| 00:01 | working with chris, This is neuroscience 15 and today we will continue discussing |
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| 00:10 | and function of the central nervous We looked at some of the basic |
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| 00:18 | on, for example the meninges that the cells on some other aspects like |
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| 00:27 | circulation and production of cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities CSF production which can result in the |
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| 00:36 | condition. Then we walked through the ation process and neural tube formation |
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| 00:43 | From there we looked at some possible rare developmental what are called brain self |
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| 00:52 | disorders and no relation, process disorders as our own suffering and spina |
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| 00:58 | Then from this tube you have that differentiate into more and more sophisticated structure |
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| 01:07 | and of course functionally have the formation talent cephalon, the forebrain and dying |
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| 01:15 | . Do you recall the talent cephalon talents, a phallic hemispheres that are |
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| 01:20 | with this massive fiber bundle called the callosum which interconnect the two hemispheres on |
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| 01:28 | side. Diane cephalon becomes thalamus and . And these fibers. Internal capsule |
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| 01:36 | are the connections between the thalamus to cortex and from the cortex into the |
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| 01:42 | . And then if you look there's differentiation of diane cephalon mesen cephalon midbrain |
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| 01:49 | and text him and to commend Then you have differentiation of rompin cephalon |
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| 01:55 | green into cerebellum pons and medulla oblon and spinal cord in yellow. This |
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| 02:00 | the three dimensional representation of the ventricular that you have in the human brain |
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| 02:07 | the major lobes and the salsa and joy ride that we've discussed abundance of |
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| 02:14 | . This is an image that shows depending on the animal's environment, an |
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| 02:19 | will have certain brain structures that have more or more of its brain is |
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| 02:24 | to a specific function. So if look on the left here and alligators |
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| 02:30 | have these massive, massive all factor the olfactory bulbs. It seemed like |
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| 02:35 | the size of the entire rest of brain's olfactory bulbs will process smell, |
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| 02:43 | and that's very, very important for , life survival and being. And |
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| 02:49 | you look at the rat in the you have these factory evolves here but |
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| 02:55 | olfactory bulbs not nearly as large relatively the size of the animal's brain. |
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| 03:03 | these animals for example will have a sophisticated so matter sensory system for whisking |
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| 03:08 | environment because they have whiskers and whisker and they can whisk around. So |
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| 03:16 | these differences that you see how much that space is dedicated, there are |
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| 03:22 | similarities. So there are canonical cells circuits canonical connectivity that is present. |
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| 03:29 | you take a chunk of alligator rat human cortex you will see parameter cells |
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| 03:34 | their electrical done right, it's basil rights, you'll see certain structure in |
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| 03:39 | cortex and that structure in the cortex be applicable. Ah So now also |
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| 03:47 | about this. If if this is much of an animal's brain is dedicated |
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| 03:53 | olfaction not thinking about olfaction because remember said that cerebrum is the seat of |
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| 04:02 | and the most sophisticated information processing and that we perform even in alligators. |
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| 04:10 | they're not as sophisticated as us, still is a higher order centers for |
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| 04:15 | their behavior, their motor commands and on. But that means that this |
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| 04:20 | is really concerned with processing this primaries not thinking about it because if this |
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| 04:27 | was concerned about thinking about the smell all these other parts of the brain |
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| 04:32 | be much much larger. But what animal is concerned is with this primary |
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| 04:40 | the smell sort of a very very rudimentary for survival. If you |
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| 04:47 | in the cortex in the human if you look in any cortex that |
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| 04:53 | neocortex in rodents and cats and humans because it's new it's evolutionarily the greatest |
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| 05:05 | the best thing that the cns has a six layer muna cortical structure. |
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| 05:13 | when we looked at the hippocampus which located right underneath the cortex. In |
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| 05:19 | this is the hippocampus in the in rats right here. Okay, you |
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| 05:24 | at the hippocampus, hippocampus is predominantly three layer structure and we talked about |
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| 05:30 | dense pyramidal a layer orients layer already layer and hippocampus is often referred to |
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| 05:38 | our key cortex for our cave cortex what I always say hippocampus is trying |
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| 05:44 | become a neocortex. So hippocampus is developing into another maybe even more sophisticated |
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| 05:52 | layer structure that's going to be more neocortex. When we looked in the |
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| 05:59 | we saw criminal south and this parameter where flanked and and trained by the |
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| 06:07 | engineering's. There were a variety of interneuron and we said that criminal cells |
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| 06:15 | information and communicate that information to the networks and the internal control what information |
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| 06:22 | going to be communicated and how in pattern of that information that is going |
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| 06:26 | flux out the same is happening in the cortex. And despite the fact |
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| 06:33 | you have a great variety of inhibitory subtypes looking Hippocampus who says at least |
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| 06:39 | different subtypes, you have a great of inhibitory self subtypes in the cortical |
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| 06:45 | Circuits. The inhibitor into neurons comprised about 10-20% of the total neurons. |
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| 06:53 | the neocortex hippocampus are still dominated by excited to parameter cells that account for |
