking um uh 30 ft

40:05 , not 30 m faults, but 30 ft faults and uh Something you

40:12 , less than 10 m. OK . Um I always put this in

40:21 just so people are aware of common , uh map symbols and that kind

40:26 thing. Um When we used to things by hand, uh there were

40:32 lot of uh conventions that people followed that everything, a lot of things

40:36 done on the computer. Um I um which, which you really need

40:47 uh much out for is using this for anything but a thrust. And

40:53 but, but I think a lot times people do here's a hanging

40:59 Uh This is up and that's down uh and uh it kind of points

41:06 dip of the fault. So this would have to be um this

41:11 be a normal or reverse fault And um you can see um excuse

41:24 , this, this is, this obviously a reverse fold, I'm

41:27 And uh anyway, the uh you see here even when it's just a

41:34 fault and not a thrust fault. You can see that the hanging wall

41:38 here, this is pointing in the of the dip, the dip is

41:43 this way. So, uh this right here would probably uh cut right

41:48 like this. And uh and uh would get that configuration there. Um

41:57 uh when we have a, this also uh out of, actually,

42:02 think it's out of your book. And I, I hate this,

42:07 is, this is the way I normal normally do it. Uh But

42:13 we have the foot walls up but hanging wall is down. And uh

42:20 so uh this would be uh a fault and it looks like this.

42:28 ? And uh leave it to me try to confuse you. But

42:32 this is the kind of symbol uh I would uh would use most of

42:37 time uh when I was drawing maps hand. Oh Was uh it was

42:44 time when uh one of the most useful things about drawing your own maps

42:52 , as opposed to having a computer , to draw one, you have

42:56 understand it. You can't, you draw a line unless you understand

43:00 A computer can take data and create map. But in that process,

43:05 haven't done anything to understand that, actual structure. And uh and it's

43:11 real short coming I think of uh things by computer all the time because

43:16 don't, doesn't uh force you to Think in three dimensions. And you

43:23 to constantly think in three dimensions. , uh, it's, uh,

43:29 , it has a lot to do , uh, your ability to

43:33 uh, uh, appreciate when a is done really well and not a

43:37 , uh, or, uh, even recognize that there's some major problems

43:41 a map. Uh, here's here's a typical map, uh,

43:48 the Shepherd book. And, and this is the Brent group and

43:52 , uh I don't think he's a Sea person, but here he's got

43:55 North Sea example. And uh you can see uh these are all

44:02 faults. And uh can somebody tell uh right off the bat how I

44:10 this is a normal phone? There's minuses on this, but I can

44:21 you that all of these are These are all sub C numbers you

44:27 tell using the symbology key. Well, that the symbols look like

44:35 says it is. But, you , and there's a declaration change,

44:40 me, does the elevation change or contours? And that's exactly what you

44:46 to do. And if you're not a map, you often don't catch

44:50 . And uh and, but sometimes you draw maps, you, you

44:53 uh make mistakes too. But as uh as you come across here

45:01 that's 4100, if I go over , what would this line be if

45:05 one was 4400, 40, 43, 20, right? So

45:21 is deeper. And of course, we draw a map like this,

45:25 drawing it on a surface and uh cross cutting relationships become a little bit

45:33 when you're just doing a surface. when you do field work, you're

45:36 at a plane surface that's, that's I can like we're looking at a

45:44 , when we look here, we're at a layer and what's happened is

45:47 we know the dip is in that and we know this bed's moved

45:53 right? It's deeper and that's how know that it's a normal fault just

45:58 across the line. Also, if gonna draw a map and we

46:03 we're playing around and doing our contours here. Um The contours over

46:09 if we know there's a normal fault , because we made a fault plane

46:13 , we have to make sure that contours on the other side show the

46:17 uh offset. So if I have data here and well data here and

46:21 this sort of thing, and I up with this and I also have

46:25 cuts and I know what the throw this fault cut is. If,

46:30 I make my interpretation that looks like , I automatically know that what,

46:35 across here has to be offset by fault plane map. In other

46:41 I know what's going on over I've got some wells that cut into

46:48 fault, for example, this where is this, where is that

46:52 gonna be in this? Well, it gonna be below that surface or

46:55 that surface? Other words, this a map of a surface.

