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00:09 Okay folks. Welcome. So the we get started the sooner can

00:15 Okay. So we've only got a bit to do. So we'll have

00:20 be here until about three ish. . And so remember uh so

00:30 So that's gonna open after class You have This is the one quiz

00:36 of the spring break next week. not gonna be due until the

00:40 Okay. Alright. So that's a from sunday. But The dates for

00:46 work are going to stay the All right. So 13 is chapter

00:50 assignments due sunday 14 is due a from sunday. Okay. Um,

00:57 they're gonna finish up unit too. when we come back on the

01:02 Yes it is. Um that will unit three. Okay. None of

01:07 obviously is on the exam. Uh Unit three stuff is all available.

01:15 if you are so inclined to start at it, you can.

01:20 um, what else? Ah I that is as far as administrative

01:32 Um any questions or anything? Mm . Alright. So let's wrap this

01:41 . So we're gonna talk about um trophy. Okay, so it's a

01:48 of um, it's all perspective So we started this unit, what

01:53 talk about the virus is, let's just keep it to 13

01:57 So we looked at um metabolism, ? Hetero hetero tropes how we get

02:03 attitude right. Hetero tropes um eating complex organic molecules rex. Here's a

02:11 of hunky heart hunky mix. So these are my these are my

02:16 of Oh, beautiful, beautiful, . All of it. Right.

02:28 not very dry. Alright, mm . All right. So,

02:39 too much of the whole process, , I'll relax yourself. We we

02:47 at black horses celebration um Krebs but generally the electron generates energy molecules

02:58 T P A T H E H accumulating these different points along the

03:06 And it's not a contract for Right? So peanut nut I just

03:11 . Right. We're broken down eventually down to individual molecules. So I'm

03:17 take those in off the diet. those electrons And then remember the empty

03:25 A. D. Produced a th are the guys that can interact with

03:30 transport chain. You have the And then we talked about the last

03:34 of times last play through zero M. On the electron transport

03:39 Right. Readouts potential the opponents in electron flow is so important. Uh

03:46 from electron transfer is so important to that proton grating because we're gonna call

03:52 year https right, Protest one Down . Great toward a positive charge that

04:00 motive force produce https So reparations. we found that obviously um there's aerobic

04:08 . Of course there's anaerobic respiration different it can be used uh in the

04:14 raising capacity. Uh fermentation, Talk about fermentation as well. Doesn't

04:20 in these components. Right? Um on a substrate help foster relations.

04:25 so, um and then we shift focus to what's what is the donor

04:34 the system? What's electronic donor we at in 13. Right capitalism.

04:39 like glucose fats proteins is really Organic molecules can be donors.

04:46 But interviewing Alright hydrogen gas iron. . You can do things that serve

04:55 role as a donor to there. then I think I covered all of

05:06 so far. Now we come to photos. Okay. So the

05:13 The concept of uh electron transport chain proton ready to be maintained and formed

05:22 maintained. Okay. Um and then obviously the driving force is not consuming

05:31 organic molecules and rating now the driving liked. Right? So it created

05:36 light to um energy and very light into chemical energy https any D.

05:44 . H. Okay. And so what we're focused on here in this

05:48 section. Your familiarity. I'm sure learned it in intro bio and before

05:56 I'm sure high school probably in junior . Um the way that plants allergy

06:07 one group of bacteria, the santa um photosynthesize the Z skiing were required

06:15 call that oxy genic photosynthesis because it water. Um uh It uses water

06:25 electron source. All right. And uh user of electrons pushing it through

06:31 systems. Right? And so the you're probably likely have most familiarity with

06:36 . Okay. So we're gonna look . Of course that But then in

06:41 a couple of systems that are strictly bacterial. Okay. Um that involved

06:48 having one or the other closed Okay, remembering In the top one

06:55 that we're using two photo systems to energy. Okay, in the bacterial

07:03 other than santa activities, other modes either one or the other. Not

07:08 together. Okay. Now all these this one. Okay. Remember you

07:15 photo autotrophs. Okay. And you have photo hetero tropes. Okay.

