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00:01 | This is neuroscience Lecture one. And we will start discussing the history of |
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00:10 | and how we came about two now complexity of the central nervous system through |
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00:16 | key historical events and figures. But we do that, I want you |
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00:21 | look at this image to think about we're going to discuss this semester. |
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00:27 | of all, you're seeing central nervous , which is the cerebral cortex brain |
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00:36 | with spinal cord. And then you the spinal nerves that go into the |
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00:42 | on. Then you also have peripheral system components that we will not |
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00:47 | During this course, we will concentrate the central nervous system, and mostly |
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00:52 | that three will cortex, brainstem and cord functions right? If you look |
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00:59 | this diagram here on the left, colors here represents different Loeb's, and |
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01:08 | are cerebral cortical lobes, the frontal and red, the temporal role. |
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01:15 | and green, the parietal load and orange exhibit a load in the back |
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01:23 | the head. The cerebellum, which referred to as a little brain brain |
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01:30 | , which is located here in the and from the neck down the spinal |
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01:37 | , and all of these areas of brain are interconnected. And so you |
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01:47 | see that in this diagram here on right, you see what looks like |
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01:51 | whole bunch of fiber strength. Traveling the brain stem to the cerebral cortex |
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01:58 | cerebral cortex to the Falun. Most , the brain stem to the spinal |
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02:05 | . And if we zoom them to very, very complex networks, what |
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02:11 | find that the main players of the nervous system neurons, neurons that communicate |
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02:18 | each other through very specialized locations that called synopsis and then then the synapses |
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02:26 | have neural transmission or communication between neurons these neurons would is not shown in |
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02:33 | diagram are surrounded by glial cells. glial cells provide the support, provide |
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02:42 | maintenance but also very much regulate and the communication between different neurons and neuronal |
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02:52 | . It's a vast circuitry out there the brain, with billions of neurons |
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03:00 | trillions trillions of synapses. This is ax on a specialized acts on that |
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03:09 | of one neuron on contacts, typically then drive or soma cell body of |
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03:14 | other neuron, and depending on the of the shape and the function of |
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03:20 | neuron given neuron can receive up to off thousands of inputs. The synaptic |
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03:32 | and these synaptic inputs can be either Torrey through the main excited Terry neurotransmitter |
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03:39 | glutamate, or inhibitory, through the inhibitory neurotransmitter called GABA. And what |
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03:47 | neuron does one given neuron when it hundreds, thousands or tens of thousands |
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03:54 | inputs along different parts off its soma it's done right. This neuron ultimately |
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04:02 | how to integrate this information from all these other chatter and communicating girls. |
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04:09 | to integrate that information, how to all of the positive, excited Torrey |
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04:15 | all of the negative inhibitory inputs do in such a fast manner under Order |
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04:23 | Milliseconds and make a decision to fire not to fire. That is the |
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04:32 | . Neurons will make a decision whether will get excited enough by this input |
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04:37 | produce an action potential, which we fire and action potential or generate an |
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04:43 | potential. And if it does then that action potential will travel down |
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04:49 | another, acts on or in an of this cell and release the neurotransmitter |
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04:56 | another interconnected in Iran, all in Meanwhile, glia is supervising this |
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05:05 | influencing neural transmission and influencing the plasticity happens in the brain. These connections |
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05:13 | individual neurons the connections between neural circuits different parts of the brain are |
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05:22 | They lend themselves two changes. Synapses become stronger, weaker. This is |
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05:29 | physiological change. New synapses conform or synapses can actually get removed. This |
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05:38 | morphological anatomical changes and brain plasticity especially during the early developmental stages and early |
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05:50 | NATO years up into the teenage years humans with brain plasticity persists. And |
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05:58 | you learn as you are taking this course, what is happening to you |
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06:05 | you are reshaping and reforming these excel than dramatic and somatic connections between |