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| 07:00 | 80 to 90% of neurons in these . So it's it's interesting because you |
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| 07:11 | 80% or 90% of the brain signaling very similar way because parameters cell action |
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| 07:18 | patterns are not different between parameters cell hippocampus and parameters cell in the occipital |
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| 07:23 | and parietal cell in the frontal But you have this complexity than a |
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| 07:31 | and controls this signal 80% of the by this 10 to 20% of the |
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| 07:37 | ourselves and interactions. And in general neocortex is not organized into layers. |
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| 07:44 | is the closest to the skull, superficial layer one, this is the |
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| 07:49 | layer six. You can see that there are not very clear boundaries between |
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| 07:54 | layers two and three. So if use a missile stain that will expose |
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| 07:58 | of the south and it's not like will see a line that is drawn |
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| 08:03 | . But if you look at the architecture, just like Slovenian broadminded. |
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| 08:08 | you look at the side of if you look at the densities, |
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| 08:12 | stacking architecture of the south or so will realize that they have these layers |
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| 08:23 | it also has columns. So the has laminar structure, it has columnar |
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| 08:29 | to and you can see that the layers will be present in the frontal |
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| 08:34 | of the thickness of the layers may across new york cortex but the canonical |
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| 08:41 | in the circuits will be quite replicable different pieces of this cortex. It's |
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| 08:48 | calling the structure. This is initial in the middle, This is Golgi |
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| 08:54 | which stands only a portion but the um processes and morphology of the south |
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| 09:01 | revealed on the fraction of the This is a Weigert stain which has |
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| 09:05 | only axon. So this is a stain for you guys and you can |
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| 09:08 | that very clearly you can see these running here vertically indicated that there is |
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| 09:15 | column like connectivity, column like column . So in these columns you have |
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| 09:21 | with similar response properties. You can them as local processing networks. You |
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| 09:27 | view as many columns will process the sense like visual sounds or auditory |
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| 09:34 | So there is parallel processing within these columns and these micro columns will be |
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| 09:40 | with each other in general. Before look more into the micro columns. |
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| 09:46 | when we study the visual system, going to look at how these micro |
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| 09:50 | create hyper columns, individual system and these micro hyper columns become a part |
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| 09:58 | the area of the one in the system. But for now you can |
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| 10:02 | of these columns, About 50, micrometers in diameter, collect the cells |
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| 10:11 | have the cells in there during the , it's really interesting. It seems |
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| 10:16 | remember when we talked about radio cells radio real cells give these lattice like |
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| 10:22 | way for the neurons to climb to destinations. So it seems that one |
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| 10:28 | glial cell will be sitting at the of this micro column during the |
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| 10:34 | So allowing for neurons to distribute themselves micro column and the other radial glial |
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| 10:40 | will be sitting next next to some away some 100 micrometers away, allowing |
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| 10:45 | neurons to climb there and to develop connectivity within these micro columns and attachments |
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| 10:51 | each other. The sooner absence. , if you look at gun and |
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| 10:59 | olfactory bulb here, this is a . It's a big olfactory bulb factor |
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| 11:06 | in the cap. It's smaller and fact are involved in the human which |
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| 11:13 | actually not not even showing up very , here would be very small things |
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| 11:17 | out here. Does that mean that do not have a good sense of |
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| 11:24 | ? Well, we may not have good as a sense of smell as |
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| 11:27 | or alligators. We don't have as of the brain dedicated to it, |
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| 11:32 | maybe we understand smell better and we think and consciously contemplate and even have |
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| 11:41 | representations for smile, something that alligators do. And so we need a |
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| 11:45 | of cortex in a lot of cortical , not just the olfactory bulbs in |
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| 11:50 | to do a lot of sophisticated things are not related to just this primary |
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| 11:55 | stimulus smell for us. It Let's engage other brain centers, let's |
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| 12:03 | about it. Let's get emotional about , smelling flowers or smelling pancakes in |
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| 12:08 | morning. You know, let's have memories. A lot of these |
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| 12:12 | you know. Now this is what have in the brain. So we |
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| 12:16 | these primary areas olfactory bulb in a , it's like a primary area for |
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| 12:21 | smell, but we have these primary cortical areas here in the occipital |
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| 12:26 | We have primary auditory areas here in temporal lobe have the primary motor area |
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| 12:31 | yellow in the frontal lobes, a sensory area in green in the parietal |
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| 12:38 | . And you can see that these areas, Those are the areas that |
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| 12:42 | responsible for primary sensor information processing. they are called primary sensory areas. |
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| 12:49 | means the most rudimentary information of visual from the retina will travel to the |
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| 12:56 | lobe. It's gonna be a primal of the outside world. It's not |
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| 13:02 | to be completely sophisticated visual information and not going to be blended with other |
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| 13:08 | . And so just processing visual information this patch here, basic visual |
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| 13:15 | basic auditory information, not very large you go down and the order of |
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| 13:22 | and you can see that whoa and is a huge primary auditory area, |