07:24 so in that group there red I you can have your clothes from one

07:28 two. Um but it's a um there's all chlorophyll based. Okay,

07:36 everything here, it's Kordell basis. , the one that's not is this

07:43 ? Okay, this is probably the ancient type of photosynthetic system.

07:49 It's my comparison is it's the Okay, so it doesn't use chlorophyll

07:55 molecules. It uses raw adoption. , that's the first that's the first

07:59 we'll talk about. But it's a driven pump, basically. And so

08:05 have some differences. Again, very compared to the other the other

08:10 Okay, so let's just kind of what's comin among um photo trophic

08:19 Okay, so as I just it's all about something like Okay,

08:23 then converting that to energy. Now what is common to all

08:29 And there are three things. All , photo excitation. Right. The

08:34 of light that excites the molecules by meeting it drives an electronic electrons.

08:41 holding to a higher energy state. . That's the photo excitation part absorption

08:46 photons of light to do that. . He's mentioning the coral based which

08:53 the most common. Okay. But is also a type that's this reduction

08:59 . Okay. Um again, membranes important here. Alright. Because membranes

09:05 fold up. We can stuff the photosynthetic pigments into them. Okay.

09:13 we can the membrane allows us to the grading right? Cause we already

09:16 a proton gradient forming as well as result. And so um and so

09:24 reception linked to energy capture. So of in A. D.

09:31 H. And these things we are going to go into it here in

09:37 section. But These are then typically for co two fixation. Okay.

09:47 most of these not all but most them are photo albums when they fix

09:52 . Two. The exception is the trucks, right? They don't mix

09:58 to fix the 02 it takes a a lot of energy. So um

10:03 where the A. T. And A D. N.

10:05 D. P. H. Come . Okay. And so these three

10:09 common to all, although not not of them necessarily fix co two.

10:14 . But the process of light reception energy capture is just the just the

10:19 here that's gone. And so for reactions. So these are not applicable

10:26 all. You don't see for tosses in this form of photosynthesis.

10:34 In that reduction based type you don't in the systems that have um that's

10:42 supplies the electrons. Okay. So eat water to a plant.

10:49 Life uh hits chlorophyll sites it and chlorophyll itself strips electrons from the donor

10:57 this tape. Water. The other as well as we'll see. Okay

11:01 something electron source supplying. That's what light reactions were about. The lights

11:07 been driving energy too promote people um least are electrons to feed electron transport

11:15 . Okay. Um Okay so let's first at the adoption system. Uh

11:25 bacteria adoption premier adoption. So these uh you probably heard this in the

11:35 of vision. Right? Your rods and combs. Alright so you

11:41 uh adoption or option? I think is. I used to teach that

11:46 time ago um the uh manganese pigment in your eye that you know allows

11:54 light absorption. And so it's it's analogous to these um this structure

11:59 So very common in Hello? Hello . Right. Remember this is the

12:07 of archaea that are salt love. that's where this was first discovered

12:12 Okay. Since that time we've also in bacteria. And so we call

12:19 bacteria adoption is what they call the found in halo Archaea. Okay.

12:24 adoptions deformed found in bacteria very similar the same way. But both both

12:31 pro periods have the capability. And so the the molecule so direct

12:39 . So adoption is a protein right . Because the molecule inside linked to

12:46 right now is the life absorbing That's just what a photo excitation

12:50 Okay. And so the protein if now it changes shape so does

12:59 Okay. And so light absorption occurs that double bond in right now.

13:06 . And photons of light is That sex the electrons in that bond

13:11 that they go to a higher energy and then twist they um go from

13:19 trans. They changed their confirmation. the word. Change the confirmation around

13:24 bond. And because it's linked to protein, the protein slightly changes

13:30 But that all that shape changes about a proton is pumped out as a

13:36 of that. Okay, protons inside cell or pumped out as lights absorbed

13:46 now changes shape. I'll go to proton. Okay. And then it

13:51 back down energy uh comes back down ground state and then it goes back

13:56 the original confirmation. So it switches citizen transistors, transistors, light's absorbed

14:02 that energy goes back down. So thing is there's no this reaction

14:08 There's no donor molecule electrons occurring Okay, It's just that the electrons

