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00:00 Yeah yeah testing out there. Okay hear me in the back everybody?

00:25 ? Doctor. Good good Jack. Welcome thanks for coming back. Uh

00:32 see. Okay I assume everybody can the session I. D. Up

00:37 From my angle I can barely see but I'm guessing you don't have any

00:40 with it. Um Put that in if you have a mobile app if

00:46 have your handheld clickers is 41. so the session I. D.

00:51 change every class but the other the 41 that will be always the

00:57 Okay so if you literally just registered this course like yesterday or today um

01:06 the course materials on blackboard and will available to you in a day.

01:12 say you shouldn't take two days. uh But I can uh if you

01:19 I can send you a syllabus so email me and I can do

01:23 Um Let's see. So regarding the . So I asked um our resident

01:32 expert on campus who knows these things and out. And she said if

01:38 have uh so a do intercession D. But if it gives you

01:44 user I. D. Thing um it. Okay just ignore it and

01:50 join the session. I greatly regret last semester as well. That's all

01:55 have to do. Don't don't worry it. Just your session I.

01:58 . As long as you got a Your butt and it will tie in

02:04 black. So um so I said counts until September one. So this

02:10 of period until then is about is favorite work. Can I answer questions

02:16 class? Can I see my points black? But it's really all about

02:20 , right? But just at least reassure yourself that it's working in your

02:26 that um, I'll post those, I'll have to continually uh, if

02:31 don't see them, you haven't seen yet. Okay. Um, you

02:37 see them uh tomorrow. Um, have to keep refreshing. So people

02:43 come in and redo the licenses and not have to keep refreshing the rock

02:47 every time. So then I will your point. So if you use

02:51 clicker in class and it's registered, points are lit. It's just a

02:56 of me refreshing the roster. Getting black. That's all now. It's

03:02 uh, it's been uh by the of next week, you don't see

03:06 any points for yourself then certainly something's not right? So do check

03:13 uh, there's a whole clip or team at, so just go to

03:18 will give you all the info where go. Uh but again, if

03:23 if you're seeing your points on blackboard you are good. Okay, let's

03:29 what else we got. So any of junk questions about this? Gonna

03:33 some of this stuff and history and . All right. So if I

03:40 out there and look, but I see your hand. Feel free to

03:44 . That's okay. Um All so today a couple of things,

03:50 we're not gonna go through all this . So we got um so consider

03:56 and next Tuesday is at the end the time. You should be able

04:04 think, okay, this is what microbe is. This is how we

04:08 them and to review for you something may not be pressure, so,

04:14 uh at least a good uh to , you know, as we as

04:19 dive into further areas of the Um So how we define a microbe

04:26 types, how to categorize them. then a little bit about historical

04:35 Um The the um medical aspect of is what we try to emphasize that

04:44 profitable. Um It was important in ways to study microbes and study disease

04:50 these kinds of things. So um probably likely we'll get to some point

04:55 their we'll finish today, so we'll it through this and this uh and

05:06 little bit of um we'll do this Tuesday next Tuesday. Next Tuesday,

05:15 get a little bit into here. anyway, we'll have to get plenty

05:19 time to cover all this and certainly lot of time if you ask questions

05:22 you guys and whatnot. We'll clicker questions as well of course.

05:27 so this is a better list of topics here. So we'll cover probably

05:32 the box today be somewhere somewhere in range um down here, somewhere in

05:40 . Um we'll talk more about ecological next time anyway, so uh you'll

05:48 see at the front of each electric objectives. I'm not gonna we're not

05:53 go through those and I'm not gonna but consider that kind of a list

06:00 this is what I should know when done with this chapter. Just think

06:03 it that way. So kind of guide as to what you should

06:06 Always, always the the examined you , which is already up. That's

06:11 really your bible, so to that's your guy, right? So

06:16 you're reading a textbook, uh you whatever, especially reading the text,

06:21 have that example of you guys because keeps you long. Okay? So

06:26 don't necessarily cover everything. And let's talk about it here and it's not

06:33 , it's not gonna be covered. that examination is your reference go to

06:38 . You have a question about. are we supposed to know this for

06:41 , now, I think I'll tell that's what I look at.

06:44 when I make the exam. Um All right, so let's start

06:50 a question and granted you may not all this stuff here, but you

06:56 of think about it, give it best shot. Let me right there

07:01 sure you can see the numbers. , so uh just kind of we're

07:06 to start a discussion kind of around topics here. So look through a

07:11 e uh super true one is Okay um so this is kind of

07:22 in terms of I mentioned last time thing too I hope you take away

07:28 this despite all the bad press with it's all that that's those are the

07:38 very few in the large number of we know and the types we

07:42 Microbes one doesn't do that stuff is . Okay far more benefit us.

07:49 have to rely on for our own . Okay And so they're critically

07:57 Okay so let's see what we have . Okay if you don't answer they'll

08:05 a little coming up. Remember these count for anything. Um So kind

08:09 across the board um Okay. Who were seven of you that answered C

08:20 was a c person? Why did actually see because their supply more

08:30 Um Maybe like yeah so that is statement here. Okay um so and

08:40 types of the types in the in environment that are doing this or

08:53 So your algae your bacterial bacterial types bacteria uh help help. Okay.