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| 13:30 | . Primary visual area huge compared with relative size of their brains. Then |
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| 13:37 | will say, well then you cats have better vision, cats have |
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| 13:41 | hearing. Cats have better sensory Not exactly, they just have more |
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| 13:48 | dedicated to the primary information processing for modality. And if you look at |
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| 13:54 | rat brain, the primary sensory areas huge and they're and they're almost overlapping |
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| 14:04 | covering almost the entire brain area, that this march of the rats brain |
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| 14:11 | dedicated to primary sensory motor information. primary visual, the primary auditory |
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| 14:17 | Now from these primary areas, the flows into the secondary areas. So |
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| 14:24 | the visual cortex you have area One have a primal sketch. Then |
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| 14:29 | have a secondary area v. two we actually have the tertiary coordinate |
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| 14:33 | Very V. Two V. V four V five. And at |
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| 14:38 | of these this is just area One at each of the areas of |
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| 14:42 | two, B three before before the . Within the occipital cortex that information |
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| 14:48 | a lot more sophisticated. Visual, a lot more color, there is |
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| 14:53 | lot more dimming effects, there's a of things, there's a lot of |
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| 14:58 | but still visual information. But when information enters and what we call association |
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| 15:08 | , association areas are the areas in brain and in the cortex that will |
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| 15:14 | the primary modality, the primary sense smell, primary sense of hearing, |
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| 15:22 | , tactile information. And this is These senses get associated with one |
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| 15:30 | So you know that if you walk in a certain setting in a certain |
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| 15:37 | you may perceive things as funny because looking at some comedian making fun of |
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| 15:44 | . But if you walked in an and it was actually happening with that |
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| 15:50 | was talking about in a different you probably think it's grotesque or inhumane |
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| 15:58 | how can this be happening? Your would be completely different. The setting |
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| 16:04 | changed and the associations of these why are you perceiving something in a |
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| 16:09 | way? Why are you perceiving something another way changes? And how you |
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| 16:15 | these modalities together. That's what humans really, really good at. We're |
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| 16:21 | good at intersecting multiple sensory stimulant at same time, we're really good at |
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| 16:31 | our own thoughts inside associating these things then spitting on something motor equation, |
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| 16:41 | violin, um talking. So this what most of the human brain is |
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| 16:50 | as to associating these senses, incorporating modalities in these circuits and creating the |
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| 16:59 | the whole picture, which is not just the vision but the |
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| 17:04 | the smell and so on. Do have any questions? Yes. Because |
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| 17:10 | saying that the cat and the rat , it looks like the primary areas |
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| 17:16 | on the surface. There actually it's the neocortex. It's throughout that whole |
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| 17:25 | structure that you would see here. it would be this is for |
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| 17:30 | area 17 throughout the whole circus. the whole occipital lobe mrs area |
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| 17:37 | which is now V. Two. you can see if you look on |
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| 17:41 | sagittal view, you can see some this area's 18 and 19 on the |
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| 17:46 | side of where the fold is for cortex. Because you still have the |
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| 17:50 | and you have the salsa and the and then side. So, but |
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| 17:53 | is pretty much confined to this back . These primary visual processing areas. |
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| 18:00 | don't know if that was exactly the bigger is in the human brain and |
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| 18:08 | other ones. Yeah, but I think we would still be the elephants |
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| 18:15 | maybe even dolphins. So, But if you were to unfold their neurons |
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| 18:21 | their synapses, maybe we would you know, or perform perform |
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| 18:28 | perform better. No, that's not relevant to what you were saying. |
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| 18:31 | your appointment that we have multiple. I was just curious. Yeah, |
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| 18:35 | know. But this is, you , there was a there was a |
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| 18:42 | called MTV. It's still around came in the eighties. So it was |
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| 18:49 | to be music and then they switched all of these shows. And one |
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| 18:53 | the shows was MTV cribs where all the famous artists would, you |
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| 18:58 | walk everybody through their home. You , this is my kitchen, this |
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| 19:02 | my pool, that's my balcony. inevitably when they walk into the bedroom |
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| 19:07 | said, this is where the magic . So for me this is where |
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| 19:13 | magic happens is in all of these areas. This is where the magic |
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| 19:18 | , whatever. It's not the bedroom . But it's the magic of census |
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| 19:22 | together perceiving everything. You know, is where the association areas would blend |
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| 19:28 | of this information together. Do we a good idea of which primary areas |
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| 19:33 | with each other more or is it of gray? And No, we |
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| 19:37 | because there are certain centers for for processing numbers versus collars that could |
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| 19:46 | located very close to each other and there's some other information that could be |
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| 19:52 | away and there are certain very interesting of the brain and later when we |
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| 19:58 | about some matter sensory system, we watch a ted talk by dr |
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| 20:04 | He talks about angular gyrus as a interesting part of the brain where you |
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| 20:12 | the intersection of some of these And he thinks that angular gyrus is |