47:06 is right around 4050 ft at this . And this is the same surface

47:15 in another area. But again, know, it's not like a bulldozer

47:21 in and flattened it and you got fault cut that's on a flat surface

47:25 you see in our crops or uh a, on a, on a

47:29 surface of a fault exposed. But , but they're actually things that were

47:35 at the same time and one's moved , you know, one's one's moved

47:42 and it's across from older beds now that it's moved down, so

47:48 , its position is opposite older So, you know what the angle

47:55 , you know, roughly what what the dip of this bed is

47:59 these things, right? This fat , and that fault is dipping down

48:04 way. So where would that fault this? Well, would it hit

48:09 below the surface or above the And this is what I mean by

48:14 to be able to think in three would be below the surface, wouldn't

48:22 ? No, it wouldn't. Uh you for trying. Um,

48:29 it's, it's really hard to. , so anyway, we have this

48:35 and I have a surface here, . It's up and I have a

48:41 down here and, uh, and see the fault but the boundary,

48:47 surface is hitting the fault here. , uh, you can see the

48:53 of my nose. Uh, if nose was, say where the well

48:58 up, if the well comes straight here, it's not gonna hit the

49:02 until it gets right about there. other words, here's the,

49:08 the well board goes like that and what I mean by being able to

49:12 in three dimensions. And it, seems stupid maybe. But it's,

49:17 has a lot to do with the that figure out where the oil is

49:20 the people that don't. And, , because the oils in layers too

49:28 it's offset by faults as well. , um, it's, it's deadly

49:36 in some ways, in other it's extremely complicated because it's in three

49:40 and you, and you have to able to, um, you

49:44 when you're looking at things, you to expect it. In other

49:48 Oh, If all of my wells to 5000 ft and it was,

49:53 wanted to get another fault cut, wouldn't, wouldn't go over here because

49:56 might get too deep. Wouldn't see fa cup. Uh, I have

50:01 come over here to get my fault . Just a simple little decision like

50:06 important. Work a lot faster. here's here's kind of a thing

50:11 um, I don't know how many do this. Um, when I

50:16 to go to joint interest meetings uh people that didn't have the mentoring that

50:21 had. Uh when I was uh I saw a lot of strange

50:26 on map. I never saw one this bad but, but uh,

50:30 often, um when you, when get to the, uh when you

50:37 get to falls, things like this happen. And um depending on the

50:47 of the fault and the orientation of bed that doesn't always happen.

50:53 um, and certainly if you have oil water contact, um uh you're

51:00 see something that looks maybe more like , it gets steeper over here.

51:04 This is getting shallow, but this a map where somebody carefully contoured

51:11 And I believe uh it's still possible a computer um app to have it

51:18 map a compartment uh where everything looks it's just fine and it's working out

51:24 . In other words, it's focused what it sees in here. And

51:30 most mapping routines focus on the Well, so uh you could get

51:35 that happens like this. And then here it's contoured based on some other

51:40 . And over here completely separate data over here completely separated, but here

51:46 have a normal fault and so the on this side should be what larger

51:52 smaller when the contours are wider, should be bigger. Can you say

52:07 a little bit louder? I didn't hear it. I said when,

52:10 the are wider. So it should a bigger, uh, a bigger

52:16 . Yeah, it's a bigger area here's a fault. It's a normal

52:21 . So the contour numbers should be down here or they should be larger

52:28 here. Remember? The fog goes the, if this Yeah, like

52:37 this uh uh related to the So the is in the down

52:42 sorry. OK. So the down side or the uh which would be

52:53 , the hanging wall for a normal is gonna be deeper, right?

53:00 this should all be deeper. So, ok, so look and

53:05 if that's true. Is this always than over here, November 10th 50

53:14 mark or no? Sorry. Ignore . It, it looks like we

53:24 a general dip towards the east because southeastern Brook is the, the most

53:30 the, the most deep one in southeast. So the general dip is

53:36 going from west to east and the to deepest one is in the

53:42 OK. Ok. But we have fault. So if you see anything

53:47 looks weird. Yeah, on the , like if you follow the country

53:52 says 5, 5800 to the left to the left and you follow that

53:59 , you will see that on on the food wall, it says

54:05 . So that's, that's wrong. if you have the hanging wall there

54:08 the south, those values should be than the values that you have on

54:12 food wall to the north. So something wrong there with that fault with

54:17 normal fault. Yeah, exactly. . If you follow that contour,

54:20 says 5000, 800 if you go the north of the fold, it

54:24 6000 and it doesn't make sense for normal fault to have those values.