09:03 plants plants uh photosynthesize. Okay and microbes themselves supply 50% or more verso

09:13 um ancestral ancestors to the bacteria that the ones that 3000 years ago put

09:23 in our environment. So um the contributor. And so this point here

09:31 d um relates to this to nitrogen . Okay. We talked a little

09:37 about that later and most most kind your medical stuff we talk about is

09:43 in kind of the first month. ? So I do try to bring

09:47 some of my medical stuff. Um think that's important because uh audio broader

09:55 of beyond infectious diseases, nurses eventually hospitals and health Carolina uh being able

10:02 take people and so infectious disease. it's good good to realize that you

10:08 in that bubble that you're dealing with types they're really kind of a very

10:14 fraction that they don't do. So . Right? There is a world

10:19 we depend on it and that's It's one critical for life. Uh

10:26 agree there's numerous reactions that occur. about for many different forms of nitrogen

10:34 . Nitrogen is important because you find in what D. N.

10:40 Proteins critical nutrient for life and plants algae and other photosynthetic types as great

10:49 they are. They don't need So I'm like C. 02.

10:54 . But they can't make you can't uh minerals. Remember the farmer who

11:01 crops right? What they typically do water right? If it's not ready

11:05 can irrigate there's something I can do then supply of course too. But

11:13 also have to add fertilize my nitrogen phosphorus. Okay um but you know

11:21 bacteria right provides nutrients to plants and . Okay. So remember even if

11:31 not a vegetarian. Okay. Or right um that uh if you if

11:40 do eat meat right? That those you know depend on the plants that

11:46 eat. Right, eliminate plants and your this other food source. So

11:51 all ties together very important. And not just only other elements as

11:59 very important in that. Okay. something necessarily think about, but it's

12:06 to life on this planet. Uh the microbiome, Right. That's

12:13 of interest uh students and so your archaea, another group um even fungi

12:25 are on your body and in your outnumber your own cells, skin cells

12:30 your blood cells by a factor of . Okay. 10 of the 14

12:37 10 30 staggering amount of cells all your body. Okay. Um bacteria

12:45 other pro carrying. So uh and been they've been with you have been

12:50 humans for everybody else for almost four years. So that's pretty successful.

13:04 ? And we only came around maybe million years ago. Okay. And

13:09 they certainly been with us for six years. So they must be doing

13:13 for us. And they okay um all kinds of benefits. And obviously

13:19 area of study for the past several , especially how it helps your immune

13:24 . So uh so yeah you've got of bugs, bugs sort of speak

13:31 okay. But I don't see how can because of that. I don't

13:35 how you could be a journal. you're just very drowning right? Unless

13:39 want a committee disinfect yourself. You don't wanna do that because it's

13:44 found in that growing the animals as born into their lifespan in a completely

13:53 environment with no microbes at all. . Um That they're sickly. They're

13:59 well okay so those microbes are made They're mostly okay and you want

14:08 Um And so last point so the point on e. Okay. Also

14:16 is the lab you on how to manipulate bacterial cultures, grow them in

14:25 ways. Um And of course those at some point in the environment brought

14:32 into the lab and work with Um But the amount of microbes are

14:39 there we've only scanned scanned the surface what's out there right? Because we

14:46 possibly know how to grow these Right? Remember that in nature.

14:54 that microbes live together with each They're not they are not pure

15:01 We call it in a lab where by themselves and we can feed them

15:04 much as they want and they grow grow and grow because they're not competing

15:08 anybody else. But in nature as of microbes. Okay. And so

15:20 there may be certain microbes one one something another one supply something.

15:28 And we can't possibly know that in cases. So that's why it becomes

15:32 they may need it for growth. so that's why we only really run

15:36 small fraction in the lab what's actually there but there's a way to find

15:40 and I'll talk about that briefly here little bit this on here.

15:47 Uh This is a really fundamental um of fundamental process in life which is

15:59 flow of information. D. A. On the appropriate is how

16:04 uh segments of D. N. . Your chromosomes are converted into something

16:10 is can be used for protein. . Protein is kind of the the

16:15 D. N. A. Is into action, so to speak.

16:18 . To a particular function. And so fundamental to life. Right

16:23 process. And so that the structure D. N. A. The

16:29 . Is the molecule of inheritance, protein synthesis works how the process

16:35 All that stuff has figured out using bacterial life about 67 years ago.

16:43 so because they're easy to grow and easy to manipulate and handle the work

16:47 . And so if you've been a for these kinds of basic studies for

16:52 years. So um so again all is meant to show you you know

16:58 value of microbes And of course this turn you big with this that's a

17:04 you always see associated with bacteria are because you can almost everywhere.

17:12 And the extreme cold of northern or uh parks the globe over here is

17:21 Yellowstone Park and Advisor. These are of basically that you can live in

17:27 . Um And so it's because of extreme conditions where you can find

17:32 that's why it's certainly on mars, think they're going to be some type

17:38 microbe. Because we can find microbes somewhat not identical environments that are on

17:43 . But you can have some environments you will find microbes. So that's

17:48 of search on mars for life is looking for some type of microbe.