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| 20:18 | to be something more than what it . You know, maybe it's going |
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| 20:22 | get defined a lot more will understand circuits for association better. And right |
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| 20:28 | we don't and we also know that example, memory is widely distributed through |
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| 20:33 | cortex so there's no one spot that it, hippocampus is very important to |
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| 20:38 | it once. It encodes that It stores it throughout the cortex when |
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| 20:43 | needs to access it, it's very for recall. So if you damage |
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| 20:47 | hippocampus you cannot access those memories. it's not that they're stored in the |
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| 20:53 | . And so there's a lot of that's widely distributed. Including these |
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| 20:58 | functions that we don't understand very well their connectivity and you know that we |
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| 21:05 | we we can't compute the magic But we're close I think. Uh |
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| 21:10 | in each processing from primary, secondary , you have hierarchically more complex |
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| 21:18 | If you didn't have the ability to the census, then you would have |
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| 21:22 | either look at something, then you'd to smell something and you wouldn't be |
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| 21:27 | to connected to, you have to like what you saw and then you |
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| 21:31 | at what you smell but not the together. You have parallel processing in |
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| 21:37 | brain and these are the major brain . So from the spinal cord here |
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| 21:46 | is subdivided into sacred lumber lower back lumberjack thoracic, the thorax, cervical |
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| 21:56 | your neck. Then it goes into brain stem which is divided the |
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| 22:01 | pons, mid brain. You have cerebellum attached on the back of the |
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| 22:05 | stem, have the dying cephalon and cerebral hemispheres. So as you |
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| 22:11 | spinal cord will receive and process sensor from skin joints, muscles of limb |
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| 22:17 | Thrones, everything from below the All of the tactile information. |
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| 22:22 | temperature will be processed by spinal cord then motor neurons. From here the |
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| 22:29 | will come from my cortex control laterally cortex saying move your right hand. |
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| 22:34 | execution of moving my right hand comes my motor neurons. So the command |
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| 22:39 | some from the cortex. There are that descend down from this command. |
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| 22:44 | spinal fibers, corticosteroid, Bauer fibers they control the motion. Mhm. |
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| 22:51 | this is the neuro muscular junction to is the motor neurons the output brain |
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| 22:57 | is sensor information from muscles of the to everything from basically year up we |
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| 23:06 | cranial nerves that will process that information be sensory motor, some of them |
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| 23:11 | some of the motor, some of both motor control of the head |
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| 23:16 | It also regulates levels of arousal and . It has cranial nerve nuclei and |
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| 23:24 | processes has special sort of areas for census, hearing balance and taste at |
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| 23:32 | level of the brain stem, medulla gata is involved in vital autonomic |
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| 23:38 | breathing heart, right and digestion. is very important. Brain stem contains |
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| 23:46 | lot of opioid receptors. That's something haven't talked about. And I want |
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| 23:51 | highlight that because you never know what . But there's a lot of crap |
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| 23:58 | there called sentinel and there's a lot synthetic sentinel that is illegal that's coming |
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| 24:05 | and people are illegally are lacing everything it. Including cannabis, marijuana delta |
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| 24:11 | CBD to be extremely careful about Why? Because opioids target brain stem |
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| 24:19 | that are responsible for vital body breathing heart rate. What happens if |
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| 24:26 | heart stops? What happens if you breathing? Why is fentaNYL? Wire |
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| 24:34 | both actually pharmaceutical medications and illicit? are they so dangerous and deadly? |
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| 24:42 | there's something that is called effective does there's something that is called deadly. |
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| 24:47 | I keep talking about all of the as these rubber bands, dynamic rubber |
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| 24:53 | that we most of the time use throughout the life. You know, |
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| 24:56 | degrade elasticity gets a little bit which is plasticity but we still have |
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| 25:01 | within dynamic range. If you stretch outside this dynamic range the rubber band |
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| 25:08 | . How long is this gonna take brain to repair the rubber band. |
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| 25:13 | rubber band snapping means chemical imbalance. long is it going to take? |
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| 25:19 | may take two weeks for the enzymes turn over and try to rebuild some |
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| 25:24 | in these pathways. It may take months. It may take two |
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| 25:28 | It may develop into a chronic problem . So you'll have to balance it |
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| 25:33 | therapeutics or pharmaceuticals. So the effect those is something that For caffeine or |
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| 25:41 | will wake you up in the Right? one cup two Cups. |
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| 25:46 | people have five six during their in running around wired. So you have |
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| 25:51 | dentist and receptors in the brain and blocks the dentist and receptors and promotes |
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| 25:57 | release. But you also have a of these things like the donaldson receptors |
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| 26:00 | the heart. So you have a of coffee will start raising your heart |
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| 26:04 | too. Okay. All right. you die on caffeine? You can |
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| 26:11 | caffeine addictive. It is Starbucks knows it. That's where there's three Starbucks |
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| 26:16 | one intersection. Can you die from ? Yes. What is the deadly |
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| 26:22 | of caffeine? About 100 cups in hours. Is it achievable if you |
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| 26:28 | very very very very hard. Maybe can do it. But yeah, |
