| 00:05 | Testing testing. There we go. . Okay everybody here. Okay. |
|
| 00:18 | so that's a little loud. Um if this is your first day actually |
|
| 00:29 | think last night midnight was the last day to sign up for any course |
|
| 00:36 | the university so um but if you sign up last night uh we don't |
|
| 00:42 | access to bible yet. Um But will you know either later today or |
|
| 00:49 | if you wanted syllabus just email me can send you that but if you |
|
| 00:54 | a little bit you'll have access to board. Um So what else? |
|
| 01:00 | we got the clickers remember uh I I refreshed again right before class so |
|
| 01:10 | you're like a late registering the clickers check now if you want or uh |
|
| 01:18 | after today I'll upload again. Pretty again today the points. And so |
|
| 01:23 | really just to make sure that you're your points that's really what we're doing |
|
| 01:27 | now okay It doesn't count for anything it will count thursday. Okay so |
|
| 01:34 | I'm gonna wipe the slate clean so I'm gonna delete everything uh thursday afternoon |
|
| 01:40 | I upload the points from thursday so now and then make sure you're seeing |
|
| 01:47 | points. If you have any issues to a thicker support. That's all |
|
| 01:51 | information. The syllabus. Okay There's uh go behind the library there's like |
|
| 01:56 | there's only one entrance behind you go to the basement U. H. |
|
| 02:00 | . T. Can help you with as well time. Um Alright so |
|
| 02:07 | week I sent an email yesterday. And that's the kind of emails you'll |
|
| 02:12 | every week actually twice a week Mondays Thursdays I send this out. This |
|
| 02:17 | just just as reminders um of course this stuff is posted on blackboard and |
|
| 02:23 | as well a few days for things whatnot. So um but it doesn't |
|
| 02:27 | just to keep uh inundating you so don't forget. Right? Um So |
|
| 02:33 | be the first weekly quiz will be friday through monday. Right? Those |
|
| 02:41 | things always cover what we talked about previous Tuesday Thursday. Right? But |
|
| 02:45 | will also cover last week so it's chapter one and whatever we cover in |
|
| 02:51 | three on thursday will be the weekly . Okay um remember. Right? |
|
| 02:58 | if if you're in lab if you're lab as well the lab quiz is |
|
| 03:06 | through sunday so don't confuse yourself. ? So thursday through sunday is a |
|
| 03:12 | quiz. If you're in lab friday quiz here. Right? So make |
|
| 03:17 | you've got those two things straight. ? Um and then there's the first |
|
| 03:22 | work it's time to do so uh reminds me so if you did sign |
|
| 03:28 | for a free trial. Okay. work that whenever you started it right |
|
| 03:36 | two weeks it's done. Right? make sure that you know you you |
|
| 03:43 | get the homework that once you get of the trial here that you transition |
|
| 03:47 | the non free period so just be of that. Um Okay, so |
|
| 03:56 | I want to start with was kind just a recap. Ok, what |
|
| 03:59 | talked about last time? Okay. just going here wait, there we |
|
| 04:10 | . Oh, I meant to put in. I had a major |
|
| 04:17 | Alright, this will happen that semester mean I'm getting seen now yet. |
|
| 04:21 | . Uh But I think uh I it was my class because of the |
|
| 04:28 | might have pointed it out. So you see something that's weird. Always |
|
| 04:31 | me out on it. Number I actually had written here in the |
|
| 04:35 | slide, I said marine microbes supplies of years or two. That's |
|
| 04:41 | It's not. It is 50%. . And I completely like I thought |
|
| 04:46 | was zero there I guess, but wasn't. But that is a true |
|
| 04:51 | , right? 50%. Not just factoid. Not that I'm gonna test |
|
| 04:56 | on it, but just to be . Alright. I just wanted to |
|
| 05:00 | that out and while I'm here, other thing is let me go over |
|
| 05:07 | . All right, this is a site. So remember that any any |
|
| 05:13 | you may see. So I come with different ways to present things all |
|
| 05:18 | time. And so I kind of thicker slides will be in here as |
|
| 05:22 | , but if you see something that you wait, I don't have it |
|
| 05:24 | my notes, you'll you'll always have to it where you find it is |
|
| 05:29 | this folder right here. Okay. many unit one folder and a sub |
|
| 05:34 | called quicker question signs and texture So that's where you'll find it. |
|
| 05:39 | , So um now this is this my view, right? You don't |
|
| 05:43 | you won't see. Uh of course see that that's from uh this is |
|
| 05:51 | is not yet reveal yet, but will contain a few other exercise that |
|
| 05:59 | see today. Okay, so always aware of this folder. Right? |
|
| 06:05 | take a look in there to see there's something there's always gonna be clicker |
|
| 06:10 | . That's where they always show But there may be some additional extra |
|
| 06:13 | . So that's where the. so just make a note of |
|
| 06:16 | Um And so of course each unit will have its own similar thing. |
|
| 06:21 | , so that's just something to be of. All Right. Alright, |
|
| 06:25 | enough of that. So let's go to this is for later. Let's |
|
| 06:29 | on to back to here. so uh a little bit of |
|
| 06:35 | right, so we talked about last , kind of the basics of microbiology |
|
| 06:42 | micro right there, microorganisms. Um is an exception to this. |
|
| 06:48 | viruses are the exception uh microbes you know, secular entities after viruses |
|
| 06:55 | self but we call them microbes. You know, they they of course |
|
| 06:59 | reproduce divide. Um They can they evolve and take in food and produce |
|
| 07:07 | . But again remember that viruses got of their own unique thing but we |
|
| 07:10 | consider the microbes. Okay. And we looked at a little bit of |
|
| 07:14 | uh who are the microbes? Right broken down to the different groups. |
|
| 07:22 | et cetera. Um a sailor of of course virus. And try and |
|
| 07:28 | a whole different entity. Okay. we'll talk more about that viruses virus |
|