17:52 , so um so bottom line microbes . Okay. For the most

17:59 Um So here's here's now we're going we're going to define a microbe.

18:04 see how he opened the Polian. see what we come up with

18:11 Um So would you consider a micro have six choices plus. If you

18:17 think any of them was a select G. They're all like my

18:24 pick uh h so uh and like things in biology. Well I just

18:35 emotional Entomology will fit into a into of a box. You can you

18:41 count on, you know, but are other times where there was a

18:46 okay, it doesn't find there are that don't quite fit and so you

18:51 of have to live with it. . And uh resignation is one of

18:57 things. Okay That you go okay kind of variations, there's variation can

19:03 variations of the uh the concept Okay so I'm gonna go ahead.

19:13 me count down 54321 and let's Okay so consensus says h okay um

19:28 it's not age. Okay let's uh at the pool again. Okay.

19:38 get this thing going here? uh one of the 1950 a here.

19:48 why actual organisms like the Okay, . Why why not the Petri dish

20:03 colonies? Yeah that's true. But would be in that does grow.

20:14 what you call hyper Yeah. Yeah . Yeah. Um What about the

20:30 ? Yeah. Kind of on your . So a map or biofilm.

20:34 call it a great analogy. The bacterial colonies. Uh Your um answer

20:41 the card agree. That's the scientific for the water bear. Um dust

20:47 . Uh So those are multicellular Issues operative world. Okay, so

20:55 micro specifically a cellular entity. Although an asterisk on that as well.

21:00 the current answer is a it's monkeypox environments are considered microbes. Okay.

21:07 they're not cells. Okay. They put them in the micro category.

21:12 map of green algae. In the petrol colonies. As he said,

21:18 represents an entity of lots of growth a microbe. So much can make

21:25 high. So so individually the math allergy the colony in a Petri

21:33 The is considered uh the and the . Those uh microbe tissue or your

21:51 skin cells uh have you because they're of a they wouldn't really function outside

21:59 that. Okay so they they they're to live for themselves and really um

22:08 structures of tissue and organ. Okay how they work. Okay. And

22:13 respond to signals your body gives off . Okay so that doesn't really fit

22:18 micro definition. Okay so the only that does in this picture is is

22:22 monkey pox virus. Okay. Um know just on the side you probably

22:28 this but the dust mite were all with these things apparently. And our

22:33 is full of so one sanitary hygienic . But even hygienic and clean houses

22:43 so it just makes me pretty stinking but your dead skin cells so um

22:54 so into the definitely so pretty obvious on what to observe. Okay um

23:07 it doesn't mention typically senator entities. But again afterwards right the because viruses

23:16 selling but we put him in that as well. Uh They have different

23:19 of course certain bacteria can be in forms, change clusters what have you

23:27 in size. So it was kind a size range um of microbes and

23:33 would be good. Not that one good at least just to know Canada

23:40 here for each 20 range pro carrots that middle of 1 to 10 virus

23:48 much less than that, of Okay. And actually to see a

23:51 of the electron microscope, that is a light microscope. Okay, size

23:58 right from a chicken egg, check in there. The single cells,

24:07 egg. Because for three sizes down where there's actual act here, the

24:15 and viruses are gonna be on the end or can be because viruses spanner

24:20 range to some can actually be quite But most are in that left one

24:26 size. Um And that's another thing viruses are relatively simple in terms of

24:32 structure. Okay. Because on the end, I mean what's gonna it's

24:38 be so small, Right? Because gonna let you get very small,

24:46 gonna be a very small cell. gonna be a limit to that.

24:50 what's gonna what's gonna control that. , these six you have a cell

24:57 like 0.1 nanometer. Just hold one uh your molecules in the gonna be

25:08 than the cell size itself. You possibly have been living on how small

25:14 you have to contain at least a some size And uh some other

25:22 And so there's gonna be a The smallest virus I think around 20

25:27 or go 5-5 microbes. But so are sizes and it's going to be

25:36 uh some anomalies or variations as we'll about here in a second. So

25:43 a look at this question. so this goes kind of into um

25:51 of that are out there representative types help classify. Okay, I'm reading

25:59 that point. Okay, so which these is a false statement. Archaea

26:06 a type of union sailor you carry often found in extreme conditions. There

26:12 two taxonomic different groups of portraits. microbes contained you found in domain.

26:22 is one of the more relatively recent . Okay. Those are kind of

26:28 all encompassing right ones you're probably familiar ? Are your like finding fast order

26:37 blah. Okay. And so we have those but we also have those

26:41 one today. Um uh You answer question. Any questions so far?

26:55 . All right, let me count . 54321. Let's see equal across

27:05 border you're staying? Okay, so let's see what is the correct answer

27:14 . Okay, mm hmm. So if you answered a correct so

27:26 are not. There's two groups of and bacteria. Um There are microbes

27:35 nucleus would be in the Okay, if you look at who are right

27:45 taking this is who? What where when of microbes, who we can

27:50 at as being either sailor life forms a safe. Okay, so of

27:56 viruses are gonna fit in the a side um types um are these for

28:03 ? Um and actually do comprise their kingdoms. Um fungi, bacteria like

28:11 okay so you reach the molds, zones uh bacteria's these two groups.