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| 26:33 | will eventually that amount of caffeine and coffee or in the t. Which |
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| 26:40 | in very bad consequences will die. very hard for opioids? Effective dose |
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| 26:48 | this and deadly does there's only three four times of the effective village and |
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| 26:56 | why it's so dangerous because it targets brain stem sundries and targets the vital |
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| 27:03 | . So if you're in colorado, to the dispensary and ask for test |
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| 27:10 | , this is where you will know are you consuming if you're consuming |
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| 27:15 | But on any market or black market told me to try this, it's |
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| 27:20 | . It's okay, you know, never know and that's because of this |
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| 27:24 | versus deadly. Does what does this ? That means that three times of |
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| 27:30 | yourself or pain effective doses to relieve propios, it's very small. But |
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| 27:35 | dosed yourself three or four times of effective dose. Could be lethal. |
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| 27:41 | beyond that it's also quite addictive things opioids. Oh because it changes the |
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| 27:48 | , changes the plasticity in the It's linked to reward systems as |
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| 27:54 | So it's complicated cannabis, what's the dose of cannabis? I don't call |
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| 28:01 | marijuana because the correct ways colleagues So what's the effect of those of |
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| 28:07 | So some people will say, well paths of cannabis is effective dose and |
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| 28:13 | will say that joint is effective. what is a deadly dose About 1000 |
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| 28:21 | in 15 minutes and I don't think doggy Dogg has done that yet. |
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| 28:28 | is it possible to die from cannabis or THC if it comes from |
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| 28:35 | plant, If it's not synthetic. . Is it possible to overdose, |
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| 28:39 | to hospital have bad consequences. You problems in colorado. Kids eating edibles |
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| 28:45 | ending up in hospitals. Yeah. they gonna something bad chronic going to |
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| 28:50 | to them? Most of the No. Thinking of wash their stomachs |
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| 28:56 | , gonna fall asleep and wake up following morning, go to the kindergarten |
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| 29:02 | adults. The same thing. There be a very strong psychotropic effect and |
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| 29:08 | may drive people to psychotic events, , panic attacks into the hospital, |
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| 29:15 | there is no death from the actual itself. And that is because the |
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| 29:20 | doses so so so much higher. kind of essentially achieve that physically. |
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| 29:27 | , so a little bit di excursion diversion here. But This is an |
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| 29:33 | one. I believe everybody's talking about . Uh And it's on the news |
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| 29:38 | lot too. So ponx is where have a lot of motor information from |
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| 29:44 | Bella and this fear is going into and vice versa from cerebral hemispheres into |
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| 29:52 | , cerebellum if you recall as opposed motor cortex, cerebellum controls some |
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| 29:59 | lateral side. Same side force and of movement, learning motor skills, |
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| 30:05 | is responsible for what we call procedural . So the hippocampus is responsible for |
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| 30:11 | memory which is storytelling names, fact than ah procedural memory is riding a |
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| 30:22 | , it's kicking a ball? It's a volleyball. It's hitting a tennis |
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| 30:28 | and these are very powerful memories because may forget somebody's face you met or |
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| 30:35 | location, the address of the store if you want them many times. |
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| 30:40 | if you learn how to ride a And you haven't written it for 1520 |
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| 30:45 | you're gonna sit down after just adjusting balance, you're gonna be fine, |
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| 30:49 | gonna know what to do. But you sat down to solve an equation |
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| 30:53 | years later like noticed equation you would know what to do right. You |
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| 31:00 | need some tools to remember. Look up, think about it and that's |
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| 31:04 | big difference here you have these peed that attached to serve alum onto the |
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| 31:08 | stem at mid brain which is responsible and motor functions including eye movement. |
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| 31:15 | talk about this coordination of visual and reflexes and we'll also talk about |
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| 31:22 | And don cephalon which is Staal emus all of the information from all over |
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| 31:28 | . N. S. So all the sensor information, auditory visual, |
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| 31:33 | will all have the thalamic centers and information from thalamus will be communicated into |
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| 31:40 | cortex. Hypothalamus underneath is responsible for involuntary bodily functions. It's involved in |
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| 31:48 | neuro neuro endocrine system hypothalamus. So can control hormone induced hormone release that |
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| 31:58 | be systemic essentially. You may have of something that is called HP. |
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| 32:05 | access hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis. This the major stress system in the body |
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| 32:17 | . To access controlling the stress hormone . And so hippocampus hypothalamus will be |
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| 32:25 | in in controlling some of these cortisol functions influencing them also. And these |
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| 32:33 | all functions. Hypothalamus also has a loose blood brain barrier. So it |
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| 32:40 | as a gauge for measuring changes in blood, even temperature or sometimes even |
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| 32:48 | . There's something toxic in the blood will start affecting his hypothalamus. And |
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| 32:55 | have cerebral hemispheres, you have cerebral and some major nuclei really structures within |
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| 33:02 | hemispheres, nuclei is again the term is used that means that the cells |
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| 33:09 | those structures will be performing the a very similar functions and basal |
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| 33:13 | It will be control of movement and command initiation in hippocampus. The cells |
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| 33:18 | encoding learning memory, recalling the memory is another very important center that is |