| 07:34 | friends in the next unit. Okay kind of recapping here what we consider |
|
| 07:40 | microbes? Okay so of course the . Right. Some of those two |
|
| 07:45 | of archaea bacteria. Um So we kind of group more or less our |
|
| 07:55 | temperature loving halo files. Um And again viruses are kind of their own |
|
| 08:03 | micro group. Okay you should be with kind of the sizes, you |
|
| 08:09 | uh distinguished group. Right, nanometer of computer viruses? 1 to 10 |
|
| 08:16 | , bacteria. Archaea 20 and above . So you should have you know |
|
| 08:22 | basic knowledge of that. Um Of which I'm sure you already know the |
|
| 08:28 | you Cariou um variation. So a word here is really um maybe perspectives |
|
| 08:41 | ? Because I don't want you to this. Okay I'm really I'm merely |
|
| 08:45 | showing you know here are what we microbes but then you have these other |
|
| 08:52 | or this other perspective on microbes. so some can be super science can |
|
| 09:00 | you know a bacterium is of course to the naked eye see themselves. |
|
| 09:06 | if if they happen to grow together a plate and then become invisible, |
|
| 09:11 | itself is not a microbe. It's up of microbe, right? Multi |
|
| 09:15 | micro animals. Right? These are tiny animals, but they are |
|
| 09:19 | multicellular organisms. But um and you know, your your own |
|
| 09:25 | right? Just to make up your or don't don't call those microbes. |
|
| 09:30 | they are of course because they're part a larger entity. Right? They |
|
| 09:35 | can really survive when the parliament So again, don't I don't know |
|
| 09:43 | you think is the right word, just presenting presenting to you some kind |
|
| 09:46 | here's what we know our micro terrorism of other things we see in that |
|
| 09:51 | . Okay. Any questions about So um then we talked a little |
|
| 10:00 | taxonomy anytime. And so um the here is Manera. Right? And |
|
| 10:09 | are the groups that contain your Okay. And so Manera is no |
|
| 10:17 | I don't think people really use that anymore. Right? Because now we've |
|
| 10:21 | uh let me just go over They're here. We've gone into uh |
|
| 10:29 | uh okay, so remember your domains was brought about through discovered through the |
|
| 10:37 | of the 16 S. RNA. ? Um the best way. Maybe |
|
| 10:44 | like a corn ball analogy. remember this this right? All |
|
| 10:55 | Okay. And if you want to a molecule for for comparison right? |
|
| 11:01 | compare among different life forms and related . Right? The analogy maybe if |
|
| 11:11 | want to look at the evolution of right, you probably wouldn't pick the |
|
| 11:16 | , right? Because planes of course transportation. But that's a later evolutionary |
|
| 11:22 | , right? It's characteristic. You look at the way that time transportation |
|
| 11:31 | back in the stone ages, anybody . So we look at the wheels |
|
| 11:38 | can make your way back right, can go back to the stone age |
|
| 11:41 | not beyond very far back in You can see when you can see |
|
| 11:47 | translates involved and go way back using characteristic similarly 16 right? Changed a |
|
| 11:55 | over time. You know without the right? We wouldn't have been around |
|
| 11:59 | make a square one. Right? wouldn't work very well. Right? |
|
| 12:02 | so modifications to the wheel, not for me, but maybe how easily |
|
| 12:10 | can rotate right actions. So don't too deep in the weeds of |
|
| 12:14 | But the point is that enables you go way back in time ships because |
|
| 12:19 | get revolution relationships and the life. it's how we discovered that there are |
|
| 12:27 | groups of and bacteria which is Right? And so um so so |
|
| 12:35 | endosymbiont theory explains, you know how . So we know that for the |
|
| 12:42 | life forms on earth and we'll touch that here at the end today, |
|
| 12:46 | at a little bit about the origins microbes. Okay. And then meta |
|
| 12:51 | . Right? So remember that uh your lab of course certain next week |
|
| 12:58 | this week we saw how liquid um week you're going to do your own |
|
| 13:06 | and do street plates and yourselves uh grow on a plate for you is |
|
| 13:14 | small fraction of what's out there, ? Because we don't know what all |
|
| 13:18 | nutritional departments are. The things that out there. Uh Very complex because |
|
| 13:24 | from your culture by themselves in a out there, they're among Thousands of |
|
| 13:31 | species of microbes and others. And so complex feeding uh cross |
|
| 13:38 | right. one. Uh So we know all the relationships and so we |
|
| 13:48 | factors that enable their growth. So why so many things that were not |
|
| 13:51 | to grow in the lab, but can't use it take a genomic to |
|
| 13:57 | , right? Which is basically just a sample but it's dirt or |
|
| 14:03 | whatever you think of. Then cloning pieces of D. N. |
|
| 14:11 | Using recombinant DNA technology. Okay. we derive a live so a sequence |
|
| 14:21 | sequences of everything that are represented in . Okay, you can use that |
|
| 14:26 | different purposes, whether it's that right? And then you see one |
|
| 14:30 | the types of microbes that are out in that environment, example without having |
|
| 14:35 | culture anything because we have mounds of . Right, mounds of data of |
|
| 14:42 | kinds of things that have been Right, Doing that for decades. |
|
| 14:46 | huge database of information that we can . Okay. That's how we can |
|
| 14:53 | identify something that maybe we can't culture proven to be a very um let's |
|
| 15:02 | . So any questions. Probably five . Oh, so, so um |
|
| 15:18 | . So we're gonna today we're gonna a little bit about um your medical |
|
| 15:24 | , uh ecology. Okay, and we get to the ecology |
|
| 15:31 | I'm gonna tie that in with I in this course schedule, the |
|
| 15:41 | our metabolism crazy like that report. so only and I'm doing it in |
|
| 15:48 | context of microbial ecology. Because as get to travel for Rose to get |
|
| 15:55 | to cover metabolism, these kind of things, um you need to |
