| 00:01 | this is mid term to review for and Synaptic transmission communication of 100 billion |
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| 00:11 | in the brain trillions of sin You lay out the brain and the |
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| 00:16 | surfaces like four soccer fields and membrane which is the fabric of our |
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| 00:23 | These guys know Ramon e Cajal uh Charles Sherington, Camelia gold, you |
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| 00:29 | course from the past and below. who discovered neural transmission Siegel Colin by |
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| 00:35 | vagus cranial nerve 10 that goes onto cardiac muscle and causes the slowing of |
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| 00:42 | heart rate and he reapplied the fluid the naive heart and charlotte. Saw |
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| 00:47 | same effect proving chemical neural transmission but also gap junctions, electrical neural |
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| 00:54 | There's advantages for gap junctions there fast allow for cells to synchronize and you |
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| 01:00 | a flux of ions and small molecules could secondary messages between the cells and |
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| 01:06 | . You have chemical and electrical neural in the synopsis. You have access |
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| 01:14 | accident, accident, sonic and gender ready we discussed that acts tectonics in |
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| 01:20 | . You don't really affect how the the cell's integrative properties but it actually |
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| 01:26 | the output properties of the cell where others analysis. Actually somatic an accident |
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| 01:32 | , they affect how the cell is to integrate that information whether it's going |
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| 01:36 | produce an action potential, distinguish between anatomy of typical excitatory around vesicles symmetrical |
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| 01:44 | inhibit their symmetrical number and differentiations with vesicles here, we talked about that |
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| 01:51 | things. We talked about the neuro junction. We talked about the employees |
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| 01:57 | . We talked about how the release acetylcholine will activate. Only nicotine acetylcholine |
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| 02:03 | is different from the cardiac muscle. a skeletal muscle will activate and open |
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| 02:08 | nicotine acetylcholine receptors will cause very large polarization, employed potential and more than |
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| 02:15 | million volts and amplitude that deep polarization activate down located here in the genre |
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| 02:22 | false both educated sodium channels and calcium and generating twitch of a muscle or |
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| 02:29 | action potential muscular action potential. So high fidelity. Very high functioning synapse |
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| 02:36 | deep polarization at the level of that on here causes a twitch of a |
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| 02:42 | because of the employee potential or P. P. Being 70 million |
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| 02:46 | in size or larger. So review neurotransmitter criteria. You have to synthesize |
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| 02:53 | enzymes that degrade them and then you to have a whole system plus sin |
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| 02:57 | binding the iron a tropic in The tropic receptor assistance. We'll come |
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| 03:04 | to this one but review this that need deep polarization calcium entry for the |
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| 03:13 | . Oh sis. And this whole of endo acidosis as well. Um |
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| 03:25 | is in the synapses in the sea ask there's full and partial fusion. |
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| 03:31 | you should review that uh in the Colin signaling. We talked about the |
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| 03:38 | butcher line um and botulinum toxins that interfere with this particular protein complex binding |
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| 03:47 | the member and protein complex and therefore the civil Colin release. Uh So |
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| 03:53 | is prison attic person athletically you have effect from Taiwan East cobra and organophosphates |
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| 04:02 | have their effect within the synapses effective a steel coal industries. So fast |
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| 04:09 | transmission in the brain is mediated in cNS, primarily by glutamate and excited |
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| 04:15 | arpa synaptic potentials. But the single activation of a single synapse would result |
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| 04:22 | a very small deep polarization, about million volts on the half a |
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| 04:27 | Also as opposed to the neuro muscular 70 million volts one synapse here is |
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| 04:32 | million. So you need to have different active synapses and continuous neurotransmitter, |
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| 04:37 | neurotransmitter release in order to reach the for the action potential generation. Uh |
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| 04:46 | is mediated by Gaba and binding of gabba A channels or cause an influx |
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| 04:53 | fluoride and I. P. P. N. I. |
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| 04:55 | S. P. S. A synapses are also approximately 0.5 million volt |