28:23 two groups. Okay I'm sure you're have gone through the differences between and

28:31 you remember the main one? There pro lack of nucleus. Okay uh

28:38 have uh smaller certain chromosome single They replicate the binary fission. There's

28:46 sexual reproduction. Um diverse. But are as diverse in terms of how

28:51 can but they can eat is very . Much more so than our is

28:56 group that's often called extremophiles you find they can also be found and you

29:04 actually have some in your gut as . So they're not always found on

29:08 conditions. Um Of course eukaryotic I'm sure you're aware of already.

29:15 no multiple chromosomes, things like Okay. Um then a sale so

29:23 I'm you're aware of obviously um and violent employment maybe something new possibly you

29:31 heard of. Um So viruses all at the most basic structure code covering

29:40 genome which can be D. A. On and viral and Priam's

29:47 aren't again ourselves. 11 is a rm arguments all it is and the

29:55 is in fact it's protein and that's there is to the structure so very

29:59 . Okay um the viral and triumph what they affect. So the thyroid

30:10 only affect plants. Okay we'll talk this in uh thyroids uh permanent just

30:19 plants and plants. Okay, uh humans, but you're familiar with disease

30:29 to the Okay, so uh, know, other people in the

30:34 S. Is life next to Okay. It's not really an issue

30:40 in United States and around the It's not really even that much of

30:44 issue as far as I can but nonetheless, it's unique in this

30:49 protein. So we'll talk about that the next year. Um but the

30:56 is here a sailor forms of Okay. Um, now the uh

31:04 a word on. Okay, so , these are pro carriers. Their

31:11 group. Pro carriers. Okay. called extremophiles doesn't always fit, but

31:16 does in many cases. And so three categories, you can loosely take

31:23 . Uh files, files don't worry much about the descriptions under each

31:32 I just put it in a kind comprises but don't get to uh get

31:39 memorize every single characteristic as long as know, yeah, engines and and

31:48 you're good. Okay. But in terms of what that means,

31:53 heat actually grow, grow often, ? And you have to provide these

31:59 temps in the and so we call . You can have a subcategory of

32:06 called hyper these are the ones that super elevated temperatures. These are the

32:11 you see in in boiling water is near near boiling waters in these geysers

32:18 the uh means with or without oxygen can survive that live in that A

32:25 of them had different types of sulfur . Um The uh so now um

32:36 describing of but are also going to the nature right beside. Okay,

32:44 bacteria can also be thermal files but not the hyper type they can be

32:51 well, but only archaea are And oddly enough, um there are

33:02 disease causing that, we know that human disease. So you know,

33:10 so as a nurse, you would have to come across an archaea

33:14 not yet at least. Um And method energetic activity. So remember methane

33:24 , if you don't know, Ch , okay, is a potent greenhouse

33:30 much much worse than C. Main source uh meth angiogenic activity on

33:39 Earth is what does anybody know? , so technically it's the house,

33:49 but yeah, how's the primary Uh You can also find uh find

33:55 land filled, you often see a with a flame because they're burning the

34:01 that's produced. Um So yeah, it's a strictly Archaea type activity um

34:09 . So these are salt. So or more sort of find these and

34:23 are a few naturally salty bodies of on earth. Red sea, great

34:31 lake where you can find them. besides from that there are areas where

34:38 manufacturers that produce salt, They will um these shallow cools throw seawater water

34:47 and you get super concentrated salt solutions that's where they can live.

34:51 They have an unusual ancient type of . It doesn't involve, that's your

34:59 with. Uh, but these are different. The molecule actually absorbs light

35:08 enough. It's very similar to the of your I uh right now.

35:15 , it's what's more similar to, it's believed to be an ancient type

35:19 photosynthesis, pre predating the so unique route. Um, so

35:28 files are kind of like an group . And so viruses were 2.5 plus

35:37 have come down if we all know the virus is. Okay.

35:42 and we'll explore that more in chapter I think is another month or

35:47 Um, but again, he okay, they give me the

35:52 Right? They, because they're small don't even contain a lot of material

35:57 they do have a genome. They have the usual stuff itself. They

36:01 have the stuff to make proteins with machinery to to copy their genomes

36:08 So they rely on a host for things. Okay, so the question

36:14 the virus alive or dead, what you say? What what could it

36:19 be? Was it last alive? , when it's in, when it's

36:26 a herd is replicating itself. You could argue that it's dead.

36:33 not any host, right? But sure they've done that uh video there

36:39 here. This virus is hanging out right now. Okay. It's a

36:43 of uh depending on the viral it will have a certain lifetime

36:49 Lifetime. Um meaning that it can like a a state or it's viable

36:58 means if you outside hooks on a knob on a desktop or what have

37:07 . Okay, but how long they're to be infectious tight conditions where it's

37:15 out and all kind of stuff. certainly you can be in kind of

37:19 code suspended animation if you will until host comes to. So that's kind

37:27 the you might say dead, you to call it dead. But

37:32 the viability is deliberate, infectious outside how long it is, depends on

37:37 lot of factors. For some it's so long. Okay. Um HIV

37:43 for example, sexually transmitted. And respectively transmitted viruses and bacteria tend

37:51 like lots of moisture. Okay, they don't last very long in a

37:55 environment. Okay, so they would have a very long lifetime outside a

38:00 . But others others can I think I think cope has been documented to

38:05 be viable outside a host for days maybe even a few weeks. So

38:11 just depends. Okay, um so variations so definite so now what

38:21 some of the variations on this Right. We saw some of the

38:25 . And so um super stock So this group bio margarita right too

38:33 . It's not a drink. Some of a weird drink. Uh it's

38:37 group taxonomic group that actually contains the type bacterial cells. Okay, you

38:46 that that sounds like almost uh 10 millimeters long. That's insane.