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06:15 | And as you re shape, reform signaling in the structure of the |
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06:19 | you're learning new information, your your information, you re calling your |
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06:26 | , and your encoding this in what call the brain maps. This is |
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06:30 | activity off the brain that you can as a map. It will come |
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06:36 | to it a little bit later in lecture. So look at this first |
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06:42 | , it will come back to the after 1st 2nd midterm exam. Or |
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06:47 | in the end of this course, about how much you know now about |
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06:54 | . Looking at this slide, how sense this all makes to you, |
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06:59 | we'll come back to it in weeks and see how much makes sense it |
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07:05 | to you. At that point. air the authors that wrote your great |
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07:11 | , Mark Bear Barry Congress Michael So thought leaders, neuroscience, top |
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07:16 | , experimenters, innovators, disease fighters their own right, very much intricately |
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07:26 | in the studies of brain connectivity, and brain connectivity. Very much involved |
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07:34 | visual system analysis, because visual system serves as a canonical sensory central nervous |
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07:42 | to understand before understanding other systems in CNN's. So I urge you, |
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07:49 | get a copy of this book. follow the chapters pretty closely, and |
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07:56 | the images that I have are quite during the lectures, um, and |
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08:04 | , this book is not just for course. I think that if you |
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08:08 | thinking about the future that it's somewhat to neuroscience to the brain neurology, |
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08:16 | even, and I would say it's fantastic resource. I wish we could |
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08:20 | through the entire book and depth, we cannot. So we cover as |
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08:25 | as we can, and we start covering the history. And we started |
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08:29 | talking about prehistoric times and during prehistoric . What you have is you have |
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08:37 | different locals in the world where there these skulls and archaeologists keep finding these |
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08:49 | , and these skulls have openings in . So these openings air called brain |
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08:56 | nations. And the reason why these are not just cracks in the |
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09:03 | that somebody and somebody over the In fact, this is not a |
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09:07 | . This is not a fighting This is a surgical tool, and |
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09:13 | top of the surgical tool depicts the that were being performed over 30,000 years |
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09:22 | in different parts of the world in , Mesopotamia and South America. |
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09:28 | lot of the specimens came from South , the region of Peru where parka |
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09:34 | at the time left enrolled and the detects a procedure. The man sitting |
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09:43 | being straddled by two being held potentially some sort of anesthesia through the medicine |
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09:50 | anesthesia methods and as the other person , they're digging a precise, symmetrical |
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09:59 | in their skull. These specimens contain holes, not just one. Sometimes |
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10:09 | contain, too. Sometimes they contain holes. The archaeological investigations show that |
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10:16 | openings were repeated, so one will well, whether this must be a |
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10:22 | of torture. But what is actually historically, from the spiritual point of |
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10:32 | , his release of the evil What could it be? The evil |
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10:39 | ? Mental health disorders, obsession, ? What is it? Headaches, |
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10:46 | , blood clotting, aneurysms, hemorrhaging the brain, cerebrospinal fluid accumulation, |
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10:57 | . All of these would qualify as for which you would may want to |
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11:06 | a brain. Tremper Nation Brain Tremper opens up the skull and gives you |
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11:11 | window into the brain. Gives you window into them and in Jesus around |
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11:16 | brain and to the fluids that are in the brain. And, as |
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11:22 | know, the skull is soft and skull shapes during the first years of |
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11:28 | . And so it's potentially that some these procedures were done developmental ages. |
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11:35 | were done on adults, but the feature is to release something from the |
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11:43 | , and that's why we consider these . Stripper Nations is the original |
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11:49 | He's another important point in the history neuroscience. Is Imhotep very talented |
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12:04 | He's serving with the emperors in and he describes 48 injury cases, |
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12:12 | what it's called is Edwin Smith. papyrus. As we all know, |
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12:18 | Smith is a typical Egyptian name, kidding. He was the wealthy person |