|
| 16:02 | Okay, so when we get we'll go through it. Okay, |
|
| 16:08 | let's look at this question. This a question. Okay. And I |
|
| 16:12 | this every once in a while. call it like a before and |
|
| 16:15 | Okay, now, and I'll probably take a picture of the data and |
|
| 16:23 | we're gonna see the question toward the . Right? And we're gonna see |
|
| 16:28 | many changes you're gonna change your All right, everybody gets it |
|
| 16:32 | So, as with all these questions you see collecting questions you are uh |
|
| 16:42 | collaborate and he has better than All right, that's fine. So |
|
| 16:48 | fact encourage, right, we're not as your neighbor, they have an |
|
| 16:53 | . Okay, So, um and remember these don't count for anything until |
|
| 17:01 | . Okay, we're gonna put the on it, yep, that one's |
|
| 17:11 | . Okay. Mhm. So as looking at the question, remember spontaneous |
|
| 17:30 | of life from non life. And um as was mentioned after fast |
|
| 17:41 | a few people. Well, how life begin? Wasn't that spontaneous |
|
| 17:48 | Yeah, we have a different name it that we'll discuss that more toward |
|
| 17:54 | end. Okay, Alright, so gonna let it go to one |
|
| 18:06 | Oops, dammit. She's my Okay. Oh, let's see |
|
| 18:17 | Got it. Alright, so onward go. Okay, so pasture. |
|
| 18:25 | the pasture. I don't suppose anybody organic chemistry. Get Yeah. Remember |
|
| 18:33 | extra auditory laboratory molecules concept. I either. So that 40 years |
|
| 18:42 | But um anyway, I was pastor was the one that uh discovered that |
|
| 18:49 | , so he was the 1st 10 , but then he wore a much |
|
| 18:53 | hats. Microbiologist, certainly. Um and so um and of course in |
|
| 19:05 | this argument of spontaneous generation, he himself as well. Okay. And |
|
| 19:09 | we're gonna come back to that first of the big things he does here |
|
| 19:17 | this uh so chemical processes, He's a chemist. He's, you |
|
| 19:22 | , lots of chemists, you obviously you have a very active and |
|
| 19:26 | make products. Right. And so is all thought to be strictly just |
|
| 19:30 | what we call a biotic processes, biotic means something that occurs without |
|
| 19:35 | Okay, So in chemical processes were to be just that eight by from |
|
| 19:42 | product. But there's no other living involved in that. Okay, of |
|
| 19:48 | , that's that's what he discovered among things. Okay. And so he |
|
| 19:53 | in at the request of the french and the french love anything. They |
|
| 20:00 | wine, uh wine. And so was there were problems with production with |
|
| 20:12 | like vinegar or or similar types of taste, not good. Okay, |
|
| 20:19 | he was probably figure out what's going and this is how we discovered |
|
| 20:23 | Okay, so fermentation is basically the basic sense of metabolism without air. |
|
| 20:32 | . Alright. Anaerobic. Okay. so um so the basic equation of |
|
| 20:39 | is grapes. Right. And Right? And let it sit. |
|
| 20:44 | ? And that sitting part sit for while, it will produce ethanol. |
|
| 20:50 | . And so, um and of other chemicals that give wine taste. |
|
| 20:57 | . And so no thoughts strictly thinking is a biotic, no living things |
|
| 21:01 | . Right. Of course, pasture otherwise. Right. Because it's actually |
|
| 21:06 | . He looked under the microscope followed process and saw the company growth of |
|
| 21:12 | . So growing as possible. Making and more product. Right. Thus |
|
| 21:18 | conclusion is cells are what are generating ? The product is a biological metabolism |
|
| 21:26 | on here. Okay, it's a process that their current here. |
|
| 21:30 | so um attributable to East. the question is where these come from |
|
| 21:39 | and water and suddenly your wine, the East at this way for thousands |
|
| 21:49 | years. Right. But it was or pyramid yeasts are where anybody's guess |
|
| 21:57 | we have a few choices here. . Where on the there on the |
|
| 22:05 | . Right. So um or whether hops to make beer, you can |
|
| 22:11 | microbes that are on the actual fruits whatever you're using it for me. |
|
| 22:16 | , And that's the source. Nowadays, of course we have. |
|
| 22:20 | said all kinds of yeast strains and special yeast strains for wine and beer |
|
| 22:26 | , but this is where they Okay, so um but alright, |
|
| 22:32 | if everything goes right, you only this process going on when you have |
|
| 22:37 | microbes introduced, then you can have products for reform. And this is |
|
| 22:42 | you have on right. And so those of you that you too you |
|
| 22:51 | to drink. Okay, assume. if you go order wine in a |
|
| 22:56 | and the guy brings up the bottle he pours a little bit for you |
|
| 22:59 | have a taste, right? That's see it off. So, |
|
| 23:08 | that's what I said. But um , so uh so this comes from |
|
| 23:16 | , of course, right contamination and know, um heat things to eliminate |
|
| 23:27 | what microbes and these kind of especially in milk production. But um |
|
| 23:33 | you know, basically the takeaway here , you know, clean up the |
|
| 23:36 | and how you're doing this to eliminate . Okay, so this out of |
|
| 23:42 | comes a german theory of fermentation um basically says um these these transformations are |
|
| 23:52 | through through so that your micro um the the production of the products |
|
| 24:02 | accompanied by increase in cell numbers. . Which which you can draw the |
|
| 24:08 | ? Okay, microbes are growing and Medtronics. Okay. And that he |
|
| 24:13 | even um microbes that fermented. This fermentation we're talking about. They could |
|
| 24:19 | different products, not just to see gas, it but things like formic |
|
| 24:22 | , appropriate manic acid, uh mute ethanol, different typically short organic alcohols |
|
| 24:31 | uh assets. Okay, and oftentimes one could be that specific for one |
|
| 24:41 | one and product and he could, figured that out. Okay, so |
|
| 24:46 | running theme here is what's in the . Right, So conversion of organic |