38:53 . Obviously visible to the naked eye there's a few allergy that can do

38:57 very big. Uh there's an algae uh bubble algae. That's one that's

39:03 single set. Okay. Uh sometimes call this thing, see grapes.

39:09 . Um it's actually that that is single cell but it's actually full a

39:15 cell full of nuclei. So it's become multi nuclear, so lively nuclei

39:22 that in that in that cell. , if you pop it all those

39:29 go flying and then create more So it's a way it's actually to

39:33 spread. Okay. Apparently those that particular types of partners that this thing

39:41 be an issue for these people. , so if you have bubble analogy

39:45 pop, just take it out and of it by itself. Anyway.

39:50 so um criminal community. So for , you see a pipe um honestly

39:59 a accumulation of bazillions of cells, ? Microbe. Uh so they can

40:07 together and become invisible to the naked . Of course individually they are uh

40:14 can't see with the naked eye, they grow, this is a large

40:17 they can be um to the bathroom is not a micro but the things

40:23 there are um the biofilms from a standpoint can be uh quite problematic because

40:35 like and so a biofilm is about thing, not just about a few

40:41 but the first thing to have a is what what's your best guess?

40:48 have a bathroom reform. There must a service all of our service.

40:55 I think that's a medical apparatus that might use like an uh an intern

41:01 breathing. Really good uh catheter. These are all services that can handle

41:09 property candidate by its information in the . So so catheter is a package

41:16 . You don't handle property when you it. Everybody has to have staff

41:20 their skin. Right touch it Love location patient can potentially get staph

41:28 that can form a biofilm can be dangerous. Okay so uh so not

41:34 to find these in hospital situation on like catheters or breathing tubes. Um

41:41 Barry's replacement, hip replacement heart These kind of things that provided surface

41:45 not handled properly. Okay um talking that, these aren't considered microbes.

41:55 animals and just very tiny. Okay okay I just put this one in

42:03 only to mention uh the because your is affected by this. So my

42:11 genomes in the context of of recombinant technology. Okay. Uh He had

42:21 that's the most basic. How would describe the common DNA technology. It's

42:25 very simply anybody have an idea anybody competent recombined recombined Here's a piece of

42:39 sources can be two different it's all same. A GCT re combined in

42:54 different combination. So that technology enables um find specific genes in in those

43:08 find and use those for different purposes it's all about commercializing typically um a

43:17 of biological process. Okay. And and make money on it.

43:24 But has an application in this and other areas of course. But medicine

43:30 a single industry chemical industry by uh of course to isolate DNA genomes from

43:39 sequence and see what they produce what are from all kinds of your chromosomes

43:47 hundreds and thousands of genes each functioning a particular process in your body.

43:53 . It's your blueprint for for your . Okay. And so if we

43:59 go in there and maybe fix mistakes are made in energy that can

44:04 Gene therapy. Right? Um finding types of of uh antimicrobial agents like

44:13 antibiotics and antiviral can be used with technology. Um medicine preparing bad

44:23 The patient may have a good Huh. This technology. So it

44:30 a wide range so our ability to sequence the genome. Right? And

44:35 what's really been used to have this . So remember that D.

44:41 A. S. A. C. T. In different combinations

44:45 very long. Right? We use technology to to make comparisons between

44:53 Right? We gotta say each nucleotide a point of comparison. Right?

45:02 to living things go how later how apart are they? Right compare their

45:08 DNA sequences. Right. And you them up and you look to see

45:13 many how many differences are there in A. G. C. And

45:17 . That gives you a very few . Not. Okay. And so

45:26 it's relatively easy technology and to get we can we can we can identify

45:33 can actually culture. We can actually remember we said that can actually

45:42 Right? So how do we know ? We can handle it. Put

45:49 in a flash, add some buffer it and then extract all the

45:54 N. A. All the physical just breaking up themselves taking all the

46:00 is in there. And then you this technology use sequence what's in

46:05 You compare this on full of information sequenced organisms. So you find what's

46:13 there not even having your culture which made a huge benefit. Right?

46:20 again has application it allows you to you're interested in looking at, okay

46:27 out there in that grass? Some ? How they what's out there?

46:31 do they work with each other using technology to identify that? Maybe this

46:37 something new. Okay so it's a tool that allows you to again not

46:43 to do the work of culture or when you know the odds are you

46:47 not be able to but now you're seeing actually what's out there through

46:52 N. A. Is that kind bar code to identify it? So

46:57 so it's kind of that ability is allows us to make the family tree

47:05 that's big. Um So you made of the tree of life. And

47:11 biologists are have been uh basically uh DNA all life on earth plants,

47:21 were headed okay. And looking at relationships and creating the tree of life

47:27 uh and micro church fit into the basket. Of course. Okay,

47:34 , historically, Okay, everything on planet was once classified animal now way

47:46 in ancient Greece. Okay. Uh microbes. Okay. The singular

47:54 each of that has different ones Tax on has been one, you

47:59 what instrument microbes can be seen with the microscope for to be able to

48:12 them then to improvements in microscopy have course influenced taxonomy of microbes but of

48:20 we can all these biochemical tests. you take you will do that.