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12:27 | was concerned with discoveries in archaeology and the journey and the digs that discovered |
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12:35 | is called Edmund Smith's article. Pirates , in the job is exposed. |
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12:45 | Unusual amount off brain injuries during Egypt There's building off the pyramids is |
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12:58 | There's worse, There's a tax. so Imo tap studies different cases of |
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13:06 | . 27 of these cases turned out be head traumas, although at the |
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13:15 | the brain that is located in the is called narrow off the skull, |
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13:21 | it's not given much importance by At the same time. M adapt |
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13:30 | Vance triage system, he comes up a treatment classifications ailment to be treated |
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13:40 | be treated or not to be He's, ah, highest hi, |
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13:46 | highly regarded physician walking around, and being called upon where, where there |
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13:52 | these injuries and traumas. And he now placing promise on a scale, |
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14:01 | that are not to be treated because persons head is have gone and the |
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14:07 | is pouring out of their arteries in neck. Maybe treated because they have |
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14:14 | severe injury, but they could be up to be treated. It's something |
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14:20 | , and you could fix the How would you address these? Who |
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14:26 | to be treated first? Who is to be treated? That sounds are |
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14:36 | . Not to treat somebody because they a condition, but listen to what's |
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14:47 | today. Listen to the patient's stuck the hallways because I CSR occupied by |
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14:57 | ones infected by coded and on All of a sudden, elective surgeries |
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15:06 | really a nail in them that can treated may be treated because there may |
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15:14 | staff available to treat it or may to be treated, not because it |
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15:20 | be treated them because the health care is completely strained at the moment. |
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15:25 | think about this. How from this we call archaic system of Try Ash |
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15:31 | to be treated. We come back one of the major health care crisis |
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15:35 | in the world. And we come thio the situation where we may have |
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15:41 | reevaluate the triage on how we approach problem and who we treat first and |
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15:47 | we treat first, if somebody else's that when we talk about code in |
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15:55 | and the brain, uh, at end of this course, I forgot |
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16:00 | mention we'll have, ah, whole or not, you will see how |
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16:06 | important to cover your nose because the can enter into the brain through your |
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16:11 | . You don't have to inhale it your lungs. I really, really |
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16:16 | stand people that wear a mask and cover their nose like this because, |
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16:20 | , What are you doing? You're yourself a favor. Me a favor |
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16:24 | nobody so just either you cover yourself . Okay, there's demonstrations in the |
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16:32 | , and when you inhale virus that catch on to the nerve endings with |
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16:37 | smell system and enter into the So this is all kind of a |
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16:42 | bit of a reality does where we're . But, hey, this all |
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16:46 | to the history and obviously our Where were first established. Now, |
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16:53 | Imhotep realizes he realizes the distance effects the central nervous system injury, he |
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17:00 | that the person gets banged on the . But they lost lost the feeling |
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17:05 | their arms. So there is an from the brain from the CNS into |
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17:10 | periphery. Good. If you have traumatic brain injury to a motor area |
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17:18 | controls the right hand on the left of the brain, you're gonna lose |
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17:22 | of that right arm. And that's distal effect. Nonetheless, Egyptians say |
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17:29 | heart is the central Oregon. Off off the body, the brain is |
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17:33 | scooped out. They use actually a . It looks sort of like a |
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17:38 | , then spoon slash needle and slurp the brain through the nose through the |
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17:45 | ministrations through which cove in 19 and enter. Except that they would open |
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17:51 | wider to scoop up the brain. tissue eso. If anybody is well |
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17:58 | on Egyptian hieroglyphs, this is the . This is convolutions. Membrane covering |
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18:05 | be off to sell, maybe off brain surface and cerebrospinal fluid. There's |
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18:10 | fluid in the brain. So all these features of the brain convolutions, |
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18:16 | are salsa joy reid will discover later meninges. It's around the brain and |
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18:22 | that surround the cells. Individual So it was spinal fluid fluid that |