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| 05:01 | polarization. Have I. On a versus a memorable tropic signaling. I |
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| 05:06 | tropic is when the wagon the molecule Colin agonist binds to a receptor and |
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| 05:15 | receptor is a channel. And metabolic is when that receptor is not a |
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| 05:21 | but it has been linked to ju and it can affect nearby ionic channels |
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| 05:27 | through membrane attached or not membrane attached messenger cascades inside the cells you will |
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| 05:35 | responsible for a single Colin synthesis. when the seal cohen Coley in chats |
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| 05:42 | colima settle transfers. There's a ch till column is loaded up in the |
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| 05:48 | released in the CMS. You have , a tropical single color receptors in |
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| 05:53 | metadata, tropical single color receptors. they will be different. The function |
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| 05:58 | different and this is different from the muscle and this is different from the |
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| 06:02 | muscle but in particular in the skeletal you only have nicotine in K |
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| 06:07 | H. So it's only an excited synopsis. And in the cns synopsis |
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| 06:13 | we have glutamate synopsis which are excited gavel synopsis which inhibitor but a ch |
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| 06:19 | nicotine nick acetylcholine receptors will cause deep and through mascara nick or metal tropic |
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| 06:27 | receptors will cause hyper polarization in the cell. Once a seal Colin is |
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| 06:32 | , it gets broken down by acidic unnecessary succeeded caster mccollum gets transported back |
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| 06:37 | sodium and chatted back into pseudo And we discussed that medications for Alzheimer's |
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| 06:42 | targeted local investor racers by blocking the of acetylcholine aster is a pseudo cooling |
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| 06:49 | blocking um That's the local investor There is an increase in the civil |
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| 06:56 | signaling. And so we discussed that alzheimer's medication this is a system, |
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| 07:01 | system that has appeared early on in court, taxes a little cooling |
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| 07:08 | Okay, so organophosphates will also do same thing if you're this is the |
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| 07:15 | , it can masquerade nick. They their own agonist nicotine in Muscatine. |
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| 07:18 | had their own antagonist career in Can we check the questions really |
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| 07:25 | If I can open it? It's letting me so I'll get back to |
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| 07:33 | second. We reviewed that the same of principles exists for cattle colony. |
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| 07:38 | so we reviewed that uh dopa and and then later norepinephrine and epinephrine come |
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| 07:44 | tyrosine. Um And we discussed in detail norepinephrine actually and signaling through europe |
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| 07:51 | africa uh and came back and talked amino acid in your transmission again how |
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| 08:01 | of the sounds that are inhibitory cells contain britannicus and deeper box Alice. |
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| 08:06 | if you declare boxing it or you the C. O. H. |
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| 08:10 | , this is Citigroup away you basically glutamate produced gabba. So it's one |
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| 08:15 | reaction away. The major excitatory cns into major inhibitory neurotransmitter. We talked |
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| 08:24 | about serotonin and how antidepressant medications and medications can control. Also the re |
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| 08:33 | of these molecules just a breakdown in synaptic club but also re uptake of |
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| 08:37 | molecules and how each one of these systems serotonin or cata cola means and |
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| 08:45 | . They're involved in different functions. moods, appetite, sleep learning control |
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| 08:51 | so on. And then we talked in the cannabinoids for under cannabinoids. |
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| 08:55 | discussed that there is two major endocannabinoid A tour and and to r. |
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| 09:00 | . Donnelley and Glycerol and with deep significant deep polarization and both inhibitor and |
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| 09:07 | synopsis you can have increased production. synthesis of endocannabinoid with the influx of |
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| 09:15 | and other cannabinoids are not stored in vesicles. Like all of these southern |
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| 09:19 | york transmitters were just discussing. Instead used freely through plasma membrane and retrograde |
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| 09:24 | . The target CB one receptors that located pre synaptic Lee and these are |
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| 09:30 | couple receptors. So this metal tropic one receptors will actually regulate calcium channels |
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| 09:35 | will close this calcium channels and regulate release of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters so |