48:26 we do microscopy biochemical tests to differentiate . Okay then we have the added

48:34 of genetic similarity using DNA sequencing. . And so if you look at

48:41 history um like I said basically early I loved everything into one of these

48:46 categories. Okay I'm leaving minerals out the timing. Unknowingly fungi analogy we're

48:54 there as well. For some reason understandable. I'm not sure fungi are

49:00 like us than actually plans for But nevertheless, that's what they

49:06 So along comes in the 1960s, . Um Hecho comes along to look

49:16 this. Of course, microscopes are developed at that time. And he

49:21 uh he took microbes out of both kingdoms and put them in their

49:26 So pro Teesta contained nothing but Right? And then within that

49:33 a group he had this group Okay. And so he knew there

49:38 a difference among this group that some looked like they had nothing in

49:44 There was a member of course. inside it was like pretty nondescript.

49:48 really no organelles, nothing nothing really there. And so that's what he

49:54 . Okay, later on, when developed, especially when the electron expecting

49:59 can distinctly see you can prepare and different nuclear nucleus and all these kind

50:05 things. So that's when became containing precarious. And the We're both in

50:19 . Okay. There you have for longest time. It was your five

50:25 . 1234. And uh well 656 , repeated that my bad back

50:36 Five kingdoms. Okay. 12345. . When I studied microbiology, I

50:46 , that was like early eighties, that it was five paintings.

50:52 So we still have but then not after that though comes our right so

51:01 within the bacteria and Archaea. Okay so this is a three domain

51:09 And so uh woes. Um and dr Fox your base he was worked

51:18 back then uh looking at a specific of D. N. A.

51:24 . Right? What's called 16 Don't worry that much about it.

51:28 what it is a ribosomes. So a. Right. Right.

51:37 what that occurs. So in picking molecule for comparison second D.

51:44 A. But you want to compare all life? Okay. Whether you're

51:50 cockroach a snake or okay. Or mobile what can you use to

51:56 Okay so you want something that makes everything? Right? So maybe kind

52:02 corny analogy but think of if you to describe the evolution of transportation

52:10 What might be a future? You to That? There would be almost

52:15 not everything but almost offensive forms of in some way what would you guess

52:23 of a structure? Does the bus round and round the wheels wheels a

52:38 early bench, right cart to load on then they transport that brought the

52:44 then you train cars. The Right? So you can pick the

52:51 ? Okay. And that was something you could go far back in time

52:57 a way to compare make relationships among uh difficult transportation in this context.

53:05 it's a structure that would not have a lot, right? They'd be

53:10 , right. You know, you a square wheel, right? You

53:14 make it to around right at work now in the last two extinct.

53:18 it's pretty quickly that in the So, uh and so they come

53:23 with a wing wing that's, you , in airplanes, right? That's

53:27 be something more closer, more And the more recent. So that's

53:33 you can look at certain DNA examine living things. However, more

53:41 , more farther back. That's The here in the first place,

53:50 you're gonna you're gonna become extinct very . So the zone, It's just

53:55 particular molecule is 16. All of means there's like three forms, there's

54:01 s. 16 s. don't need write it down. And 23

54:05 Okay. It's just a mass. means big five S. Is

54:11 23. Okay. And so your zones are made of these three types

54:17 plus a lot of proteins. And so it's the and so you're familiar

54:24 , of course that genes code for . Right? That's what you learn

54:29 you also know that sometimes the product not a protein that sometimes the product

54:36 simply just the RNA. And that's case for rival Zobel jeans.

54:42 For transfer RNA, A guy. are all you have a D.

54:48 . A. Is a building block you make the R. A.

54:50 that's the functioning molecule. Okay so D. N. A. For

54:55 one has become the standard for a time because it's relatively short. You

55:02 see very quickly. So there's lots information on here that of course databases

55:08 sequence information. So if you if if you sequence something and with that

55:13 you can easily compare with what's after . Okay but that's what they did

55:17 they in doing so they found a difference in this pro there's this thing

55:24 and and bacteria there's a real It turns out that there are characteristics

55:33 we have in common with you. bacteria don't. Right so very unique

55:40 . But make no mistake. Okay are pro characters. They're both um

55:48 organelles the signature. So they have but our kid does have these features

55:56 common with you carry. Is that ? So they do they are their

56:01 group. Okay so and that's because that we never knew that there would

56:10 two back here in D. And so the okay so I put

56:18 question in here and two about the again of their success story. So

56:28 bacteria has been around for a long longer than anybody else. What kind

56:34 earth? And every reason for Right if you survived 3-plus billion years

56:41 this planet through all the that occurred you must be doing something like okay

56:51 so this kind of comes down to of some basic evolution type of uh

56:59 . Nothing that complicated. Um I'm you heard you aware of these.