14:16 the bonds are excited as it absorbs . Right? So it's not really

14:20 really being going anywhere. Alright. staying within the molecule which is that

14:25 excited and come back down the ground . But that accept any excitation is

14:29 the twisting around that bomb occurs just train. So it's not like a

14:35 we're gonna see here next where electrons feeding it and then we're going down

14:40 . Okay. So this is why very different from that. But the

14:45 is here, we're creating a proton uh here. So that is the

14:52 as these other systems. And so will be an https as a parliament

14:59 . Photons go down to a A Gps for Okay, so the

15:04 absorbed by these. So so these when there in their environment where they're

15:13 , it'll show up as a purplish in the water. Okay. Very

15:20 color. And that's due to these um bacteria adoption molecules molecules there's a

15:29 light. Remember that the color you of anything is the light being

15:37 Okay, so green we answer green closed its door. Blue and

15:42 Okay, these little green light. . And they reflect reflect the blue

15:47 red and blue and red coming It looks purple. Okay, so

15:54 so the membrane so for lack of in general um it doesn't occur in

16:00 little compartment or box. Okay, best light absorption requires having a big

16:07 of light absorbing molecules just stretch Okay, and so they will have

16:14 these things purple patches because it's full these pigment molecules. And so um

16:23 Uh huh. So number one, main thing here also is these are

16:29 hetero trips. Okay. They're not ceo to Alright, so this is

16:34 way to to complement their metabolism. energy by absorbing light through this labyrinth

16:41 pump is basically what it is. ? And but they do eat organic

16:47 and they're not they're our heritage. , so again it's fairly simple when

16:54 were going to look at Okay, don't know what's going on there.

17:04 we go. All right. So the yeah uh powerful based systems we're

17:13 to see. It's much more more thick parts involved different components and

17:19 . So this is really just this it right? Protein plus direct now

17:25 into the memories. That's pretty much absorbs light. So you got um

17:34 . Many questions about that. Yeah. You need to bacteria the

17:47 their adoption. It is common to . Okay. Not to all bacteria

17:53 but certain archaea and certain bacteria will that adoption system. It's just it's

17:59 slightly different in each type. So turned the one that's in archaea the

18:06 adoption. I know it sounds weird but that's what they call it.

18:11 one found in bacterial types. It's program reduction. That's jurisdiction works.

18:16 same features everything but it's slightly different protein sequences. Okay. Yeah.

18:25 . Okay. Alright. Um So best for the tropics. So you're

18:35 with this system of course and this how plants good senator bacteria Algae.

18:40 counts for most of the fixation of on the planet protecting the older and

18:48 and um all along the equator for maximum sun hitting the earth.

18:55 And so um chlorophyll is of course light absorbing pigment. It's called

19:01 B. Which differs slightly in one the chemical groups. Um they call

19:07 the light that was over in part the molecule to chroma four.

19:11 And it will have a portion that's to be non polar. Right?

19:18 this thing's gonna fit into a membrane ? So it has to be able

19:22 do that by having a non polar of the monitoring. And so um

19:29 fields are arranged in with the proteins these complexes. Okay, antenna complexes

19:37 are black harvesting complexes. That's what L. H. Standards florida.

19:42 so the middle represents the reaction So light will hit. So basically

19:48 like a kind of a big satellite . Okay. Or photons of light

19:53 hit and then be transferred from complex complex until find following too the reaction

20:03 so let energy absorb, transferred from to component and then finally getting the

20:11 centers where electrons are being held and excited. Okay. And then that

20:16 handed off to different components of the . Okay so uh so in in

20:24 bacteria and they have these chlorophyll based they they'll have they'll they'll take their

20:32 membrane and fold it up. But highly com believe it highly voted packed

20:39 of these photosynthetic pigments. Okay. so they call these the Thailand

20:43 Okay. So but they're they're not class, right? Because pro carriers

20:47 have organelles like that but it just a highly folded convoluted structure of the

20:54 . That stuff for these things. . Um Now the the light absorption

21:05 the spectrum. Okay. Looking at different wavelengths and versus absorb it's Okay

21:13 core fields that we see an allergy and bacteria and it was just the

21:18 . Okay. Remember cyanobacteria way Right. They were the Formed into

21:27 core class, right? There was answer to the the endosymbiont theory.