|
| 24:51 | by. Okay, so kind of that in the back of your head |
|
| 24:58 | a couple of slides, we will that idea. Okay, so back |
|
| 25:03 | spontaneous generation, so we looked at at the end last time to say |
|
| 25:13 | microbes can only come from so that this kind of experience, of course |
|
| 25:22 | step one is to uh take your . Ok, and these days it |
|
| 25:29 | have been literally like a soup beef or something like that. So they |
|
| 25:34 | to sterilize it, Kill anything that's there and then the 22 um the |
|
| 25:43 | and the variable so the cooling it then leaving the flask open. |
|
| 25:49 | Or sealing it. Okay? It sealed. Never had growth. If |
|
| 25:54 | expose the air you had growth. he had the idea that okay, |
|
| 25:58 | stuff in the air that's falling into , that's causing growth. It's not |
|
| 26:02 | . Okay, of course, that's what those people said, they |
|
| 26:05 | Yeah, this this is a spontaneous . Okay, life coming from non |
|
| 26:11 | . Right? When it was there was no rush. Uh doesn't |
|
| 26:17 | follow the principles you have to have right yet. That final force air |
|
| 26:26 | convinced and ingeniously, just through the design of his flask right, creates |
|
| 26:32 | situation where air can come in. that's the films, the criteria for |
|
| 26:39 | spontaneous generation. People we have air , but the way he designed the |
|
| 26:47 | opening of the flask, right? the swan that flask traps microbes by |
|
| 26:53 | . So air contaminants typically are hitching ride on particles and their pet dander |
|
| 27:03 | particles, etc. Right? So you have to wait for gravity to |
|
| 27:07 | of trap them, which this does you are allowing Aaron, but you |
|
| 27:12 | get contamination of the liquid medium. so you only ever saw growth if |
|
| 27:17 | get the faster touched that the contaminants are in that crack in the neck |
|
| 27:23 | you or you simply just snap off neck, right? Break it and |
|
| 27:28 | it to air. Then you get and so he can see under the |
|
| 27:33 | that uh these contaminants from coming you originally from the air but but he |
|
| 27:39 | the criteria right? So this remained and it was exposed to air. |
|
| 27:44 | so basically life can only come from existing life right now. Yes life |
|
| 27:53 | on this earth obviously by you know being not about that at the end |
|
| 28:01 | aside from that event right, everything his form today is come from pre |
|
| 28:07 | life. Okay. And so um so subsequently you know if you look |
|
| 28:13 | just what is in the air and samples from a tabletop bench top and |
|
| 28:18 | and see that micro was basically Right? In terms of what he |
|
| 28:23 | doing, right? Air or surrounding that these things are everywhere. Okay |
|
| 28:29 | in lab this week, if you're lab you're finding that out if you |
|
| 28:33 | a set of plates where you can air um so and you'll see micro |
|
| 28:42 | gonna pop up right on tomorrow or whatever day lab. So that's why |
|
| 28:49 | have to work with, you have do so in a way that you |
|
| 28:56 | introduce unwanted microbes that's what aseptic technique . So next week. Okay, |
|
| 29:07 | eliminate anyone microbes because we know that . Right. So um and so |
|
| 29:15 | course these when these techniques were developed with gross medium and we'll talk about |
|
| 29:22 | in a second. So, um Tyndall was a guy who repeated |
|
| 29:32 | but significantly there were times when he textures. Okay. But sometimes did |
|
| 29:42 | growth in the classics even after Okay, so basically he's the discoverer |
|
| 29:48 | in those four forming that 30. talk about those guys a few |
|
| 29:53 | But in those performers are existence various , temperature radiation ph Okay. It's |
|
| 30:04 | why we have to use an autoclave sterilize things to kill in those performers |
|
| 30:10 | most other non in those performers are much killed in the first minute or |
|
| 30:16 | of an artifact treatment. But you to be more persistent to kill in |
|
| 30:20 | performers because we're so resistant. And when he found out he had to |
|
| 30:27 | , right. So here's a typical those performing bacteria. Okay, so |
|
| 30:32 | white uh if you will, that's what we call it. Don't worry |
|
| 30:40 | for I think it is. But so these are completely sports here. |
|
| 30:48 | on the set. These are completely cells right here, a vegetative |
|
| 30:55 | simply just a functioning reproducing cell Call it the normal selling. |
|
| 31:01 | Um and so this is a cell here that's in the process of |
|
| 31:07 | Okay. And this is one that , has formed it. Okay, |
|
| 31:11 | you have like three different types typically , so do um sorry um cycles |
|
| 31:22 | so as you boil it. Any of these forms you see? |
|
| 31:30 | uh of of these forms right my pen's not working now. Hold |
|
| 31:37 | . Okay. Any of these forms vegetative types. Those are the ones |
|
| 31:43 | to being killed. These types are these are kind of somewhat in the |
|
| 31:51 | . Okay, Depending on how far they are in their sport formation. |
|
| 31:54 | . But these are resistant. And so as you boil it and |
|
| 32:00 | the vegetative types of rest, when it comes back down and then |
|
| 32:05 | end of sport type, some of with Germany Germany needed to make to |
|
| 32:11 | into uh Find one. Here we . You turn into one of these |
|
| 32:20 | that to a vegetative type when you a seed pour water and so is |
|
| 32:33 | . So what you do is as alternate and everything is killed. |
|
| 32:46 | So that's what you found out you to do it again. This |
|
| 32:50 | this is why we have we have lot of these things, right? |
|
| 32:55 | there's as you learn a few there's two major groups with was the |
|
| 33:05 | that botulism. Right? These are those performing types. Okay. But |
|
| 33:16 | is there's not really too many bad now except for and racks aside from |
|
| 33:24 | , most of those are just kind benign soil bugs. But anyway, |