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| 09:42 | they can harmonize through this negative feedback the pre synaptic side and through a |
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| 09:47 | bit tropic signaling control the excitatory glutamate inhibitory gaba room. He's balancing excitation |
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| 09:55 | inhibition in the brain and delta nine or delta nine tetrahydrocannabinol also actually receive |
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| 10:02 | on receptors primarily in the brain. there is also another subtype of receptors |
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| 10:07 | CB two. Cannabinoid receptor two in brain primarily expressed and we have dominated |
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| 10:14 | in the body and the spleen organs are associated with immune function and immune |
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| 10:20 | interrogates signaling is the release of neurotransmitter pre synaptic, post synaptic retrograde signaling |
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| 10:26 | that neurotransmitter traveling from post synaptic side binding to pre synaptic receptors. This |
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| 10:32 | also true for the gasses nitrous oxide carbon monoxide that act in the same |
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| 10:38 | . There are also numbering soluble not in vesicles and have their pre synaptic |
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| 10:43 | oxide Carbon monoxide target receptors to identify cells. We use these techniques, |
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| 10:50 | history chemistry in situ hybridization and caging neurotransmitters as well as another technique that |
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| 10:57 | discussed that was. And caging of neurotransmitters and the neurotransmitter mimic re which |
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| 11:05 | shown here. Of course. For spatial summation, neurons can have |
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| 11:12 | summation. So several synapses active at same time will submit that signal. |
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| 11:17 | that signal from $0.5 million from one can become 1.5 million volt. And |
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| 11:23 | you have 40 50 active excited tourist , it can reach now the ps |
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| 11:28 | and become large enough to reach minus which is the threshold for action potential |
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| 11:33 | . If you do dumper all summation means a high frequency discharge of the |
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| 11:38 | actual potential pie spike. Again you get a much larger mps B but |
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| 11:45 | reach the same altitude as it does the spatial summation. That's because there's |
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| 11:49 | slight delay if you're activating the same and time, there's time delay here |
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| 11:55 | allows for the cps be to start polarizing rather than immediate response From spatially |
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| 12:02 | three synopsis that are activated at the time. And unlike in axons that |
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| 12:08 | this action potential and reproduce it and salty Tory conduction where each note of |
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| 12:15 | that there is a break out of action potential and is the same uplifted |
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| 12:20 | the axon initial segment. Ah And acts on terminal And the synapse. |
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| 12:28 | not the case with dendritic cables. cable is not Meilen eight. It's |
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| 12:34 | not fully insulated. So that means current is going to escape. And |
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| 12:38 | we talked about this Lamb. The or the length constant and length constant |
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| 12:45 | essentially if you inject the current which your 100% the zero value here at |
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| 12:53 | injection, 100% current. And then place electrodes a long list and cable |
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| 12:58 | measure how does this current decay of distance. And where does this |
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| 13:05 | Over distance reach 37% of its That by definition is the voltage. |
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| 13:15 | value. The λ and λ stands the length constant. So how far |
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| 13:24 | this dendrite the signal is going to before it reaches 37% value is the |
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| 13:31 | constant. So if for some reason have a lot of channels open and |
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| 13:37 | you haven't done really cable that has high densities of channels. This lambda |
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| 13:44 | Shorter, reaching 37% value here. if you have a longer length |
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| 13:50 | that means that signal from its maximum will travel a longer distance here before |
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| 13:56 | reaches its 37% value of video. this is synaptic integration and then for |
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| 14:05 | and for inhibitory responses if you have synapse, it's not enough. 0.5 |
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| 14:11 | volts 40 million balls may not be because you have inhibition. If there |
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| 14:15 | no inhibition you have excitation and you from the soma most of that or |
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| 14:22 | of that signal from that synapses going reach the soma. But if you |
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| 14:29 | inhibition along the way then you need have a lot more excitation. Because |