57:07 let me uh let's see what we here. Okay. I think I

57:13 open the pole on my bed So now you can answer.

57:16 Sorry. Um So remember that Well one right. The you measure

57:27 success of a species in terms of what's probably watching? He's a species

57:39 . Is really because I see this it's about the big idea and how

57:51 it is. Ivory what you say ? High reduction. What would you

58:02 ? That's a high reproduction? Survive survive reproduction. Absolutely. Okay

58:10 you survive because we have the most combination of Dean's, right? That

58:15 you to survive and then you're able perpetuate that into the next generation of

58:23 . So with this the bacteria and and see abc looks like it's d

58:34 correct. So that that is not reason why because they don't carry out

58:39 reproduction right there strictly vision. So these choices here um uh let's

58:52 Okay E and G. Relate to they can grow so fast. Okay

59:00 you have a smaller genome and small um you can replicate itself fairly

59:06 You don't have that much to keep in the small chromosome as well.

59:11 can transcription translation that process all that it out and it's all at once

59:20 there's no division right ourselves? You transcription translation outside. So you have

59:28 move stuff on that. Right? it's not all one. So that

59:32 that bacteria and is because it is very fast. 12 for a and

59:40 forth. That requires lots of And so companies need to process

59:46 Makes you actually make a lot of very quickly. So collectively reasons why

59:53 grow so fast under optimal conditions. so you couple. So you have

59:57 fast reproductive rate but then you know want to have some versatility variety genetic

60:05 . Bacteria are basically zero machine make copies variation. Well in us as

60:15 can see we have sexual reproduction That's where radiation bacteria don't have sexual

60:23 . So what they have though is have a higher mutation rate. Not

60:28 . So viruses have crazy because there's keeping in check but bacteria archaea and

60:39 have mechanisms and fixed mistakes that I've of the process. Okay They don't

60:45 what they have less of a check it than we do. But it's

60:49 out of control. It's like like time they made a mistake. That's

60:53 that critical spontaneous mutation rate. But it's way to introduce variation in population

61:00 they have their disposal of the fast rate. So they can produce 20

61:04 in eight hours. Anything mutations that can rapidly be maybe it's good or

61:12 . But you you you you have I think 20 generations in about eight

61:17 10 hours. How long does it ? Human nerves? Yes, 400

61:25 . 400 years. Eight hours. difference. Right, so you couple

61:31 with also get jerry variation through Right? They can sell the population

61:40 population nearby. They can look up genes. Okay, create variation.

61:48 variation that reproductive rate and the ability have a diverse metabolisms write that word

61:56 . Right? Found everywhere because they have some different types of metabolisms and

62:01 thinks you can possibly think of eating , enables them to survive. So

62:06 wonder they are highly adaptable and have around for almost four billion years and

62:13 okay, so any questions. so a little bit about historical

62:23 So the main thing to bring home with this Hook versus Leeuwenhoek okay.

62:30 really um uh the certification uh microscope that each one developed. Okay,

62:41 of course doesn't begin until you were to find them. Right, so

62:49 to magnify. Okay. And so the 15 hundreds and that even

62:54 And so um certainly must have been offshoot of because they had eyeglasses around

63:01 then, so and so of course are called and nothing and I don't

63:08 anything about it. But apparently we about that to create the magnification

63:14 So hook and labor. So hook credit only for being the first use

63:20 microphone. That's it. Here you microorganisms right? When is what a

63:27 a large organism under the microscope looks . Okay so above you take a

63:33 uh tissue you put on the microscope look and see what's there. That's

63:39 he actually coined the term self. . But microbes himself was first found

63:45 the neighborhood. Okay even with this looking hard to believe it's called

63:53 Okay. Uh but apparently he was expert blends grinder dude. And he

64:00 get 300 X. Out of this seems insane. 303 100 X.

64:05 can see bacteria. Okay and so was all manner of microbes drives and

64:11 , et cetera. Uh And so course he unlocks this invisible world,

64:18 ? And then of course you take close to time there in the

64:24 Um The idea of spontaneous generation turning for quite some time. Okay this

64:32 from non right? So there's experience types to see if this is realism

64:39 crazy. What is? Okay so generation a life from. Okay and

64:49 was all manner of weird things they , right? Um If you had

64:55 of brain out right? And you see rats running around. Oh

65:02 And. Okay just hanging in a shop. There's no refrigeration back

65:09 Okay. Was hanging in a butcher . he flies around the meat

65:16 Then they go and they see maggots the meat became meat. Okay,

65:27 what Okay, so fairly quickly it to be disproved, particularly with what

65:38 call macro scarlet, so visible to naked eye, like just mentioned the

65:47 thinking that maggot sprang forth from became . Okay, not true. Simple

65:53 to refute that, right, just an open container with meat. Of

65:59 they're coming flies and maggots, Didn't have it sealed. Right?

66:04 let anything in at all. No at all. Any maggots in the

66:09 . Okay, put gauze on Right. Gauze covered container. Right

66:16 you try uh hair can produce eggs the meat. But one of the

66:22 about those of the spontaneous generation, finally have they everything and the ability

66:31 form life. Okay, you just to provide air, the vital force

66:40 . Air had to be present. that's why the gods was formed.