|
| 33:28 | any questions about that. So um I said, we'll get more nuts |
|
| 33:35 | bolts and those performers later. But okay so so back to this idea |
|
| 33:43 | pasture and in um microbes are responsible converting organic material to end products. |
|
| 33:57 | the idea becomes, well, others these human bodies of ours, these |
|
| 34:06 | organic material material. But um particularly here me at least so maybe disease |
|
| 34:25 | they're transforming the organic beings into Eye disease state. Okay, so |
|
| 34:33 | that's the idea of okay maybe I'm saying is the one that is not |
|
| 34:38 | one that figured out just disease Right? That right? That was |
|
| 34:43 | idea going around, right? So of uh within study and that's what |
|
| 34:52 | study. And so this chain of attributing a profession disease to a specific |
|
| 34:59 | okay. And so right out of box, he he struck pretty |
|
| 35:07 | Okay. But that I mean I take a lot to establish that uh |
|
| 35:13 | he looked at Angela is a disease his time uh he got the country |
|
| 35:22 | a country doctor and so he saw of cattle coming down with this and |
|
| 35:25 | he lived. And so he saw the disease blood the microscope and bam |
|
| 35:34 | saw uh so obviously you look at blood sample you shouldn't have seen. |
|
| 35:47 | . And so obviously signals a septicemia call it a reflection of the |
|
| 35:52 | So and so he saw that And okay, so that became kind |
|
| 35:59 | pretty easy to make the connection. , now get a little more difficult |
|
| 36:04 | you look at tuberculosis. Okay. so the this required a second. |
|
| 36:15 | he couldn't. So it's very disease disease of the lungs. And people |
|
| 36:22 | tuberculosis had a hacking, hacking persistent cough and congestion. So he would |
|
| 36:30 | at uh samples of like flan of and it's kind of hard to find |
|
| 36:38 | right? Because the organism is rather . Okay. You can see in |
|
| 36:47 | context of uh bacteria maybe there it be difficult to not as easy as |
|
| 36:56 | , you see. Oh yeah, definitely bacteria in there. So that's |
|
| 37:00 | it required isolation isolation. And uh is the development now of all these |
|
| 37:07 | techniques that you're learning in lab next . Um street play um technique types |
|
| 37:16 | , right? Um and that that's was developed. So he could isolate |
|
| 37:22 | tuberculosis organism. Okay. And so the of course this it's almost like |
|
| 37:30 | rules, Not surprisingly from this point which is like 1867 from that point |
|
| 37:38 | for like the next 30 years, call the golden because now you have |
|
| 37:42 | vehicle to isolate my and study. this had applications all over us, |
|
| 37:50 | ? When you were a microbial Ecologist immunology or whatever. Now you have |
|
| 37:56 | method to isolate grow stuff and that that's why I feel this exploded after |
|
| 38:04 | time. And so um the and as I'm sure you know right. |
|
| 38:10 | you take a sample the there's and are um um different forms of |
|
| 38:18 | right? Basically just a supplying the elements you need to grow. But |
|
| 38:24 | can put it in different forms. can be a liquid solid, different |
|
| 38:32 | for different types. Um I'm not go into all the uses but the |
|
| 38:37 | basic right liquid in place. That's you use in lab liquid cultures and |
|
| 38:41 | cultures. And so um labor cultures used in Monitoring growth because a culture |
|
| 38:52 | in the liquid. Um this appears much clear, but as right. |
|
| 39:00 | we can measure that. So you measure growth using liquid. Uh and |
|
| 39:06 | you can even grow grow and that's about 50 mils you can grow again |
|
| 39:17 | , you know here in 50 m gallons. You want volumes of |
|
| 39:24 | Okay, that's the utility of liquid . Solid media will always be a |
|
| 39:31 | of getting into your culture. But absolutely not. Because that's that's |
|
| 39:42 | allows you to visualize the bacterial types you see in the plate here. |
|
| 39:50 | What's there? What's in what's in liquid? Okay. Yes, you |
|
| 39:56 | look into the microscope a solid surface mean, okay, different colony |
|
| 40:13 | And that's how you can then do manipulations came up your culture. So |
|
| 40:18 | know it seems all very amazing, ? But these are things that are |
|
| 40:22 | to this day. Um Even even the advances of meta genomics, you |
|
| 40:27 | do this stuff. Okay. Um okay. Any questions at that |
|
| 40:35 | Okay. Alright. So here's the . This is not this is not |
|
| 40:40 | this is not the same one from that was coming later. This is |
|
| 40:44 | different one. Okay. So which A. D. E. Is |
|
| 40:51 | is consistent with coach postulates. So take a read. All right |
|
| 41:06 | I'll give you a hint. A not So it's one of the one |
|
| 41:17 | the above Ron. Give you some . Remember two heads may be better |
|
| 41:57 | one collaborate. Forgive me. let's count down from four if you're |
|
| 42:17 | sure. So we're here to figure the dramatic pause. Okay um if |
|
| 42:29 | answered, if you answered, you are correct. Okay. So |
|
| 42:39 | that is one of the a healthy uh with disease causing symptoms of that |
|
| 42:49 | . So A B. C. D. He thought it was really |
|
| 43:00 | 1 to 1 relationship. One One disease. Okay. Um He |
|
| 43:06 | not aware because what what what is . So that's the um he wasn't |
|
| 43:21 | of that. He didn't think that people would have could carry infectious organism |
|
| 43:24 | not have disease. But that's certainly case many of our infectious diseases are |
|
| 43:30 | that uh, occurred because a healthy carrying a source is president, |
|
| 43:42 | uh, measles and mumps, lots different infectious diseases are humans. That's |
|
| 43:49 | we called reservoir source of it. ? So it could be a healthy |
|
| 43:53 | as a source and other people get . Um, the uh, let's |
|
| 43:59 | about the rest of these in the of his postulates. Okay. So |
|
| 44:03 | one, just because you have to , we have like um boy, |
|