54:29 . So, so somebody had some and they were doing this kind of

54:33 and they, and why, why they want to make? Um

54:40 you know, you're gonna expect a to come up here, you would

54:43 it to and you want the structure come up here. But what you

54:47 buy it is it's uh it's called twist fault or something goofy like

54:52 And um our screw fault and the reversed on this on this fall based

55:00 the contour lines. Uh If somebody a fault plane map and they figured

55:05 out what it means is that with same data, uh someone was able

55:12 draw it the wrong way because they thinking about. And this is showing

55:16 the offsets and uh so this is you dip in this direction, this

55:21 showing you dip in that direction. , uh, and you can't do

55:26 . Now, um, if, the computer is just mapping stuff in

55:30 and you have one, well, here it's very likely that it could

55:34 do that. And, uh, , I think, I think this

55:38 name is Dave Shoup. I, don't remember exactly but I think it's

55:41 Sheep and he's been teaching people a time. And, uh, but

55:46 , he, he pointed that I've never, I've never seen anybody

55:50 this mistake myself, but I worked Mobile and, uh, I won't

55:55 you what companies made that mistake, , uh, apparently frequently.

56:02 uh, but anyway, uh, one of the reasons why you have

56:07 be able to think in three dimensions , you know, that the map

56:12 data points and it has very few points and it doesn't have a brain

56:16 you do. The computer doesn't really like you do. And,

56:21 uh, and even if you have , I, it's not gonna do

56:23 whole lot with one will. uh, you know, it's,

56:29 can't do that but as a human , um, and I'm sure we're

56:35 try to get a I to do . You know, this, the

56:38 relationship of these faults is important to before you start mapping, you don't

56:45 the fault patterns, you're gonna make mistakes like this. In other

56:50 if you put the faults in, you start drawing the lines, uh

56:55 lines might be wrong in the first and you would, you never would

56:58 seen this fault. And uh but , you need to, uh one

57:03 the first steps in making a map to sort out where the major faults

57:07 for sure. Uh If you can any little ones that's even better.

57:12 , finding fault cuts in wells is important and uh I have an exercise

57:18 do that. Most of the students up hating it. Uh The better

57:22 really love it because um uh it them that, you know,

57:27 there's work that geologists can do. interpretations that we can do as geologists

57:33 can see resolution at a, at um higher precision level Uh than you

57:41 with most seize even with 0D seism . Ok. So structure and petroleum

57:51 , um you know, in the frontier scale understanding, you know,

58:00 type of basin it is, is give you an understanding of, of

58:07 possibility of the possibility, the uh and type of trap styles that you

58:15 see in that basin. So it's, it's absolutely vital information that

58:21 understand that that basin and how it's it's uh developed. And, and

58:28 course, you know, the very slides I showed you in the beginning

58:33 with anticlines and sin Clines, what's cause that uh normal faults versus reverse

58:41 thrust faults, what's gonna cause that the frequency of that. And,

58:46 of course, if you have a that's had some sort of uh base

58:50 reversal where the, where, what going up at one point in time

58:55 down in other times, it creates lot of complexities and perhaps a lot

58:59 fractures. So it's always important to this thing from the frontier scale.

59:06 And of course, when you're doing uh the basin that these unconventional shells

59:12 deposited in, it's really important to the timing and the critical mo

59:18 uh tectonic movements of that basin and it may have impacted tractor.

59:25 Um Major and re major or regional and blocks play, have a big

59:31 thing on play and play, fairway . And we're talking about like the

59:36 , like the trend, somebody uh may be a whole stretch of oil

59:41 along a major fault that go on miles to the northeast and the southwest

59:47 the uh on the coastal plain of of uh Texas. And uh and

59:54 the same would be true in, Louisiana and Mississippi and Alabama, not

60:00 much on the east coast. Uh of that would be farther offshore,

60:07 uh and folds and faults uh obviously generate and create traps and therefore they

60:16 and generate fault uh prospects and the is. So when you've got the

60:23 the elements of what a play is a trap and that makes it a

60:31 . And then of course, uh fracturing part that I mentioned is all

60:36 reservoir enhancement. OK. So, again, this is not an exhaustive

60:43 , but I wanna make sure everybody we have um two major types of

60:51 and uh they relate to plate but uh extensional basins are gonna tend

60:57 have more of the normal fault type , uh compression and extensional basins uh