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| 33:25 | about our fear center in the brain the center that reads emotions on the |
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| 33:32 | . To understand whether the person has intentions or or or bad intentions towards |
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| 33:40 | by reading their face. This is image where even a simple task will |
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| 33:48 | all of these different areas of the . So you have a ball flying |
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| 33:52 | the tennis court and if you are here now how should I prepare to |
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| 34:01 | and hit the ball? So you the ball flying? So what gets |
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| 34:05 | ? Your visual centers get engaged? see the ball flying. Start thinking |
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| 34:10 | is this ball going to lying doing some mental calculation of this ball |
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| 34:14 | across the over than that. You're the ball, you're thinking about the |
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| 34:21 | and you have all of these patterns the primary motor cortex, you also |
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| 34:26 | an amygdala which is controlling homeostasis and would also emotion emotional response and it's |
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| 34:35 | emotional center. The hypothalamus is giving motivation to hit a good shot. |
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| 34:42 | if you look at the structure like , just remember how it hit that |
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| 34:47 | point ball. So hippocampus is thinking sort of like the memory of how |
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| 34:54 | happened and maybe the sequence of the , what happened before, what will |
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| 34:58 | after you have this motor pattern and recall that is happening at the basal |
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| 35:07 | . To a lot of motor patterns stored in basal ganglia. And the |
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| 35:12 | motor cortex will command that motor So they execute this motor pattern and |
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| 35:17 | will communicate the basal ganglia boom. will produce some sequence, you know |
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| 35:22 | the ball for example basketball, that's pattern. Now where is my body |
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| 35:31 | my arm? This is cerebellum. also involved in what is called appropriate |
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| 35:38 | , appropriate exception is understanding the obvious skin of muscles and joints in |
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| 35:46 | really to gravity and controlling your gravity . This is appropriate section. So |
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| 35:52 | lot of it has to do with and also balance centers. Okay. |
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| 35:58 | huh. You initiate these commands in cortex, basal ganglia. But then |
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| 36:06 | can adjust these commands through cerebellum. in tennis it can happen maybe on |
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| 36:14 | clay court where you have to do quick adjustment. But a very good |
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| 36:18 | in the sport we have a lot adjustments. It's racquetball. Okay because |
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| 36:25 | has walls and the balls bounce off and depending on which angle the ball |
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| 36:31 | going to hit the wall on or spin it has, it can bottles |
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| 36:35 | the wall or you can stick closer the wall. So if you don't |
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| 36:39 | you're prepared to hit with a front . You see that the ball is |
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| 36:42 | going to go around you. You sir balan is going to say no |
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| 36:46 | the justice motor command maybe and go this. And so once it's already |
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| 36:50 | initiated the cerebellum is sort of like middle management fix us a little bit |
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| 36:57 | get a good shot at it. once behavior was initiated many adjustments can |
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| 37:04 | made. Brain stem will be controlling , heart rate, respiratory functions. |
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| 37:12 | a great labeling diagrams for the exam will not be on the quiz. |
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| 37:19 | parts of the brain. So you visual cortex areas 17 18 19 But |
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| 37:26 | primary area is 17 just in the of the brain here then we have |
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| 37:32 | cephalon just stalinists and its information from over C. N. S. |
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| 37:38 | route to cortex. This is the here. The thalamus is a collection |
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| 37:43 | different nuclei and each nucleus is responsible a specific function. So when we |
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| 37:49 | about the visual system we're gonna talk my favorite thalamic nucleus called lateral gene |
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| 37:55 | nucleus. It's my favorite because I it as a graduate student Or for |
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| 38:00 | five years and that's where the inputs the retina will come in and they |
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| 38:07 | gonna go into this visual thalamus LG lateral nucleus nucleus. And from that |
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| 38:13 | will go into the visual cortex. if it is a sensor information some |
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| 38:19 | of sensor information it will come from say dorsal column nuclei of the spinal |
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| 38:26 | and it will project in its own matter sensory nucleus which is ventral posterior |
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| 38:32 | nucleus here at the tolerance. And that atomic nucleus is going to go |
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| 38:38 | the Samata sounds like cortex hearing information is not shown here. He's going |
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| 38:44 | come in and it's going to come the medial ju Nicollet nucleus and the |
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| 38:49 | nucleus nucleus hearing. The information is to go into the auditor cortex. |
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| 38:56 | everything before it gets to the cortex through columns and following us for a |
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| 39:03 | time and cells and columnist and an on a called relay cells Because for |
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| 39:08 | long time it was stopped. Well have the retina here. Uh |
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| 39:17 | That retinal projection to L. M. And from L. |
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| 39:21 | M. It goes way back In area of U. one in the |
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| 39:32 | lobe. So these cells here in thalamus and the in the L. |
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| 39:38 | . M. We're called relay Because the function of these new plant |
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| 39:43 | were thought to be passive. It's you know somebody's design decided for this |
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| 39:49 | to be very long now. Why visual cortex? Primary visual cortex right |
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| 39:55 | on the front of the lot next the honest why is it? We'll |
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| 40:01 | a very good answer. But people that this is passive and they thought |