21:31 ? So so the sand bacteria are 400 of the core class evolved in

21:36 cells. So we're gonna have these have the same kind of core

21:40 Okay. And photosynthesize the same So um so blue and reds are

21:47 absorption. And so for that reason they look really as well for that

21:52 . Okay now bacterial chlorophylls a little different in terms of structure. Um

21:59 and and certainly that affects their absorption . They're gonna they actually absorb light

22:05 the higher end out here. So uh much to remember your

22:12 Right. So a longer wavelength if to less energy. All right,

22:18 wavelength high energy. All right. so and that and that has an

22:24 in terms of what they can use donors and things like that.

22:30 So um the uh but of course also other types of pigments that are

22:37 with the core feels to kind of the range and absorbs a little

22:41 Things like carotenoids. Ah Our party complexes uh uh plants and working on

22:50 like santo fills and and other types success repayments and expand the range of

22:56 that can be absorbed. Um Now thing was um the bacterial chlorophyll best

23:05 . Uh these are don't evolve right? It's only the the the

23:14 field based that we see in plants and cyanobacteria give up oxygen.

23:20 . And it has to do with donor that supplies the electrons to the

23:23 . Okay. So the other thing about, you know, hierarchy.

23:28 know um And save water. So cyanobacteria are analogy of course are

23:38 in marine ecosystems. Seawater. And that kind of hierarchy is cyanobacteria

23:47 Alright. The upper layers of the column. Okay, absorb maximum higher

23:52 of light. Okay. And then but you're gonna be on the higher

23:58 as they trickle down. Right? then you'll see the different bacterial types

24:04 aren't cyanobacteria, they have to make modified the lower depths. Because that

24:11 the lightly energy hitting them. Is lower wavelengths So that's what they

24:15 And they kind of hang out The ones appear there in santa,

24:20 and algae. Okay. That's kind how that works. Um So again

24:28 likely have seen this several times but this is the oxygen it photos

24:32 . So again plants algae and Okay, so photo system two.

24:38 both photo systems represent, you a collection of these antenna complexes right

24:45 funnel electronic to a reaction center. , absorb light and then funnel it

24:50 into electron to the reaction center. um so PS so goes the order

24:58 Water to PS two PS 1 to DP. Okay, it's the final

25:07 . And so um The first part the PS two system is the one

25:14 to a teepee formation as you see . And so uh the electrons are

25:20 . They're handed off to different electronic . You don't need to know the

25:24 of these things. Okay, But what this part represents here. The

25:30 transport chain. Okay. The electron the energy is used to pump protons

25:36 . Okay. And then it goes https to form a T.

25:42 Okay. And so um photo phosphor . Okay. And so here is

25:50 photo analysis reaction. So water, is the donor. Okay. And

25:56 when the first system tunes it was the electrons following light absorption that then

26:04 a powerful oxidizing, like it's lost that wants to get those back.

26:11 ? So by being a powerful oxidizing that granted it takes water and grabs

26:17 from from it. Okay. And that's what then feeds the system as

26:22 loses electrons city perhaps them from And so it keeps going that

26:26 Of course it's light energy driving Okay, eventually electrons end up Down

26:34 . The PS one. Right? so The donor for PS one are

26:40 the electrons coming from here. Um and then again, like like

26:47 by th one s electrons and here go again. Right. But the

26:52 product here this reduction of N A P two. N A D P

26:56 . Okay, so the two manager reform obviously here are 80 P in

27:03 . D. H that go to the fixation. Okay, so the

27:10 being the light reactions you've heard uh two fixation being the dark reactions.

27:18 . Um and so that's your oxygen . Both PS two and 1 are

27:25 of it. Okay, we'll see a second that the two back the

27:29 cyanobacteria of the non scented natural Have you just one or the other

27:35 these? Uh And so just next , just shows kind of the component

27:40 is the electron flow electrons are Okay, um now Z pak again

27:49 is same difference is showing the same . Right? But just showing the

27:55 components. So here we have ps like absorption. Uh So P 66

28:03 refers to the light absorbed wavelengths of absorbed 6 80. And so the

28:09 two system is associated with the T. P. Formation.