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| 14:33 | you activate inhibition not only hyper polarizes cells but it also shunts the currents |
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| 14:39 | of this dendritic cable and by shunting currents out at the level of the |
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| 14:46 | the inhumane get no deep polarization no at all. So modulation when we |
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| 14:55 | about modulation we talk of course about G protein coupled cascades that are through |
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| 15:02 | sideways potentially cycling KMp protein kindnesses. we'll come back to a different diagram |
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| 15:07 | we talk about this again these are neurotransmitter assistance that we discussed. And |
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| 15:12 | we talk about dad's neural transmission glutamate gaba of course they have. I |
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| 15:18 | tropic and metabolic tropic receptors but signaling ion a tropic receptors as fast acetylcholine |
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| 15:24 | . I wanna tropic and metal tropic receptors but serotonin and catalonians they communicate |
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| 15:32 | through metaphor tropic signaling. And so is different because they are also expressed |
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| 15:39 | throughout the brain as opposed to the acids neurotransmitters. This is again you're |
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| 15:45 | pharmacology of versatile colon and the sigmoid on the metal but tropic side when |
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| 15:51 | activate a single colon was koranic receptor actually open potassium channel. So when |
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| 15:57 | activate nicotine receptor, sodium comes in d polarizes the cell. When you |
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| 16:04 | medical tropic must complement receptor you have cheap protein couple protein, a reaction |
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| 16:10 | actually opens potassium channel potassium leaving will polarized. The sound. Glutamate is |
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| 16:19 | much uh important to realize that glia all in glutamate signaling and glutamate |
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| 16:26 | Again, you'll have that iona tropic metabolic. Tropical little interceptors had a |
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| 16:32 | means movement, mood, attention and function dopamine. So dopamine disorder would |
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| 16:38 | associated with Parkinson's disease, attention, function, adrenaline of the brain, |
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| 16:47 | control serotonin also mood. So they overlapping functions as neurotransmitters definitely. But |
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| 16:54 | can see that they do sub they're kind of a distinct functions in |
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| 17:00 | brain. For the norepinephrine. What looked at is this push pull |
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| 17:06 | this classical push pull system where two tropic receptors, if you have an |
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| 17:12 | Colin, you have nicotine acetylcholine receptor in opposite way too meta tropic masculinity |
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| 17:19 | receptor then here you have to some of metal tropic receptors. One is |
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| 17:29 | receptor, another one is alpha two , norepinephrine binding to beta receptor stimulates |
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| 17:36 | production of cycle game be through a sightly stimulation and stimulates the production of |
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| 17:42 | kinase assay and protein kindnesses for late and can open channels and keep them |
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| 17:48 | and in nearby the same molecule norepinephrine activate alpha two receptor causing an inhibition |
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| 17:56 | the identical cyclists and decrease incitement campaign decrease in protein kindness production. So |
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| 18:04 | have this one is pushing production of like mp important kind say another one |
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| 18:09 | pulling away from producing more of These systems that we discussed like norepinephrine |
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| 18:16 | serotonin or even other systems. So you have a subtle Colin system here |
|
| 18:21 | we discussed some greater life. See cooling system you see in green. |
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| 18:27 | are the nuclei in the C. . S where you will find a |
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| 18:31 | moe's that produces silk Colin and nowhere . So if you look at this |
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| 18:41 | , so this is the magno cellular for brain produces acetylcholine and particular Pantene |
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| 18:48 | ladder and also took mental nuclei produces Colleen. What does that mean that |
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| 18:55 | act songs or seal Colin. Is going to be found in these two |
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| 19:00 | . No, because this diagram in streets is better just like for a |
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| 19:07 | goal in the same as the case snore and offering the same as the |
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| 19:11 | for certain and they have very specific in the brainstem that express these |
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| 19:17 | So the song was of these cells producers. It'll calling that produce more |
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| 19:22 | now from the producer Tony and they in these very distinct areas in the |