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| 40:12 | was just relay information from the retina from the cochlea. Comes into the |
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| 40:19 | , comes into an auditory problems. there it goes into the visual |
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| 40:23 | It's relaying information. It's passive but know that it is actually gaining information |
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| 40:30 | modulating that signal gating. That means can open the gate closed the |
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| 40:35 | keep the gate more open, keep gate less open, modulated. It |
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| 40:41 | turn up the volume and it's modulated the cortex actually now surrounding these nuclear |
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| 40:49 | nuclei to ease the sheet called ridiculous . It's actually a collection of inhibitory |
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| 40:56 | the Islamic lenticular nucleus that's sort of a mesh sheet. Like covering these |
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| 41:01 | and providing the inhibitors circuits in the years hypothalamus is responsible for economic and |
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| 41:07 | bodily functions and. Visceral functions, temperature appetite, water intake, sexual |
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| 41:16 | , lactation, slow growth like growth the development and super charismatic nucleus is |
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| 41:22 | the hypothalamus which is the master body . It's a nucleus that control your |
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| 41:29 | and wake cycles. Also known as rhythms or diurnal cycles. And in |
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| 41:35 | nucleus you have certain transcription factors that up in the morning and they produce |
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| 41:43 | levels of activity and they essentially tell brain to wake up and then the |
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| 41:49 | factors change in the evening when their body regulating master clock regulating your |
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| 41:56 | saying it's time to go to Very small. Visual input from the |
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| 42:01 | goes into super cosmetic nucleus. It process visual information on the face of |
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| 42:06 | but it will say light on or off. So it will know whether |
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| 42:10 | dark or light outside day or night you have. This structure is here |
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| 42:19 | here is a singularly iris. This the corpus callosum from the sagittal |
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| 42:24 | This is the olfactory bulb that I referring to. You see how small |
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| 42:28 | is but we we we actually rely lot of our sense of smell um |
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| 42:37 | lot more than we think about And interestingly the olfactory centers they there's |
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| 42:45 | arm that bypasses thalamus of the olfactory . We'll talk about it later in |
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| 42:52 | course. This is the hippocampus. you can see hippocampus is located here |
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| 42:57 | humans. It's sort of in the lobe and then the rodents, it's |
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| 43:01 | of up into the pariah well of . So the structures I said that |
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| 43:05 | could be replicated in these circuits are circuits, but sometimes the orientation is |
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| 43:12 | than the location shapes are different This is cerebellum, cerebellum has left |
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| 43:19 | right, sort of all the hemispheres the middle, you have the Vermes |
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| 43:25 | if you take the cerebellum off. we're looking at the back of the |
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| 43:28 | . If we took the cerebellum off we exposed the back we would see |
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| 43:33 | massive cerebellum peed uncles. This is cerebellum literally sits on top of |
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| 43:38 | Been uncles is attached and these are connections that go between cerebellum and cerebrum |
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| 43:45 | back and also between cerebellum into the stem and the spinal cord and spinal |
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| 43:51 | into cerebellum. Also on the back the brain here Is one of my |
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| 43:58 | structures referred to as corporate Quadra Gemini body of four Quadra Gemini nuclei two |
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| 44:07 | them are superior curricula sauce. The and right, superior curricula sauce and |
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| 44:12 | there you have the left and inferior curriculum. Superior calculus will be |
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| 44:18 | psychotic eye movements. These are very eye movements because we don't have a |
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| 44:23 | pursuit. In other words, if is moving in front of us, |
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| 44:28 | eyes will not be able to trace smoothly, you can turn your head |
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| 44:33 | and and focus on that object But if you're not turning your head |
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| 44:38 | the object is moving, your eyes going to jump. It's called psychotic |
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| 44:44 | movement. And refocus on that object fast. Any of you have |
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| 44:49 | cats are really great at psychotic kind movements are sitting there and their eyes |
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| 44:53 | go. These are psychotic eye movements are controlled by superior curriculum is sort |
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| 44:59 | a reflexive movement of the eye into outside visual stimulus. Often that is |
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| 45:05 | moving visual stimulus point. Readjusting the and inferior calculus is responsible for auditory |
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| 45:14 | processing. So we'll learn a lot about both of these uh structures when |
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| 45:20 | study the visual system and then the system here in the middle. You |
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| 45:23 | the pineal body. Remember Renee the thought that that was really uh it's |
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| 45:31 | here for the entry and the connection the spirit. And then the brain |
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| 45:37 | is laden with the cranial nerves. so this is something that we will |
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| 45:41 | in this class. The cranial Remember everything from here down is the |
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| 45:46 | cord is the structure that we The dorsal root ganglion into neurons, |
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| 45:50 | neurons. We don't know that there ascending and descending yet we don't know |
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| 45:54 | that command gets there. We'll look it a little bit. But everything |
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| 45:59 | here. So what moves your What senses touch on the face. |
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| 46:06 | . All of these things happening in head are processed by the cranial |
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| 46:12 | So the first cranial nerve, it actually not shown here is the olfactory |
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| 46:21 | . The second cranial nerve is the nerve here. And you can see |
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| 46:25 | optic nerve comes in. This will from the eyes and optic nerves from |