61:08 gonna have more of the thrusting type and over uh overthrown uh beds

61:17 and that sort of thing or And uh then transform settings are things

61:23 are trans tension compression or rotational and are like uh strike slip faults and

61:32 and often are transformed settings. But do get uh some of these things

61:38 from uh the spreading ridge and it it never goes away, it's still

61:43 . And so you have to watch for that. And of course,

61:46 the northern part of uh South the Caribbean, we've got lots of

61:52 things of this nature. There are uh uh of course, in California

61:59 uh relate to this. Uh But and large, a lot of the

62:03 plains are this. So that's an lot of what we explore. Uh

62:09 when we have uh other areas that much more complicated, uh they can

62:15 uh oftentimes very large reservoirs and, of course, uh many smaller reservoirs

62:23 in these compression and extensional basins. so it always helps to know where

62:29 working. And uh in my I've pretty much hung around in this

62:34 , the most of uh most of career because there's an awful lot of

62:38 estate that falls under the realm of uh settings. OK. So,

62:48 most of the things that we see things that are called uh rift

62:53 Uh The North Sea is an example will hound on all the time.

62:57 But there's uh other ones, um Bohai basin is uh somewhat of a

63:04 basin. Uh There's other uh there certain rip features, of course,

63:12 uh here in the Gulf of And um and then of course,

63:18 we have these things that are called protonic basins which are sags. And

63:23 of the time, these sags uh , like the Bohai basin was really

63:27 that, but it's, it's uh really a rift basin, uh a

63:32 rift basin that's uh that went into uh thermal cooling and uh collapse underneath

63:42 . And uh the Michigan Basin would into this aspect and some of the

63:48 rifting uh because of its age and everything that went on on top

63:53 it. Uh A lot of times don't notice uh that it was actually

63:58 features uh that we had a hard uh uh interpreting or, or uh

64:05 and, and we just would call sex. Then of course, we

64:08 passive margins. Uh, once you past, uh, the remnants of

64:15 um uh Riff Basin, you're gonna a passive margin building out in front

64:21 us. And, uh of you know, on the uh coast

64:29 uh West Africa and eastern Brazil, have the remnants of the rift basin

64:35 form the Atlantic. And of you have passive margins that have built

64:40 into shelves, uh seaward or down dip from those features. OK.

64:49 is um and just to show you how very simplistically how uh valley

64:58 There's some kind of thermal uplift and thermal uplift creates a stretch. You

65:03 , in other words, it, you have a flat, if you

65:10 a flat surface like this and you it like that, uh I think

65:16 you notice is when I do my hands go up because because the

65:22 is shortening, the, the crust to shorten to do this. And

65:25 it shortens, it has to break here because because it's not flexible,

65:30 a piece of uh paper. And you get this starting out in the

65:36 . Uh Here's a part of what see in the basin and range

65:40 is uh got some of that where a thermal stress, thermal uplift from

65:48 . And uh some of the most ones, of course, to the

65:52 Sea, which is a failed rift , uh West African pre salt

65:58 Uh and um and also uh eventually uh as that basin got bigger,

66:11 filled in with water, it filled with salt water. And so that

66:15 was the breakup of the continents. Eastern Brazil is the same thing.

66:20 then of course, uh there's similar like the Bohai basin and ones that

66:24 offshore uh Southeast China that relate to uh that rifting uh offshore. And

66:33 just kind of uh looking at a junction, the Red Sea, the

66:38 of Acaba and the Gulf of And of course, these are rift

66:42 features here uh on either side of Sinai and uh Peninsula. And here

66:49 have uh uh other things uh going in the Red Sea too, but

66:54 get this, this uh normal fault , going on again. It's,

67:01 starts out like this, it lifts and these blocks are falling down while

67:06 whole thing is actually kind of raising . And uh oftentimes uh the peaks

67:15 these things become mountains and when, you see a rip out and

67:21 of course, you know, I talked about the basin and

67:23 This is what it looks like from . Here's a little bit more of

67:28 that looks like. And uh uh stretching the crust and of course,

67:36 even with block diagrams or blocks of you can tell that when,

67:41 uh, when you, uh, you have a normal fall, you

67:48 , if you cut a piece of , the, the thicker parts of

67:51 side of that block of wood are closer and closer to each other as

67:56 go down. You know, when here, you got a fault like

67:59 . But then when, so this my thumb here will be the longer

68:03 on the, the block to uh left probably it might be uh it

68:09 like it's my left on the screen . Uh And then um uh as

68:15 comes down like this, uh as goes like this, this is the

68:19 one on this side because the cut like that. So the longer side

68:22 the block gets there. So you to stretch, it has to be

68:25 result of the stretching of the crust the lengthening of the crust.