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| 19:27 | stem. But the projections out of nuclear the selma's the axons have these |
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| 19:34 | that's all. Most of these massive that come out and project everywhere. |
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| 19:38 | cortical e neo cortical and to serve element into the spinal cord. That's |
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| 19:44 | they're referred to as module a torrey . To because they specifically uh synthesizing |
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| 19:51 | nuclei uh the actor G protein coupled and glutamate and Gaba. The amino |
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| 20:00 | neurotransmitters. Classical amino acid neurotransmitters that discussed. They will be expressed all |
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| 20:07 | . You will find cells that are of litter, mate and hippocampus and |
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| 20:10 | cortex will of gaba in hippocampus and cortex cerebellum and so on and so |
|
| 20:17 | . So that's a big distinction and between these and transmitter systems. So |
|
| 20:22 | to remind you that this process is to as deep polarization induced suppression of |
|
| 20:28 | . This process of under cannabinoid Where deep polarization. If you have |
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| 20:33 | lot of deep polarization, what other do is they suppress the release of |
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| 20:40 | . So if it's deep polarization and a Gabbard neurotransmitter, it will be |
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| 20:48 | . Deep polarization induced suppression of an . If it's goalabama Tajik will be |
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| 20:53 | polarization induced suppression of excitation or dsc acids neurotransmitters. Again, they will |
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| 21:02 | their own transporters for glue to Dramaturgical neuro pharmacology. You have glutamate |
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| 21:09 | will buy into three subtypes of receptors are distinguished based on their chemical agonists |
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| 21:14 | antagonists, Tampa and MD and kind they also have different pharmacology so they're |
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| 21:23 | by different agonists and blocked by different have different kinetics when glutamate is released |
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| 21:29 | will immediately open ample channels, sodium uh flux skin causing the initial deep |
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| 21:37 | . And only when magnesium block is through deep polarization than MD. A |
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| 21:43 | will open and cause a significant influx sodium and calcium. The kinetics of |
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| 21:49 | how fast or slow ample is responsible the early PSP component and M. |
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| 21:54 | . A. For the late All of them MD A channels are |
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| 22:00 | to sodium calcium and potassium and only I'm for channels are permeable to calcium |
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| 22:07 | conductance from conductance perspective than India channels much larger conductors. 50 PICO seamans |
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| 22:14 | also have their own distinct antagonist, key name is blocked by seeing |
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| 22:19 | X. And an M. A receptor sites are blocked by a |
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| 22:24 | . Because and I'm the areas after to detect glutamate. It also actually |
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| 22:29 | a glycerine as a co factor to function. And it has to have |
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| 22:35 | deep polarization person ethically so it has have the pre synaptic component and passed |
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| 22:40 | at the deep polarization because of that referred to as coincident sector. It's |
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| 22:45 | detective pre synaptic and possible objectivity and not to be confused that NMDA receptor |
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| 22:51 | a metal tropic with um interception because NMDA receptors just blocked by magnesium. |
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| 22:56 | is not do protean couple. So India is responsible for the late portion |
|
| 23:01 | the PSP and has a slower kinetics you can see that there's many other |
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| 23:07 | uh such as PCP and even zinc has binding sites on an M. |
|
| 23:11 | . A receptor. In this example discuss that if you use a voltage |
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| 23:16 | and you record currents, glutamate induced and you block ampara receptors. What |
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| 23:23 | see is a normal physiological at $1.2 -60 million volts. You barely see |
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| 23:31 | opening of the channels. You have de polarize the member and potential to |
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| 23:35 | 30 to start seeing the opening of channels at zero million volts. It's |
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| 23:40 | reversal for an M. D. receptor. It's an equilibrium potential for |
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| 23:44 | M. D. A receptor positive you can see more significant current. |
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| 23:49 | it's rectifying awkwardly produces actually and prefers conduct current awkwardly. But this is |
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| 23:55 | physiological really because most of the South live in this dynamic Range of -80 |
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| 24:04 | -30 mil levels in normal conditions. if you remove magnesium from the solution |
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| 24:11 | you use the same voltage clamp and release glutamate and you have ample blocked |