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18:26 | found in the ventricle. So that bathing the cerebral spinal, uh, |
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18:32 | spinal cord as well on the C s as a whole. So on |
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18:38 | , when we come to ancient we have modern father of medicine, |
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18:44 | . And he proclaims that brain is major controlling Oregon center of the |
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18:49 | This is a major shift from He claims that brain is the seat |
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18:53 | intelligence, and Hippocrates initiates what we Hippocrates both off modern medicine. Anybody |
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19:04 | with Hippocrates oath and why you goto ? And when you graduate from medical |
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19:11 | or health care practitioner, you give oath. Of course it is, |
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19:19 | know, to have a salary that me thio pay off my student loans |
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19:25 | buy an expensive car so I can off Azzaman Andy. Now that is |
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19:30 | the Hippocrates house boundaries south is really to heel. To serve. Someone |
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19:38 | to heal them to find a way heal them. The time of Hippocrates |
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19:44 | . Uh, medicine is practiced this , although there are very, very |
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19:52 | decisions what I would call and medical or medicine men at the time boiling |
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20:02 | feeding plants and one would laugh at is herbal medicine. And some would |
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20:11 | it just a normal part of even day life herbal or holistic medicine |
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20:17 | But it is a craft. We're . Some modern science. We're missing |
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20:22 | very modern technological advancements that will allow to delineate the structure and function of |
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20:29 | brain. Too much, much greater . And Aristotle, it's still not |
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20:36 | the same page. Brain is an conditioner of the blood and body. |
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20:39 | sense, right? Things heat up or you have a headache. Pressure |
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20:43 | . Okay. Its air conditioner for , A rises to the top. |
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20:49 | disappointing. But Hippocrates is the man the Renaissance Times. Um, under |
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20:57 | Vesalius. Now, why do we from this? You know, 403 |
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21:02 | B. C two running since arms go through the Dark Ages Onda There's |
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21:08 | lot of systemic oppression off off, , off science of medicine, human |
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21:17 | and allowed. So the only observations air coming during the Dark Ages and |
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21:22 | anatomy of the central nervous system or nerves is coming from, uh, |
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21:29 | that are done on animals on the cranial nerves and the squealing of |
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21:34 | pig. By touching, the cranial is discovered. But anatomy during Middle |
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21:41 | for humans is actually built from the , mostly animals. Sort of like |
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21:50 | have, ah, manual for an . And from this manuals, how |
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21:54 | cut things where the muscles, the anatomical manual came into light. And |
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22:02 | was quite wrong until the Renaissance when again there was a rebirth and |
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22:07 | of innovation. Celebration of Science is of Arts and Music Andreas Vesalius takes |
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22:15 | lot of knowledge that in the past built by gallon based on these anatomical |
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22:20 | that he drew mostly from the and gallon also had an opportunity to |
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22:25 | with the gladiators. But again, after the injuries and the battlefields or |
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22:32 | the gladiator, worse, they could dissect out an individual they could only |
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22:39 | in and see what a certain cut certain crush of a skull exposed. |
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22:46 | then described a lot of anatomy based what he kind of peeked into and |
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22:51 | he saw and dissected and animals. the solid this takes these manual. |
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23:00 | he's like, There's something not quite . It doesn't quite look like a |
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23:04 | Anatomy and the Brain anatomy. So describes in much greater detail the |
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23:12 | and he describes anatomy off the cortex cortex he slices through the brain. |
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23:20 | exposes these very large openings. You call them bladders inside the brain. |
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23:28 | is where pouches or bladders with cerebrospinal is stored. And so, as |
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23:35 | peers into the structure of the brain he sees these massive, fluid ISS |
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23:41 | , he says, Well, wait second. Then there's something very special |
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23:45 | these fluids, and because these fluids understand, communicate things in the periphery |
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23:50 | understand things from the periphery that this somehow fluids is where the important location |
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24:01 | brain function and important communication through this is happening through the cerebral spinal fluid |
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24:08 | these ventricles. And so there's a localization of brain functions that this is |