68:32 And this is just showing you when get these kinds of configurations, you

68:36 the possibility of an awful lot of prospects. You know, these traps

68:42 this, uh where you have a . Oh, it's got a seal

68:48 , dip up, dip on the into the uh into the hanging

68:54 And uh and again here, uh would be sealed up against younger,

68:59 units than this one and this would sealed against younger units still against that

69:09 . But uh one of the things , uh, they've seen with the

69:12 African Rift and some of the other that are harder to examine,

69:20 is that you get these ramp relays of, um, the blocks being

69:30 like this all the time. You , you, you saw it on

69:36 over here. But what's happening sometimes one side falls down a little bit

69:41 than the other side and this side down a little bit farther from here

69:45 here. But there's sort of a ramp uh where it's kind of

69:50 It's, it's going down, but part goes down a little faster than

69:54 other part and it rips and it's I think it's consistent with nature that

69:59 and nothing is ever exactly equal. uh even um except uh except some

70:08 in uh in igneous rocks, of . So here we have uh an

70:15 uh picture of a half grabbing like fault block or list or spoon shaped

70:22 and RIC means spoon shaped. And and that's kind of what this looks

70:27 a spoon. And uh and you see that, yeah, as there's

70:36 going this way, you have rotation the strata this way and there's sort

70:44 a block over here kind of holding up. And what you see in

70:50 here here, you see a bunch layers that are relatively thin, those

70:54 layers over here are much thicker. can see there's cycles of rotation uh

71:02 here's one and here's another mega And another me, you know,

71:06 see lots of uh multiple uh stack in this. But what is one

71:13 the most obvious things that you see through here? Terms of sediment accumulation

71:22 over here? OK. We, is, you know, a,

71:41 nice regional line, but it's, uh basically showing you something that

71:51 a lot of geologists weren't aware of the oil industry started coming up with

71:56 these uh big regional lines, offshore engine, the petroleum industry really uh

72:06 a lot of money into trying to out what was going on. So

72:15 I have beds over here, I beds over here. What is dramatically

72:21 between this section in that section, interval between events that thickness, I

72:32 you would call the net thickness is greater, right? Let let me

72:43 put it to you this way, gross, the gross thickness is much

72:46 , right? Yes. Yes. . This line right here that I

72:52 drew but it, well, let draw a line. I can do

73:00 . OK. So I'm just kind drawing something that's perpendicular. My apple

73:18 are pretty weak. OK? That right there not to be confused with

73:27 fault is a lot longer then this is kind of perpendicular to the the

73:39 . So from here, from so this this is pretty close to

73:49 timeline right in here. And there's one pretty somewhere around in here like

73:57 . Look at all this sediment oh my gosh, look at how

74:01 more it is over here. So one closer to the fourth or in

74:06 position, their wa sin depositional. , of course. I mean,

74:14 is basically sin depositional but uh what what it's showing you is uh we

74:21 call this um a sin depositional In other words, the fault is

74:27 while depo deposition is occurring. And it's not like a fault happened and

74:34 it filled in with sediment. It's this is a major fault that's been

74:42 over millions of years, more or down this sliding ever so carefully down

74:49 . Uh While there's a high over , which is kind of slowing it

74:54 . But as as such, the of rotation is it point of the

75:00 point of rotation changes through time, it's somewhere over here. Nevertheless.

75:05 there's a point of rotation like the points here. And so this

75:14 down to here. So there's an , you know, so you have

75:19 the layers actually, you know, a point of rotation that's moving through

75:25 and it's, and of course, is sin depositional. Uh The lack

75:29 motion over here is also sin but it's not moving. Uh it's

75:34 , it's not the motion of the . So that's why this would be

75:38 sin depositional uh faulting over here. what is so wonderful about this?