66:45 , it could come in. air can come in, but I'm

66:48 seeing maggots in the meat. So that kind of led to the

66:53 of. Okay, spontaneous generation maybe happen for complex forms of life.

67:01 forms of life. So, when of microbes came around now here,

67:06 opportunity. Now we can prove that think about spontaneous generation. That applies

67:10 microbes, right? Because they could this is one component of it,

67:16 could take a broth and broth in time. It's basically a soup and

67:22 can boil the soup and sterilize right? And if you took the

67:27 the boiled soup that you sterilized and poured into another vessel, he would

67:32 growth. Duh because you're not doing a second. Maybe the vessels are

67:38 clean air is allowed to enter. course it's gonna it's gonna be um

67:43 is gonna occur but they're not aware that. Okay so um tried.

67:55 Roth again. So this is what it. Okay let it cool.

68:01 So in both cases heated. Right case it's left open. Okay well

68:08 so it's gonna stuff is going to into it. That's what we

68:13 Of course these days. And growth here sealed. Okay. No growth

68:19 occurred. But the air is not . The vital force reject experiment.

68:28 . Good. So that's why this of spontaneous generation for micro. Okay

68:36 you have to have air. Oh present. Alright, if you don't

68:40 you're not gonna have the conditions for generation. So. Right. So

68:46 and this really necessary. What's what this matter to be in 2022?

68:54 it matters to you when you go . Right? And you're transferring cultures

69:00 you're doing you're working there because because happens, right? You leave it

69:06 to air, right? And you growth contamination, right? That's what

69:12 regulate is not the way we do prevent that, right? Because you're

69:17 to transfer your e coli to another . Um You only want that if

69:23 don't want stuff coming from around you it's going to be there. That's

69:29 you disinfect the before you work in hands that you put the gloves

69:35 That's why um you call what's called the top of the Bunsen burner flame

69:41 top of the class. That's why handle the flask. Not up and

69:45 . Oh if it's a test tube always at an angle there up my

69:51 and it's all because you know that everywhere because the pension contaminate your stuff

69:58 you don't handle. It was just of to bring someone forward because based

70:04 this and what pasture did okay here do these manipulations and to do a

70:13 of techniques and playing cultures. This all started way back then and

70:18 done today. Okay. Um the this one word about this guy so

70:26 uh is really say cells but at we can only come from pre existing

70:36 right? So that spontaneous generation. to the present previously grown cells.

70:42 the cells that fell into this flask present in the air typically on dust

70:47 and they fell into this and the from and they began to grow.

70:52 cells came themselves not from nothing. . And so Pasteur was instrumental in

71:00 lot of areas in medical microbiology, vaccines. Uh chemistry chemists first uh

71:13 have nothing chemistry yet um with the of the uh left handed and right

71:19 molecules. He came up with that uh my chronology his contribution really numerous

71:28 initially is the idea that that microbes responsible or can be responsible for chemical

71:37 . So his he was sucked into uh to the french wine industry were

71:43 issues with their wine tasting good and nor anything their wine tasting good.

71:48 not. So he came and rescued by figuring out that they didn't know

71:56 even created the wine grapes. And sit and ferment and you get

72:03 Okay. You know what was going microscopically or otherwise? Pastor figure it

72:08 . And saw that cells responsible for responsible for the of the line.

72:17 . That growth of marco's in the the vat was consistent with the level

72:25 alcohol that was produced and the Okay. And so we handled the

72:32 properly. I. E. Hygienic sanitary issues could occur. And

72:39 is where pasteurization company. Okay. um so this is how we discovered

72:48 that wine come from grapes. It's fermentation means in the absence of

72:55 . Right? Your muscle getting a fermentation lactic acid, Right? Um

73:03 Grace can be fermented to produce Okay, as he's doing so he

73:09 samples over time and saw more and and more. and the wine is

73:14 more and more alcohol right correlation. . But he also saw for where

73:23 wine tasted like bitter. Okay, acetic acid. Right? That's a

73:30 to bacteria that contaminated and formed the acid. He subsequently found that uh

73:41 types of bacteria produce different types of organic acids, alcohols as well.

73:52 so he saw, oh this this chemical. And so he figured

74:03 that out and attributed to the transformation microbes bacteria. And this is what's

74:09 a german theory, a fermentation theory it's important in that uh fermentation basically

74:20 how bacteria microbes can be responsible for transformations. Right? Um Well what

74:32 is microbes can do that can transform organic materials like sugars, sugars are

74:40 materials. Right. Um What about human buying this organic material? Okay

74:54 so um so what about microbes transforming right into the state. This is

75:02 they kind of plant the idea of well microbes responsible for transforming this stuff

75:08 these flasks and bats into you consumable products. What about the micro

75:15 responsible for transforming human bodies in the state. This is where then we

75:21 the leap into transition into code and the theory of disease contract implementation.

75:30 this is kind of the idea that disease obviously known for centuries before I

75:35 knew what was going on. I gave him the idea that hey,

75:38 microbes can transform bodies into disease. we'll talk about that next time.

75:43 anyway, thanks for hanging around and , check blackboard points tomorrow to make

75:49 you're getting every

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