| 44:10 | plus years of knowledge since devices So naturally we're going to know a |
|
| 44:17 | more things that he did. But it doesn't mean that he came |
|
| 44:21 | with you just throw out it's still the CDC Center for Disease Control uses |
|
| 44:26 | framework. But we're now aware of of the anomalies, some of the |
|
| 44:33 | that may occur. Okay. but his work still holds. We |
|
| 44:38 | know I have more information. So essentially what he did was |
|
| 44:42 | looking at the tuberculosis was using animal is critical to any kind of |
|
| 44:49 | We do this. And of course only saw the disease and healthy in |
|
| 44:56 | individuals. Animals, not in healthy . Okay. And he could isolate |
|
| 45:02 | infectious agent from the and we now , of course you can't isolate everything |
|
| 45:07 | . We still haven't isolated the syphilis we know about that for a long |
|
| 45:13 | . Right? We have yet to able to cultivate it in the |
|
| 45:17 | Okay. Uh he was fortunate that was able to do all this just |
|
| 45:21 | locked in and he was able to for, right? But of course |
|
| 45:26 | we know that it's not always so . Okay. Um and so I |
|
| 45:31 | in the culture and pure culture and putting in a healthy susceptible, |
|
| 45:38 | And that animal comes down in terms the same disease. Okay. So |
|
| 45:44 | in this is the re isolation. ? So you're you're you're really isolating |
|
| 45:49 | organism each time. So that's very . So let me corroborate something. |
|
| 45:57 | ? Repeated, repeat the results. powerful information that leads you to believe |
|
| 46:04 | this is because of agent of this . Right? So like I |
|
| 46:08 | we have exceptions to this, For variations of this asymptomatic carriers? |
|
| 46:14 | It's not always when disease. One , for example, qualifying number of |
|
| 46:20 | things that can be bacterial and viral be uh fungal, I think maybe |
|
| 46:27 | a couple of instances of that. it's not always uh one disease. |
|
| 46:32 | pattern. It could be multiple Um One pathogen. One disease. |
|
| 46:39 | you can have um for example. Right. It also causes different types |
|
| 46:50 | skin infections. You heard of the flesh eating disease, Right? Causes |
|
| 46:57 | can cause a number of skin infection . It can cause rheumatic fever. |
|
| 47:03 | can cause scarlet fever, different Okay. So it's not always a |
|
| 47:09 | relationship with these things. Okay. we mentioned culture building that everything is |
|
| 47:15 | culture. Like you can't isolate the . So viruses, right? Those |
|
| 47:20 | uh have not yet been discovered uh microscope to see it. Right? |
|
| 47:30 | you have to use you can't you to have uh that really complicated |
|
| 47:37 | So, um but again despite the variations, you know, you still |
|
| 47:44 | framework is still something you stick But you know, what can there |
|
| 47:49 | be differences as you go through the . Um Any questions about that? |
|
| 47:56 | . Yeah. Yeah. I think was probably the thinking at the |
|
| 48:04 | Yeah, of course it became qualified , but when he was first working |
|
| 48:08 | that, that was the assumption that the time 1-1 relationship because it was |
|
| 48:14 | of a difference, right? We really know a lot of sex organs |
|
| 48:17 | that time. So as we learn and more after that we can see |
|
| 48:22 | , you know, multiple things that the disease and so forth. |
|
| 48:26 | Alright. Um okay, so fighting . So immunization, vaccination. Um |
|
| 48:36 | first, it used to be um vaccination came into play um early on |
|
| 48:43 | like the term very lazy only refers smallpox and that's a basic, taking |
|
| 48:52 | some kind of nice and cut uh smallpox forms forms a rash and pustules |
|
| 48:59 | the skin and there's an accurate virus these in these pustules. You take |
|
| 49:03 | material and you would cut it into healthy personal skin but it would make |
|
| 49:10 | abuse the disease most. Sometimes they because you're giving personal full blown small |
|
| 49:17 | . Right? So in some cases die probably uh 10 15% of |
|
| 49:25 | Right? But but if they smallpox they survived it and they were |
|
| 49:35 | Okay. Of course. Now we things more safely. Okay. And |
|
| 49:42 | and to do it more safely means attenuate, right to attenuate is still |
|
| 49:49 | the new response. But we've inactivated . You can do it through temperature |
|
| 49:55 | activation, inactivate the virus or But the goal there in continuation is |
|
| 50:04 | um keep the I think we all the pathway of immunization at least the |
|
| 50:10 | . Right. So you have a enters your body and the entities |
|
| 50:17 | That your body looks for antigens, ? Antigens on the virus or bacterium |
|
| 50:21 | what have you. You form antibodies . Okay. And we'll talk about |
|
| 50:27 | later in the semester because it's it's more to it than just this. |
|
| 50:32 | I'm just kind of giving you the right now. But antibody and you |
|
| 50:37 | um antibodies to engine could be anything for a virus, bacteria. That's |
|
| 50:44 | on the surface because that's what your sees as what's on the surface of |
|
| 50:48 | virus or bacteria. Alright. Uh are things like or or viral coating |
|
| 50:56 | out, right? These are potential And that's what you form in the |
|
| 50:59 | response to? So what you wanna continuation is to limit or inactivate the |
|
| 51:07 | or bacteria. So it can't cause in you but still retains the ability |
|
| 51:13 | to stimulate the immune system. So the Covid vaccine does the same |
|
| 51:19 | . Okay, engineer a little But we'll talk about vaccines and things |
|
| 51:24 | . But that's kind of the central here is have the antigens intact, |
|
| 51:30 | ? The immune system, but not to cause disease. Right. That's |
|
| 51:34 | that's what we do when we Um And so so Jenner and his |
|
| 51:41 | he had a safer alternative, smallpox was cowpox, very similar disease um |
|
| 51:51 | cows. It only produces like these on his on his others females. |