75:46 If I'm an oil person, there go. It looks like you,

76:01 will always have an uh accommodation to more sediment, then you can have

76:06 multi level, you can have multi ? Multi world? Yes.

76:15 So, absolutely. So what you was a good answer to a test

76:21 . I'd like to ask. And and this, this rotating nature is

76:31 uh it's a half groin like fault list or spoon shaped with growth.

76:38 growth is depositional growth. In other , it's, it's, it's uh

76:46 thicker over here because this is falling and of course, up dip,

76:50 up, dip, what's up, dip? Come on. You,

76:59 guys already know this is it the , the source, yes, the

77:04 is up there. So the source up here. It comes rolling down

77:08 hill and there's more space. It's accommodation space and it fills it

77:13 then it slips some more. It some more and it fills it in

77:16 and it rotates some more and it it in again. So this uh

77:23 plane here that is rotating through time it, and it, and it

77:28 by the way at one point it here, then it's here, then

77:31 point of rotation is here. So shifting a little bit through time.

77:36 it's still basically somewhere over here. It's rotating and uh and you're getting

77:42 of the sediment. So the sediment column gets thicker because there's more,

77:47 more accommodation space because of that uh subsidence of this surface. It keeps

77:54 down and it fills in, it down more and it fills in more

77:58 to some extent, the, the sediment load or burden may actually help

78:03 . But you, you're getting these that are full of uh water and

78:08 uh that are pushing down on a zone of weakness, which is

78:12 major rotational block. And uh this that this might uh through time,

78:18 know, through the next 25 million , this might become a big major

78:22 . And uh this is kind of you uh over here that the point

78:28 rotation is dancing in this direction and that direction, but it's dancing this

78:33 through time. And uh and this rotating more and more as you go

78:39 time. And as that point of changes, this fault may be abandoned

78:44 you might start to develop another bigger over here. And so you're creating

78:49 rock and while you're creating reservoir you're creating additional due to the

78:56 you're creating additional uh zones of weaknesses , and necessity to because it's

79:02 it's bending, it's uh necessitate stretching the crust and therefore you get more

79:09 . So not only do you get sediments that can do two things,

79:13 source rocks and reservoir rocks. Uh it can also uh create these structures

79:21 can, can help at least uh one side of a of a

79:26 um triple closure of fault. So is um what else is, what

79:34 is this when it's getting buried the over here of this age or somewhere

79:40 here of that age? What's another about a petroleum system that's being benefited

79:46 this, this difference between rocks of age being here and that same age

79:52 up here. It's a contribution to petroleum system. Specant one. By

80:03 way, could it be a anti trap? Ok. Um We,

80:11 already talked about the petroleum system. . We've talked about here how this

80:17 more sedimentation which creates um sands and , uh sands create for sure good

80:29 , shales create source rocks, which also be unconventional reservoirs. Uh The

80:36 is creating more faulting and trapping opportunities of it's uh it's further enhancing the

80:44 feature. And uh and on top that, if I have a rock

80:53 , it's organic rich and I have rock here of the same age.

80:58 organic rich. What's that other word we're thinking about in the uh petroleum

81:08 ? Migration, maybe what comes before ? Thank you. Yes,

81:23 OK. As, as we go in a well bore from here to

81:27 it gets hotter and hotter and hotter hotter and hotter. Uh There are

81:31 that can change heat flow dramatically, like a salt bed or something like

81:37 . But at the same time in , if you see a section like

81:41 , it's a good chance that this immature, there's also a good chance

81:45 this is already mature. Uh It's same age, for example, if

81:49 was a Jurassic bed and it was Ridge in age, uh I,

81:56 ventured against maybe up to here that mature. But as you get a

82:01 bit higher, it's gonna be uh low grade maturity to not mature at

82:08 , might be getting some early uh evolution out of it and, and

82:12 course, up in here, you get some biogenic gas, but most

82:16 that goes to the sky anyway. this particular structure in itself is,

82:23 something that every petroleum geologist should understand uh these uh growth faults are um