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| 46:29 | left and the right eye crossover and is called the optic eye. ASM |
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| 46:33 | the middle and from there on it optic tract. So this is cranial |
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| 46:39 | two and then it becomes optic track goes into the thalamus. You have |
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| 46:44 | motor nerve three. You have tragically order for this is the largest cranial |
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| 46:51 | . As the trigeminal nerve. Try germinal three fibers, three bodies. |
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| 46:58 | carries information. So it's comprised of distinct fibers. Okay, What else |
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| 47:04 | we know on here we know number . Here is the vagus nerve. |
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| 47:10 | the vagus nerve we learned about when talked about synaptic transmission and order |
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| 47:16 | When he stimulated vagus nerve, it acetylcholine and then slow down our heart |
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| 47:21 | . The vagus nerve is going to into the heart and it's the most |
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| 47:26 | running cranial nerve throughout the disorder in body. Okay, so let's stick |
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| 47:34 | these cranial nerves and let's understand them little bit better. And for that |
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| 47:41 | actually created the pdf for you on nerves. And I put the following |
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| 47:50 | there. So you know how you remember things it's called pneumonic. And |
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| 47:58 | this is my pneumonic that I I want to say It was a |
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| 48:06 | stormy night 1993. And we were for the human anatomy and physiology |
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| 48:15 | And when I was in college I a sophomore and my college had an |
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| 48:22 | setup for that. We had a cadaver. I got to dissect dissecting |
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| 48:29 | collaborative two years subsequently everything. We one section that was body. So |
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| 48:37 | studied all the organs and everything and was linked to physiology and the other |
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| 48:43 | was head and neck which was linked neuroscience. So when I took neuroscience |
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| 48:48 | why I fell in love with neuroscience because in my I love the science |
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| 48:54 | . But I also loved the I loved kind of a the wetness |
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| 48:59 | lab. But also I wasn't scared gross things, you know like |
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| 49:04 | My professor was really interesting professor. don't have time but I could go |
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| 49:07 | and talk about dr Townsend. I to go and pick up a cadaver |
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| 49:12 | this truck at the university of michigan's truck and carry it back to |
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| 49:18 | And then prepared. There's strict rules regulations. But after Townsend had to |
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| 49:22 | to this cadaver once a year and return all of the pieces from that |
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| 49:27 | cadavers at the end of the year it's very strict rules. So we |
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| 49:30 | dissecting. And when I took this , I I actually had to identify |
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| 49:36 | nerves in the lab on the human on the brain stem. But you |
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| 49:40 | have to do it in class by some of these criminal nerves from these |
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| 49:45 | . So when we were preparing and the cranial nerves for this exiles cranial |
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| 49:50 | , council member and then somebody came with a pneumonic or somebody lift up |
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| 49:56 | and so we came up to bugs says oh to touch and feel very |
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| 50:03 | vegetables. Ah So oh each one 1234512 cranial nerves. The first letter |
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| 50:17 | . Is the first letter of the nerves. So all all factory you |
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| 50:23 | to remember number one is the old . You have to remember number two |
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| 50:26 | optic because we'll talk about optic So these are the cranial nerves. |
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| 50:30 | have to know. What do you ? Ocular motor nerve does popular motor |
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| 50:37 | available? Okay so some of these give away what they do if I |
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| 50:42 | you what ocular motor nerve does, should probably know it. Cochlear |
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| 50:46 | You're not going to study much you should know because it's touch, |
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| 50:50 | sensory motor and it's the largest And so you should be able to |
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| 50:54 | and label the trigeminal nerve for Uh huh abdu since facial the |
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| 51:02 | Coakley. I want you to know Eleanor of a vestibular cochlear because it |
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| 51:07 | come back again when we study the system. What do you think it |
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| 51:11 | vestibular vestibular apparatus. Cochlear hearing. Vegas number 10 I'd like for you |
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| 51:19 | know and because we started it and again you can see the glass of |
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| 51:26 | or hipaa glass. It has something do with blossom with the town movement |
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| 51:30 | the town mastication potentially too. Okay some of these nerves are sensory, |
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| 51:36 | of them are motor and some of are bugs. So we came up |
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| 51:40 | another pneumonic. Bugs bunny says so much money but my brother says bugs |
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| 51:48 | makes more and in this case S for sensory M. Stands for |
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| 51:55 | and B. Stands for both. so so much money for a screen |
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| 52:00 | of S olfactory sensory so so second as sensory so so much 3rd Ner |
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| 52:11 | Motor. No but Number five is sensory and motor. So you can |
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| 52:21 | course come up with your own pneumonic your own way of memorizing. But |
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| 52:26 | is a good way if you can first letter with the name of the |
|
| 52:32 | . Some of the nerve names will out their function. Motor. Ocular |
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| 52:37 | is not a sensory nerve. But second pneumonic will help us S. |
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| 52:43 | . Some BBB whatever, recognize whether motor or both sensory motor. |
|
| 52:51 | So I'm actually going to end here make sure that I can save up |
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| 52:56 | lecture and upload the lecture for Good luck on the quiz today, |
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| 53:01 | your spring break, and I will everyone here in class the week |
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| 53:06 | Thank |
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