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| 24:15 | you're recording an MD occurrence, you see the opening of an MD. |
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| 24:18 | channels and this proves that if you magnesium blog glutamate we'll activate an NBA |
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| 24:25 | . So in the absence of magnesium decrease of magnesium and India channels are |
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| 24:29 | to be a lot more responsive to . They're going to be open and |
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| 24:34 | magnesium condition can cause massive hyper excitability the brains leading to seizures actually. |
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| 24:42 | apps too much excitation. Too much domain causing really made toxicity potential. |
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| 24:49 | two I. D. Plots that discussed where for the fast Tampa early |
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| 24:55 | and late slow an MD. A . So if you voltage clamped at |
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| 25:00 | 80 and you stimulate glutamate with this is and then you take a measurement |
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| 25:06 | how much current there is minus For the early component you will see |
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| 25:12 | emperor receptors show triangles have a linear . V. Plot. Um and |
|
| 25:18 | reversal at zero million balls. And you measure this lake current and the |
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| 25:24 | of late current you will see that -80 million balls. This would be |
|
| 25:27 | circles here that are filled circles. filled circles Are showing that at -80 |
|
| 25:35 | , 70. You don't have much the current compared to the and put |
|
| 25:39 | -60 and so on. Only at minus 40 or so in India current |
|
| 25:46 | significant. It's non linear versus zero and it is rectifying in this outward |
|
| 25:55 | . Of course the positive charge flow the outward direction. So if you |
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| 25:59 | an M. D. A current which is a PV and it |
|
| 26:05 | The fact that early component, what do is you take an early measurement |
|
| 26:09 | one of these is early component with P. V. In it. |
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| 26:15 | early component without a PV in It doesn't change anything about the early |
|
| 26:19 | . This A PV is a specific of an M. D. |
|
| 26:22 | Current. And if you measure a current in the presence of a PV |
|
| 26:27 | will see are these open circles and open circles is near flat line here |
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| 26:33 | you that there is no late current because you blocked it and there is |
|
| 26:40 | more current that you would see. so the late current the NMDA currents |
|
| 26:45 | the PSB is illustrated here in blue and this is the blue current that |
|
| 26:50 | be blocked in the presence of a . And would produce this open circle |
|
| 26:57 | . I hope that explained a few that were there earlier. This is |
|
| 27:02 | interesting talk about switching Q. R . Yes, for glutamine, arginine |
|
| 27:11 | no single amino acid substitution can influence the hamper channel is permeable to calcium |
|
| 27:17 | early stages. Only an M. . A receptor is expressed or what |
|
| 27:21 | call a silent synapses And then there's subunit shifts in M. D. |
|
| 27:26 | receptor is called the development or Tajani uh dramaturgical signaling in India receptors and |
|
| 27:33 | silence and absence because nothing is going be polarized plasma membrane in the absence |
|
| 27:38 | ampara it's only an NBA receptors that affected, expressed at the very early |
|
| 27:44 | and then later ample receptors come into . There is of course changes with |
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| 27:49 | and activity, ample receptors can move and out of the synapses in the |
|
| 27:53 | way there's significant plasticity. LDP Test for long term plasticity that is |
|
| 27:59 | by the odometer GIC nmd and Amber's for metal to tropic glutamate. We |
|
| 28:06 | . This is really important pathway that you activate metal tropical glutamate receptors you |
|
| 28:12 | P. I. P two through ibc into membrane bond So glycerol which |
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| 28:18 | influence the protein kinase C. And divergence of this pathway into production of |
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| 28:23 | nostril triphosphate and activation of the P. Three receptor on the smooth |
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| 28:30 | the plasma, particularly inducing an inter calcium release. For calcium is not |
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| 28:35 | an ion but also a secondary Gaba. Ergic transmission. Gaba binding |
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| 28:42 | A receptor in particular will cause the of chloride and inhibition or hyper polarization |
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| 28:51 | of activity in the brain. So of Gabba increases in tradition or dampens |
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| 28:57 | in the brain. It's also aside ethanol, benzodiazepine and barbiturate nurse steroid |
|
| 29:04 | Gaba A receptors and Gabby receptors Gaba receptors uh when you bind Gabba to |
|
| 29:12 | chloride influx is gotta be receptors they tied through g protein complex to |
|
| 29:19 | They can block calcium influx and potassium and they can open potassium channels and |
|
| 29:26 | potassium influx. So we discussed this synapse here and this is just in |
|
| 29:35 | putting everything together. You can have glutamate synapse and if you have significant |
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| 29:39 | of calcium you can activate calcium kinds . And Gaba B receptors are located |
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| 29:48 | prison optically and pasin optically. So receptors prison optically will block calcium influx |
|
| 29:55 | control neurotransmitter release is simulated in a to The CB one receptor function and |
|
| 30:03 | an optical Gabby receptors can open potassium and cause hyper polarization. So Gabba |
|
| 30:12 | , if this gaba synapses that are here inhibitory synapses through Gaba receptor a |
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| 30:19 | that will cause influx of chloride causing early I PSP inhibitory boston after potential |