82:34 kings of if you, if you or queens, whatever you wanna call

82:38 uh at creating petroleum systems. And why we drill so many of

82:45 That's why there's so many wells in North Sea. That's why there's so

82:50 wells offshore uh West Africa, offshore uh certain parts of the Gulf of

83:01 and uh and uh and the coast Brazil and whatnot. Now, um

83:08 not gonna talk about Guyana yet. I'm gonna try to save that for

83:12 we get the frontier uh and give some more insights into what's going on

83:20 . OK. And here is, is another one that's the reverse of

83:25 picture in terms of the orientation. uh it's just showing you uh kind

83:32 what you can see in here. showing you at a smaller scale uh

83:37 we have a growth fault here. uh uh this one stopped growing

83:44 And uh and you've got thick sediments . Thinner. 2nd, this is

83:48 a reverse, basically a reverse image that. And uh and you can

83:56 uh why it's called a growth fault uh this bed or these units that

84:03 make up uh is going to be thicker and thicker. I'm not exactly

84:09 this is uh 700 m. This a, a small scale growth

84:14 This one right here is huge. don't have a scale on it,

84:17 this is huge. This is millions years right there. OK. So

84:28 we're getting near the end here but growth fault uh also uh can do

84:34 things with beds just because of the , the fact that there is a

84:39 flexure and that you have uh you have uh things that drag and things

84:46 don't drag along a fault plane. uh so here you can kind of

84:53 what we call us convex rollover where , it's bending over as this growth

85:04 . Uh The um the motion of is quicker than the build up the

85:11 . So it rolls over this And that's convex rollover. Whenever you

85:16 with a growth fault, you can , you can, uh you can

85:20 things like this. Now, when it does that and gosh,

85:24 looks squiggly over here. I wonder that means. Uh When that

85:27 you end up getting traps that are anticlines, but it's convex rollover on

85:31 growth ball. Here's something that's completely and also quite uh um common.

85:45 uh this is concave rollover where um rate of motion on the uh along

85:56 fault is not that far ahead of uh deposition. And here you can

86:05 actually one of the complexities of you're starting to get a change in

86:09 rotation of the sur of these And uh it's almost complete.

86:16 it is the complete opposite of what just showed you in the uh convex

86:21 . And here you can see uh sort of a drag we call,

86:26 kind of call this uh typical Sometimes you get a typical drag that

86:32 like that with al almost looks like convex but not quite where it

86:40 it still starts to fall a little more closer to the fault. Uh

86:45 then, so here you can see nice thick section but it's kind of

86:49 uh you know, it's like there's slowing it down. So it's kind

86:53 creating uh this type of concave And here the faults are right,

87:00 uh the traps are right up against fault, they're right up against the

87:04 . Here, most of the traps in the uh rollover an cards.

87:13 uh this is kind of showing you details. Uh this is out of

87:17 A P G paper, uh which of goes into the phases of these

87:22 . And it also explains in great how the uh axis of rotation changes

87:27 time. Uh But we won't go that. You take uh Mike's advanced

87:33 , Mike Murphy's advanced structure. He explain that to you. I know

87:36 does when he teaches the course for petroleum geology because I gave him the

87:42 and he really loved it. And it's getting to be about 10 years

87:46 . So there may be some newer and uh and I'm gonna,

87:51 we're at the end of our So I'm gonna let you guys

87:54 So you don't get upset with me that. I wanna tell you um

87:59 the first five minutes I thought I gonna have to stop lecturing because I

88:03 felt bad. But uh I soldiered it and uh and I hope you

88:09 that even though we're not in class I'm trying to get this information to

88:14 but uh this is a series of uh down dip expansion faults that are

88:21 faults down to the southeast in the coastal plain which uh create an enormous

88:29 of uh uh potential traps reservoirs. There's definitely source rocks in this realm

88:39 are a little bit older and some them are actually involved in, in

88:42 part of the section. And uh we'll go into that in more

88:47 on Wednesday. And, uh, now I think it's about a 50%

88:53 I'll be showing up, uh, class on Wednesday. But,

88:57 I'm gonna leave the door open on one because, or maybe the door

89:01 , because uh, it really I don't want anybody to get sick

89:06 because, um, I'm not, , clever enough to keep you away

89:12 whatever bug it is. I have time. But, uh,

89:17 that being said, uh, really you being here. I'm glad you're

89:21 and this has been recorded for And, uh, here's what I

89:39 do. I gotta do. it's not let me out of the

89:46 . Let's see. There we I asked my wonderful escape

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