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24:15 | important part of the brain. At same time, the Sally is also |
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24:20 | through the cerebral cortex, and as slices through cerebral cortex, this is |
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24:25 | the Corona all cut or cross sectional through the cerebral cortex. So you're |
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24:30 | here from the brain from aside, now you're looking from the front, |
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24:34 | at this front cross section off the immediately recognized that there are darker parts |
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24:41 | the brain and lighter parts of the , the darker parts of the brain |
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24:47 | known as grain matter. It's softer mushier and that the white matter is |
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24:58 | , and so he even postulated it it's soft and mushy air. The |
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25:03 | matter, it's somehow has to be to sponge it may be, absorbs |
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25:09 | . Maybe it absorbs some of these , and as it absorbs these |
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25:13 | it's absorbing the function and the information ascending the fluids out of these |
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25:18 | sort of a leaking out into the and distributing and centrally and white |
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25:24 | It's a little bit harder, so couldn't explain it there a while. |
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25:30 | were wrong, but they were getting something they were getting at precise anatomy |
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25:36 | the brain and eventually at the localization specific brain functions. An important character |
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25:44 | talk about here is the person is for the Western origin off mind body |
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25:51 | . And remember that all of this going back to ancient Greece. |
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25:55 | lot of mind body distinction. Spiritually religious aspects of being explored in African |
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26:03 | Zapata Mia Asia, China In Chinese region had some of the most |
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26:14 | herbal medicines developed in some of the advanced understanding off medicine and human |
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26:23 | Spiritually are your pathetic from Himalayas region dominating as well. So it's happening |
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26:31 | over the world how we're trying to what the brain function is. What |
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26:37 | physiology? What is psychology? Just what This spirituality. What is |
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26:49 | ? French mathematician philosopher Rene did. comes up with Cognito Ergo soon, |
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26:57 | think. Therefore I am, I , therefore I am so cognitive perception |
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27:11 | thinking there for exist and contemplate my . I can contemplate myself contemplating my |
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27:22 | . I can contemplate you contemplating contemplate my existence. Now we can |
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27:29 | on and on and on and We could have a very deep philosophical |
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27:35 | about how one can contemplate almost anything another person might be contemplating, |
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27:43 | And that's why there is a disability innovation. There's a producer reproduce ability |
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27:51 | similarities and thought, patterns and thought around the world. Of course, |
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27:58 | is need to understand how we see in the world. And so, |
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28:05 | , the card comes up with the that pineal gland, which is the |
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28:11 | land, the nuclear sitting in the that doesn't have the left and right |
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28:15 | because it's only one in the he decides it's really important is perhaps |
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28:21 | most important organ. Askew looks in anatomy of the brain. He decides |
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28:26 | our mind body connection, our the spirituality, the cognitive and the |
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28:32 | connection what happens through us in taking information, which is then communicated to |
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28:39 | gland and somehow, through the fluid , fluid mechanics, uh, ventricular |
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28:46 | , fluid mechanics, you now activate ha ! Moment of clarity, A |
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28:54 | and a motor command. Also, basically dictates your actions at the moment |
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29:02 | they're intertwined with whatever cognitive and spiritual that you're having through the pineal |
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29:09 | So it is interesting, because it's built on the fluid mechanical theory |
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29:15 | the bodies of machines, the fluid machine and that a lot of the |
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29:21 | in that machine happens because we're passing and somehow passing fluids from the brain |
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29:27 | the peripheral at the same time. , the card initiates a reflex |
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29:32 | which says that there are certain things happened without us, really contemplating very |
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29:37 | what's happening. Such as? I my finger above hot stuff up. |
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29:43 | withdrew it. I didn't spend about seconds contemplating. Is this fire really |
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29:49 | hot as a fire that I felt for me to withdraw my finger from |
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29:54 | fire? That doesn't happen. It mean that reflexive behavior when you stepped |
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30:00 | a nail or you subjected yourself the stimulating immediately withdraw your hand, your |