|
| 51:57 | But he found when he injected cowpox it resulted in immunity to smallpox as |
|
| 52:04 | . What's the in terms of that financial curry anyway. Well, guess |
|
| 52:17 | that's what we call uh in geological cross reactivity. Okay, So if |
|
| 52:24 | engines are similar cowpox and smallpox, ? And you get a reaction. |
|
| 52:31 | ? So safer alternative. So the are very similar to what smallpox |
|
| 52:37 | And so you produce kind of antibodies will react also to smallpox, that's |
|
| 52:43 | that's a good choice because it's gonna obviously much safer for the person getting |
|
| 52:46 | vaccine? Um Alright. So look this question while you're answering. Are |
|
| 52:59 | any questions so far? Yeah. , activity needs. So they have |
|
| 53:09 | they had very similar and so their responds similarly to so Yeah. |
|
| 53:25 | I put this one in because this one of my pet peeves. |
|
| 53:31 | And you'll see what that is here a second. Okay. So we're |
|
| 53:37 | have this done arm there we get shot. Okay. Let's count down |
|
| 54:04 | six. Let's speak now. Alright. Um Who answered C. |
|
| 54:23 | in cat? A lot of All right. Said see why do |
|
| 54:29 | say? See what's the corrector? quite you know, correct anybody know |
|
| 54:44 | right. But what's the firm anti ? So, I didn't sterilize |
|
| 54:52 | If you sterilize it, then person would have the arm. Right? |
|
| 54:57 | you put that or? Right. Disinfected. No disinfection is um reserved |
|
| 55:07 | inanimate objects, bench tops, uh floor, maybe more harsher chemicals can |
|
| 55:15 | used because of that. So, acceptance of the terms. So if |
|
| 55:18 | have your isopropyl alcohol in the employment or any kind of chemical that you |
|
| 55:24 | tissue, tissue and sepsis. So tattoo is really the the misuse of |
|
| 55:31 | term sterilization. It's not always right . You know, you didn't um |
|
| 55:43 | if you sterilize something, whatever you , there is no virus etc. |
|
| 55:51 | you sterilized, right? And you're not doing that when you're rubbing your |
|
| 55:56 | . Okay, so we're talking about control of microbes in Chapter five I |
|
| 56:04 | . Okay. So uh speaking of disinfectants, uh his story is work |
|
| 56:18 | the doctor from the hospital. Uh noticed that in the maternity ward there |
|
| 56:24 | a ward, pregnant mothers and also separate one that pregnant women would work |
|
| 56:31 | midwives write another section where uh the medical students, right? But the |
|
| 56:40 | that would check on the pregnant women help them to their birth. And |
|
| 56:45 | often they would come out of because have different rotations in different parts of |
|
| 56:51 | curriculum. And so they often come of the room, right? Full |
|
| 56:56 | blood and everything else without seeming or of blood and blood and guts and |
|
| 57:04 | else, right? And of course was very much higher instance of what's |
|
| 57:09 | child bed fever. Right? So infects uh affects the mother, |
|
| 57:15 | It's actually a streptococcus infection. But comes from certainly from unsanitary um |
|
| 57:24 | Okay? And the midwives are much , right? They knew what was |
|
| 57:29 | on. So they didn't clean their and everything before any kind of touching |
|
| 57:33 | woman and checking the baby in the much lower. So someone's goes, |
|
| 57:39 | , let's wash hands. Not washing . The instances of it's still the |
|
| 57:45 | one thing you do in the You constantly are on the hospital. |
|
| 57:50 | wash your hands, wash your That is the number one thing that |
|
| 57:53 | transmission of diseases in the hospital. , from patient to patient. So |
|
| 57:58 | still to this day washing your Okay? But that's an acceptance that |
|
| 58:04 | tissue Lester disaffected like surgical instruments and using various chemicals for disinfection. So |
|
| 58:11 | of these practices of course lower levels infectious disease. Um So antibiotics, |
|
| 58:17 | course, we know about antibiotics and Fleming discovered. Um and so of |
|
| 58:24 | we're certainly well aware. Don't only these images in there just to give |
|
| 58:29 | a visual. We'll go through the of resistance, but for now don't |
|
| 58:33 | about it. But broad aware different that bacteria resistance. Um multi drug |
|
| 58:41 | types. There's uh we're constantly looking antibiotics or chemically modifying the ones we |
|
| 58:50 | to kind of tweet them and maybe them less resistant. So it's certainly |
|
| 58:57 | because they evolve them and then we to kind of active. Okay, |
|
| 59:03 | , okay, now the last bit this is focused on. Um so |
|
| 59:18 | introduction because again, certainly too heavy that we learned a couple of basics |
|
| 59:29 | first. Hopefully that'll help. So, so question. Hey, |
|
| 59:34 | trophy wife uses inorganic materials for Okay, um Okay, so here |
|
| 59:43 | a sample growth meeting. Okay, we've got to s for energy. |
|
| 59:51 | had some essential minerals right? To adequate oxygen. Um Right temperature. |
|
| 60:08 | , so the question is, what ? This is even a clicker |
|
| 60:14 | So sorry, nothing to choose Okay. All right. So what |
|
| 60:21 | do it need? What else does need is yeah. Okay, water |
|
| 60:32 | say okay, water. Okay, . Anything else? What car? |
|
| 60:40 | ? Okay, so carbon. So if we know that, how |
|
| 60:50 | you suppose this guy? Yes, but for you say it would be |
|
| 61:03 | like this. Okay. Or this glucose. Yeah, the C. |
|
| 61:24 | . Right? Um so trucks are we call the type of your familiarity |
|
| 61:33 | patrols. I'm gonna guess this Probably plants, plants uh, photosynthetic |
|
| 61:41 | . Right? These are autotrophs, ? They use fixed C. |
|
| 61:43 | Right? But there are bacterial Right? Uh So uh so the |
|
| 61:54 | is, right, everything on planet needs this. Right? So remember |
|
| 62:02 | H O N. P. Right? Essential elements for life and |
|
| 62:15 | . Because all of our biomolecules have as a framework, right? A |
|