|
| 30:25 | the late hyper polarization through opening of potassium channels through the gabba. Be |
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| 30:31 | , tropic activation and prison optically. this ambient gaba travels over here it |
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| 30:38 | block further gabble release. So you an auto receptor regulation and if you |
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| 30:43 | a lot of gabba that spills over an adjacent excitatory synapse. It can |
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| 30:48 | control the release of glutamate by activated synaptic gaba receptors on the grid And |
|
| 30:55 | synopsis. Um So you can see that this very intricate interactions here between |
|
| 31:04 | A. Yeah baby receptors, potassium channels and an M. D. |
|
| 31:08 | receptor. Is this is a great questions for labeling diagram or identification for |
|
| 31:14 | exam. This is an example again if you stimulate synopsis that have excited |
|
| 31:20 | input. So this is a stimulus will first produce E. P. |
|
| 31:23 | . P. And if the synopsis flying to surrounded or innovated by inhibitory |
|
| 31:30 | . Boom Gaba A will inhibit the . P. S. P. |
|
| 31:34 | an influx of chloride trying to drive number of potential to the reversal potential |
|
| 31:39 | fluoride which is 1 70 million balls by the activation of the Gaba b |
|
| 31:44 | and opening of the potassium channel And flux of the potassium trying to reach |
|
| 31:50 | potassium including potential of -19 million walls grab a beer uh through gabby activation |
|
| 31:57 | opening of the potassium channels. And you if you block Gaba a receptor |
|
| 32:05 | is bike succulent. If you block gabba a response and you have in |
|
| 32:11 | and two it's exact same stimulus. you can see that if you have |
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| 32:16 | excitation is followed by inhibition. Kind controls and checks excitation inhibition. And |
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| 32:23 | you don't, if you block Gabbeh Baekje column you can see this massive |
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| 32:30 | de polarizing plateau potential that you can in the cells. So a little |
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| 32:35 | about the structure of the G protein receptors is seven trans member and spanning |
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| 32:43 | analysis and a variety of different mineral receptor signaling from Seattle Colleen Gaba, |
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| 32:51 | dopamine norepinephrine couple of cannabinoids https https only just the energy molecule and also |
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| 32:58 | to dentists and receptors. And we also the caffeine too Dennis and recep |
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| 33:06 | . Uh Yeah Dennis and acceptance as . Uh This is transmitted gated channel |
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| 33:15 | . So of course it's different from G protein coupled structure here you have |
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| 33:22 | little cold in receptor in particular has sub units. Each one of these |
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| 33:28 | four trans member incitement. Someone threw for what is notable here is different |
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| 33:35 | of these subunits that cause a variety subtypes of gaba and Gaba B |
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| 33:41 | And some of the interesting things is , nick must clinic or stuff. |
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| 33:44 | afternoon nicotine Mascarenas, agonist, cura pena's antagonists. Um you have to |
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| 33:51 | I am from India of course uh the gabba gabba G. And you |
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| 33:55 | know by curriculum is the antagonist of a alpha I'm sorry 80 P. |
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| 34:03 | denison receptors. A type dennison is agonist would discuss that a TPS and |
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| 34:08 | agonist for different type of denison receptor P two X receptor But it's still |
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| 34:15 | the dentist and receptor because they 80 stands for a dentist and triphosphate. |
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| 34:22 | there you have caffeine as an antagonist a denison. So you have these |
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| 34:30 | that are dentists in is caffeine. it does is uh increases glutamate signaling |
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| 34:37 | a dentist and dampens glutamate signaling. in the evening time a dentist and |
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| 34:42 | go up and dampen glutamate release and activity quieted down and let it ambition |
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| 34:51 | more active and caffeine does the it increases glutamate released through a dentist |
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| 34:57 | receptors through g protein coupled system. is the amplification that you can see |
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| 35:03 | also different uh divergence, convergence, , parallel streams that you would see |
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| 35:09 | this Nero chemical signaling and after our discussions in your transmission and you already |
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| 35:17 | a quiz on this, there will more questions on the exam and there's |
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| 35:23 | lot of good labeling questions that is to come from the cns and as |
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| 35:28 | said, I'm not going to do a review of the Cns because we |
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| 35:33 | finished talking about it in the last of days. But I would be |
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| 35:37 | to take any questions you may And other than that, I'm gonna |
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| 35:43 | it here with the recording today. luck on your |
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