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30:05 | from it. It doesn't mean it get communicated on perceived consciously by the |
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30:11 | water centers, but there is a of reflexive behavior that happens at the |
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30:17 | of the spinal cord in we will about this and a very simple |
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30:21 | Art should happens with spinal cord. when they the card is really the |
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30:25 | that starts dissociating reflexive, this more contemplated, which is connected to spiritual |
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30:35 | zwelling physical expressions. And it was Giovanni at the University of Bologna in |
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30:46 | . Then use the Laden, Jarrar static electricity generator. And he dissected |
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30:54 | and he dissected frogs nerves going into muscle, and he would shock frogs |
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31:00 | and you would see the muscle Then he would shock the muscle, |
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31:05 | you would see that the muscle contracts , and so nerves. We're not |
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31:12 | pipes or channels, as it was by the previous thinkers of fluid mechanics |
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31:17 | of ventricular localization fluids traveling someplace to distal effects off the off the body |
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31:24 | the brain. But that knobs were conductors there. Electrical conductors, their |
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31:34 | wires and they could even generate They could produce electrical potentials. And |
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31:44 | this is sort of representation off the that is wired the nerves that wire |
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31:53 | all the way from the CNRS into peripheral nervous system through the spinal |
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32:00 | Nerves are electrical wires to produce electrical , and, of course, the |
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32:08 | chemical transmitter. So is electrochemical But it is not the fluids that |
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32:14 | coming from the ventricles. Major parts the C. N s and the |
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32:21 | cortex. We have the frontal lobe lobe separated by the central sulcus. |
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32:26 | , this is a sulk asses. gyre e is that is the |
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32:32 | uh, something. It's, Jarrah and salsa indentations versus, |
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32:39 | um Gyra that are standing out Parietal look stupider. Logan read temporal lobe |
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32:48 | fissure here. That this separating the lobe from the frontal on the parietal |
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32:55 | cerebellum often referred to as a little in the brainstem located here in the |
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33:00 | . Controlling a lot of activity in face and neck muscles and censor information |
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33:07 | then spinal cord from the leg Proper spinal cord going to about number |
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33:13 | , number three vertebra. From the proper spinal cord splits and generates |
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33:18 | we call Claudia the Queen of splits the number of nerves that's observes here |
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33:23 | lower extremities. So this is an of what we're gonna be studying. |
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33:29 | as we finish the discourse, you understand quite a bit about different parts |
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33:33 | the brain and their functions and to you that reflexive behavior, although we're |
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33:41 | going to review the reflex arch here , happens at the level of the |
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33:45 | cord. So all of the sensor from below the neck from your skin |
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33:50 | the joints from the muscles comes into parts of the spinal cord, depending |
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33:55 | the location. So here, from top extremities higher up from the |
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34:02 | the torso level from the lower extremities the lower, and that the spinal |
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34:07 | . But all of that information gets through the dorsal root ganglion cells through |
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34:12 | dorsal roots into the spinal cord and reflex, such as the heat or |
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34:17 | on a nail and be just mediated at the level of the spinal |
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34:22 | where projection side of the spinal in the form of the motor |
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34:27 | will contact their muscles and cause the of these muscles. So censor information |
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34:32 | communicated and you cause a contraction of muscle contraction of the muscle. |
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34:36 | Withdrawing your foot from the nail of farm that nauseous stimulates, such as |
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34:40 | heat. So we have 31 parents spinal nerves. The dorsal side dorsal |
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34:46 | so concerned with sensation Sensor information ventral or the front of the spinal cord |
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34:52 | is concerned with muscle or motor It sends out to the periphery. |
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34:59 | , and we will end here And when we come back on |
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35:05 | we will start talking about localization of brain functions. Fern ology Moving into |
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35:13 | we now now was modern understanding of . Azaz well is describing the first |
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35:21 | on neurons and moving forward with the . So I hope you have |
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35:28 | good first day of classes today and will see you all on |
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