28:14 Remember the full tosses reaction here. . And then the ph one system

28:21 is where electrons then traveled any dP it to any DPH. Okay,

28:28 the thing here, of course, the thorough systems proto system to write

28:34 pump, right? Protons pumped there in this component as well.

28:41 so that's that And again, that's with a teepee formation. The proton

28:46 , that mechanism were already familiar Right, go down the DPH performing

28:51 tps. Ok. Energy energy releasing energy required coupling those things together.

29:00 and so eight ep produced, three https for each oxygen molecule

29:11 Right, so again, we're oxidizing . All right. Oxidizing water in

29:19 process. Um and of course the and water were then reducing the photo

29:26 to receive those electrons? It was water. Something's being oxidized, giving

29:34 up The PS two. Okay, auction. Nothing auction is just the

29:40 . Okay, um again, what oxidized? Ps first to reduced.

29:48 , um Any questions about that? need to memorize all. Don't need

29:56 memorize these names. Okay, what it Only one name? Pastor

30:02 So well, FPs. Alright. . Y. T. B.

30:06 . Or just you know that? ahead. It's one. Yes.

30:18 process the same as thinking to think that as uh had that picture that

30:22 the reaction centers and then had the complexes and in fact that's what that

30:27 . Yeah. Any other. All right. So now we'll look

30:35 the two systems that what we call sulfur and purple non sulfur.

30:41 Green sulfur bacteria. So both those are going to be what we call

30:46 and oxygen IQ for the synthesis no is formed. That's why we call

30:51 that. Okay. So the green bacteria have very common that their donors

30:56 H. Two S. But they use these other ones as well hydrogen

31:03 . Um And so it's the one system is linked to PS one PS

31:09 is the N. A. P. H. Producing system if

31:13 will. Okay so electrons are So you see the in contrast to

31:19 previous, let me just Yeah 6 . So 6 80 nanometer light absorbed

31:26 the oxygen in photosynthesis. And you how low right age. 40.

31:32 , That's near infrared. Right? low energy compared to compared to the

31:37 system. So um but nonetheless, we form an A. D.

31:44 . H. In this system. again excitation of the reaction center electron

31:50 out and then down to the city's transport proteins finally into ADP connect forming

31:57 N. D. P. Now um on this side you see

32:02 schematic of the system. Um Now they have the green sulfur bacteria can

32:07 what looks like an organ. Although not right. There is it's kind

32:11 it's a protein. It's not a bi layer. Right? It's like

32:16 does have some fossil weapons around it proteins covering it. But we don't

32:21 it an organ. Al right. it is called the chlorate zone.

32:24 ? And this contains the chloroform. ? So it's basically a photon absorbing

32:31 . Right? Light hits it and basically funnels that photon energy to the

32:37 system here. Okay. And then what enables the whole excitation and then

32:44 transferred to N. A. P. Two for many DPH.

32:47 . Um now um Okay so a formation so you're Okay. Well how's

32:55 form https? Right. It doesn't PS two then. What's it

32:59 Okay. Well as a result of photo analysis. Right. It's oxidizing

33:05 . Two in this example. We do form protons as a

33:09 Okay. And so that will lead the formation of the proton Grady.

33:16 . So it's just not it's it's from the A. T.

33:19 S. Okay because it does fix . 02. It is an

33:24 Alright so we'll fix CO. It needs that DPH. And https

33:28 that. So but it just forms TPS By the the oxidation of the

33:35 source to the system. The byproduct protons. Okay. And that's then

33:41 be an https in the membrane as . So, it's it's just not

33:45 system that's like to a PS That's all. Okay. It's just

33:49 of its own playing. Okay. So the last let me questions about

33:55 one. Okay, so the main are it's an oxygen tank.

34:02 auction is not formed. It's linked PS one. That's the one that

34:07 in a DPH and it can form T. P. It just

34:10 So Without a PS two system. . You can still form protons of

34:16 manning threw that oxidation of that Um and it's not a program.