| 62:25 | skeleton of some sort. Right? we add phosphate to it to make |
|
| 62:33 | . Uh you know, the point so Right. But it just so |
|
| 62:46 | that some can use what we call more complex forms like this. They |
|
| 62:52 | have the more simplified forms. So , because you can't you can take |
|
| 62:58 | and break it down to something And that's what you do. You |
|
| 63:05 | , I want to use a C . You can't break down C |
|
| 63:09 | You can only build it up six 02. You're making you're making things |
|
| 63:16 | this, you're going this way. , If you're not a trophy, |
|
| 63:21 | taking C. 02 as a building to make these more complex Or if |
|
| 63:25 | are a hetero trough, which you are, you're going that way. |
|
| 63:31 | breaking that down just to feel your . That's what that calls us |
|
| 63:36 | The respiration is all about. So cycle between each other. Okay, |
|
| 63:44 | now, uh this is a So producers. Right. So, |
|
| 63:53 | , you have etcetera. So producers but Sheriff give you a hint. |
|
| 64:20 | are not carnivores. Probably that Right. Okay. Let's count this |
|
| 64:32 | . 4321. Yes. Autotrophs. . Right. The autotrophs are the |
|
| 64:41 | really for any ecosystem. Right. the most of any ecosystem plants? |
|
| 64:46 | . Ecosystems allergy santa bacteria. So producers produce right 60 oh to |
|
| 64:54 | organic molecules that different levels of consumers on. Right. And so among |
|
| 65:03 | , corner wars are different types of . Okay. The composers are kind |
|
| 65:08 | their own category. But let's kind bring this back. He's the one |
|
| 65:14 | discovered these unusual inorganic materials. Little means like to as a carbon. |
|
| 65:34 | , so hence the term with a and chemo. Autotrophs in attainable. |
|
| 65:40 | , so, um, and so the term, you'll see the next |
|
| 65:46 | is this term redox. Right? , reduction reactions. Right, |
|
| 65:53 | Right. That's oxidized are complex. sources that uh a little trophy would |
|
| 66:05 | these materials and get energy from Okay. And for or indeed any |
|
| 66:13 | was like for or The energy they from oxidizing these kinds of inorganic materials |
|
| 66:23 | goes to fixing c. 0. five minutes 222 is a very energy |
|
| 66:37 | process. Um Okay, so the fundamental types, right? I know |
|
| 66:54 | speak from 18 years of teaching us lot of especially we start combining that |
|
| 67:06 | fundamental idea of life needs carbon. sometimes to see, oh to form |
|
| 67:14 | sometimes we make more complex form. You know both seo two and glucose |
|
| 67:21 | both organic carbon. Right? It's more simpler form and break it |
|
| 67:27 | So kind of certainly those things sink . Okay. Um We did chapter |
|
| 67:35 | growth certainly will get the next unit that these things like give go to |
|
| 67:45 | um the composition very important process, ? Um producer become So composers are |
|
| 67:59 | eat right? Eat that organic Okay. And so that activity is |
|
| 68:05 | that really brings the different points of and makes them available to others for |
|
| 68:12 | to use keeps the whole ecosystem going . So in in these different levels |
|
| 68:19 | here here here, where are Oh yeah my first the producers and |
|
| 68:32 | consumers, those decomposes during all levels over the place. Okay. Um |
|
| 68:38 | why they're so important for us our . Um So this geochemical cycling is |
|
| 68:44 | we talked about when we were saying decomposition about my criminal activities can bring |
|
| 68:51 | the breakdown and the release of these that are in your life and make |
|
| 68:56 | more available. So that's what this cycling is about. Is making these |
|
| 69:01 | of nitrogen no C. H. . M. P. S. |
|
| 69:04 | everything needs to make them available. and so we'll talk about nitrogen cycle |
|
| 69:10 | in more detail later but it is of those critical um functions for. |
|
| 69:16 | heavy. It's basically all bacteria that all sides of the triangle. |
|
| 69:21 | And it's what life relies because I before um plants allergy your photo as |
|
| 69:30 | as they are is giving some light water. They can't make essential elements |
|
| 69:36 | nitrogen and phosphorus. Right. Which ? So they rely rely on this |
|
| 69:41 | cycle. They rely on on this Okay on this process to provide them |
|
| 69:48 | forms that's what plants primarily reliable. use things like this but then to |
|
| 69:54 | it into the atmosphere. Okay that's process. We got to get it |
|
| 69:59 | the ecosystem. There's bacteria that do super perfect. Right then of course |
|
| 70:04 | others that other activities that release So d identification puts it back into |
|
| 70:09 | atmosphere so it's constantly so and again sides all sides bacteria drip during my |
|
| 70:17 | types of bacteria. Okay I just one is the third trophy, anybody |
|
| 70:23 | a guess. A. B. C. C. Is correct that |
|
| 70:31 | trophy is this is C. I'm , it's not C. B. |
|
| 70:36 | has to call me out on that . This that's little trophy. |
|
| 70:41 | we're taking energetic material, ammonium, energy from it. Okay, that's |
|
| 70:51 | little trophy. Okay. Um Endo symbiosis. Okay, so your |
|
| 71:01 | with your microchip? That's so kind notch symbiosis because intimate, intimate |
|
| 71:15 | right? You certainly have somebody else your micro right there in your gut |
|
| 71:19 | on your skin. They're all over . Okay, just like cow |
|
| 71:26 | different microbes uh digesting its new about . Uh This this right here is |
|
| 71:34 | , this is primarily responsible for this , the fixation. So different types |
|
| 71:45 | association with plants. There's bacterial plant is very very important. Okay and |
|
| 71:53 | um so lastly, Okay well you what let's this is we only got |
|
| 72:03 | two things to go. Let's just that we only got two more things |
|
| 72:07 | cover. So we'll do that next folks, so that you get the |
|
| 72:11 | truck through this truck, through this , bad weather, um See you |
|
| 72:17 | on third. |
|