34:22 was the main things here. Uh the last one here is linked

34:30 photo system to what we call the non sulfur bacteria. Okay. And

34:38 absorb even lower energy wavelength, you , 8 70 is the value.

34:45 . And so that's definitely infrared And very, very low energy.

34:52 because of that low energy, you uh it doesn't have enough for them

34:58 oxidize a compound to allow it to it electrons to to low energy.

35:07 . So what it does to compensate that is the electrons it does have

35:11 it gets hit by light. It those onto these qanon molecules. We've

35:17 those before and then shuttle it This slide across component over here.

35:23 then it hands him back over. . So it's a cycle. It's

35:27 cyclical kind of a system. All because of this low energy it

35:34 . Right? You can't strip electrons something else. So it kind of

35:37 cycles them back and forth. But because it's linked to a proton

35:44 , right? Um it's it's the to that link to that. A

35:49 formations can form https this way. , so this group is uh actually

35:56 group that's very um versatile um metabolically . Okay. It can um it's

36:03 photo photo hetero growth first and Okay, so I can't fix you

36:09 . So it must use organic compounds them but it can supplement its metabolism

36:16 light making https. It's actually some the some of these members are also

36:23 can be a little appropriate as So you can kind of have a

36:27 called little photo hetero troughs. I a couple of things thrown in as

36:32 because they can they can do a of different types of metabolism.

36:37 so the key is with this our photo very little energy. No

36:43 cause is Um but he has two like to which means a teepee

36:50 Okay. Um and it's a cyclical of the low energy absorbed. It's

36:57 cyclical type of system. Okay, food of phosphor relation. That's what

37:03 trying to say. Try um so here I kind of just summarize

37:09 of it in this slide. So we have oxygen ecosystem. Um

37:16 bacteria. Centreback's plants, cyanobacteria Okay so two photo systems um

37:23 Two PS one. They're autotrophs. members are autotrophs in this group check

37:29 oxygen. Of course. Then we the green sulfur bacteria. Only one

37:36 one system. Okay that forms an . D. P. H.

37:39 are other posts as well. No oxygen formed. Okay um and

37:47 the purple non sulfur. Okay. autotrophs. Photo editor linked to PS

37:54 inform https. Okay. Um but cyclic so cyclic for the cross

38:01 Okay um and that wow that was little bit longer than we have one

38:11 before you go. So can question there any questions right now.

38:21 Mhm mm hmm. Yeah. Oh does it doesn't it doesn't want to

38:33 a DPH. Um It does just does show through other metabolic reactions but

38:38 can't produce a DPH. Yeah but associated with this, correct correct.

38:46 so let's look at our question Right? There should be a slam

38:51 slam dunk or Rooney. The following is true concerning photo trophy among

39:03 Archaea, cyanobacteria. Green sulfur bacteria purple non sulfur bacteria. Okay.

39:25 . Alright play ranch in this uh week. I know exam two is

39:33 up on the horizon but the chinese one day of fun next week there's

39:38 more. I'm back in one piece you're going out of town. Yes

39:46 do anything too crazy. Okay. . Make sure to read carefully.

40:16 hmm. Oh that reminds me. when you're looking at the when you

40:25 get to the point where you do unit quiz. Okay. You're gonna

40:30 what appear to be similar questions you've on previous quizzes. Don't be fooled

40:35 rush read through it carefully. All right. Mhm. Alright looks

40:51 2.04. We went down went up six. All right here we

40:56 4321. Yeah. And the Okay. All right, let me

41:11 sure you study this again before you the unique twist. Alright, so

41:17 archaea bacteria, kornafel based. Is true? No production like you said

41:26 uh santa bacteria and oxygen IQ. the synthesizers now they make their produce

41:35 so it's false. Okay. Purple sulfur bacteria. Light absorption via bacteria

41:42 linked to a pump. Mhm. it's chlorophyll. The chlorophyll based not

41:50 adoption based. Mhm. Great sulfur for the first possessing for system one

41:56 to N. A. D. . H. Formation. It could

42:00 A. D. H. As but Either one actually can do either

42:06 but that actually is a true So read up before the week

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